wireless communication introduction

7/21/2019 Wireless Communication Introduction

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Wireless Communications

Introduction to Wireless

Communications


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2

Suggested Reading

1. T.S. Rappaport, Wireless Communications,

2ndEdition, Pearson Education. 2002.

2. W.C.Y. Lee, Mobile Cellular

Telecommunications, 2ndEdition, Mcra!"ill, 1##$.

%. &amilo 'e(er, Wireless )i*ital

Communications+ Modulation and SpreadSpectrum pplications, Prentice "all, 2002.


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3


Module 1

Introduction


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4

Outline of Module 1

W(at is Wireless Communications- "istor o/ Wireless Communications

T(e adanta*es

T(e c(allen*es

T(e tpes

T(e ndian /actor


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5

What is Wireless Communication?

Transmittin*3receiin* oice and data

usin* electroma*netic !aes in open

space

4 T(e in/ormation /rom sender to receier is carrieroer a well-defined/re5uenc band 6channel7

4 Eac( c(annel (as a fixed/re5uenc bandwidthand

Capacity6bit8rate7

4 )i//erent c(annels can be used to transmit

in/ormation inparalleland independentl.


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6

Example

ssume a spectrum o/ 120 &"9isallocated oer a base /re5uenc /orcommunication bet!een stations and :

Eac( c(annel occupies ;0 &"9

Channel 1 (b b!"#$

Channel % (b!"# b!$

Channel ' (b! b!1%#$

Station Station )


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7

*+pes of Wireless

Communication Mobile

4 Cellular P(ones 6SM 3 C)M 2000.1


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8

*+pical -re.uencies

'M Radio A == M"9

TB :roadcast A 200 M"9

SM P(ones A #00 M"9 PS A 1.2 "9

PCS P(ones A 1.= "9

:luetoot( A 2.; "9 Wi'i A 2.; "9


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9

*he Electromagnetic

Spectrum

Propagation characteristics are different in each frequency band

>B

1 MHz1 kHz 1 GHz 1 THz 1 PHz 1 EHz

in/rared isible

rasamma ras

,Mradio

S3W

radio'M

radio

TB TB cellular

LF HF VHF UHF SHF EHFMF

30kHz 300kHz 3MHz 30MHz 300MHz 30GHz 300GHz

10km 1km 100m 10m 1m 10cm 1cm100mm

3GHz

EHF - Extreme High Frequency

SHF - Super High Frequency

UHF - Ultra High Frequency

HF - ery High FrequencyHF - High Frequency

!F - !e"ium Frequency

#F - #$% Frequency

#F - ery #$% Frequency


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&'

James Clerk Maxwell(&83&)&879*

Sc$tti+h, r$.e++$r $. phy+ic+, /ing0+ 1$llege (#$n"$n* an"1amri"ge Unier+ityFormulated the theory of

electromagnetismfrom 1865 to 1873.

'

B

t

D

t

E

H J

D

B

=

= +

=

=

From a ery long ie! of the history of man"ind # seen from$ say$ ten thousand years from no! # there

can %e little dou%t that the most significant eent of the 1&th century !ill %e 'udged as (a)!ell*s

discoery of the la!s of electrodynamics. +he ,merican -iil ar !ill fade into /roincial

insignificance in com/arison !ith this im/ortant scientific eent of the same decade.

ichar" Feynman, #ecture+ $n hy+ic+, $l

His work established the theoretical foundation for the

development of wireless communications.


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&&

Timeline of Wireless Communications Development . . .

Martin Cooper,

Motorola, deelops

/irst (and(eld cellular

p(one in 1#D%

200% 8 >S

cellular

subscribers

e

&arlsru(e

1==01=?0

Pro/. . Ma

61=%181=D#7 t(eor

o/

electroma*netism

deeloped in 1=?$

1#;0

'irst teleision

broadcast

81#2=

1#=01#?0

T!o8!a mobileradio serices

1#?0s 4 1#D0s

2000

1#=% 8 Cellular

MPS serice

in C(ica*o

&)& Radio 81#20

)ae interie!s

at :ell Labs /or

Mobile P(one

proFect 4 GT(ist(in* isnHt *oin*

an!(ere.I

200; 8 ndian

cellular

subscriberse


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&2

Wh+ Wireless Communication?617

-reedom from /ires4 @o cost o/ installin* !ires or re!irin*

4 @o bunc(es o/ !ires runnin* (ere and t(ere

4 GAuto magicalI instantaneous communications !it(out

p(sical connection setup, e.*., :luetoot(, Wi'i

0lobal Coerage4 Communications can reac( !(ere !irin* is in/easible

or costl, e.*., rural areas, old buildin*s, battle/ield,e(icles, outer space 6t(rou*( CommunicationSatellites7


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&3

Wh+ Wireless Communication?627

Sta+ Connected4 Roamin*allo!s /le


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&4

Wh+ Wireless Communication?6%7

ncreasin* dependence on

telecommunication serices /or business

and personal reasons

Consumers and businesses are !illin* to

pa /or it

)asic Mantra2 Sta+ connected 3

an+/here4 an+time5

C


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&5

Challenges617

Efficient 6ard/are

4 Low powerTransmitters, Receiers

4 Low PowerSi*nal Processin* Tools

Efficient use of finiteradio spectrum4 Cellular /re5uenc reuse, medium access control

protocols,...

Integrated serices

4 oice, data, multimediaoer a sin*le net!orJ

4 serice di//erentiation, priorities, resource s(arin*,...

Wi l C i ti


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&6

Multimedia Re.uirements

Voice VideoData

Delay

Packet Loss

BER

Data Rate

Traffic


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&7

Challenges627

@et!orJ support /or user mobilit+6mobilescenarios7

4 location identi/ication, (andoer,...

Maintainin* .ualit+ of sericeoerunreliable linJs

Connectiit and coera*e

6internet/or7ing7 Coste//icienc

Wi l C i ti


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&8

Challenges6%7

'adin*

Multipat(

"i*(er probabilit o/ data corruption4 "ence, need /or stron*er c(annel codes

@eed /or stron*er Securit mec(anisms

4 priac, aut(entication,K

Wi l C i ti


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&9

Wireless s Mobile

NOTE+ Wireless does not necessaril

mean mobile

Wireless Sstems ma be4 -ixed 6e.*., Metropolitan rea @et!orJ7

4 ,ortable6e.*., !ireless interaction bet!een TB

and BCR7

4 Mobile6e.*., mobile p(one7



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*+pes of Wireless Communication 617

Radio *ransmission4 Easil *enerated, omni8directionall trael lon*distances, easil penetrate buildin*s

4 Problems+ /re5uenc8dependent

relatie lo! band!idt( /or data communication ti*(tl licensed b t(e *oernments

Micro/ae *ransmission4 Widel used /or lon* distance communication4 ies a (i*( S3@ ratio, relatiel ine


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2&

*+pes of Wireless Communication 627

Infrared and Millimeter Waes4 Widel used /or s(ort8ran*e communication4 >nable to pass t(rou*( solid obFects4 >sed /or indoor !ireless L@s, not /or outdoors

8ight/ae *ransmission4 >n*uided optical si*nal, suc( as laser4 Connect t!o L@s in t!o buildin*s ia laser

mounted on t(eir roo/

4 >nidirectional, eas to install, donHt re5uire license4 Problems+ unable to penetrate rain or t(icJ /o* laser beam can be easil dierted b turbulent air



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Wireless S+stems 2 Range Comparison

Satellite

8in7s

SW

Radio

MW

Radio-M

Radio

Mobile

*elephon+4

W88W89s)luetoothIR

1,000 &m100 &m10 &m1 &m100 m10 m1 m



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0ro/th 2 *echnolog+ ta7eup time to

:#M usersTelep(one

TB

Radio


nternet

': +ears

;: +ears

" +ears

1% +ears

1' +ears

Mobile P(ones in ndia1# +ears



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*raffic 0ro/th

0

2$

1##= 1### 2000 2001

$0

D$

100

12$

1$0

Tra//ic

Boice

nternet access



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*he Indian ffordabilit+ factor 617 ndia (as 1 billion people and 1=0 million

(ouse(olds Toda, ndia (as more mobile p(ones6A $0 million7

t(an /i


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*he Indian ffordabilit+ factor 627 ndiaOs mobile8p(one industr is addin* about 1.$

millionne! users a mont( 6mostl in t(e cities7.

T(e Telecom Re*ulator ut(orit o/ ndia 6TR7predicts t(at t(ere !ill be 1$0 millionmobilesubscribers b 200D.

)eclinin* prices /or mobile8p(one (andsets !illliJel Jeep sales risin* into t(e /uture.

Mobile (andset costs could drop to around Rs.1,$00/rom Rs. 2,$00, i/ local companies start tomanu/acture t(e (andsets.



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*he Indian ffordabilit+ factor 6%7 :ecause o/ ndiaOs lar*e *eo*rap(, !ireless is t(e

/astest and c(eapest !a to e


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Simplified Wireless Communication

S+stem Representation

n.$rmati$n t$

e tran+mitte"

($iceata*

1$"ing !$"ulat$r $%er

:mpli.ier

n.$rmati$n

receie"

($iceata*

ec$"ing em$"ulat$r #;:

:ntenna

:ntenna1arrier

1arrier



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3'

Summar+ of 8ecture 1

W(at is Wireless Communications

brie/ (istor o/ Wireless

Communications

T(e adanta*es and t(e c(allen*es T(e arious tpes o/ Wireless

Communications

T(e ndian //ordabilit /actor



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3&

End of Module 1



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e ess Co u cat o s

32


Module %

Introduction to Current

Wireless S+stems



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Outline of Module %

E


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Current Wireless S+stems

Cellular Sstems Wireless L@s

Satellite Sstems

Pa*in* Sstems

Wireless P@s 6bluetoot(, >W:7



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15Cellular S+stems

eo*rap(ic re*ion diided into cells 're5uencies3timeslots3codes reused at spatiall8

separated locations :ase stations3Mobile Telep(one S!itc(in* //ices

6MTSs7 coordinate (ando// and control /unctions

Reuse channels to maximize capacity

BASE

STATION

MT+,


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Wireless 89 Standards

)it rate -re.uenc+)and

Range

IEEE %511b $.$ 4 11Mbps 2.; "9 A100m

IEEE %511a $; Mbps $ (9 A100m

6iper89

(Europe$

20Mbps $ "9 A$0m

6iper89=% $; Mbps $ "9 A$0m



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'5 Satellite S+stems617

Coer er lar*e areas 6*lobal coera*e74 Ber use/ul in sparsel populated areas+ rural areas, sea,

mountains, etc.

)i//erent orbit (ei*(ts4 Es 6%?000 &m7 ersus LEs 62000 &m7

ptimi9ed /or one8!a transmission4 Radio 6M, ):7 and moie 6SatTB7 broadcastin*

E


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'5Satellite S+stems627

Limited85ualit oice3data transmission

Traditional pplications4 Weat(er satellite4 Radio and TB broadcastin*4 Militar satellites

Telecommunication pplications4 lobal telep(one connections4 :acJbone /or *lobal net!orJ4 PS

ntelsat, lobalstar, Teledesic, nmarsat are somee


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"5,aging S+stems

:road coera*e /or s(ort messa*in*

Messa*e broadcast /rom all base stations

Simple terminals

Lo! comple


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Widerea ,aging S+stem

, S * 9

: a s e s t a t i o nT e l e p ( o n e

,aging

*erminal

,aging

*erminal

,aging

*erminal

: a s e s t a t i o n

: a s e s t a t i o n

p a * e r

S a t e l l i t e

,aging Control

Center

*errestrial 8in7

*errestrial 8in7

Satellite 8in7

Cit+ 1

Cit+ %

Cit+ 9



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=C%2=10.?18Cimini8D3#=

:5 ,ersonal rea 9et/or7s (,9s$

)luetooth

Cable replacement R' tec(nolo* 6lo! cost7

S(ort ran*e 610m, e


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:5 ,9s627

E


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Emerging Wireless S+stems

d (oc !ireless net!orJs

Sensor net!orJs

)istributed control net!orJs

>ltra Wideband 6>W:7 Sstems



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15 d6oc 9et/or7s617

Peer8to8peer communications.

@o bacJbone in/rastructure.

Routin* can be multi(op.

Topolo* is dnamic.

'ull connected !it( di//erent linJ S@Rs



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d8(oc net!orJs proide a /le


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%5 Sensor 9et/or7s

@odes po!ered b non8rec(ar*eable batteries )ata /lo!s to centrali9ed location. Lo! per8node rates but up to 100,000 nodes. )ata (i*(l correlated in time and space. @odes can cooperate in transmission, reception,

compression, and si*nal processin*.

Energy is the driving constraint



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3.>istributed Control oer Wireless 8in7s

PacJet loss and3or delas impacts controller per/ormance.

Controller desi*n s(ould be robust to net!orJ /aults.

oint application and communication net!orJ desi*n.

/*tomated Ve3icles

Cars

4/Vs

5)sect flyers



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"5 W: transmits ultra8lo! po!er radio si*nals !it(er narro/ pulses6nanosecond7.

:ecause o/ its lo! po!er re5uirements, >W: is erdifficult to detect 6(ence secure7.

: typical U>? pul+e

n+



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"5


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Spectrum Regulation

World!ide spectrum controlled b T>8R T> auctions spectral blocJs /or set applications.

Some spectrum set aside /or uniersal use.

!pectral allocation"regulation heavil# impacts the evolution

of wireless technolog#


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Summar+ of Module %

E


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End of Module %

wireless communication introduction

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