wood densities of tropical tree species

SUMMARY

Wood density information for a large number of tropical treespecies is presented in units of ovendry weight in grams percubic centimeter of green volume. The data base includes 1,280entries from tropical America (40 percent), tropical Asia (36 per-cent), and tropical Africa (24 percent). The most frequent wooddensities were 0.5 to 0.8 g/cm3. In all three tropical continents,the most frequent class was the 0.5 to 0.6 g/cm3. These data areuseful for a wide variety of practical and scientific applications,including the estimation of forest stand biomass from woodvolume data.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

These data were collected for a project related to estimatingthe biomass of tropical forests from inventory data. The projectwas supported by subcontracts 19B-07762C with S. Brown atthe University of Illinois and 19X-43326(= with A.E. Lugo at theUniversity of Puerto Rico, under Martin Marietta EnergySystems, Inc., contract DE-AC05840R21400 with the U.S.Department of Energy. The U.S. Department of Agriculture,Forest Service, Institute of Tropical Forestry, provided librarysupport to the study.

Wood Densities of Tropical Tree Species

Gisel Reyes, Sandra Brown, Jonathan Chapman,and

Ariel E. Lugo

INTRODUCTION

Information on the biomass of tropical forests iscritical in order to answer many questions on therole of these forests in global phenomena, includingthe global carbon and other nutrient cycles, and onthe magnitude of the global wood resources.

The biomass of tropical forests has been measuredfor a few sites scattered around the tropical world,but the area represented by these studies isextremely small (~30 ha) compared with the totalarea of tropical forests (about 18 million km2)(Brown and Lugo 1982). Furthermore, there isstrong evidence that the selection of these few siteswas biased toward high biomass forests (Brown andLugo 1984). A vast quantity of forest inventory datais available for the tropics. These data often reportstand and stock tables (number of trees per unitarea and volume per unit area, respectively) bydiameter class or total volume for areas that are rep-resentative of thousands of hectares of forests. Thedata are useful for estimating forest biomass by avariety of techniques (Brown and others 1989;Gillespie and others in press).

To use forest inventory data for biomass estima-tion, wood density values for species or speciesgroups are often needed. For example, the product ofgross commercial volume and wood density, byspecies or species groups, gives the biomass of thecommercial wood. Total biomass can then be esti-mated using biomass expansion factors (totalbiomass/commercial wood biomass) as reported inBrown and others (1989). Wood density data mayalso be useful for the study of forest structure andresponse to environmental factors (e.g., Chudnoff1984). However, Chudnoffs (1984) analysis of pat-terns in wood densities of tropical trees according tolife zone was not conclusive because the data basewas small. Weaver (1987) demonstrated that theaverage wood density of montane forest stands in

Puerto Rico increased with increasing age of thestand. Similar analyses for other ecologicallycontrasting conditions are not possible because wooddensity data are normally not readily available toecologists and foresters.

In studies of tropical forest biomass (Brown andLugo 1982, 1984; Brown and others 1989; Lugo andothers 19881, a large data base has been assembledon wood density of tropical tree species. Becausewood volume data, as reported in forest inventories,are given in units of green volume, and because vol-umes needed to be converted to oven dry weights,wood density is reported in ovendry weight gramsper cubic ‘centimeter of green volume. This informa-tion is summarized here to help others in need of it.Readers are encouraged to make the authors awareof additional sources of information so that the database can be updated and disseminated periodically.The information is stored at the Institute of TropicalForestry and can be obtained from the senior author.

M E T H O D S

The list of species for which wood densities weregathered is based on the species encountered ininventories of the following regions and countries:1. Tropical America

C.

d.

Lowland moist forests of BrazilLowland to upland and wet, moist, and dryforests (as described in Holdridge 1967) ofVenezuelaGuyanaSurinam

2. Tropical Asia

a. Malaysiab. Sri Lanka

Gisel Reyes is a technical information specialist, Jonathan Chapman is a biological technician, and Ariel E. Lugo is the project leader atthe Institute of Tropical Forestry, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Forest Experiment Station, Rio Piedras,PR 00928-2500; Sandra Brown is an ecologist with the Department of Forestry, University of Illinois, 110 Mumford Hall, 1301 W. Gregory,Urbana, IL 61801.

1

c. Tropical forest regions of east India

3. Tropical Africa

a. Cameroonb. Gabon

The sources used for wood densities are listed byeach region (table 1). Difficulties were encounteredin finding sufficient wood density data in the desiredunits for forests of tropical Africa and Asia. Most ofthe data for these regions were in lb/f@ volume atla-percent moisture (air-dry weight). Because of thislimitation, a regression equation was developedusing data in Chudnoff (1984) for wood density withvolume at 12-percent moisture versus wood densityat green volume. There were no significant differ-ences among the regression equations for the threetropical regions; thus, only the equation based on allspecies is used. The regression equation, based ondata for 379 trees, is as follows:

Y = 0.0134 + 0.800X (r2 = 0.988)

where

Y = wood density at ovendry weight/greenvolume; g/cm3

X = wood density at air-dry weight/volume at12-percent moisture; g/cm3

All density data adjusted by this regression equa-tion are indicated in the data set (table 2) with anasterisk (*I.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Table 2 lists the species as identified in the origi-nal source and the reported wood density (g/cm3) foreach species. All values cited in the sources (table 1)are reported without comment, although age of treefrom which the sample was derived may be a factorfor differences between bibliographic sources for thesame species (indicated by a plus sign [+I in table 2).However, it is likely that most determinations arebased on mature trees.

There are a total of 1,180 species listed in table 2.Tropical Asia, tropical America, and tropical Africaare represented, respectively, by 428, 470, and 282species or 36,40, and 24 percent of the record.

The data set is summarized in figure 1 accordingto continent and frequency of occurence of wood den-sity classes. The most frequent wood densities arethe 0.4 to.0.8 g/cm3 classes. The 0.5 to 0.6 class isdominant in the data sets of all three continents.The wood density of trees in the tropical America

2

data set were more evenly distributed across fourclasses (0.4-0.5 to 0.7-0.8). This data set has thebroadest range of wood densities (0.1 to 1.0) and thehighest frequency of dense wood (>0.8); however,this range may be partly, due to the larger data setfor this region.

The patterns in figure 1 most likely reflect thesmallness and bias of the sources toward commercialforests and species. Clearly, more data of this typeare needed before conclusions regarding the ecologi-cal meaning of the patterns can be reached.

M E A N = 0 . 5 7

S E = 0 . 0 0 7n = 4 2 8

1-

2 tT R O P I C A L A M E R I C A

s M E A N = 0 . 6 0

2 S E = 0 . 0 0 82 2 0 n = 4 7 0

i:g:>;:i..:.:.:.:+:.: T R O P I C A L A F R I C Aigig;;;.1. . . ...i.....::>::: j::::: M E A N = 0 . 5 0::::::::::::::::::::::::::::. . . .. ..i.....

0. I ‘ 0 . 2 ‘ 0 . 3 ‘ 0 . 4 ‘ 0 . 5 ‘0 .6 ‘0 .7 ‘ 0 . 8 ‘ 0 . 9 ‘ 1 . 0

W O O D D E N S I T Y C L A S S (g/cm31

Figure I.-Frequency distribution of tropical forest species by wooddensity class for three tropical regions encompassing parts ofrune tropical countries.

Table 1.Sources of wood density data bu tropical region

Asia

Al&on, A.S. 1982. Timbers of Fiji: properties and potential uses. Suva, Fiji: Department ofForestry. 183 p.

Chowdhury, K.A.; Gosh, S.S. 1958. Indian woods: their identification, properties, and uses. DehraDun, India: Manager of Publications. 304 p. Vol. l-2.

Chudnoff, Martin. 1984. Tropical timbers of the world. Agric. Handb. 607. Washington, DC: U.S.Department of Agriculture. 464 p.

Food and Agriculture Organization. 1980. Guidelines for the improved utilization and marketing oftropical wood species. Laguna, Philippines: Forest Products Research and IndustriesDevelopment Commission (FORPRIDECOM), National Science Development Board. 153 p.

Howard, L.A. 1951. A manual of the timbers of the world: their characteristics and uses. London:MacMillan. 751 p.

Singh, K.D. 1978. Informations on the industrial raw material catchments for pulp and paper(unpublished report for the Hindustan Paper Corp., personal communication, March 1987,

, on file with the wood density data for regions of Southeast Asia).

Trotter, H. 1944. The common commercial timbers of India and their uses. Dehra Dun, India:Vasant Press. 289 p.

America

Berni, C.A.; Bolza, E.; Christensen, F.J. 1979. South American timbers: the properties, uses andcharacteristics of 190 species. Ivory House, Melbourne, Australia: Commonwealth Scientificand Industrial Research Organization, Division of Building Research. 229 p.


Dickinson, F.E.; Hess, R.W.; Wangaard, F.F. 1949. Properties and uses of tropical woods, I.Tropical Woods 95. 145 p.

Fonseca Coelho, F. de J.; de Castro Ferreira, H.; Barros-Silva, S. [and others]. [nd.] Estudo fltoeco-logico-as regioes fitoecologicas, sua natureza e seus recursos economicos. Folha SA. 211-Santarem.Vegetacao 4: 311- 405.

Gonzales T., M.E.; Gonzalez T.,G.E. 1973. Propiedades fisicas, mecanicas, uses, y otras caracteristi-cas de algunas maderas comercialmente importantes en Costa Rica. Parte I. San Pedro, CostaRica: Laboratorio National de Productos Forestales. 51 p.

Hess, R.W.; Wangaard, F.F.; Dickinson, F.E. 1950. Properties and uses of tropical woods, II.Tropical Woods 97. 132 p.

Hoheisel, H.; Karstedt, P. 1967. Identification of Ecuadorian wood species for possibilities of uti-lization on basis of technological results. Merida, Venezuela: Latin-American Forest Researchand Training Institute, National Forest Products Laboratory. 34 p.

Hoheisel, H.; Karstedt, P.; Londono, A. 1968. Identification of some Colombian wood species andtheir possible use on the basis of physical and mechanical properties. Merida, Venezuela: Latin-American Forest Research and Training Institute. 60 p.


Instituto Brasileiro de Desenvolvimento Florestal. 1981. Madeiras da Amazonia. Caracteristicase utilizacao. Floresta National da Tapajos. Brasilia, Brazil: Conselho National deDesenvolvimento Cientifico e Tecnologico. 113 p. Vol. 1.

3

Table l-Sources of wood density data by tropical region-(Continued)

Ladrach, W.E. 1951. Recapitulation of the taxonomy band establishment of a wood library of commercialspecies for the region of Bajo Calima. In: Ladrach, W.E., ed. Forest Research in the Bajo CalimaConcession. Ninth Annual Report. Cali, Colombia: Carton de Colombia: 17- 38.

Longwood, Franklin. R. 1961. Puerto Rican woods. Agric. Handb. 205. Washington, DC: U.S. Departmentof Agriculture. 98 p.

Ministerio de Agricultura y Cria. 1969. Estudio tecnologico de 144 maderas de la Guyana Venezolana.Merida, Venezuela: Ministerio de Agricultura y Cria, Universidad de 10s Andes. Laboratorio Nationalde Productos Forestales.

Ministerio de Agricultura y Cria. 1970. Estudio tecnologico de las maderas de 10s Llanos Occidentales,(Primera Parte). Merida, Venezuela: Ministerio de Agricultura y Cria, Universidad de 10s Andes.Laboratorio National de Productos Forestales. 94 p.

Ministerio de Agriculura y Cria. 1972. Estudio tecnologico de 104 maderas de 10s Altos LlanosOccidentales. Merida, Venezuela: Ministerio de Agricultura y Cria, Universidad de 10s Andes.Laboratorio National de Productos Forestales. 175 p.

Ministerio de Agricultura y Cria. 1974. Caracteristicas, propiedades y usos de 104 maderas de 10s AltosLlanos Occidentales. Merida, Venezuela: Ministerio de Agricultura y Cria, Universidad de 10s Andes.Laboratorio National de Productos Forestales. 106 p.

Mora, J.J.; Arroyo Perez, J. 1968. Propiedades fisicas y mecanicas de 44 maderas de la GuyanaVenezolana. Publication 2. Merida, Venezuela: Ministerio de Productos Forestales. 9 p.

Record,.S.J.; Mell, C.D. 1924. Timbers of tropical America. New Haven, CT: Yale UniversityPress. 610 p.

van der Slooten, H.J.; Martinez, E.P. 1959. Description y propiedades de algunas maderas venezolanas.Boletin Informativo Divulgativo. Merida, Venezuela: Instituto Forestal Latinoamericano deInvestigation y Capacitation. Centro de Documentation y Publicaciones. [not paged].

van der Slooten, H.J.; Cobra Fedalton, L.; Jose Lisboa, C.D. [and others]. ln.d.1. Madeiras da Amazonia.Caracteristicas e utilizacao. Floresta National da Tapajos. Instituto Brasileiro de DesenvolvimentoFlorestal. Conselho National de Desenvolvimento Cientiflco e Tecnologico. Vol. 1.

Veillon, J.P. 1978. Lista de especies forestales autoctonas que forman la masa forestal de algunosbosques naturales de Venezuela. Parte I. Bosques de las llanuras al norte de1 Orinoco, en el norte ycentro de Edo. Bolivar y de la selva nublada andina. Merida, Venezuela: Instituto de Silvicultura,Universidad de 10s Andes. 35 p.

Wangaard, F.F.; Muschler, A.F. 1952. Properties and uses of tropical woods, III. Tropical Woods98. 190 p.

Wangaard, F.F.; Koehler; A.; Muschler, A.F. 1954. Properties and uses of tropical woods, IV. Tropical.Woods 99. 187 p.

Africa

Bolza, E.; Keating, W.G. 1972. African timbers: the properties, uses and characteristics of 700 species.Melbourne, Australia: Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Divisionof Building Research. 751 p.



Table 2.-Wood densities (g/ems, of tree species for tropical regions of three continents

Species Wood density

Tropical Asia

Acacia arabica 0.70*Acacia catechu 0.88Acacia confusa 0.75Acacia leucophloea 0.76Acacia richii 0.69Adina cordifolia 0.58, 0.59+Aegle marmelo 0.75Agathis dammara 0.41Agathis spp. 0 .44Agathis uitiensis 0.45Aglaia diffusa 0 . 7 0Aglaia iloilo 0.53Aglaia llanosiana 0.89Alangium longiflorum 0.65Alangium meyeri 0.63Albizzia amara 0.70*Albizzia falcataria 0.25Albizzia lebbek 0.55,0.66+Albizzia odoratissima 0.76Albizzia procera 0.52*, 0.59+Aleurites moluccana 0.25Aleurites trisperma 0.43Alnus japonica 0.43Alphitonia philippinensis 0.40Alphitonia zizyphoides 0.50Alphonsea arborea 0.69Alseodaphne longipes 0.49Alstonia macrophylla 0.62Alstonia scholaris 0.36Alstonia spp. 0.37Amoora aherniana 0.58Amoora macrocarpa 0:55Amoora spp. 0 .60Anisophyllea zeylanica 0.46*Anisoptera aurea. 0.53Anisoptera spp, 0.54Anisoptera thurifera 0.54Anogeissus latifolia 0.78, 0.79+Anthocephalus chinensis 0.36,0.33+Antidesma pleuricum 0.59Aphanamixis cumingiana 0.58Aphanamiris perrottetiana 0.52Araucaria bidwillii 0.43Artocarpus blancoi 0.43Artocarpus heterophylla 0.60Artocarpus lakoocha 0.53*Artocarpus ovata 0.47Artocarpus spp. 0.58Azadirachta indica 0.69Azadirachta spp. 0.52Balanocarpus spp. 0 .76Barringtonia edulis * 0.48Bauhinia spp. 0.67Beilschmiedia tawa 0.58Berrya cordifolia 0.78*Bischofia javanica 0.54,0.58,0.62+Bleasdalea vitiensis 0.43Bombax ceiba 0.33


Bombycidendron vidalianumBoswellia serrataBridelia retusaBridelia squamosaBuchanania lanzanBuchanania latifoliaBursera serrataButea monospermaCalophyllum blancoiCalophyllum inophyllumCalophyllum neo-ebudicumCalophyllum obliquinerviumCalophyllum spp.Calophyllum vitienseCalycarpa arboreaCananga odorataCanarium asperum var. asperumCanarium hirsutum forma scabrumCanarium luzonicumCanarium spp.Canarium vanikoroenseCanarium vitienseCanarium vrieseanum forma stenophyllumCanthium monstrosumCarallia calycinaCassia fist&aCassia javanicaCassia spectabilisCastanopsis philippensisCasuarina equisetifoliaCasuarina nodifloraCedrela odorataCedrela spp.Cedrela toonaCeiba pentandraCeltis luzonicaChisocheton cumingianusChisocheton pentandrusChloroxylon swieteniaChukrassia tabularisCinnamomum mercadoiCinnamomum spp.Citrus grandisCleidion speciflorumCleistanthus eollinusCleistocalyx operculatusCleistocalyx spp.Cochlospermum gossypium+religiosumCocos nuciferaColona serratifoliaCombretodendron quadrialatumCordia spp.Cotylelobium spp.Crataeva religiosaCratoxylon arborescensC r y p t o c a r y a spp.Cubilia cubiliCullenia excelsa

0.530 .500 .500.500.450.450 .590 .480.510.570 .500 .580.530.500.530.290.50,0.60+0.400.510 .440 .540 .540 .560.420.66*0.710 .690 .480.510.830 .850 .380.420.430.230 .490.520.520.76, 0.79, 0.80+0.570.650.430 .590.500.880 .660 .760.270 .500.330.570.530 .690.53*0 .400 .590 .490.53

5

Table 2.-Wood densities (glcmsl of tree species for tropical regions of three continents-(Continued)


Cynometra insularis 0.76, 0.91+Cynometra ramifZora 0.70Cynometra spp. 0.80Dacrycarpus imbricatus 0.45, 0.47+Dacrydium elatum 0.48Dacrydium nausoriensis 0.52Dacrydium nidulum 0.52Dacrydium spp. 0.46Dacryodes spp. 0.61Dalbergia latifolia 0.75Dalbergia paniculata 0.64Decussocarpus philippinensis 0.50Decussocarpus vitiensis 0.37Degeneria vitiensis 0.35Dehaasia triandra 0.64Dialium spp. 0 .80Dillenia luzoniensis 0.69Dillenia megalantha 0.69Dillenia pentagyna 0.53Dillenia philippinensis 0.61Dillenia spp. 0.59Diospyros embryopteris 0.63*Diospyros inclusa 0.68Diospyros melanoxylon 0.68Diospyros mindanaensis 0.69Diospyros nitida 0.71Diospyrosphilippensis 0.81Diospyros pilosanthera 0.80Diospyros poncei 0.81Diospyros pyrrhocarpa 0.60Diospyros spp. 0 .70Diplodiscus paniculatus 0.63Dipterocarpus caudatus 0.61Dipterocarpus eurynchus 0.56Dipterocarpus gracilis 0.61Dipterocarpus grandiflorus 0.62Dipterocarpus kerrii 0.56Dipterocarpus kunstlerii 0.57Dipterocarpus spp. 0.61Dipterocarpus warburgii 0.52Dracontomelon duo 0.52Dracontomelon edule 0.46Dracontomelon spp. 0.50Dryobalanops spp. 0.61Dtypetes bordenii 0.75Durio spp. 0.53Durio zibethinus 0.44,0.53+Dyera costulata 0.36Dysoxylum altissimum 0.42Dysoxylum decandrum 0.51Dysoxylum euphlebium 0.63Dysoxylum quercifolium 0.49Dysoxylum richii 0.49Elaeocarpus serratus 0.40*Emblica officinalis 0.80Endiandra laxiflora 0.54Endospermum macrophyllum 0.40Endospermum peltatum 0.31Endospermum spp. 0.38

6

L Species Wood density

Enterolobium cyclocarpum 0.35Epicharis cumingiana 0.73Erythrina fusca 0.25Erythrina suberosa 0.32Erythrina subumbrans 0.24Erythrophloeum densiflorum 0.65Eucalyptus citriodora 0.64Eucalyptus deglupta 0.34Eugenia spp. 0.65Fagraea gracilipes 0.84Fagraea spp. 0.73Ficus benjamina 0.65Ficus botryocarpa 0.43Ficus minahassae 0.42Ficus spp. 0 .39Ficus variegata 0.28Ganua obovatifolia 0.59Garcinia myrtifolia 0.65Garcinia spp. 0.75Gardenia latifolia 0.64Gardenia turgida 0.64Garuga pinnata 0.51Gluta spp. 0.63Gmelina arborea 0.41,0.45+Gmelina vitiensis 0.54Gonocaryum calleryanum 0.64Gonystylus bancanus 0.52Gonystylus macrophyllus 0.52Gonystylus punctatus 0.57Grewia multiflora 0.46Grewia tiliaefolia 0.68Hardwickia binata 0.73Harpullia arborea 0.62Heritiera ornithocephala 0.68Heritiera spp. 0 .56Heritiera sylvatica 0.77Hevea brasiliensis 0.53Hibiscus tiliaceus 0.57Homalanthus populneus 0.38Homalium spp. 0 .76Hopea acuminata 0.62Hopea foxworthyi 0.64Hopea plagata 0.88Hopea spp. 0 .64Intsia btjuga 0.61, 0.68, 0.74+Intsia palembanica 0.68Kayea garciae 0.53Kingiodendron alternifolium 0.48Kleinhovia hospita 0.36Knema spp. 0.53Koompassia excelsa 0.63Koompassia malaccensis 0.72Koordersiodendron pinnatum * 0.65, 0.69+Kydia calycina 0.72Lagerstroemia parviflora 0.62Lagerstroemia piriformis 0.50Lagerstroemia speciosa 0.53Lagerstroemia spp. 0.55Lannea coromandelica 0.54Lannea grandis 0.50

Table 2.-Wood densities (g/cm% of tree species for tropical regions of three continents4Continued)


Leucaena leucocephala 0.64Litchi chinensis ssp. philippinensis 0.88Lithocarpus celebica 0.68Lithocarpus llanosii 0.63Lithocarpus soleriana 0.63Litsea garciae 0.34Litsea leytensis 0.35Litsea perrottetii 0.45Litsea spp. 0.40L o p h o p e t a l u m spp. 0.46Macaranga bicolor 0.29Macaranga denticulata 0.53Madhuca fulva 0.53Madhuca longifolia var. latifolia 0.74Madhuca oblongifolia 0.53Mallotus multiglandulosus 0.42Mallotus philippensis 0.64Mangifera altissima 0.55Mangifera indica 0.52,0.59+Mangifera merrillii 0.52Mangifera spp. 0.52Maniltoa grandiflora 0.76Maniltoa minor 0.76Mastixia philippinensis 0.47Melanorrhea spp. 0.63Melia dubia 0.40Melicope triphylla 0.37Meliosma macrophylla 0.27Melochia umbellata 0.25Me&a ferrea 0.83,0.85+Metrosideros collina 0.70,0.76+Michelia platyphylla 0.51Michelia spp. 0.43Microcos stylocarpa 0.40Micromelum compressum 0.64Milliusa velutina 0.63Mimusops elengi 0.72*Mitragyna parviflora 0.56Myristica castaneifolia 0.49Myristica chartacea 0.49Myristica gillespieana 0.49M y r i s t i c a spp. 0.53Neesia spp. 0.53Neonauclea bernardoi 0.62Neotrewia cumingii 0.55Ochna foxworthyi 0.86Ochroma pyramidale 0.30Octomeles sumatrana 0.27, 0.32+Oroxylon indicum 0.32Ougenia dalbergiodes 0.70Palaquium fidjiense 0.48Palaquium hornei 0.70Palaquium lanceolatum 0.55Palaquium luzoniense 0.45Palaquium philippense 0.41Palaquium spp. 0.55Palaquium tenuipetiolatum 0.50Palaquium vitilevuense 0.48Pangium edule 0.50Parashorea malaanonan 0.51

t


P a r a s h o r e a spp.Parashorea stellataParatrophis glabraParinari corymbosaParinari insularumP a r i n a r i spp.Parkia roxburghiiP a y e n a spp.Peltophorum pterocarpumPentace spp.Phaeanthus ebracteolatusPhyllocladus hypophyllusPinus caribaeaPinus insularisPinus merkusiiPisonia umbelliferaPittosporum pentandrumPlanchonella vitiensisPlanchonia spectabilisP l a n c h o n i a spp.Podocarpus neriifoliusP o d o c a r p u s spp.Polyalthia flavaPolyscias nodosaPometia pinnata forma pinnataP o m e t i a spp.Pouteria villamiliiPremna tomentosaPterocarpus indicusPterocarpus marsupiumPterocymbium macroraterPterocymbium tinctoriumPyge’um vulgareQ u e r c u s spp.Radermachera pinnataSalmalia malabaricaSamanea samanSandoricum koetjapeSandoricum vidaliiSapindus saponariaSapium luzontcumSchleichera oleosaSchrebera swietenoidesSemicarpus anacardiumSerialbizia acleSerianthes melanesicaSesbania grandifloraShorea agsaboensisShorea almonShorea assamica forma philippinensisShorea astylosaShorea ciliataShorea contortaShorea gisokShorea guisoShorea hopeifoliaShorea malibatoShorea negrosensisShorea palosapisShorea plagata

0.440 . 5 90.770.760.650.680.340.550.620.560.560.530.480.47,0.48+0.540.210.510.770.580.590.520.430.510.380.580.54 .0.470 . 9 60.520.670.470.280.570.700.510.32,0.33+0.45, 0.46+0.440.430.580.400 . 9 60.820.640.570.480.400.350 . 4 20.410.730.750.440.760.680.440.780.440 . 3 90.70

7

Table 2. -Wood densities (g/ems) of tree species for tropical regions of three continents-fcontinued)


Shorea polita 0.47Shorea polysperma 0.47Shorea robusta 0.72Shorea spp. balau group 0.70Shorea spp. dark red meranti 0.55Shorea spp. light red meranti 0.40Shorea spp. white meranti 0.48Shorea spp. yellow meranti 0.46Shorea virescens 0.42Sloanea javanica 0.53Soymida febrifuga 0.97Spathodea campanulata 0.25Stemonurus luzoniensis 0.37Sterculia ceramica 0.27Sterculia foetida 0.47*Sterculia urens 0.67Sterculia vitiensis 0.31Stereospermum suaveolens 0.62Strombosia philippinensis 0.71Strychnos potatorum 0.88Swietenia macrophylla 0.49,0.53+Swintonia foxworthyi 0.62Swintonia spp. 0.61Sycopsis dunni 0.63Syzygium cumini 0.70Syzygium luzoniense 0.63Syzygium nitidum 0.74Syeygium simile 0.56Syzygium spp. 0.69, 0.76+Tamarindus indica 0.75Tectona grandis 0.50,0.55+Teijsmanniodendron ahernianum 0.90Terminalia arjuna 0.68Terminalia belerica 0.72Terminalia catappa 0.52Terminalia chebula 0.96Terminalia citrina 0.71Terminalia copelandii 0.46Terminalia foetidissima 0.55Terminalia microcarpa 0.53Terminalia nitens 0.58Terminalia pterocarpa 0.48Terminalia tomentosa 0.73,0.76, 0.77+Ternstroemia megacarpa 0.53Tetrameles nudiflora 0.30Tetramerista glabra 0.61Thespesia populnea 0.52Toona calantas 0.29Trema orientalis 0.31Trichospermum richii 0.32Tristania decorticata 0.91Tristania micrantha 0.89Tristania spp. 0 . 8 0Turpinia ovalifolia 0.36Vateria indica 0.47*Vatica mangachapoi 0.65Vatica obscura 1.04*Vatica pachyphylla 0.78Vatica spp. 0 .69Vitex parviflora 0.70

8

Ii Species Wood density

Vitex peduncularis 0.96Vitex spp. 0.65Vitex turczaninowii 0.49Wallaceodendron celebicum 0.55, 0.57+Weinmannia luzoniensis 0.49Wrightia tinctorea 0.75Xanthophyllum excelsum 0.63Xanthostemon verdugonianus 1.04Xylia xylocarpa 0.73,0.81+Zanthoxylum rhetsa 0.33Zizyphus spp. 0 .76Zizyphus talanai 0.53Zizyphus xylopyra 0.85

Tropical America

Albizzia caribaea 0.64Albizia spp. 0 .52Alcornea latifolia 0.49Alcornea spp. 0 .34Alexa grandiflora 0.60Alexa imperatricis 0.41,0.51+Alnus ferruginea 0.38Alnus jorullensis 0.38Anacardium excelsum 0.41Anacardium spruceanum 0.42Anadenanthera macrocarpa 0.86Anadenanthera rigida 0.63Andira inermis 0.63, 0.64+Andira retusa 0.67Aniba perutilis 0.50Aniba riparia lduckei 0.62Aniba spp. 0.38, 0.60+Antiaris africana 0.38Apeiba aspera 0.23Apeiba echinata 0.36Apeiba spp. 0 . 2 0 , 0.24+Apeiba tibourbon 0.12Artocarpus comunis 0.70Aspidosperma album 0.68Aspidosperma cruentum 0.71Aspidosperma dugandii 0.77Aspidosperma marchravianum 0.68Aspidosperma megalocarpum 0.71,0.81+Aspidosperma spp. (araracanga group) 0 .75Aspidosperma spp. (peroba group) 0.62,0.65+Astronium graveolens 0.75,0.80,0.84,0.89+Astronium lecointei 0.73Bagassa guianensis 0.68,0.69+Banara guianensis 0.61Basiloxylon exelsum 0.58Beilschmiedia pendula 0.54Beilschmiedia sp. 0 .61Berthollettia excelsa 0.59, 0.63+Bixa arborea 0.32Bombacopsis quinatum 0.38,0.45,0.51+Bombacopsis sepium 0.39Borojoa patinoi 0.52Bowdichia nitida 0.77Bowdichia spp. 0.74Brosimum acutifolium 0.55

Table 2.-Wood densities (g/ems) of tree species for tropical regions of three continents4Continued)


Brosimum parinarioides 0.57Brosimum potabile 0.53Brosimum rubescens 0.73Brosimum sp. 0.64, 0.84+Brosimum spp. (alicastrum group) 0.64, 0.66+Brosimum spp. (utile group) 0.43Brosimum utile 0.41, 0.46+Brysenia adenophylla 0.54Buchenauia capitata 0.61, 0.63+Buchenavia huberi 0.59,0.79+Bucida buceras 0.93Bulnesia arborea 1.00Bursera simaruba 0.29, 0.34+Byrsonima aerugo 0.62Byrsonima coriacea 0.64Byrsonima coriacea var. spicata 0.61Byrsonima spp. 0.61, 0.64, 0.75+Cabralea cangerana 0.55Caesalpinia spp. 1.05Calophyllum brasiliense 0.51,0.54,0.55+Calophyllum mariae 0.46Calophyllum sp. 0 .65Calycophyllum candidisimum 0.67Campnosperma panamensis 0.33,0.50+Carapa guianensis 0.56Carapa sp. 0.47Caryocar nr. barbinerve 0.62Caryocar spp. 0.69, 0.72+Caryocar villosum 0.72Casearia arborea 0.53Casearia guianensis 0.70Casearia praecox 0.69*Casearia sp. 0.62Cassia moschata 0.71Cassia multijuga 0.57Casuarina equisetifolia 0.81Catostemma commune 0.51Catostemma spp. 0.55Cecropia peltata 0.29, 0.30, 0.36+

. Cecropia spp. 0 .36Cedrela angustifolia 0.36Cedrela huberi 0.38Cedrela odorata 0.43,0.44,0.45+Cedrela spp. 0.40, 0.46+Cedrelinga catenaeformis 0.41, 0.53+Ceiba pentandra 0.23,0.24,0.25,0.29+Centrolobium paraense var. orinocensis 0.69Centrolobium spp. 0.65Cespedesia macrophylla 0.63Chaetocarpus schomburgkianus 0.80Chlorophora tinctoria 0.71,0.75+Clarisia racemosa 0.53,0.57+Clathrotropis brunnea 0 . 8 2Clathrotropis spp. 0 .89Clusia rosea 0.67Cochlospermum orinocensis 0.26Copaifera duckeilreticulata 0.62Copaifera officinalis 0.59Copaifera spp. 0.46, 0.55+Cordia alliodora 0.42,0.47,0.50,0.57+

iSpecies Wood density

Cordia apurensis 0.66Cordia bicolor 0.43,0.49+Cordia borinquensis 0.70Cordia collococca 0.47Cordia exaltata 0.41Cordia fallax 0.36Cordia goeldiana 0.50Cordia sagotii 0.50Cordia spp. (gerascanthus group) 0 .74Cordia spp. (alliodora group) 0.48Cordia sulcata 0.60Couepia sp. 0 .70Couma macrocarpa 0.50,0.53+Couratari pulchra 0.50, 0.54+Couratari spp. 0 .50Couratari stellata 0.65,0.78+Croton xanthochloros 0.48Cupressus lusitanica 0.43, 0.44+Cyrilla racemiflora 0.53Dactyodes colombiana 0.51Dacryodes excelsa 0.52, 0.53+Dalbergia nigra 0.68Dalbergia retusa. 0.89Dalbergia stevensonii 0.82Declinanona calycina 0.47Dialium guianensis 0.87Dialyanthera spp. 0.36, 0.48+Dicorynia guianensis 0.60, 0.65+Dicorynia paraensis 0.60Didymopanax morototoni 0.36, 0.40, 0.45+Didymopanaxpittieri 0.43Didymopanax sp. 0 .74Dimorphandra mora 0.99*Diplotropis purpurea 0.76, 0.77, 0.78+Dipterix odorata 0.81,0.86,0.89+Drypetes variabilis 0.69Dussia lehmannii 0.59Ecclinusa guianensis 0.63Endlicheria cocvirey 0.39Enterolobium cyclocarpum 0.34,0.45+Enterolobium schomburgkii 0.82Eperua spp. 0.78Eriotheca longipedicellatum 0.45Eriotheca sp. 0 .40Erisma uncinatum 0.42, 0.48+Erythrina sp. 0.23Eschweilera amara 0.85Eschweilera corrugata 0.66Eschweilera grata 0.88Eschweilera hologyne 0.76Eschweilera odora 0.81,0.85+Eschweilera sagotiana 0.82Eschweilera spp. 0.71,0.79,0.95+Eschweilera subglandulosa 0.87, 0.89+Eschweilera tenax 0.62Eschweilera trinitensis 0.77Eucalyptus robusta 0.51Eugenia compta 0.68Eugenia pseudosidium 0.62Eugenia stahlii 0.73

9

Table P.--Wood densities (glcms) of tree species for tropical regions of three continents--@ontinued)


Euxylophora paraensis 0.68,0.70+Fagara aff. F. martinicense 0.41Fagara sp. 0 . 5 7Fagara spp. 0 .69Ficus citrifolia 0.40Ficus sp. 0.32Genipa americana 0.57, 0.58, 0.66+Genipa spp. 0.75Goupia glabra 0.67, 0.72+Guarea chalde 0.52Guarea spp. 0.52Guarea trichiloides 0.51, 0.52+Guatteria spp. 0.36Guazuma ulmifolia 0.52, 0.50+Guettarda scabra 0.65Guillielma gasipae 0.95, 1.25+Gwtavia sp. 0 .56Helicostylis tomentosa 0.68, 0.72+Hernandia Sonora 0.29Hevea brasiliense 0.49Himatanthus articulata 0.40,0.54+Hirtella davisii 0.74Humiria balsamifera 0.66,0.67+Humiriastrum melanocarpum 0.60Humiriastrum procera 0.70Hura crepitans 0.36, 0.37, 0.38+Hyeronima alchorneoides 0.60,0.64+Hyeronima laxiflora 0.59Hymenaea courbaril 0.54, 0.76, 0.77+Hymenaea davisii 0.67Hymenolobium excelsum 0.63Hymenolobium sp. 0 .64lnga alba 0.53Inga capitata 0.64Inga coruscans 0.72Inga floribunda 0.56Inga ingoides 0.50Inga laurina 0 . 6 2Inga marginata 0.72Inga sp. 0.49,0.52,0.58,0.64+Inga splendens 0.55Inga Vera 0.59Iryanthera grandis 0.63Iryanthera hostmanii 0.50Iryanthera spp. 0 .46Jacaranda copaia 0.35Jacaranda hesperia 0.35Jacaranda sp. 0.55Joannesia heveoides 0.39Lachmellea speciosa 0.73Laetia procera 0.68Lecythis davisii 0.82Lecythis ollaria 0.72Lecythis paraensis 0.88Lecythis sp. 0.83Lecythis spp. 0 .77Licania aff. micrantha 0.86Licania alba 0.91Licania apetala 0.64.0.78+

10

T Species Wood density

Licania densifloraLicania hypoleucaLicania macrophyllaLicania parvifloraLicania sp.Licania spp.Licaria cayennensisLicaria spp.Lindackeria sp.Linociera domingensisLonchocarpus sericensLonchocarpus spp.Lonchocarpus straminensLoxopterygium sagotiiLucuma spp.Luehea cymulosaLuehea spp.Lueheopsis duckeanaMabea piririMachaerium spp.Macoubea guianensisMagnolia sororumMagnolia splendensMagnolia spp.Maguira sclerophyllaMammea americanaMangifera indicaManilkara bidentataManilkara sp.Marila sp.Marmaroxylon racemosumMatayba domingensisMatisia hirtaMaytenus ficiformisMaytenus spp.Mezilaurus itaubaMezilaurus lindavianaMichropholis garciniaefoliaMichropholis spp.Minquartia guianensisMora excelsaMora gonggrijpiMora magistospermaMora sp.Mouriria guianensisMouriria huberiMouriria pseudo-germinataMouriria sideroxylonMyrcia paivaeMyrcia splendensMyrciaria floribundaMyristica spp.Myroxylon balsamumNectandra antillanaNectandra concinnaNectandra coriaceaNectandra rigidaNectandra rodioeiNectandra rubraNectandra sp.

0.800.900 .760 .760.61, 0.79+0.780 .990.820.410.810 .780 .690.750 .560.790.550 .500 .640 .590 .700.40*0 .500 .590.520.570.620 .550.82, 0.84, 0.85+0.890.630.78*0.700.610 .670.710 .680.680 .640.610.76,0.79+0.800.800 .880.710 .800 .750.650 .880 .730 .800 .730 .460.74, 0.76, 0.78+0.420.54, 0.56+0.510 .590.910 .550.43, 0.48, 0.72+

Table 2.-Wood densities (glcms) oftree species for tropical regions of three continents-fcontinued)


Nectandra spp. 0.52Ocotea glandulosa 0.46Ocotea leucoxylon 0.45Ocotea moschata 0.61Ocotea rodioei 0.85, 0.86+Ocotea rubra 0.54, 0.55, 0.56+Ocotea spathulata 0.62O c o t e a spp. 0.51Onychopetalum amazonicum 0.64Ormosia krugii 0.50Ormosia lignivalvis 0.58Ormosia spp. 0 .59Ouratea sp. 0 .66Pachira acuatica 0.43Paratecoma peroba 0.60Parinari campestris 0.69Parinari excelsa 0.64Parinari rodolfi 0.72Parinari spp. 0 . 6 8Parkia belutina 0.42Parkia multijuga 0.38Parkia oppositifolia 0.24Parkia pendula 0.51Parkia spp. 0 .39Peltogyne porphyrocardia 0.92Peltogyne spp. 0.79Pentaclethra macroloba 0.65,0.68+Peru glabrata 0.65Peru schomburgkiana 0.59Persea spp. 0.40, 0.47,0.52+Petitia domingensis 0.66Pinus caribaea 0.51Pinus oocarpa 0.55Pinus patula 0.45Piptadenia communis 0.68Piptadenia macrocarpa 0.83*Piptadenia pittieri 0.62,0.76+Piptadenia psilostachya 0.67Piptadenia rigida 0.73Piptadenia sp. 0 .58Piptadenia suaveolens 0.72Piranhea longepedunculata 0.90Piratinera guianensis 0.96Pithecellobium guachapele (syn. Pseudosamea) 0.56P i t h e c e l l o b i u m saman 0.48Platonia insignis 0.70’Platymiscium pinnatum 0.80,0.81+Platymiscium polystachium 0.73Platymiscium spp. 0.71, 0.84+Podocarpus oleifolius 0.46Podocarpus rospigliossi 0.40Podocarpus spp. 0 .46Pourouma aff. apiculata 0.45Pourouma aspera 0.28Pourouma aff. guianensis 0.33Pourouma aff. melinonii 0.32Pouteria carabobensis 0.68Pouteria egregia 0.89Pouteria eugeniifolia 1.08Pouteria gonggrijpii 0.84

i


Pouteria melinonii 0.63*Pouteria multiflora 0.74Pouteria pomifera 0.76Pouteria sp. 0.73Pouteria spp. 0.64, 0.67+Prioria copaifera 0.40,0.41+Protium crenatum 0.54Protium decandrum 0.56Protium heptaphyllum 0.40,0.55+Protium neglectum 0.58,0.64+Protium sp. 0.73Protium spp. 0.53,0.64+Protium tenuifolium 0.60Pseudolmedia laevigata 0.64Pterocarpus officinalis 0.32, 0.50+Pterocarpus rohrii 0.41Pterocarpus sp. 0.46, 0.50+Pterocarpus spp. 0.44Pterocarpus vernalis 0.59Pterogyne nitens 0.66Pterygota excelsa 0.58Qualea albiflora 0.50Qualea cf. lancifolia 0.58Qualea dinizii 0.58

_ Qualea spp. 0.55Quararibaea guianensis 0.54Quercus alata 0.71Quercus costaricensis 0.61Quercus eugeniaefolia 0.67Quercus spp. 0 .70Raputia sp. 0 .55Rheedia spp. 0.72Rollinia exsucca 0.32Rollinia sp. 0.34, 0.36+Rollinia spp. 0.36Saccoglottis cydonioides 0.72Sapium biglandulosum 0.45Sapium cf. jenmanni 0.41Sapium laurocerasus 0.38Sapium sp. 0.38, 0.48+Sapium ssp. 0.47,0.72+Schinopsis spp. 1.00Sclerobium aff. chrysophyllum 0.62Sclerobium guianensis 0.56Sclerobium paniculatum 0.34Sclerobium spp. 0 .47Sickingia spp. 0.52Simaba multiflora 0.51Simarouba amara 0.32, 0.34,0.38+Sloanea berteriana 0.80Sloanea grandiflora 0.80Sloanea guianensis 0.79Spondias lutea 0.38Spondias mombin 0.30, 0.40,0.41+Sterculia apetala 0.33, 0.36Sterculia pilosa lspeciosa 0.53Sterculia pruriens 0.46Sterculia spp. 0.55Stryphnodendron polystachum 0.52Stylogyne spp. 0 .69

1 1

Table 2.-Wood densities (g/cm31 of tree species for tropical regions of three continents-fcontinued)


Swartzia spp. 0.95Swietenia macrophylla 0.42,0.45,0.46,0.54+Symphonia globulifera 0.68Tabebuia guayacan 0.82Tabebuia heterophylla 0.58Tabebuia heterotricha 0.82Tabebuia pentaphylla 0.51Tabebuia msea 0.54Tabebuia serratifolia 0.92, 0.95, 0.99+Tabebuia spectabilis 1.07Tabebuia spp. (lapacho group) 0.91Tabebuia spp. (roble) 0.52Tabebuia spp. (white cedar) 0.57Tabebuia stenocalyx 0.55,0.57+Tachigalia myrmecophylla 0.56Talisia sp. 0 .84Tapirira guianensis 0.47*Terminalia amatonia 0.66Terminalia catappa 0.59Terminalia guianensis 0.63Terminalia lucida 0.65Terminalia sp. 0.50, 0.51, 0.58+Tetragastris altisima 0.61Tetragastris balsamifera 0.63,0.67+Tetragastris panamensis 0.71Tetragastris spp. 0.71Toluifera balsamum 0.74Torrubia cuspidata 0.47Torrubia sp. 0.52Toulicia pulvinata 0.63Tovomita guianensis 0.60Trattinickia burserifolia 0.44Trattinickia rhoifolia 0.37Trattinickia sp. 0.38Trichilia propingua 0.58Trichosperma mexicanum 0.41Triplaris sp. 0 .64Triplaris spp. 0 .56Triplaris surinamensis 0.51Trophis sp. 0.54Vatairea lundellii 0.64Vatairea spp. 0.60Virola sebifera 0.48Virola spp. 0.40, 0.44, 0.48+Virola surinamensis 0.37,0.42+Vismia spp. 0.41Vitex divaricata 0.62Vitex gaumeri 0.56Vitex orinocensis 0.53Vitex spp. 0.52,0.56,0.57+Vitex stahelii 0.60Vochysia ferruginea 0.42, 0.47+Vochysia guianensis 0.45Vochysia hondurensis 0.33Vochysia lehmannii 0.48Vochysia maxima 0.46Vochysia spp. 0.40,0.47, 0.79+Vochysia tetraphylla 0.48Vochysia tomentosa 0.36Vouacapoua americana 0.79

12

-I Species Wood density

Warszewicsia coccinea 0.56Xanthoxylum martinicensis 0.46Xanthoxylum spp. 0 .44Xylopia columbiana 0.51Xylopia emarginata 0.59Xylopia frutescens 0 64”

Tropical Africa

Afzelia bipindensisAfzelia pachylobaAfzelia spp.Aidia ochroleucaAlbizia ferrugineaAlbizia glaberrimaAlbizia gummiferaAlbizia spp.Albizia tygiaAllanblackia floribundaAllophyllus africanus f. acuminatusAlstonia congensisAmphimas ferrugineusAmphimas pterocarpoidesAnisophyllea obtusifoliaAnnonidium manniiAnopyxis klaineanaAnthocleista keniensisAnthonotha macrophyllaAnthostemma aubryanumAntiaris africanaAntiaris spp.Antrocaryon klaineanumAucoumea klaineanaAutranella congolensisBaillonella toxispermaBalanites aegyptiacaBaphia kirkiiBeilschmiedia corbisieriBeilschmiedia diversifloraBeilschmiedia kweoBeilschmiedia louisiiBeilschmiedia membranifoliaBeilschmiedia nitidaBerlinia bracteosaBerlinia confusaBerlinia spp.Blighia welwitschiiBombax buonopozenseBombax chevalieriBombax rhodognaphalonBombax spp.Brachystegia cynometroidesBrachystegia laurentiiBrachystegia mildbraediiBrachystegia spp.Bridelia grandisBridelia micranthaCalpocalyx heitziiCalpocalyx klaineiCanarium schweinfurthiiCanthium rubrocostratum

0 .66 ”0.63*0 .670.78*0.47*0 .52 ”0.51*0.520.46*0.63*0.450.330.63*0.63*0.63*0.29*0.74*0.50*0.78*0.32*0.370 .380.50*0 .370 .780.710.63*0.93*0.63*0.63*0.56*0.70*0.50*0.50*0.60*0.56*0 .580.74*0.32*0.41*0.36*0 .400.56*0.45*0.50*0.520*50*0.47*0.66*0.63*0.40*0.63*

Table 2.-Wood densities (g/ems, of tree species for tropical regions of three continents4Continued)

Species

Carapa proceraCasearia battiscombeiCassipourea euryoidesCassipourea malosanaCeiba pentandraCeltis brieyiCeltis mildbraediiCeltis spp.Celtis zenkeriChlorophora ercelsaChrysophyllum albidumCleistanthus mildbraediiCleistopholis patensCoelocaryon preussiiCola cordifoliaCola giganteaCola gigantea var. glabrescensCola natalensisCola sp.Combretodendron macrocarpumConopharyngia holstiiCopaifera mildbraediiCopaifera religiosa .Cordia africanaCordia milleniiCordia platythyrsaCorynanthe gabonensisCorynanthe pachycerasCoda edulisCroton macrostachyusCroton megalocarpusCryptosepalum staudtiiCtenolophon englerianusCylicodiscus gabonensisCynometra alexandriDacryodes buettneriDacryodes edulisDacryodes igagangaDacryodes klaineanaDacryodes le-testuiDacryodes normandiiDacryodes spp.Daniellia klaineiDaniellia ogeaDaniellia soyauniiDesbordesia pierreanaDetarium senegalensisDialium bipindenseDialium dinklageiDialium excelsumDidelotia africanaDidelotia brevipaniculataDidelotia letouzeyiDiospyros kamerunensisDiospyros spp.Discoglypremna caloneuraDistemonanthus benthamianusDrypetes gossweilleriDrypetes sp.Ehretia acuminata

Wood density

0.590.500.70*0.59*0 .260.50”0.56*0.590 .59 ”0.550.56*o.a7*0.36*0 .56 ”0.50*0 .46 ”0.46*0 .70 ”0 .70 ”0.700.50*0.63*0 .50 ”0.40*0 .340 .36 ”0 .56 ”0.63”0.7w0.50*0.570.70*0.78*0.800 .740 .53 ”0 .50 ”0 .53 ”0.70”0 .50 ”0.50*0.610.45*0.40*0 .45 ”0 .87 ”0.63*0.83”0.720.78*0 .78 ”0.530 .500.78*0.820.32*0 .580.63*0.63*0.51*

Species

Enantia chloranthaEndodesmia calophylloidesEntandrophragma angolensisEntandrophragma candolleiEntandrophragma cylindricumEntandrophragma utileEribroma oblongumEriocoelum microspermumErismadelphus ensulErythrina vogeliiErythrophleum ivorenseErythroxylum manniiFagara heitziiFagara macrophyllaFicus iteophyllaFicus mucus0Funtumia africanaFumtumia latifoliaGambeya africanaGambeya lacourtianaGambeya madagascariensisGambeya spp.Garcinia gerardiiGarcinia manniiGarcinia punctataGilbertiodendron dewevreiGilbertiodendron grandiflorumGilbertiodendron mayombenseGilletiodendron mildbraediiGossweilerodendron balsamiferumGuarea cedrataGuarea laurentiiGuarea thompsoniiGuibourtia arnoldianaGuibou’rtia demeuseiGuibourtia ehieGuibourtia pellegrinianaGuibourtia spp.Guibourtia tessmanniiHannoa klaineanaHarungana madagascariensisHexalobus crispiflorusHoloptelea grandisHomalium letestuiHomalium spp.Hylodendron gabonense.Hymenostegia afzeliiHymenostegia pellegriniIrvingia gabonensisIrvingia grandifoliaJulbernardia globifloraKhaya grandifoliolaKhaya ivorensisKhaya senegalensisKlainedoxa gabonensisLannea welwitschiiLecomtedoxa klainennaLetestua durissimaLophira alataLovoa trichilioides

Wood density

0 .42 ”0 .66 ”0 .450 .590.550.530.60*0.50”0.56*0.25”0.720.500.41*0 .690 .40 ”0.39*0.40*0.45*0.630.63*0.56*0.56*0.66Y0 .78”0 .78 ”0.65”0 .66 ”0 .63 ”0.87”0.400.480 .56 ”0 .55 ”0 .640 .70 ”0.670 .74 ”0.720.74*0 .28 ”0 .45 ”0 .48 ”0.59”0.66:”0 .700.78”0.78”0.78”0.710 .78 ”0 . 7 80.600.440 .600.870.45”’

0.78:”0.87”0.87”0 .45 ”

13

Table 2.-Wood densities (glcmsl of tree species for tropical regions of three continents-fcontinued)


Macaranga conglomerata 0.40*Macaranga kilimandscharica 0.40*Maesopsis eminii 0.41Malacantha sp. aff. alnifolia 0.45”Mammea africana 0.62Manilkara cuneifolia 0.81*Manilkara lacera 0 .78 ”Markhamia hildebrandtii 0.50*Markhamia platycalyx 0.45*Memecylon capitellatum 0 .77 ”Microberlinia bisulcata 0 .63 ”Microberlinia brazzavillensis 0.70Microcos coriaceus 0 .42 ”Milletia laurentii 0.70”Milletia spp. 0.72Mitragyna ciliata 0.45Mitragyna stipulosa 0.47Monopetalanthus coriaceus 0.45*Monopetalanthus durandii 0.50*Monopetalanthus heitzii 0.39Monopetalanthus letestui 0 .50 ”Monopetalanthus pellegrinii 0 .47 ”Musanga cecropioides 0.23Nauclea diderrichii 0.63Neopoutonia macrocalyx 0.32”Nesogordonia fouassieri 0.70”Nesogordonia papaverifera 0.65Newtonia buchananii 0.48*Newtonia glandulifera 0 .74 ”Ochtocosmus africanus 0.78’Odyendea gabonensis 0 .32 ”Odyendea spp. 0.32Oldfieldia africana 0.78*Ongokea gore 0.72Oxystigma oxyphyllum 0.53Pachyelasma tessmannii 0.70”Pachypodanthium confine 0.58*Pachypodanthium staudtii 0 .58 ”Paraberlinia bifoliolata 0 .56 ”Parinari ercelsa 0.69Parinari glabra 0 .87 ”Parinari goetzeniana 0.78”Parkia bicolor 0 .36 ”Pausinystalia brachythyrsa 0 .56 ”Pausinystalia cf. talbotii 0 .56 ”Pentaclethra eetveldeana 0 .63 ”Pentaclethra macrophylla 0 .78 ”Pentadesma butyracea 0 .78 ”Phyllanthus discoideus 0 .76 ”Pierreodendron africanum 0.70;”Piptadenia gabunensis 0.70*Piptadeniastrum africanum 0.56Plagiostyles africana 0 .70 ”Poga oleosa 0.36Polyalthia suaveolens 0 .66 ”Premna angolensis 0 .63 ”

I Species Wood density

Pteleopsis hylodendronPterocarpus angolensisPterocarpus soyauxiiPterygota bequaertiiPterygota spp.Pycnanthus angolensisRandia cladanthaRauwolfia macrophyllaRicinodendron heudelotiiSaccoglottis gabonensisSantiria trimeraSapium ellipticumSchrebera arboreaSclorodophloeus zenkeriScottellia chevalieriScottellia coriaceaScyphocephalium ochocoaScytopetalum tieghemiiSindoropsis letestuiStaudtia stipitataStemonocoleus micranthusSterculia oblongaSterculia rhinopetalaStrephonema pseudocolaStrombosia glaucescensStrombosia grandifoliaStrombosiopsis tetrandraSwartzia fistuloidesSymphonia globuliferaSyzygium cordatumTarrietia densifloraTarrietia utilisTerminalia superbaTessmania africanaTestulea gabonensisTetraberlinia bifoliolataTetraberlinia tubmanianaTetrapleura tetrapteraTieghemella africanaTieghemella heckeliiTrema guineensisTrema sp.Trichilia heudelotiiTrichilia prieureanaTrichoscypha arboreaTriplochiton scleroxylon.Uapaca spp.Vepris undulataVitex donianaXylopia aethiopicaXylopia chrysophyllaXylopia hypolambraXylopia quintasiiXylopia staudtii-

0.63*0 .590.610.56*0.520 .400.78*0.47*0.200.74”0.53*0.50*0.63*0.68Y0.50*0 .560.480.56”0.56*0.750.56”0.610 .640.56*0 .800.74*0 .63 ”0.820 .58 ”0.59*0.630 .54 ”0.450 .85 ”0 .600.54*0 .60 ”0 .50 ”0.550.55”0 .40 ”0.40*0.50”0 .63 ”0 .59 ”0.320 .600 .70 ”0.400 .50 ”0.70*0 .63 ”0 .70 ”0.36*

+The wood densities specified pertain to more than one bibliographic source.* Wood density value is derived from the regression equation given in the text,

14

LITERATURE CITED

Brown, S.; Gillespie, A.J.R.; Lugo, A.E.1989.Biomassestimation methods for tropical forests with appli-cations to forest inventory data. Forest Science.35: 881-902.

Brown, S.; Lugo, A.E. 1982. The storage and produc-tion of organic matter in tropical forests and theirrole in the global carbon cycle. Biotropica. 14(3X161-187.

Brown, S.; Lugo, A.E. 1984. Biomass of tropicalforests: a new estimate based on forest volumes.Science. 223: 1290-1293

Chudnoff, Martin. 1984. Tropical timbers of theworld. Agric. Handb. 607. Washington, DC: U.SDepartment of Agriculture. 464 p.

Gillespie, A.J.R.; Brown, S.; Lugo, A.E. [In press].Tropical forest biomass estimation from truncatedstand tables. Forest Ecology and Management.

Holdridge, L.R. 1967. Life zone ecology. San Jose,Costa Rica: Tropical Science Center. 206 p.

Lugo, A.E.; Brown, S.; Chapman, J. 1988. An analyt-ical review of production rates and stemwoodbiomass of tropical forest plantations. ForestEcology and Management. 23: 179-200.

Weaver,, P.L. 1987. Structure and dynamics in theColorado Forest of the Luquillo Mountains ofPuerto Rico. East Lansing: Michigan StateUniversity. 296 p. Ph.D. dissertation.

1 5

Reyes, Gisel; Brown, Sandra; Chapman, Jonathan; Lugo, Ariel E. 1992. Wooddensities of tropical tree species. Gen. Tech. Rep. SO-89 New Orleans, LA:U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Forest ExperimentStation. 15~.

Wood densities of a number of tree species for tropical America, tropical Asia,and tropical Africa have been compiled.

Persons of any race, color, national origin, sex, age, religion, or with anyhandicapping condition are welcome to use and enjoy all facilities, programs,and services of the USDA. Discrimination in any form is strictly againstagency policy, and should be reported to the Secretary of Agriculture,Washington, DC 20250.

*U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1992-666-020/40031

wood densities of tropical tree species

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