within-week variability and long-term trends in traffic, power plant emissions, and ambient co, no y...
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![Page 1: Within-Week Variability and Long-Term Trends in Traffic, Power Plant Emissions, and Ambient CO, NO y and Ozone for the Charlotte Metropolitan Area Jennifer](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649cf75503460f949c790d/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Within-Week Variability and Long-Term Trends in Traffic, Power Plant Emissions, and Ambient CO, NOy and Ozone for the Charlotte Metropolitan Area
Jennifer L. Perry* and Patrick M. OwensDepartment of ChemistryWinthrop University, Rock Hill, SC 29733
*Current address: Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708
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Objectives
Show Charlotte regional growth by traffic volumes and power plant emissions
Characterize trends in NOy, CO, Hydrocarbon, and Ozone monitoring data
Understand how traffic and power plant emission fluctuations within each week affect pollutant levels
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Type of Data Monitoring
SiteSelected Data
Traffic Counts
Interstate I-77Jun-Aug, 1990-1997
South Blvd, Wilkinson Blvd,
Graham St.
May-Sep, 1990-1997(8-9 AM, 6-7 PM, daily)
Mecklenburg County Ambient
Air Monitors
Plaza, County Line
O3 : May-Sep, ’90-00CO: May-Sep, ’93-00NOy: May-Sep, ’95-00
Hydrocarbons, ’95-99
Arrowwood O3: May-Sep, ’90-00
Power Plant Emission Monitors
(CEM)
Riverbend, AllenMarshall, Buck
NOx: May-Sep, ’96-00
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Traffic Locations, Monitoring Sites, & Power Plants
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Regional NOx Sources
1997 Gaston County Power Plant Emissions 12,930 tons (Allen) 3,780 tons (Riverbend)
1996 Mecklenburg County Emissions 17,295 tons (mobile sources) 687 tons (stationary sources)
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Traffic Sites
Roadway Tachograph Loc. Data Available
Interstate 77 SC Welcome CenterBetween Exits 88 & 90
June-August 1990-1997(Hourly data)
South Blvd (Hwy521)
Between Poindexter &Marsh @ Pepsi Plant
May-Sept 1990-1998, (7-8AM, 5-6PM, Daily)
Wilkinson Blvd (Hwy 29&74)
Remount RdIntersection
May-Sept 1990-1998,(7-8AM, 5-6PM, Daily)
Graham St. Past Railroad Tracks @ 12th St.
May-Sept 1990-1998,(7-8AM, 5-6PM, Daily)
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I-77 Traffic Volume vs. Time of Day
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
Time of Day (Hour)
Ho
url
y V
olu
me
Sun Mon Tues Wed
Thu Fri Sat
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5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23
Time of Day
Avg
Ho
url
y N
O y
Co
nce
ntr
atio
n (
pp
b)
Sunday Monday Tuesday Wednesday
Thursday Friday Saturday
May-Sep ‘95-‘98 Plaza Average Hourly NOy
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May-Sep ‘93-‘98 Plaza Average Hourly CO
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23Time of Day (Hour)
Avg
. H
ou
rly
CO
R
ead
ing
(p
pb
)
Sunday Monday Tuesday Wednesday
Thursday Friday Saturday
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1990-1998 May-Sep Diurnal Charlotte Ozone Averages
By Day of Week (weekend days-lines, weekdays-markersCounty Line
0
0. 01
0. 02
0. 03
0. 04
0. 05
0. 06
0. 07
0. 08
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23
Arrowwood
0
0. 01
0. 02
0. 03
0. 04
0. 05
0. 06
0. 07
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23
Plaza
0
0. 01
0. 02
0. 03
0. 04
0. 05
0. 06
0. 07
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 1415 16 17 18 19 2021 22 23
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Day of Week NOx Emissions from
Four Coal-fired Plants near Charlotte
-25
-20
-15-10
-5
0
510
15
20
Sun Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat
Day of Week
% D
iffe
ren
ce f
rom
7-D
ay
Av
era
ge
Allen
Riverbend
Marshall
Buck
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Coal-fired Power Plant Hourly NOx Emissions by Day of Week for a Recent
Season
25.00
30.00
35.00
40.00
45.00
50.00
55.00
0 5 10 15 20
Hour of Day
Dai
ly T
on
s
NO
x E
mis
sio
ns
Sun
Mon
Tue
Wed
Thu
Fri
Sat
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Day of Week Variation at Fontana Urban BTEX Sampling Site
-0.15
-0.1
-0.05
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
Sun-Thu Thu-Sat Sat-Sun
Benzene
Toluene
m/p-Xylene
I-77 Traffic Cts
Day of Week Variation at Kennedy Urban BTEX Sampling Site
-0.3
-0.2
-0.1
0
0.1
0.2
Sun-Thu Thu-Sat Sat-Sun
Fra
cti
on
of
Dif
f fr
om
7-D
ay
Av
g
Benzene
Toluene
m/p-Xylene
I-77 TrafficCts
Day of Week Variation in Average Noon to Noon BTEX Levels in Charlotte Aug-Sep ’96 and May-
Aug ’97Day of Week Variation at Dilworth Urban BTEX
Sampling Site
-0.15
-0.1
-0.05
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
Sun-Thu Thu-Sat Sat-Sun
Benzene
Toluene
m/p-Xylene
I-77 TrafficCts
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Traffic Growth for I-77 and South Blvd Locations
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998
Year
Average Hour Traffic 8:00 Traffic 18:00 Traffic
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997
Year
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15
20
22
24
26
28
30
32
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000
Year
NO
y C
on
cen
trat
ion
(p
pb
)
County Plaza
300
400
500
600
700
1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000
Year
CO
Co
nce
ntr
atio
n (
pp
b)
County Plaza
7-9 AM Yearly NOy and CO Trends at County Line and Plaza
(Gar ’00) Sites
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May-Sep Mecklenburg County Ozone Trends
0.04500
0.05000
0.05500
0.06000
0.06500
0.07000
0.07500
1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000
Year
County Line Arrowwood Plaza
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NOx Emission Trends from the two Coal-fired Power Plants, Allen and Riverbend, near Charlotte
0.00
10.00
20.00
30.00
40.00
50.00
60.00
70.00
80.00
June July Aug Jun-Aug May-Sep
Avg
To
ns
NO
x /
Day
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
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Long-term Trends for Allen & RB NOx Emissions, Power, and Emissions per Unit of
Power
3000.00
4000.00
5000.00
6000.00
7000.00
8000.00
9000.00
1996 1997 1998 1999 2000
NO
x em
iss
ion
s +
Gig
aWa
tt-H
ou
rs
2.00
2.50
3.00
3.50
4.00
4.50
5.00
5.50
Lb
s N
Ox
/ Meg
aw
att-
hr
Tons NOx emissions GigaWatt-Hours Lbs NOx/Mwt-hr
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’95-’99 AM Hydrocarbon Reactivity-weighted Concentration Trends for the
Plaza Site
0
15
30
45
60
75
90
105
120
135
PAMS Tot. Paraffins Olefins Aromatics
MIR
* C
on
ce
ntr
ati
on
(p
pb
C)
1995 1996 1997* 1998 1999
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’95-’99 AM NMOC/NOy Ratios for the Plaza Monitoring Site
0
5
10
15
20
1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000
NM
OC
/NO
y
NOx Limited
VOC Limited
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7-8 AM Within Week Fluctuations for NOy, CO and Traffic Data
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
Sun Mon Tue-Fri SatRea
din
g /
7 D
ay A
vera
ge
NOy CO Traffic
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May-Sep 1990-1998 Within Week Ozone Averages for the three Mecklenburg County
Monitors
0.95
0.97
0.99
1.01
1.03
1.05
Sun Mon Tue-Fri SatRea
din
g /
7 D
ay A
vera
ge
County Line Arrowwood Plaza
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Days Traffic CO NOy Ozone Power NOx
Su/Tu-Fr 0 0 0 0.3373 0
Mo/Tu-Fr 0.7488 0.9473 0.0381 0.3484 0.0023
Sa/Tu-Fr 0 0.0012 0 0.4683 0.0025
P-Values for Day of Week Comparisons of Traffic, Ambient Pollutants, and Power Plant NOx Emissions
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Conclusions
AM CO and NOy ambient concentrations correlate well with observed traffic patterns Weekend AM levels much lower than weekdays Monday AM CO comparable to other weekdays Monday AM NOy lower than other weekdays
Within week power plant NOx emissions Tues-Fri 10% above 7-day average Mon & Sat 7.5% below 7-day average Sun 19% below 7-day average Monday AM NOx lowest in week; low Monday AM NOy
ambient levels may be due to this
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Conclusions
Total Power Plant NOx emissions from Allen and Riverbend Power Plants are stable From 1996-2000, power generated during
May-Sep by the two Gaston Co. plants increased 27%.
From 1996-2000, NOx emissions per unit of power decreased 20%.
From 1996-2000, total NOX emissions from Allen and Riverbend increased 4%.
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Conclusions
Hydrocarbon Trends From 1997-1999, average AM
Hydrocarbons levels at Plaza decreased
The Charlotte metropolitan region appears to be a VOC-limited area 1995-1999 Plaza AM VOC/NOy ratios
are primarily between four and eight.
Ozone within week variation: Weekend ozone levels in Mecklenburg
County are equivalent to weekday levels
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RecommendationsFor the city of Charlotte, implement ozone control measures that reduce ambient VOC levels
Replace the use of ozone action days with practices to be implemented throughout ozone season
Evaluate the use of total NOx emissions budgets for all power plants in the Charlotte region
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AcknowledgementsNorth Carolina Division of Air Quality (Steve Few, Brian Timin)
Winthrop University students (Gentry Ridgeway and Steve Hudson)
City of Charlotte Department of Transportation (Charles Able)
South Carolina Department of Transportation (Joe Boozer)
Duke Energy (Buddy Davis and Kris Knudsen)