wireless communication: frontiers for the last mile

Wireless Communication: Frontiers for the Last Mile

Prof. Theodore S. RappaportWilliam and Bettye Nowlin Chair of Engineering

Wireless Networking and Communications GroupThe University of Texas at Austin

[email protected]

♦

The University of Texas at ArlingtonArlington, TX

February 27, 2004

C. 2004 T. S. Rappaport, All Rights Reserved

The Wireless Revolution

Growth of Cellular Telephone Subscribers Throughout the World

0.1

1

10

100

1000

1985 1990 1995 2000

Num

ber

of W

orld

wid

e S

ubsc

riber

s(M

illio

ns)


Today’s Subscriber Base

Subscriber Base as a Function of Cellular Technology in Late 2001

0

100

200

300

400

FirstGeneration

Analog

GSM IS-136 &PDC

IS-95CDMAN

umbe

r of

Sub

scrib

ers

Usi

ng T

echn

olog

y(M

illio

ns)


2.5G

2G

3G

GPRS

IS-95B

IS-95 GSMIS-136 & PDC

EDGEHSCSD

3GPP

W-CDMA

TD-SCDMAEDGE

3GPP2

CDMA2000-3XRTT

CDMA2000-1XEV, DV, DO

CDMA2000-1XRTT

From 2G to 3G


Cellular, 50 MHz, 1983

PCS, 150 MHz, 1995

UNII, 300 MHz, 1997

LMDS, 1300 MHz, 1998

60 GHz Unlicensed, 5000 MHz, 1998

• A voice channel occupies ~ 10 kHz of spectrum.• A TV channel occupies ~ 5 MHz of spectrum.

Recent U.S. Spectrum Allocations


Investor´s PerspectiveVodafone

14%

Hutchison12%

NTT DoCoMo

11%

Deutsche Telekom

9%

MobilCom9%Telefonica

7%

British Telecom

6%

Others32%

License price per pop. in $US (Oct. 01)

Oct 2001


Problems

• Broadband fiber offers enormous capacity to feed “last” mile

• Telco’s must compete with Cable triple play• Phone Service• Internet• On-Demand Video

• Carriers need an immediate infrastructure for broadband video delivery / cable-like world

• Wireless offers rapid deployment with extreme bandwidths and little plant


Solution

• Broadband wireless supported by:• Integrated Antennas• MIMO Technology

• Novel and flexible architecture• WiMax (802.16), Mesh (802.20)

• Carriers can deploy in neighborhoods with just one truck-roll per large neighborhood

• Delivers last-mile huge bandwidths that will be “pulled’ by new consumer electronics, UWB home networks


Why Hasn’t Last Mile Broadband Wireless Happened?

• Telco’s and Cableco’s invested in wiring• MMDS Wireless• Too narrowband

• No clear spectrum policy or owner (however, Nextel bought Worldcom footprint)

• Nationwide broadband wireless last-mile emerging as a strategy (Nextel, Sprint, ??)

• LMDS Wireless• 28 / 38 GHz too expensive to date but technology is

maturing• 5.8 to 12 GHz is the next frequency revolution (WiFi,

Northpoint Wireless Cable)


Today’s Local Loop


Attenuation due to hail: 25.7 dB.Hail size: 0.5-1.5 cm in diameter.

Weather Effects at Millimeter Wave

From: H. Xu, T. S. Rappaport, R. J. Boyle, and J. H. Schaffner, “Measurements and Models for 38-GHz Point-to-Multipoint Radiowave Propagation”, IEEE Journal on Sel. Areas in Communications, March 2000, Vol. 18, No. 3, pp. 310-321


Last-Mile Wireless Will Happen!

• Reduce truck rolls – high data rate last-mile ports sold in Walmart (or Dell) for home installation

• Communications / Computing / Entertainment will pull bandwidth into every home and office on “portable” flexible devices.

• “On-the-pole” provisioning supports neighborhood growth

• Already cable companies eyeing “Wireless Roadrunner”, Hot spots are harbingers

• Why do I need to put my TV and stereo near a cable jack?

• Why does the cable guy have to come into my house?


Current Status / Future Directions

Cost per Subscriber

Date Rate per User Streaming Video

POTS $40 / month 56 kbps Poor

Cellular / PCS $50 / month 10 – 64 kbps Poor

DSL $50 / month 1 Mbps Fair

Cable $80 / month 1.2 – 5 Mbps Good / Excellent

Fiber to the Home

Expensive – Dig up street

>10 Mbps Excellent

MIMO Last Mile Inexpensive – Climb a pole

>10 Mbps Excellent


Wireless Modem Fundamentals


1960 1970 1980 1990 2000

Transistor Count

Transistors = 7.4M

Transistors = 75M

Intel Pentium II - 199532bit up

Xilinx/UMC Group - 1999Virtex - 1000

100M

10M

1M

100K

10K

1K

100

10

0

RCA - 1962First MOSFET

Transistor = 1

Intel - 1972First 8bit up

8080

Transistors = 4,500

Transistors = 450,000

HP-198132bit up

Moore’s Law


The Future of DSP and RF Hardware

• Trends• Increasing levels of System integration• Pervasive DSP enabling anywhere anytime connectivity• Increasingly complex systems• Decreasing market windows• RF system on a chip becoming viable

• Designs• Device technology supporting highly parallel DSP engines• Design methodologies

• Abstraction that permits working in the language of the problem• Enables effective integration of re-usable components (cores)


IEEE 802.11a/b/g WLAN’s

•11 Mbps incumbent

•54 Mbps now

•Roaming 802.11g


IEEE 802.11 Evolution

FHSS

IEEE 802.11

2.4 GHz

DSSS

2 Mbps4GFSK

1 Mbps2GFSK

2 MbpsDQPSK

1 MbpsDBPSK

IEEE 802.11bExtension

11 MbpsDQPSK-CCKQPSK-PBCC

5.5 MbpsDQPSK-CCKBPSK-PBCC

IEEE 802.11aExtension

5 GHz

OFDM

IEEE 802.11gExtension

2.4 GHz

12 MbpsQPSK

24 Mbps16-QAM

36 Mbps16-QAM

48 Mbps16-QAM

54 Mbps64-QAM

6 MbpsBPSK

IEEE WLAN Standards

From: B. Li, N. Kanat, H. Lee, D. Menchaca, and T. S. Rappaport, “Overview of Wireless Networks and Security Issues for WiFi Networks”, Radio Club of America, Submitted for publication in August 2003


2.4 GHz Channelization for WLAN’s

Country Regulatory Agency

Frequency Range Available

DSSS Channels Available

FHSS Channels Available

United States FCC 2.4 to 2.4835 GHz 1 through 11 2 through 80

Canada IC 2.4 to 2.4835 GHz 1 through 11 2 through 80

Japan MKK 2.4 to 2.497 GHz 1 through 14 2 through 95

France 2.4465 to 2.4835 GHz 10 through 13 48 through 82

Spain 2.445 to 2.475 GHz 10 and 11 47 through 73

Remainder of Europe ETSI 2.4 to 2.4835 GHz 1 through 13 2 through 80


LANAccess point

Headset

Mobile phone

Mouse

Printer

Laptop

Laptop

Personal Area Networks – Bluetooth / UWB


UWB – Broadband in the Home

From: K. Mandke, H. Nam, L. Yerramneni, C. Zuniga, and T. S. Rappaport, “The Evolution of Ultra Wide Band Radio for Wireless Personal Area Networks”, High Frequency Electronics, September 2003, pp. 22-32


UWB Regulations - FCC



Personal Area Networks IEEE 802.15



IEEE 802.15.3 UWB



UWB will Revolutionize Consumer Electronics



One UWB Standard Proposal



Another UWB Standard Proposal



How the 2 UWB Standards Operate


GHzGHz


Internet Protocol Zoo

modem300 bps-28 Kbps

PPP, SLIP

ISDN64-

128 Kbps

PPP

X.259.6 Kbps-

2Mbps

RFC 1356 Token Ring Ethernet10 -

100Mbps

FDDI100 Mbps

ATM25 Mbps-Gbps

SNAPAAL 4,5

HIPPI800Mbps-1.6Gbps

IPv4, IPv6

UDP TCP

videotool

MUA/MTA

newsreader

browser

H.261 MIME HTML

RTP DNS SMTP NNTP ftp http

manager

ASN.1

SNMP

userspace

library

kernel

driver

board

application

transport

subnet datalink

IPv4, IPv6network


How to Place and Measure Access Points?


Making Wireless Work


Houses

Moderately Wooded Yards

Trees

Base StationStreet

Trees

Trees

Trees

Trees

Tree

s

The Last 100 Meters of Wireless Access


40.2 45.0

31.3

51.4

33.4

52.6

32.4

51.3

33.7

54.4

31.8

53.6

32.0

29.6 33.0 48.5

31.3

50.7

25.9

51.0

27.3

57.9

32.1

56.5

32.0

Outdoor 1.5m Rx Ant. Path Loss (Shoulder high)

Indoor Path LossOutdoor 5.5m Rx Ant. Path Loss (Top of house)

Key

all values in dB w.r.t.1m FS

Tx

41.639.6

40.1

42.5 51.251.9

57.7

45.8

43.7

46.7

44.4 40.6

46.651.7

51.2Kitchen

Deck

First Floor

Second Floor

Garage

Tree

Tree

FrontBedroom

Rear Bed. 1

MasterBedroom

Rear Bed. 2Family Room

LivingRoom

DiningRoom

Office

Path loss into a home from the street

5.8 GHzC. 2004 T. S. Rappaport, All Rights Reserved

Knowledge leads to deployment tools


SitePlanner® Environment with Channel Measurements and Throughput Prediction


Shopping mallstore walls

Leaky FeederAntenna System

Required < 2 minutes on a Pentium II 300 MHz PC

Data Appliances and Applications

Cellular, PCS, WAPWireless Office ServiceWireless LAN (IEEE 802.11)Wireless PDAs (Compaq

IPAQ, Handspring)Wireless VoIPWireless VideoBluetooth


Observations – where we are today

• 3G Wireless will compete with WLAN• Tetherless networks are coming to homes and

offices• Fixed wireless access may replace fiber• The web is here to stay• Cellular started “outside in”• WLAN is moving “inside out”• Fixed wireless access is the ultimate last mile

solution• The web, computing, and wireless are merging!!!


Space – The Final Frontier


Diversity gives Capacity – MIMO!


HUGE Capacity Increases are coming!


Global Market Opportunity for Texas

• Today, less than 30% of US has broadband internet access to their homes

• Today, less than 500 million of the 6 billion people in the world have internet access

• Telecom Corridor (Dallas), The Semiconductor and Software Industries (Austin), the Computing Industry (Houston, Austin), and Security Industry (San Antonio) have greatest growth opportunities to “network the world.”

• This will be done “wirelessly” across the globe, as wireless eclipses wired deployments, especially in developing nations and rural locations.


Our Mission for theTexas Wireless Networking and

Communications Center

To be a premier creator of research and innovation for the communications, software, and semiconductor industries in the state of Texas, while fostering economic development, and excellence in education and research that will make Texas the preeminent wireless industrial leader in the US.


The Wireless Networking and Communications Group (WNCG) formed at UT in September

2002• $1 MM investment provided by Texas companies

(Motorola, SBC, & Texas Instruments) and UT to launch WNCG in Sept. 2002

• 12 Electrical and Computer Engineering faculty formed new center (WNCG)

• 7000 sq. ft. premier laboratories and start-up facility built for center ops on UT Austin campus. Will be complete in March 2004.

• Over $2.3 million in external funds received for wireless R&D in just first year of operation! This can be scaled for state benefit.


Industrial Affiliate Sponsors of WNCGEach company or organization has invested $150K for a 3-year commitment. $1,050,000

committed in the first year alone. Several more companies will soon join.


Basic R&D and Corporate Sponsors of WNCG

$2,350,000.00 in R&D committed in just the first year of operation.


WNCG’s Early Success Can Scale for Enormous Texas Benefit

• Create a state-wide research center focused on building Texas leadership in wireless for technology transfer and job creation involving key researchers, business leaders, and investors

• Develop wireless educational programs and technology for use by community colleges and high schools in Texas

• Enormous intellectual resource for Texas high-tech entrepreneurs to promote company relocations and capital investment in Texas.

• WNCG faculty will interact and bond with other key communication engineering faculty throughout Texas


Beneficiaries of Texas Wireless Networking and

Communications Center• Texas Telecommunication System Manufacturers

(Dallas / Richardson)

• Texas Semiconductor Industry (Austin)

• Texas Embedded Software and Security Industry (Austin, San Antonio, Dallas)

• Texas Computer and Network Equipment Manufacturers (Houston, Austin, Dallas)

• Texas High-Tech Investment Community and Economic Development Agencies (Statewide)



Key R&D Thrust Areas of Texas Wireless Networking and

Communications Center• Radio Frequency (RF) Integrated Circuit Design

• Wireless on a chip• Networking Deployment, Simulation, and Security

• RF ID tags, sensors, border control• Large Scale Wireless Internet Control• Wireless Access for International, Rural, disadvantaged areas

• Advanced Digital Signal Processing (DSP)• Broadband ubiquitous access• Home entertainment

• Economic Development and Human Capital Development• Concept to prototype• Spin-out technologies to Texas Companies• Technology roadmaps for private and corporate investors• High School / Community College education leadership and

curriculum development

The Big Prize – A National CenterNational Science Foundation Engineering Research Center

• With existing sponsorship and sustained state funding, The Texas Wireless Networking and Communications Center will be ideally positioned to win a NSF Engineering Research Center (ERC). ERC’s are competitive national centers of excellence that may last up to 15 years, funded at $5M / year. This is a $75 million dollar opportunity.

• Texas currently does not have an ERC, yet the Texas semiconductor, communications, computer, and software industries would benefit tremendously.

• With state funding, combined with WNCG current and future funding, and other key Texas engineering centers, an NSF ERC will amplify state funding by a minimum of 20:1 and more likely 100:1 in value.


How will the Texas state funding be spent?

• Top notch research scientists and staff recruited to Texas to work with faculty and sponsors for creating new knowledge, inventions, and producing student leaders.

• Development of curriculum materials and outreach programs to build the state’s leadership in wireless networking.

• Creation of industry and investor roundtable to better connect university research with corporate technology transfer and the investor community.


What we need from the State

• The state should show Texans that Wall Street does not value R&D in Telecommunications since the dot-com implosion, and there is a lot at stake for the future of the Texas communications industry.

• Asia and Europe are investing heavily in wireless communications and networking while the US R&D spending has faltered.

• The state has major corporations and leading researchers in wireless, and Texas universities working with industry and government will make Texas a national leader in the wireless revolution and the prosperity it will bring.

• The state’s support of a Texas research center in wireless networking and communications can spearhead new technologies, new human capital, and economic development for Texas

• The state’s business support will be needed to win an NSF ERC on ubiquitous wireless communications in 2005 - 2006


Final Remarks• The Web, the PC, and Wireless will merge

• Today 1 Billion, but 2 Billion users by 2008

• We only use high data rates when we sit or stand, hence a commercial battle will occur inside buildings

• Space-Time Channels will yield huge capacity increases

• DSP, Networking, RF ID, and Communications are fundamental to future systems

• Texas has an opportunity to be a world leader in wireless


wireless communication: frontiers for the last mile

Technology

rappaport william

rights reserved fhss

mile wireless

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wireless revolution

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world wireless

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