Wind Energy

Wind power is the conversion of wind energy into a useful form of energy, such as using

wind turbines to make electrical power, windmills for mechanical power, windpumps for

water pumping or drainage, or sails to propel ships.

Large wind farms consist of hundreds of individual wind turbines which are connected to the

electric power transmission network. For new constructions, onshore wind is an inexpensive

source of electricity, competitive with or in many places cheaper than fossil fuel plants.Small

onshore wind farms provide electricity to isolated locations. Utility companies increasingly

buy surplus electricity produced by small domestic wind turbines.Offshore wind is steadier

and stronger than on land, and offshore farms have less visual impact, but construction and

maintenance costs are considerably higher.Wind power, as an alternative to fossil fuels, is

plentiful, renewable, widely distributed, clean, produces no greenhouse gas emissions during

operation and uses little land.

Wind power is very consistent from year to year but has significant variation over shorter time

scales. As the proportion of windpower in a region increases, a need to upgrade the grid, and a

lowered ability to supplant conventional production can occur. Power management techniques

such as having excess capacity storage, geographically distributed turbines, dispatchable

backing sources, storage such as pumped-storage hydroelectricity, exporting and importing

power to neighboring areas or reducing demand when wind production is low, can greatly

mitigate these problems. In addition, weather forecasting permits the electricity network to be

readied for the predictable variations in production that occur.[

How it work

• Wind turbines collects kinetic energy from the wind from blades similar

to planes .

• The wind glides over the blades and creates lift and turns the blades.

• The blades are connected to a rotating shaft that is connected to an electric

generator that makes electricity.

Wind turbines operate on a simple principle:

• The energy in the wind turns the propeller-like blades around a rotor. The

pitch of the blades makes optimum use of the wind direction.

• The rotor is connected to the main drive shaft, which spins a generator to

create electricity.

• Wind turbines are mounted on a tower to capture the most energy. At 30

metres or more above ground, they can take advantage of faster and less

turbulent wind.

• Wind turbines can be used to produce electricity for a single home or

building, or they can be connected to an electricity grid for more widespread

electricity distribution.

Economics

• Determining Factors

• Wind Speed

• Turbine design and construction

• Rated capacity of the turbine

• Exact Location

• Improvements in turbine design

• Capital

Economic Advantages

• Greater fuel diversity

• No delay in construction

• Low maintenance costs

• Reliable and durable equipment

• Additional income to land owners

• More jobs per unit energy produced

• No hidden costs

Wind Turbine Description

• Components

Rotor

Gearbox

Tower

Foundation

Controls

Generator

• Types

Horizontal axis

Most common

Controls or design turn rotor into wind

Vertical axis

Less common

Wind Resource

• High average wind speeds are essential

4 m/s annual average is minimum

People tend to overestimate the wind

Wind speed tends to increase with height

• Good resource

Coastal areas

Crests of long slopes

Passes

Open terrain

Valleys that channel winds

• Typically windier in

Winter than summer

Day than night

1 MW Turbine Power Curve

0

200

400

600

800

1,000

1,200

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24Wind speed (m/s)

Po

wer

(kW

)

Wind energy system costs

• Windfarms

$1,500/kW installed

O&M: $0.01/kWh

Selling price: $0.04-$0.10/kWh

• Single turbines

& isolated-grid

Higher costs

(more project specific)

Feasibility study, development

& engineering represent a higher portion of costs

• Expect one major component replacement of 20 to 25% of initial costs

Rotor blades or gearbox

0% 20% 40% 60% 80%

Balance of plant

Turbines

Engineering

Development

Feasibility Study

Portion of Installed Costs

Market Strategy

Vision :

-Make wind the worlds biggest green energy source.

Offer to Market :

- We offer long term presence and an organization with employees having excellent

experience, extensive network , significant technical insight and market knowledge.

Investigation Geographical of Istanbul

Istanbul is located in northwestern Turkey within the Marmara Region on a total area of 5,343 square

kilometers.The Bosphorus, which connects the Sea of Marmara to the Black Sea, divides the city into

a European, Thracian side—comprising the historic and economic centers—and an Asian, Anatolian

side. The city is further divided by the Golden Horn, a natural harbor bounding the peninsula where

the former Byzantium and Constantinople were founded. The confluence of the Sea of Marmara, the

Bosphorus, and the Golden Horn at the heart of present-day Istanbul has deterred attacking forces

for thousands of years and still remains a prominent feature of the city's landscape.

Following the model of Rome, the historic peninsula is said to be characterized by seven hills, each

topped by imperial mosques. The easternmost of these hills is the site of Topkapı Palace on the

Sarayburnu.Rising from the opposite side of the Golden Horn is another, conical hill, where the

modern Beyoğlu district is situated. Because of the topography, buildings in Beyoğlu were once

constructed with the help of terraced retaining walls, and roads were laid out in the form of steps.

This place is my company area which is shown with red frame.

The place 11000 m2 area .

Üsküdar on the Asian side exhibits similarly hilly characteristics, with the terrain gradually extending

down to the Bosphorus coast, but the landscape in Şemsipaşa and Ayazma is more abrupt, akin to a

promontory. The highest point in Istanbul is Çamlıca Hill, with an altitude of 288 meters. The

northern half of Istanbul has a higher mean elevation compared to the south coast, with locations

surpassing 200 meters (660 ft), and some coasts with steep cliffs resembling fjords, especially around

the northern end of the Bosporus, where it opens up to the Black Sea.

Istanbul is situated near the North Anatolian Fault, close to the boundary between the African and

Eurasian Plates. This fault zone, which runs from northern Anatolia to the Sea of Marmara, has been

responsible for several deadly earthquakes throughout the city's history. Among the most

devastating of these seismic events was the 1509 earthquake, which caused a tsunami that broke

over the walls of the city and killed more than 10,000 people. More recently, in 1999, an earthquake

with its epicenter in nearby İzmit left 18,000 people dead, including 1,000 people in Istanbul's

suburbs. The people of Istanbul remain concerned that an even more catastrophic seismic event may

be in the city's near future, as thousands of structures recently built to accommodate Istanbul's

rapidly increasing population may not have been constructed properly. Seismologists say the risk of a

7.6-magnitude or greater earthquake striking Istanbul by 2030 is more than 60 percent.

W/m2

Wind Speed (m/s)

Climate

According to the Köppen–Geiger classification system, Istanbul has a borderline Mediterranean

climate (Csa), humid subtropical climate (Cfa) and oceanic climate (Cfb), due to its location on a

transitional climatic zone. Since precipitation in summer months, ranges from 20-65 mm, depending

on location, the city cannot be classified as solely Mediterranean or humid subtropical. Due to its

size, diverse topography, maritime location and most importantly having a coastline to two different

bodies of water to the north and south, Istanbul exhibits microclimates. Northern half of the city, as

well as the Bosporus coastline, express characteristics of a borderline oceanic and humid subtropical

climate, because of humidity from the Black Sea and the relatively high concentration of vegetation.

The climate in the populated areas of the city in the south, located on the Sea of Marmara, is

warmer, drier and less affected by humidity. There is a significant difference between annual mean

temperatures between the north and south coasts as well, Bahçeköy 12.8 °C (55.0 °F), Kartal 15.03 °C

(59.05 °F).Parts of the province, that are away from both seas exhibit considerable continental

influences, with much more pronounced night-day and summer-winter temperature differences. At

times there can be as much as 12–15 °C (54–59 °F) difference of temperature at a given time

between locations, as well as precipitation, cloud cover and fog. In winter some regions of the

province average at or below freezing at night.

Indeed, one of the most salient characteristics of the climate in parts of Istanbul is its persistently

high humidity, which reaches 80 percent most mornings. Because of these conditions, fog is very

common, although more so in northern parts of the city and away from the city center. Notably

dense fog events that disrupt transportation in the region, including on the Bosphorus, are perennial

occurrences during the autumn and winter months, when the humidity remains high into the

afternoon.The humid conditions and the fog tend to dissipate by midday during the summer months,

but the lingering humidity still has the effect of exacerbating the moderately high summer

temperatures. During these summer months, high temperatures average around 29 °C (84 °F) and

rainfall is uncommon; there are only about fifteen days with measurable precipitation between June

and August. Nevertheless, despite the low precipitation, the summer months also have the highest

concentration of thunderstorms.

Winter is colder in Istanbul than in most other cities around the Mediterranean Basin, with low

temperatures averaging 3–4 °C (37–39 °F). Lake-effect snow from the Black Sea is common, although

difficult to forecast, with the potential to be heavy and—as with the fog—disruptive to the city's

infrastructure. Spring and autumn are mild, but often wet and unpredictable; chilly winds from the

northwest and warm gusts from the south—sometimes in the same day—tend to cause fluctuations

in temperature. Overall, Istanbul has an annual average of 115 days with significant precipitation,

which amounts to 852 millimeters (33.5 in) per year.The highest and lowest temperatures ever

recorded in the city are 40.5 °C (105 °F) and −16.1 °C (3 °F), respectively. The highest amount of

rainfall recorded in a single day is 227 millimeters (8.9 in), whereas the highest recorded snow cover

is 80 centimeters.

Transportation

The Fatih Sultan Mehmet Bridge is one of two suspension bridges on the Bosphorus.

Istanbul's primary motorways are the O-1, O-2, O-3, and O-4. The O-1 forms the city's inner

ring road, traversing the Bosphorus Bridge, and the O-2 is the city's outer ring road, crossing

the Fatih Sultan Mehmet (Second Bosphorus) Bridge. The O-2 continues west to Edirne and

the O-4 continues east to Ankara are coterminous with European route E80 (the Trans

European Motorway) between Portugal and the Turkish–Iranian border. The two Bosphorus

Bridges currently form the only fixed links between the Asian and European sides of Turkey,

together carrying 400,000 vehicles each day. The dual-deck, 14.6-kilometer (9.1 mi)Eurasia

Tunnel is currently under construction beneath the Bosphorus, between Fatih and Kadıköy.

The Third Bosphorus Bridge, first considered in the 1990s, may also finally be coming to

fruition, as the project was officially launched in 2012. Both projects may be completed as

early as 2015.

İstiklal Avenue along a steep 573-meter (1,880 ft) track, while a more modern funicular

between Taksim Square and Kabataş began running in 2006. The Istanbul Metrocomprises

three disconnected lines with several other lines and extensions under construction or

proposed.

The two sides of Istanbul's metro will ultimately be connected under the Bosphorus when

the Marmaray tunnel, the first rail connection of any kind between Thrace and Anatolia, is

completed in 2015. Upon its completion, rail use in the city is expected to increase to 28

percent (from just 4 percent), behind only Tokyo and New York City. Until then, buses

provide transportation within and between the two halves of the city, accommodating 2.2

million passenger-trips each day.]The Metrobus, a form of bus rapid transit, traverses the

Bosphorus Bridge, with dedicated lanes leading to its termini. İDO (Istanbul Seabuses) runs a

combination of all-passenger ferries and car-and-passenger ferries to ports on both sides of

the Bosphorus, as far north as the Black Sea. With additional destinations around the Sea of

Marmara, İDO runs the largest municipal ferry operation in the world. The city's main cruise

ship terminal is the Port of Istanbul in Karaköy, with a capacity of 10,000 passengers per

hour. While most visitors enter Istanbul by air, about half a million foreign tourists enter the

city by sea each year.

Atatürk International Airport, which handled 37.4 million passengers in 2011, is the city's

primary airport.

International rail service from Istanbul launched in 1889, with a line between Bucharest and

Istanbul's Sirkeci Terminal, which ultimately became famous as the eastern terminus of the

Orient Express from Paris. Regular service to Bucharest and Thessaloniki continued until the

early 2010s, when the former was interrupted for Marmaray construction and the latter was

halted due to economic woes in Greece. After Istanbul's Haydarpaşa Terminal opened in

1908, it served as the western terminus of the Baghdad Railway and an extension of the

Hejaz Railway; today, neither service is offered directly from Istanbul. Service to Ankara and

other points across Turkey is normally offered by Turkish State Railways, but construction of

Marmaray and the Istanbul-Ankara high-speed line forced the station to close in 2012. New

stations to replace both the Haydarpaşa and Sirkeci terminals, and connect the city's

disjointed railway networks, are expected to open upon completion of the Marmaray

project; until then, Istanbul is left without intercity rail service. Private bus companies

instead operate routes along—and well beyond—those offered by the rail network.

Istanbul's main bus station is the largest in Europe, with a daily capacity of 15,000 buses and

600,000 passengers, serving destinations as far as Frankfurt.

Istanbul has two international airports, the larger of which is Atatürk International. Atatürk,

located 24 kilometers (15 mi) west of the city center, handled 37.4 million passengers in

2011, making it the eighth-busiest airport in Europe and the thirtieth-busiest in the world.

Sabiha Gökçen International Airport, 45 kilometers (28 mi) southeast of the city center,

opened in 2001 to relieve Atatürk International. Dominated by low-cost carriers, Istanbul's

second airport has rapidly become popular among travelers, especially since inaugurating a

new international terminal in 2009; the airport handled 12.7 million passengers in 2011,

when Airports Council International named it the world's fastest growing airport. A third

airport has been proposed for the Black Sea coast.

Competitor

Sanko Energy

Mission

Realization of production process and continuation of life in modern conditions and increase of

welfare level depends on the energy while we are entering into the 21st century.

Sustainable development concept gained importance within the last 20 years. Sustainable

development requires utilization of the resources with high efficiency in environment-friendly

manner.

In this context; our mission is to be one of the leading energy companies that effectively utilize

domestic and renewable resources by respecting environment. Transforming advanced technology

and knowledge into efficiency, open for innovations and developments, institutionalized and strong

from all angles, making maximum contribution to the national economy without neglecting

international quality standarts.

Vision

Our vision is to be a reputable leading company that takes a guiding role in the world of today's

standards by utilizing energy resources within the country in the most efficient way and also by using

international co-operation opportunities.

About

Sanko Holding, which started in 1997 with a group of companies for its energy producing energy

investments in the energy sector has taken the first steps. In 2006, renewable energy sources that

have collected under the “Sanko Energy”, the energy investment of billions of dollars of actual and

planned major investor in Turkey's energy market.

Sanko Energy, Wholesale License obtained in 2007, and natural and legal persons covered by the

eligible consumer has started to provide electrical energy. As soon as one of the industry's leading

companies across many industries Sanko Energy's portfolio is Turkey's largest industrial and

commercial companies.

Sanko energy, using renewable resources and clean energy-producing investments are concentrated

entirely. Wind Power Plant (WPP) and Hydroelectric Power Plants (HPP), as well as the addition of

power plants using geothermal and other alternative sources of investment continues.

Company Profile

Sanko energy, at a time when Turkey energy bridge position, particularly within the boundaries of

the country's current energy resources in the most efficient and the most effective use opportunities

for international cooperation in assessing respected leader in the field, the company aims to become

a world-class leading and directing.

Enter the 21st century realization of the production process, the contemporary conditions of life

depends on the energy level rise sustainability and prosperity. The concept of sustainable

development has gained importance in the last 20 years. Sustainable development requires the

evaluation of high efficiency of resources in a format compatible with the environment.

Accordingly, Sanko Energy, the international quality standards, without compromising the effective

use of local and renewable resources, environmentally friendly, high-tech and knowledge into

productivity, innovation and developments in the clear, strong, institutionalized, and each country's

economy, contributing to the high level of energy the company strives to be.

Electricity Generation

Sanko Energy, electricity, adequate, high-quality, continuous, cost-effective and environmentally

sound way to consumers, competitive environment, a financially strong, stable and transparent

electricity market and the creation of an independent regulation and supervision aimed at ensuring

that the market 4628 in accordance with the Electricity Market Law No, establish a production facility

of electricity, rent, commissioning, operating, speed, to produce electrical energy produced energy

market, established for this purpose and was established in order to participate in the companies to

be established.

Sanko Energy, in the performance of these activities, our country's energy resources in the most

efficient and most effective way is to use the target.

Still, Hydroelectric and Wind Energy Sanko energy within the firms operating in the fields of

advanced technology and knowledge to use in the best way by providing maximum contribution to

the country's economy in the future, the country's current other geothermal, coal, etc., increasing

the production of resources and power to benefit from the maximum, the country's economy to

increase the contribution of aims.

Renewable Energy

Renewable energy is derived from natural sources and energy resource depletion rate can renew

itself more quickly. The most important renewable energy sources, solar, wind, flowing water, and

geothermal energy. Increasing the share of renewable energy in total energy consumption of carbon

dioxide emissions, hazardous waste, and reduced dependence on foreign sources, and shall

contribute positively to the country's economy and employment.

Sanko energy, water and wind energy producing wasted wind blow, prevents flow of water are

wasted. Provides added value produced by environmentally friendly energy economy of our country.

Sanko Energy, owned by 4 hydropower and wind power plants in 1-hour full production capacity of

512 MW from renewable sources, 1.7 billion kWh of clean energy per year, producing 3.3 million acts

as the tree.

Çatalca Wind Power Plant

Power: 60 MW

The annual production: 185 million kWh

The amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere oscillate: 120.000 ton

Number of trees we helped: 370.000 trees

How much do wind turbines cost?

Wind turbines come in many shapes and sizes, but here is a general guideline on how much they

cost:

Total costs for installing a commercial-scale wind turbine will vary significantly depending on the

number of turbines ordered, cost of financing, when the turbine purchase agreement was executed,

construction contracts, the location of the project, and other factors. Cost components for wind

projects include things other than the turbines, such as wind resource assessment and site analysis

expenses; construction expenses; permitting and interconnection studies; utility system upgrades,

transformers, protection and metering equipment; insurance; operations, warranty, maintenance,

and repair; legal and consultation fees. Other factors that will impact your project economics include

taxes and incentives.

The costs for a utility scale wind turbine in 2012 range from about $1.3 million to $2.2 million per

MW of nameplate capacity installed. This cost has come down dramatically from what it was just a

few years ago.

Most of the commercial-scale turbines installed today are 2 MW in size and cost roughly $3-$4

million installed. Wind turbines have significant economies of scale. Smaller farm or residential scale

turbines cost less overall, but are more expensive per kilowatt of energy producing capacity. Wind

turbines under 100 kilowatts cost roughly $3,000 to $8,000 per kilowatt of capacity. A 10 kilowatt

machine (the size needed to power a large home) might have an installed cost of $50,000-$80,000

(or more) depending on the tower type, height, and the cost of installation. Oftentimes there are tax

and other incentives that can dramatically reduce the cost of a wind project.

Future

1MW RES THE İNİTİAL İNVESTMENT COST OF ABOUT :

1.200.000TL

2013 years the capital needed 13,43 billion TL

2023 years the capital needed 24,00 billion TL

1MW RES turbine cost approximately for installation:

800000 TL

2013 years price to be paid to the turbines for target 8,95 billion TL

2023 years price to be paid to the turbines for target 16,00 billion TL

1MW RES the cost of turbine towers :

210400 TL

2013 years target the cost of turbine towers : 2,35 billion TL

2023 years target the cost of turbine towers : 4.20billionTL

FOR ALL YEAR

X12=21.373.200 TL

EMPLOYEES AND

WORKERS SALARY SHİFT

Executive director

1.781.100 TLTOTALLY=

Executive assistant

Coordinator for

data entry

3 Person project

managers

Project coordinator

Public relations and

events manager

Finance manager

Controller

Accounts payable

Accounts receivable

Grants manager

Development

manager

Construction

Engineers

2 Person Civil

Engineers

3 mechanical

engineers

2 person Electrical

Engineers

500tl X 1 500tl

Development

director 1.500 TL X1 1.500 TL

100.000 TL X2 400.000 TL

100.000 TL X2 600.000 TL

100.000 TL X2 400.000 TL

100.000 TL X2 200.000 TL

50.000 TL X1 50.000 TL

30.000 TL X1 30.000 TL

20.000 TL X1 20.000 TL

20.000 TL X1 20.000 TL

20.000 TL X1 20.000 TL

10.000 TL X1 10.000 TL

600 TL X1 600 TL

1.500 TL X1 1.500 TL

12.000 TL

5.000 TL X1 5.000 TL

X1 10.000 TL

2.000 TL X2

10.000 TL