wind energy in morocco: which strategy for which … · wind energy in morocco: which strategy for...

Wind energy in Morocco: Which strategy for which development

D. ZEJLI, R. BENCHRIFA, A. BENNOUNA

Centre National pour la Recherche Scientifique

et Technique

CNRSTCNRSTCNRSTCNRST

National Centre for Scientific and Technical Research (CNRST)

Morocco

TEERTEERTEERTEER

Unité des Technologies et Économie des Énergies

Renouvelables

Scarcity of fresh water

Scarcity of fossil energy

resources

Climaticchange

Major threats

Future mankind prosperity and Future mankind prosperity and Future mankind prosperity and Future mankind prosperity and securitysecuritysecuritysecurity

External dependency Energy expenses

~ 97% ~4.5 B€ (2007)~ 10% GDP

Energy problematic

(2007)

(2002)

Energy problematic

(Source: ENERDATA, 2003)

Coal 31,40%

Imported electricity

3,50%Hydropower

3,60%

Natural Gas 0,50%

Wind energy 0,40%

Oil 60,60%Oil 78,40%

Coal 16,20%

Natural gas 0,20%

Hydr. + Imported

elec. 5,20%

1994 2004

Energy problematic

Commercial primary energy consumption

Moroccan energy economy is based on fossilfuels

12 MTOE12 MTOE12 MTOE12 MTOE8.95 MTOE8.95 MTOE8.95 MTOE8.95 MTOE0.5 EJ0.37 EJ

Energy problematic

BiomassBiomassBiomassBiomass

25252525----30%30%30%30%ShareShareShareShare of the of the of the of the biomassbiomassbiomassbiomass in the in the in the in the primaryprimaryprimaryprimary energyenergyenergyenergy consumptionconsumptionconsumptionconsumption

30,000 30,000 30,000 30,000 –––– 50,000 ha50,000 ha50,000 ha50,000 haDeforestationDeforestationDeforestationDeforestation

Energy problematic

2007200720072007: 5312 MW: 5312 MW: 5312 MW: 5312 MW

Growing needs of agriculture

Urbanization, industrialisation

Water problematic

Population growth

recurringdroughts

Yesterday

Provided supplementary

resources

Dams

Water problematic

؟?

Tomorrow


resources

Dams

Water problematic


resources

Dams

Desal

inat

ion

Water problematic

Tomorrow

Sea water desalination

Incompatibility with the concept of sustainable

development

Desalination technologies using fossil fuels

Sea water desalination

Desalination technologies using fossil fuels

Incompatibility with the concept of sustainable

development High cost

Water Energy Binomy

Water Energy

Energy

UrgentUrgentUrgentUrgent necessity for Morocco to necessity for Morocco to necessity for Morocco to necessity for Morocco to develop the renewable energy develop the renewable energy develop the renewable energy develop the renewable energy

sourcessourcessourcessources

(Source : Laboratoire En. Solaire - Fac. Sc. Rabat)

Renewable energies potentiel in Morocco

(Source : CDER)

Distribution of the Distribution of the Distribution of the Distribution of the meanmeanmeanmean annualannualannualannualwindwindwindwind speed speed speed speed atatatat 9 m 9 m 9 m 9 m aboveaboveaboveabove the the the the

groundgroundgroundground (m/s)(m/s)(m/s)(m/s)

MeanMeanMeanMean dailydailydailydaily global horizontal global horizontal global horizontal global horizontal radiation distribution in radiation distribution in radiation distribution in radiation distribution in Morocco in kWh/(mMorocco in kWh/(mMorocco in kWh/(mMorocco in kWh/(m2222.day).day).day).day)

Renewable energies potentiel in Morocco

The wind resources in particular are especially The wind resources in particular are especially The wind resources in particular are especially The wind resources in particular are especially high, both in terms of intensity andhigh, both in terms of intensity andhigh, both in terms of intensity andhigh, both in terms of intensity and

constancyconstancyconstancyconstancy

Development of Renewable energies in Morocco

563.52Total

1.3150 kWMCH

0.263,000 m3Biomass

460124 MWWind energy

85.66150,000 m2Thermosolar lowtemperature

16.39 MWPhotovoltaic

Electricityproduction or equivalent (GWh)

Installed capacityRenewable energytechnologies

(Source: CDER/MENAREC, Damas, June 2007)

Current Situation of Renewable Current Situation of Renewable Current Situation of Renewable Current Situation of Renewable Energy Technologies in Morocco Energy Technologies in Morocco Energy Technologies in Morocco Energy Technologies in Morocco

First Integrated Solar Combined Cycle System (ISCCS) in Morocco


(Source : ONE)

In addition to all the projects already implemented, the government recognises that the ‘development of

renewable energy sources in Morocco is a key part of the Government’s strategy for managing long term

energy security of the country and to contribute to the global reduction of climate change’

It has set ambitious targets for RES for the next five years. The objective is to ensure that 10% of the commercial primary energy and 20% of the electricity consumed in Morocco will be supplied via RES by the year 2012


10Tan-Tan

60Tarfaya

60Essaouira

60Taza

7565

Tanger

5410

Tetouan

Installedpower (MW)

Cities

(Total : 394 MW)

Wind energy – Main projects


(Source : www.compagnieduvent.com)


The installation of 1000 MW of wind turbines by th e end of year 2012 seems to be realistic

However it will approach its installation limits and cannot be expected to grow significantly

There will remain a largegap between the potential and the cumulative

achievements that will be made so far


Are there any benefits of a such strategy on Are there any benefits of a such strategy on Are there any benefits of a such strategy on Are there any benefits of a such strategy on the sociothe sociothe sociothe socio----economy of the Country? economy of the Country? economy of the Country? economy of the Country?

Not significantlyNot significantlyNot significantlyNot significantly

Because of the very low wind energy penetration regarding the tremendous wind potential

The purpose of the proposed strategyThe purpose of the proposed strategyThe purpose of the proposed strategyThe purpose of the proposed strategy

By By By By aaaa large penetration of windlarge penetration of windlarge penetration of windlarge penetration of wind----electricity to induce electricity to induce electricity to induce electricity to induce the emergence of a local wind turbine industry in the emergence of a local wind turbine industry in the emergence of a local wind turbine industry in the emergence of a local wind turbine industry in

MoroccoMoroccoMoroccoMorocco

Electricity storageElectricity storageElectricity storageElectricity storage is considered as a potential solution that could make possible the large penetration of wind power plants in an

electric power system without affecting the stability and safety of the electrical grid

Wind power generation is

intermittent and up to now difficult to predict

Good wind energy resources are often found in areas withlimited grid capacity

Large & long term storage (chemical)

+non-energetic utilisation of the energy

carrier

Key factor of the strategy:electricity storage

Short and mid term storage

There is There is There is There is aaaa necessity to improve necessity to improve necessity to improve necessity to improve wind power reliability by wind power reliability by wind power reliability by wind power reliability by

integrating power storage devicesintegrating power storage devicesintegrating power storage devicesintegrating power storage devices

Hybrid windHybrid windHybrid windHybrid wind----sea water sea water sea water sea water pumped storage power pumped storage power pumped storage power pumped storage power

plantplantplantplant

integrated hydrogen integrated hydrogen integrated hydrogen integrated hydrogen wind systemwind systemwind systemwind system

To put targets of Morocco in the orbit of the international objectives

To develop accompanying local wind energy technology manufacturing industries to serve

the wind energy penetration

-Tremendous wind energy potential, mainly in sparsely populated areas

-Well developed education and capacity building systems

-Small and medium business in development-Proximity from a big electricity market

The The The The

challengechallengechallengechallenge

Our assetsOur assetsOur assetsOur assets

Our Our Our Our

ambitionambitionambitionambition

First strategy element

Non chemical storageNon chemical storageNon chemical storageNon chemical storage

Strategy elements

(From Buenoa and Carta. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 10 (2006) 312–340)

Principle of a hydro pumped storage power Plant

Pumped hydro is available at almost any scale with discharge timPumped hydro is available at almost any scale with discharge timPumped hydro is available at almost any scale with discharge timPumped hydro is available at almost any scale with discharge times es es es ranging from several hours to a few days. ranging from several hours to a few days. ranging from several hours to a few days. ranging from several hours to a few days. TheirTheirTheirTheir efficiencyefficiencyefficiencyefficiency isisisis in in in in thethethethe

70% to 85% range.70% to 85% range.70% to 85% range.70% to 85% range.

Strategy elements

First hydro pumped storage power Plant in Morocco

(Source: ONE - Morocco)

An other hydro pumped storage power plant is in project (~400 MW)

Energy storage capacity ~ 3.2 GWh

Strategy elements

Distance from ocean : 11.3 kmArea: 360 km2

SEBKHA-TAH project: Hybrid Wind-Sea water pumped storage power Plant

Strategy elements

Such pumped storage installation uses the sea as the upper reservoir and a specially shallow basin (Sebkha)

below sea level as the lower reservoir


Strategy elements


Head

Energy storage capacity

~ 35 m

~80 GW

This production is the equivalent of the Moroccan

electricitydemand for one week

Optimal storage capacity ~ 4.5x109 m3

Theoretical Maximum hydraulic Power

~ 420 GWh

5h

Second strategy element

Chemical storageChemical storageChemical storageChemical storage

The small portion of the biomass which escaped decay and got buried for millions of years is now our major source of energy, the fossil fuels

(Erik H. Lysen, 1996)

The nature can can what the mankind can not can….

The fossil fuels are the solar energy canned

Second strategy element

Chemical storageChemical storageChemical storageChemical storage

integrated hydrogen integrated hydrogen integrated hydrogen integrated hydrogen wind systemwind systemwind systemwind system

NATO ‘Science for Peace’SfP 982620

Sahara Trade Winds to Hydrogen: AppliedResearch for Sustainable Energy Systems

Centre National pour la Recherche Scientifique et Technique (CNRST) – Morocco

University of Nouakchott Faculté des Sciences et Technologies – Mauritania

Sahara-Wind In. -Morocco

Mr. Driss Zejli - (Morocco)Dr. Sidi Mohamed Ould Mustapha – (Mauritania)

Mr. Khalid Benhamou - PPD (Morocco)

Project Objectives

Characterisation of electrolyser performances under

variable input power conditions

Expand knowledge-sharing opportunities where

partnerships in Research-Development and Learning

Demonstration can be established

Overcoming Limits of Wind Energy Utilization in Weak

Grids (Stabilization through Wind Electrolysis,

Hydrogen & by-products integration)

Providing policy makers with information about long

term effects of advanced energy technologies for

electricity production

R&D Project themes

Monitoring System

Buck DC/DCconverter

End User

StorageBattery

Reverse Osmosis

DC/AC converter

DC Bus

Electrolyzer Fuel CellH2

PurificationH2

Storage

AC/DC converter

Cl2 - NaOH

Boost DC/DCconverter

O2

NH3 Synthesis

H3PO4Production

R&D Project themes

Monitoring System

Buck DC/DCconverter

End User

StorageBattery

Reverse Osmosis

DC/AC converter

DC Bus


PurificationH2

Storage

AC/DC converter

Cl2 - NaOH


O2

NH3 Synthesis

H3PO4Production

H2 is an important input for the petro-chemical industries. Fertiliser production is normally the largest hydrogen consumer, followed by oil refineries.

322 NH2NH3 →+0.176 kg H2 for 1 kg NH3

~70,588 Tons H2 for 400,000 Tons NH3(Morocco (2007))

~ 4TWh4TWh4TWh4TWh

5 kWh/Nm3 H2

~~~~ 1140 MW1140 MW1140 MW1140 MW

−− +→+ OH4H2e4OH4 22

−+ ++→ e4H4OOH2 22

)g(O)g(H2)l(OH2 222 +→

444 3444 21)l(0H4

222

2

)aq(OH4)aq(H4)g(O)g(H2)l(OH6 −+ +++→

Oxidation:

Reduction:

Overall:

Nett:

EEEE°°°°====----1.231.231.231.23

EEEE°°°°====----0.830.830.830.83

EEEE°°°°====----2.062.062.062.06

Electrolysis of Water

R&D Project themes

Wind Resource Assessment Data Analysis

Real Time Simulation: Case Studies

Capacity Building: Design and Building of Small Wind Turbine Prototype

Short Term Storage (Battery types…)

Electrolyzer Technologies, Fuel Cells

Chlorine-Uses/H2-Ammonia ProductionDesalination: Test of Reverse

Osmosis Unit Prototype

Hydrogen/Oxygen Purification & Storage

Electronic Power Regulation - Systems Integration – A pplications & Economic Analysis

Wind Electricity Direct Use

Monitoring System

Buck DC/DCconverter

End User

StorageBattery

Reverse Osmosis

DC/AC converter

DC Bus


PurificationH2

Storage

AC/DC converter

Cl2 - NaOH


O2

Wind Electricity Storage

NH3 Synthesis

H3PO4Production

Faculté des Sciences de

Kénitra

EMI

ONEP CERPHOS

Faculté des Sc. et Tech. Mohammadia


Rabat


Tétouan

CNRST

R&D Project Network in Morocco

Sahara Wind Inc.ENSAM

ENSET

M. K. BENHAMOU

Pr. M. MLIHA TOUATI

Pr. M. ETTAOUIL

Dr. R. DAOUDI

Pr. A. ELMIDAOUIPr. A. MIMETPr. O. BOUATTANEPr. F. CHERKAOUI

M. E. ZIDOURI

Dr. A. ARBAOUI

Pr. A. YEZNASNIPr.A. KHALIDI

There is an urgent need for Morocco to analyze these There is an urgent need for Morocco to analyze these There is an urgent need for Morocco to analyze these There is an urgent need for Morocco to analyze these

strategies and/or to look for others for a much better strategies and/or to look for others for a much better strategies and/or to look for others for a much better strategies and/or to look for others for a much better

development of the RET in the country and to examine the development of the RET in the country and to examine the development of the RET in the country and to examine the development of the RET in the country and to examine the

issues of these strategies in order to develop new and more issues of these strategies in order to develop new and more issues of these strategies in order to develop new and more issues of these strategies in order to develop new and more

effective strategies for speeding up the sitting up of their effective strategies for speeding up the sitting up of their effective strategies for speeding up the sitting up of their effective strategies for speeding up the sitting up of their

technologies in Morocco technologies in Morocco technologies in Morocco technologies in Morocco

Introduction to the strategy analysis

One of the roles of One of the roles of One of the roles of One of the roles of researchersresearchersresearchersresearchers

Lessons from both leading and unsuccessful experiences around the world


These lessons would be useful in helping to throw light on key These lessons would be useful in helping to throw light on key These lessons would be useful in helping to throw light on key These lessons would be useful in helping to throw light on key issues that should be considered issues that should be considered issues that should be considered issues that should be considered

But why do some countries succeed and others fail i n developing wind industry?

Denmark and Germany provide an illustrative and inspiring examples

0Netherlands

0United KingdomDewind

13.9%2.3%

4.7%

54%GermanyEnerconREpower

Nordex

34.6%7.6%

99%DenmarkVestasSiemens (Ex-Bonus)

Global market share through

2004 (%)*

Percentage of installed

turbines made by a domestic

company (2004)*

Countries with local companies

(*Source : Joana and al. Energy policy. 35 (2007) 1844-1857)


But why do some countries succeed and others fail i n developing wind industry?

1,963

1,560

20,622

3,136

Wind Capacity in 2006 (MW)**

(**Source: EWEC (2007))


Which policies did lead to a large impact in new wi ndtechnology leader countries?

1.5%51%India

Suzlon

12.7%1.5%

73%SpainGamesaEcotecnica

Global market sharethrough 2004 (%)

Percentage ofinstalled turbines

made by a domesticcompany (2004)

Countries with local companies

6,270

11,615

Wind capacity in 2006 (MW)


Total installed wind capacity in the world

1690 1950 2290 2770 35004928 6056

76939653

13813

18069

24927

32039

39294

47616

59322

72628

0

10000

20000

30000

40000

50000

60000

70000

80000

1990

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

Years

Tot

al I

nsta

lled

Cap

acity

(M

W)

1111----Germany: 20Germany: 20Germany: 20Germany: 20,,,,622622622622

2222----Spain: 11,615Spain: 11,615Spain: 11,615Spain: 11,615

3333----USA: 11,603USA: 11,603USA: 11,603USA: 11,603

4444----India: 6,270India: 6,270India: 6,270India: 6,270

5555----Denmark: 3,136Denmark: 3,136Denmark: 3,136Denmark: 3,136

6666----China: China: China: China: 2,6042,6042,6042,604

7777----Italy: 2,123Italy: 2,123Italy: 2,123Italy: 2,123

8888----United Kingdom: 1,963United Kingdom: 1,963United Kingdom: 1,963United Kingdom: 1,963

9999----Portugal: 1,716Portugal: 1,716Portugal: 1,716Portugal: 1,716

10101010----France: 1,567France: 1,567France: 1,567France: 1,567

11111111----Netherlands: 1,219Netherlands: 1,219Netherlands: 1,219Netherlands: 1,219

End 2006 (MW)

Business Secretary of UK John Hutton said he wanted to Business Secretary of UK John Hutton said he wanted to Business Secretary of UK John Hutton said he wanted to Business Secretary of UK John Hutton said he wanted to open up British seas to allow enough new turbines open up British seas to allow enough new turbines open up British seas to allow enough new turbines open up British seas to allow enough new turbines ---- up up up up to 7,000 to 7,000 to 7,000 to 7,000 ---- to power all UK homes by the year 2020to power all UK homes by the year 2020to power all UK homes by the year 2020to power all UK homes by the year 2020


Per capita levels of wind energy capacity installed

2.7India

15United Kingdom

68.2Netherlands

202.8Germany

209.8Spain

588.1Denmark

Total capacity installed at end 2004

(Watt/capita)Countries

(Source: http://windpower-monthly.com)

1.9Morocco

Policy options and potential benefits of an eventual domestic wind industry development in

Morocco

Supporting policies framework for the proposed strategy

Enhancing R&D institutions infrastructure

Participating to international cooperation by exploring knowledge sharing

Encouraging local industries to procure and use renewable energy technologies

Encouraging local industries to produce and use hydrogen based process input

High degree of interaction between the government, agencies, Industries and the universities for more synergies

Political will is essential to establish a legal and financial framework to govern actions and activities of such a huge project


Developing capacities to mobilise support

Encouraging long-term thinking

Building up local capacity and investment in knowledge formation

Potential benefits of local wind turbine manufactur ing integration capabilities


Creation of new jobs (The largest impact in terms of employment comes from the investment into new systems)

Increased local tax base

Enhancing the prospects for other local economic development

Cost saving resulting in lower cost of wind-generated electricity

New business development

Wind industry acting as a template for other renewable

Additional source of capital

Additional income for the country by exporting higher value added

products (Electricity instead of agricultural products)

Reduction of the Immigration current

Many thanks for inviting me Many thanks for inviting me Many thanks for inviting me Many thanks for inviting me to join youto join youto join youto join you…………....

wind energy in morocco: which strategy for which … · wind energy in morocco: which strategy for...

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