woolf 2008

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Religion and PoweR

divine KingshiP in the

ancient woRld and beyond

edited by

nicole brisch

with contributions by

n b, Gd J. sz, Pt Mwk, P J Fd,i J. Wt, e eg, cm r, rd bk,

M Gt, Dd Fd, M Ptt, b l,Gg Wf, Jd s. cp, andKt D. M

The orienTal insTiTuTe oF The universiTy oF chicaGo

orienTal insTiTuTe seMinars nuMber 4chicaGo illinois

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l f cg ct nm:

isbn: 978-1-885923-55-4

isbn: 1-885923-55-4

issn: 1559-2944

2008 T ut f cg. a gt d.

Pd 2008. Ptd t utd stt f am.

The Oriental Institute, Chicago

Oriental institute seminars

number 4

Series Editors

l sm

and

Tm G. u

with the assistance of

Kt l. J

Cover Illustration

Kg nm-s f akkd d t mt mmt, wt d. r mt t

(2230 b.c.e.). og fm Mptm, fd s, i. 200 105 m.Pt dt: e lg / at r, ny. l, P, F

Printed by McNaughton & Gunn, Saline, Michigan

T pp d t pt mt t mmm -

qmt f am nt stdd f ifmts Pm f Pp f Ptd l Mt-, ansi Z39.48-1984.

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Table oF conTenTs

lisT oF abbreviaTions ...........................................................................................................

lisT oF FiGures .......................................................................................................................... lisT oF Tables ............................................................................................................................

PreFace .........................................................................................................................................

inTroDucTion

1. itdt ........................................................................................................................... 1Nicole Brisch, University of Chicago

secTion one: hisTorical anD TexTual asPecTs oF Divine KinGshiP in ancienTMesoPoTaMia anD ancienT eGyPT

2. T D Pttp ........................................................................................................... 13Gebhard J. Selz, University of Vienna

3. T Mt Kg f u: a st ct f D r at Mptm .......... 33Piotr Michalowski, University of Michigan

4. apt f Kgp at egpt ................................................................................. 47Paul John Frandsen, Copenhagen University

secTion TWo: iconoGraPhy anD anThroPoloGy oF Divine KinGshiP

5. Td t Gd: v ed f t D stt f r t at n et ........................................................................................................... 73

Irene J. Winter, Harvard University

6. Dieu et Mon Droit: Kgp lt b d e P Tm ........................ 99Erica Ehrenberg, New York Academy of Arts

7. T Kg i Dd, lg l t Kg: T lt D f t -s ctt e d it aftmt ............................................................................................... 129Clemens Reichel, University of Chicago

8. r Dft: a amgt Mm f t ct fct sjtt .......................................................................................................... 153Reinhard Bernbeck, Binghamton University

9. T szd bd f t akwpm Kg......................................................................... 163Michelle Gilbert, Sarah Lawrence College

10. M D Kgp .......................................................................................................... 183David Freidel, Southern Methodist University

secTion Three: Divine KinGshiP anD eMPire

11. hm d D Kgp e c: cmpt rft .............................. 199Michael Puett, Harvard University

12. T r f rg am impm ............................................................. 213Bruce Lincoln, University of Chicago

13. Dt d Pw at rm ................................................................................... 235Greg Woolf, St. Andrews University

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secTion Four: resPonses

14. D Kgp rp .................................................................................................... 253Jerrold S. Cooper, Johns Hopkins University

15. W Kg rd: cmmt D Kgp............................................................. 259

Kathleen D. Morrison, University of Chicago

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23513. Divinity anD Power in ancient rome

235

13

Divinity anD Power in ancient rome*

GreG Woolf, St. AndreWS UniverSity

dbas u cu ac rm ha ak a cus m hs o-a Sus. A was a m cus h pcs qus whh r-ma mps w cs gs. th s w a a cssus ha s m pab p a w a asscas h wh pca pw a m uacash, ha cpas cma, mag, saca ucs, a uau a s a g as a ccp ha ca b as asa m cuua ssm ah.th s ca a ag ha hs ba pgam pa w bcm ss cusha paagms, bu hs pap hps shw h aaags h appach. i pacu-a, agus ha, w a suab ba c, h pbm Hw rmasa Gks a cm accp a huma bg as a g? s b pac wh h qusHw h ac Maa maag whu kgs s much h as m-um b.c.? ths pap agus ha hs appa absc s ac a puc h wa wha ps h qus kgshp.

roMe WitHoUt rUler CUlt?

ru wshp s ga cs chaacsc rma sc ug h

rpubca p (ca 50931 b.c.), a p ug whch h p pm a ca c-sa a ga hgm a a a a mp cgh Maa bas a s mma has. Pp spakg, h cu hmps m h accss h s mp, ocaa/Augusus (c-a a 31 b.c.) h cs Chsa h mp Csa a.d. 312.fam hs ms, kgshp rm s a phm m h a mp,cmm m h Pcpa. y h a g ass uac hs pcu.

fs, rmas b ha h ha b u b kgs w a a ha cusb h ua h gachc pubc. Ma h as abu h ga pw ga, a ma h ss ca hs b Gks abu h w ag -

as. Bu h was as a ps a abu h kgs rm, spca h us,a sm hs ps as cc cu (c. fas 1977: 85119). th ca much h rma gus ssm was ascb h sc kg, numa, wh was sa ha ha h mph ega as a . Hs pcss rmuus was b b h s Mas, a ha b ak up ha a h hs g. H was subsqu w-shpp as Quus. A m sa u gu, h tja ug Aas, was h s vus. e b Aas, a ha , Hcus ha s h uu s rm.

* Csas wh h pacpas a Chcag

ba m pspc hs ssus, bu ashp m s hw h rma cas s bawh cmpa schashp h ac na eas.i am gau a m w pacpas a pacu-

a nc Bsch h a a. Sm

m cmms h cu h d wu b ssch w csas wh GwahMac, whs cu wk h subjc w -ua mak ca. M haks a.

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236 GreG woolf

Cu was pa hm m a a p a h Aa Mama a h tb p. H was b ha b a hs ah. e ug h rpubc a umb uaucs w ca u b h x su (a h Kg ruas). ths sgsuggss a ga saca h kgs.

Sc, gus auh aus ks was cca h has h as-

cac gach ha pac h kgs. d acs was cam hw sus w casa b ma h s ascac ams. th iu, amp, cam scm vus a Aas a hs s iuus. rgus auh rpubca rm sms ha s wh h Sa, a cuc ma up -magsas c , subjc hm sasg a pp quaca. i was a c h Sa ssu 186 b.c., ahha a aw pass h assmbs, whch s scs h cu Bacchus hughuia. Ps w p h Sa. nw cus w auhz b h Sa, a w uc h cmma a ps cg ha was pca s ms css csu h acua Sb Bks. Sas mpz mmbshp hs a h h maj ps cgs. Sm pshs ha h Ds (hps Jup), sac w sc a cc ams, h paca,wh cam sc m hs wh ha b sas h ga p. A gup pm- uas mmbs h ms pa-acg h acua s.Ms amus s h umph whch a cus ga was ca mss hugh hC, hs ac ug wh ch smb a a-ca cu sau, wag bs bwm h cu sau Jup h cap. oh uas hs k w pm b hvsas, uma wm chs m ascac ams. o h ccass, saus hgs pcss au h C a baqus wh mmbs h rma ascac.i has b c agu ha was h cumua gus auh h Sa ah

ha a csua p-mc, ha maa h ascac rm h wcz b (nh 1990).th, rma hgm pa a w whch u cu, us w,

was aa ps ma ms. ra s kw h b ssms hp-cqus ppuas eup h h Aps, h iba psua hAca. eas h Aac, hw, rmas cu as u cu sc h s sac m h gus uss ca b Aa h Ga a h gaswh succ hm. ths uss ha b ca m a cmba Maca kg-shp, wh a ssm hs p Gk cs, wh Gk cgaph a uasa wh Acham ua, whch s cpa ms egpa, Baba, a

h gus as. tha Hsc ma s aua suscpb h sam s quss as h rma ha suppa . th Acham mps w gs, buw a wb as bw hmss a a wh ss gs h subjc -s (Kuh 1987). Acham cu cma, wh ap b Aa, sm sm Gks ma hs ga ha shu b pa a ma. y Gks s, hrmas, s a us hs a w uas msca mach wh h - gus a pca usags h w. As s ascac rma magsasa gas, a a mps a h as m hugh hs w, ca cmmu-s a cpas c hm wh cusma hs. A ss ca b cmp mh as w cus b.c. rma magsas cg g-k hs (sh ) asw as a sga b h pubc Gk cmmus (Pc 1984b: 4047). rmamps egp w, k h a Maca pcsss, a as phaahs. Cu h psca rma s as h as Maa aa m h bgg

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h sc cu b.c. Cu was pa h rma Sa. i sms qu pbabha sm sma pcsss w akg pac h ws, sp h a pauc hpgaphc a cgaphc c. th ma cas hs a acs suug ham rpubca gas: Sus Spa was appa b b as ba h m a , a a c Juus Casa was a Gac mp as a

as a.d. 69. ths appa asmas ca gus ms accmma rmaas ma b cmpa cag cus. equa, h mma ppua u cu hws pcs has suggs sm a cp bas ca a. Ma schasha hugh h cu c p-cqus suas h ca ms ha rma mp-a cu k hs gs. ru cu has as b pa as a sps a caps ca gus ssms. ths paas a cus.

Spcca rma ms mpa cu w ca bh h subjc pcsa h c rm s. Ma css w appa ak a a ca abuwha ks hs w accpab wh b pca subjcs. A mass s-m s saus usas, h pa h mps, ca hs, k acquscc hs. S Augusus ccua a c accpg wshp m hassca h Gk cs h pc Asa (ugh h ws pa Aaatuk) bu suc asscas rma czs h pc wshp h Juus a h gss rma. tbus, h sc mp, accp hs hms,ag wh hs mh la a h Sa b h Asa cs, bu h c sma hs b Spash cmmus (tacus as 4.3738). th uh mp, Cauus,w h czs Aaa egp agg saus hms a hs mmaam a ha hs bha shu b a as a sac a, bu cg a hgh ps amps (P.l 1912 = Sc Pap 212). o appach has b amp cmb hs

s sm wh c mpa gus uas, map u a mpcrma hg h mpa cu, ac h u such a . Bu s w m w accp ha hs hgh pubcz usas w ac pmacssg msa h mc h mps (wh s cu us such hs?) ah sam m as h ss cc sm (Chaswh 1939; Ma 1973). i hasas b p u ha h mps s c pca masas u- cu, h w mak usuccssu g s. ocaa/Augusus us, sgegp, pa h Aps bu h hmag aa pm b phaahs. nhss, m-ags hm g s, aa phaac gaa, w ca h mp was a eu.As h was b a cauch, s uk ha a -egpa auc was

hs psa. equa, cs h Aca ha cus h sc mp, tb-us, wh ha saus us such cu hs m a was cgz as adushugh h cm s a hs ah as bh Casa a Augusus ha b.

th sc whch ms u cu w p was rm s. lk hbs h iaa c-sas, h rma ha b gag sc a as h hcu b.c. wh h cus a, psaa, a sca ms usua m H-sm. th ass wh Gk cuua pucs bgu s ma scs m Paha eua ca b cs h. Bu rm, as a Maa scs uggsma cus, hs k h m bas wha shu b accp, wha jc,a hw wha was accp shu b bs suba ca ms a aus. rguspaccs a as w ac as much as ahg s. igus ms acs cua w as g ha am. nb ams kp mags pm a-css ag wh cu saus h las a Pas, s g msc cu. A amus

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238 GreG woolf

accu rma b uas w h sc cu b.c. b h Gk hsa P-bus scbs a pcss ha cu acs ss masks ac u h pas pm- cas acss. A a aua sa, h p, mas w a a h gas h a a sha wh hm. th cmbas ugh h ah a h uas b rmasb gaas ha as b ga b ma as aamu huma sacc (ahugh

rmas hmss cs hm hs gh). A hs as cmb whGk schagca bas ug h as cu h rpubc, a h sam m as hms pm ascas w cg a a g-k hs m Gk mbasss h as (a ccasa rm, ). th bs cum sac hs ca aag-ms ccs h hs pa Juus Casa ug h as as hs wh h u asca. Hs g was b ca pcsss k h saus h gs, h wu haa (k h pss Jup, Mas, a Quus), hs sau was pac h mp Quus, ags h cu saus h g, a a mp hs cmc was c. Hss hs s c as as hs assassa, sma a gahs w c hs h ocaa, cug h Augusus a hs cas hs cusa ga as pg gmac h w gm.

Phaps s a aca sgush bas us a rm m hs h pcs. A a, rms pcs w pacua sa. A sgushgau rma mpasm was h absc c amsas m pcasaaps. rma gas a g m back a h bw h mp a hpcs w as, h was a sa sam mbasss, a h mpa capa haa hug ppua aw m a h mp. th cc bw M-aa cmmus hughu aqu a h m ags has c b sss(H a Puc 2000), a m w s a a mga as hgh as h a

rpubca a a mpa ps. th ga mumaza rm ug pcshs ps h achcua cpa egpa bsks a Hsc h-as, wh msc uu k s am a uu p ca iawh Gk, iaa, a Puc chgs a as ha mg sc h sc c-u b.c. As rm ach s ac mgaphc apg au a m, h ca hab w s m h ac Maa a na eas wh ha wshpps h capa. A ga h gs s as, a ma w cpa h pubccus h C.

i s, hw, mpa mphasz h ca iaa a rma s u cu, w-g a k au ac a m hsgaph h subjc. ths pcsss ha

b ps ms a pgss aza rma cc cu a pcacuu. th s supp hs sm rma s. Sm cags Gk ua a p-s b rma ws as sups. (Sups ga css paccs,smms cc magc, pa a gma cu, a cas gwhch was pp, usua cc, cc cu.) emps k Caus a dma w a-ack, am s w a h spc assassas, apppag s a pgas. ths ac bas paa a pss a Aa h Gasapppa Acham a cma. tgh h supp a ac scus asm, whch ass w s, mz, s, a b u b -as. th asmss hs as a cassca uca ma hm h s hmuch su h-cu scuss cus Aab cuu a h oma mp.ths appach rma u cu sms m, hw, uama msag.

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lkg acss h ac Maa w as a wh, s skg ha hks bsas ma ab abu a rm ca b pca wh h s su-c sm. Ma Gk cs ha a a kgs, ma hm agsc m gs. A hc ag was mmb whch ma kgs a s cu- ach h m qu h ah ha a ps. Ma hs kgs w

cc wh acua shs cu pacs. th w ss abu Phca aa eusca kgs a hs, a hs ha supaua ms. i s, aua, pss-b ha sm hs ss ma na eas ms, jus as sm s h rma ssabu Aas a rmuus as caqus Gk mh. Bu sms jus as asab gahs as paa mas. Ahs ha absus h a Kg Magsa jus asrm ha s x su. e w a as h uca au Bz Ag Agakgshp, s skg ha h c-sa cuus h cassca Maa cmmassca mach wh h .

Sc fus Cuags (1864), casscss ha b accusm hk h a-c c-sa as a gus as w as a pca cmmu. i was hs spc ab aha ac czshp m h s czshp ha w h fch aAmca us. i, hs ua apppas h rma rpubc ha(ag wh As a hs phsphca succsss) ca a pa msag h ac c-sa as ssa a pca cmmu hugh whch ghs a usw sbu amg a cz b, subjc aws a sus aagus hs m a-sas. Cmm cus w ca pacpa h ac c. Ps-hs w ga jus rm mpz b h pca a ascacams. rgus auh s ags pca, ha s wh h Sa hrma rpubc, a wh h pp h Aha mcac. rgus caas

cc , a cc sas k h lu rma h Ga dsa a Ahs pccass acg h cc . Phca, Gk, eusca, a rma cs ha ac pa s, bu a gup s wh w b ha spcass h c. rmas summ u h gas gs cs h w abu a-ack wh h ua a bu hm mps h C. o wa pssg hsashp has b sa ha sm ss h gs w ga as mg pa hcz b, shag s cs a cbas, jg wh ma czs h cm-msa ha w b sacc.

Wha i am suggsg s ha h Gk w b Aa, rm b Au-gusus, sm b ws whu u cu, hs s pa a su us g h a a

ah aw m. rah ha sas aa ha acpa ma h scuac scs h eghm a-sa, hs ac cmmus as h bcamcc ha cpa h pca a sca sus. th u machacss h Maa h Hsc a rma ps su a as -ajus-m. ths was a aza s much as h a a b (a amaus)p whch machc ms w, as w, sbu hughu h C. Hb-bs h sg as a aca mach, as a s b auca, s usu h.ru cu s h h achac a cassca Maa s g as b u w u-sa h pca hgm h c a h sca mac ac ascacs.

ths s ma, aua, ha cc s h gus csquc h u mach cu ga (c. l 1997). th c h smps pss h w ss hs gs, a phaps as h w us-ss a h su pcpa gha h pss. y h p whch hs awk-

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240 GreG woolf

wasss a ms u h m h s cu a.d. vspasapu jk hs ah b ha h was bcmg a g. tacus ma ha cmpa h a sc cu abu g du, bu hs cmpa P p a pa-gca m suus wh gus aguag. Augusus ha a a cgaph ha m-phasz hs saca a as hs sa ac cus a mps a-

a s. B h a sc cu a.d. h cu h mps ha sms ha pk a ac. th c rm was bcmg as wh h mps asw s pca cs.

rUler CUlt in itS roMAn ContextS

Hsas ac rm ha a a cabuas wh whch scbwha ass m kgshp. impa cu a u p a c smsHshku, ru Cu,Ksku, a h u ds sus. A hs ms mpha-sz h ca hps h mp.

rc h has b sm scuss rhsg h g h mp(.g., Cack a rpk 1997; rs 1999; A 2003). fmuas hs k a a sh-ha aus amps a a s gus ms, us, sus, a/ bsha ca jus b cs b sha b h mp, a s cmm mpa -gus cuu. y hs ccpuazas a sasac.

i s u ha rma phsm was ahg bu a. rma hgm -ab cuag sm gus ms a scuag hs h ma scs hu. Huma sacc, amp, was a a assca wh magc a was agba. Mua h b was sps a ua phb. th was ca as

a sus ms psh ha w m hs rma a Gkc-sas. S egpa pshs w bu h amsa amwk hpc, dusm was scuag a ua appa absh. A sg pc ahpmphc psas s ma s ma gs. nw cg-aphs w ca h h a ws, wh w p-cqus mags h gsa kw. egpa gs s h ama has, s wh p us egp as isswas ug h Hsc p, a ua wh egp s. Bs su smpas h na eas, bu ahpmphc aas w s a w us. A hsam, cgc sm ms pacc a psa spp a g wa sh gus um.

equa, h mp p (as sm a Chsas cgz) a g ma h spa w gus ms. A w hs w w gs h m ss wshppg as sha b gups wh ha hg s cmm (nh 1992).ths ha ha s b h Hsc a rma mps a ha b cmpsuba cu mb sca sus, ab a hs h c-sa. S-a acs pa wh h mp aca gus chags. Cmmucas w ga ma as b pac, a mp as a ps. la a spca Gk sp ma hugh whch ca bs gus kwg cam cac. SJuasm a Pasm u w cas h phsph Ph h s cua.d., wh a aqu Chaaa asm a h egpa magca a kw asHmca a cbu a w cua pagasm, Gk. Ubaza a masc ca ms s cuu cac. Psa a was aaab maa su appg cmmca a cuua aspas iaas, Gks, Sas, a

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Jws. Mgas w mps pacua scs cug sas, ss, pss wa, a sm spac pca ppuas, a h mp gaz sa cza- mms ks. fa, h sucus h c-sa w s aum ma was.

y h w ca ss pm a b cus (Ma 1973). th m-

ps ca caz gazas h sgh cu. i was u h hcu a.d. b whch sag ms habas h mp w ac rma czs ha mps sm ha ab gsa abu gus mas, whh jgusa cu ssug usa cs pscu a (rs 1999). U h,rma auhs scuag m ha h ba pacua cus uas.Ga, sgh cu was ca cmmus. f ms gs hs ma hacc auhs gaz h ms pm cus a ha auh a cuc ac h s h ams. i egp a Juaa h hgh pss w wasga pca gm. i Asa h sacuas w suba ca ccauhs, a s .

fagma was h u. rma g pp spakg cmps h pubc cus(s pub) h c rm a s czs. Bug u m hs m, as w,w h cuc paccs aus a aumus cz gups: s a w hcus h cz cs, m hs rm bu cpag p-rmacus a maag b ca ps cgs a magsas. th w h cus u b as-scas rma czs u ma pcs. Pubc cu was pa b rma mags-as a gs bha h pcs. th w cc rma cuc a-s ach achm h cz am, bu h am as a wh sc uama s rma g s (Hz 2001). n w a hs ss

rma g sgh magsas ha a m auh ha pss , ma hachs pac h cc h camps, a s h wasas ca auh gg a cz cu. Au hs w cmmus -c-zs Gk a Puc c-sas, ps hachs Juaa a egp, mucpazbs Spa a Gau, a ma hs ach as ug h w cus, was. S h ga sacuas w m aumus Asa ha egp, h w smsupa-cc gus asscas h Gk w, bu w h ws cp hs sup b rma gs a s . rmas sg us ia a ca capac sm ha cmp s hw a h auh h cuc ac h -czs u h sups. th a sm qu s h g P

h subjc, a sm sg bu ccus scusss amg hs ga wsam juss. tpca, rma auhs bcam wh pubc was asak. Ams a h amps whch w kw gus cmmus ha w gaz cc s ab wshpps Bacchus iss, Jwsh, a Chsams cmg cc wh cc auhs. n paga rma mp, wh hpssb cp Jua, wh was hms as as a Chsa, sms ha saggazg a h cus h mp a sg ssm g b auh.

Usag h pac u cu h rma mp ps cuca u-sag h mp as a msac a aumus gus ssms. th wshp h mps was spaa wh ach hs ssms (Hpks 1978: 20709).e wh a sc, k h m a bu cus ah ha a uawh. o mgh asab agu ha h h mpa cu s a m ,a c amc cag ha gups gh a mass sc ccass ach

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242 GreG woolf

whch h am a mag h mp, a smms as hs hs as a acs-s, w g a pac ssa ca uas, mps, hms, a pas (c. Bck-ma 1973 wh wg scuss).

e h pubc cus h c rm usa hs (Ga 2002; Ba, nh, aPc 1998). Cs amp h pubc cu mmbs h mpa hush -

a h ahs, h d a d. B h h s cu a.d. h s hs appa cu Juus Casa, h mps Augusus, Cauus, vspasa a t-us ag wh la h w Augusus, dusa, h ss Cagua, Caua, h augh- n, Pppaa, h w n, dma, h w vspasa, faus vspasausa Casa, h ss dma, a Jua, h augh tus (Caga 1914: 16974). tbcm adus d was cssa ug ps-mm s. lk sacca- h rma Cahc Chuch a, hs pcss sms ha b ak as a cg- a bjc a abu h cas, as w as h smp auhza pubccu. Wsss h asc h su h cas ga sm, a h cas Ca-sa h p a cm was bs a m a k pa h subsqu cgaph.dcss ss w ma ak b h Sa. Bu pacc h w h gg mp was paamu. th absc m h s h mps tbus,Cagua, n, a dma ag cs h succsss aus hm. lkws, hca mpa as (sm hm qu bscu) cs h wshs (a -ss) h gg mp. n cssc was appa h ac ha h ch dma w hs m bu ha wg hs assassa h was , ha ns w ha b ahugh h ha b.

th u ks ca ugh, bu ccas a g us h ms a uas -. th s dus ha b Juus Casa. th ha ga b a sm

dus, h m usua m g h ha b scha bas Casas mabu h c bu h sms ha s a h ss ha a dus wasa g wh ha c b a ma (k h g Quus, wh as a ma ha b kw as r-muus, ha s). i w sms ca ha Casa ha aa pa ak hs ug hsm (nh 1975), bu was sa b hs assassa. th s w ahaa hs ah, bcaus hs mma succsss a wa s wh hs assasss a hwh ach h ach bs h cas as hs h b pmg h ps-h h w g a bug hs mp h c h C. th a sgs ha hcu Dus Juus was bg h pcs h a 30s b.c. i acqu a wsgcac ocaa/Augusus a c 31 b.c. ma hm s u. H was ab

mak cauus cams hs w gmac b cag hmsD us, s h (Juus), a b pmg ha cu h pcs. fm hs p bcamcmm mps rm assca hmss wh h pcsss, bu sk wshp h w ms. Augusus was a hs ah, makg hs ap- sps tbusD us. Cagua sms ha sugh wshp hs m (Smps1996), bu hs assassa cuag hs succss, Cauus, h Augusam. n bg a sca a h sg d, h g as hsa gamh, Augusus w la. n, Cauus ap s, ha Cauus g hms a sma . A s . th cma s a rm, awg ha- smbs h uas rpubca ascas, was bcm a ca cmp h succss uas rma mps (Pc 1987).

th csca mpa as, bgu b Cagua, s b us a - ss. Pubc h mps ppus cma spa, ga pubc

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ccass ha a czs h sws h mpa hus, jus as h w - cbas bhas, h ccass wh mpa pcs k h g mah a s . As hs ccass, sca ak m h g a k -m. fgug h mma am cma a mag was a k pa a mpa s (rw 2002). Bu mgh b cca smss hs ss

hs ms. th pubca sa Cc, g sck a hs aughs ah,ha cmpa cag a mp h.

th cus m as , b a ag, cu b mmb, ahughh pacc cscag as (Ga 2002). th mp taja ha hs ah,hs ss, a hs c csca. B h h s cu a.d., was h cu amps ha a ma. th magsas rpubca cs, wh h ha akca ahs, ha sw ahs b Jup a h Pas, h hush gs rm. A awssu a a s-cu a.d.upu as hs s h Dus Augusus, h DusCauus, hDus vspasaus, hDus tus, a h gus h cu mp dm-a. dma as bu a Pcus h d h f Mas rm. i sms hahus mps a saus hs ah vspasa a hs bh tus. th u s s . th qu s ca swa b h gus h g mp aas b hs pcsss. oh as (a Juus Casa) ha b qupp m hs s, ahugh h C, dma us s h h aas.

th cu h d haus kgshp rm. dma as ca hsma hus h Qua, wh h ha b b, as a tmp h faa Ca (hsam ha s): Haas g s uc as a k mma ha mgh b s(Suus tus 1). Aua ws w ma h mps sa b h Aa Bh,

a ascac psh whs ass a uas a mu cum h pgaph h sh da da (Sch 1990). rgua saccs w as pa h gus hgg mp b ca ghbh asscas. th w 265 hs ca scs h C, a ug h rpubc h cu ac ha b cus h las Cmp-as (h ua s h cssas). Augusus gaz h cu a wshp h las Augus ag wh h Gus Augus. th asscas w b gs, m sas, wh w aw wa h sam cma csum as sa mags-as as h ps gams, saccs, a sas whch h pa hmss.Cu h mps gus was as pa b sm hushs as pa h cc cu a am, ha as cu h hush las. th ca caa h C cu

umus sas makg h s passag mps a h mmbs h mp-a hus. th sh Jaua, amp, ha b c a ppua ha bh Sa cmmma tbus Casa hag ca a aa hs ah, h Augusus. Sm saca s cam b s mps a h as: cbaga umph, amp, was a ua g aaab hs us h mpa hus-h. th h w sacs whch h mp was sua ga cus. th msamus amp s h tmp Mas h Ag, ga w h g b ocaaa Mak A as h wag wa Casas assasss. Wh a bu, was ca h as Augusa fum, a h c whch s a sau Augusus a u-hscha. o h pm h mp w mags Dus iuus, Mas, a vus, hh gs m whm Augusus cam sc. A cmp pgam saus cbah kgs rm, Augusus ap ca, h gs iu, a a succss rma hs.ths um was s h cu Mas, jus pubc spa. th Sa m

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244 GreG woolf

h m mbasss m g pps a ba (wh sc guac m h m-p) whh ca wa. Ga ams as s h um wh ug mk h ga mah (Zak 1987).

rgus auh u h rma rpubc ha b chaacz b s mspsa amg h ascac . A ag umb sas w mmbs

ah ps cg. equa, h umb sc cus a mps was mus:h w ag umbs has () a gams (ud), phaps akg up a h h a b h h rpubc. th ss a squas h C w hg whhus mps. i wa ah, h mps a ga pp hs cus. y hs was a m a --a. th us, uas, mmbshp, a muapas ach hs asscas w gh gua, h mu gua cu was a ca pa h ac rma ps cgs. ths su h as- m pca puasm mach a h h rpubc. emps smp wh a chac appa. Bu s cu c a -ddpa h caa g wha w ca mpa cu.

Wh shu w aw h ms h mpa cu h c rm? Shu w -cu a h h cs b whch mps gah gus gmac (G 1990a)?emps a h h quas-gus Augusus ga h s mp b h Sa.e mp h h s psh px xus a h was a mmb ah s cgs pss (Spp 2003). Augusus s hs pshs as px x-us, ugu, qud ss uds, sp puu, s, sds tus,a s. ths was a upaa accumua. dug h rpubc h sms hab a ma c agas mupg pshs. n was h a mmb ah cgs ha cu, bu as px xus h as ha sm auh a umb

h pss, cug h Jup a h vsas. e mp ca a -pa mps h C. Ma a w gus sas such as h Cap Gamss up b dma h Sacua Gams cba b sa mps. A gua p-s h ca gus cbas h C, h ga gams ab a. th c-gaph mps cu scs hm pmg sacc, cbag umphs, aascg ha a h ahs. Ps a as ass hm as gs a cah g-k chaacscs (l 1997). th was b rm wh a gusauh whch h mp was a mmb. Saus h mps w wh.

th w, hss, sm ms wha was m accpab. n saccs, amp, w pm g mps. Wh tacus scb hw, a h ah

Augusus, a pas (ps) u tbus was a wa pssg h s h Sa. A css aguag mg. th gs w d a d, hs mpsa h as wh ha ug s w d a d, h gg mpmgh b d us, mgh sacc hs gus, cmmucas m hm ass (sac s), bu h was ps qu pcs a gs am. As a as w ca s, hs cs m a sg c w hh wk a sg auh. rah, a cssus abu wha was accpab mg ma was cmmuca b a ss mpa as k mg h cu hlas Cmpas 7 b.c., h ca a aa h mps u b hs cap sps (a h sga), pbab a.d. 5 6. ths as ga h a ma. o ccas, w mgh mag appa was sugh sm w cu. ths sm bus h cas pca quss bu mps g mps,sa whch a cum. i h pcs w ccasa gmps h rma

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g qu gg ac wha ms cu wu b ms accpab (Pc 1984a).ths s a a agu u cu spgg up spaus. i ga cmp gas whch h c awas ha h upp ha. Bu ha s h samas sag h was a rma ccp u cu, ha s a was cau pa,a ca ha s mpma was pscu m h mpa paac.

rUler CUlt in non-roMAn CoMMUnitieS

i h gus ssms h mp qu us mgh b app. B a hbs su a h mpa cu a h cus ha pa wha s w wsAaa ha m h rma pc Asa (Pc 1984a). th cu rma s w a-s h rpubc, a a h as mach was c b Gk cmmu-s h g mp. th s mps h s, as a su, ah m hcaca s h d. Gks ha, sms, a ha csp dus, a-hugh h cu h m rma usag a ccasa asa (Pc 1984b).isa, h g mp was wshpp as a g. v a a a mg whch h Gk cs h pc cc bu a pca mp ach uag mp. th mp mgh smms b assca wh h s. Pgamum haa mp rm a Augusus, Sma ha tbus, la, a h Sa, a s. th C whch hs h mp h k h ks (., mp wa)a hs a aua sa hs mp (Bu 2004). Cmp cas wass, qug ga amg h cs h pc a h appa Sa amp. th ch pgaphc c hs pa h mp maks pssb ack pa-cua cs h amcs c-pa a a ha w acua hugh h c-

a a maac cu a h pca . Cmp bw cs msh whcmp h ach c ca pshs h mpa cu, a as wh a cmp- h pca psh, h ps Asach. Pss h mpa cu ps ga gams, gams a whch gaas a rma a ugh. th pssw hasss ca wh pa buss h mps, a saus cc bs - mmaz hm hs csum. Cc cags b, amg h ms, mags hmps h mps a h gs pcam ach cs kas. occasa amp was assg a w mpa ca, spca wh a mp m a,a sk ha ac Gk cu g us a wa ac rmas wh awa ps-mm cscas.

Aga, hs cus haus wha w mgh ca mpa cu. th w ahs h mp, cuc m h g h s mp. As m Augusus g a -scps cg a cmp sabsh b h K (h assca Gk cs h pc) h bs h Augusus: was w b h rma g wh sug-gs a schsm a h cc caas h pc s ha ach bga h a Augusus bha. th h w h ca css pac h sau h mp h mps maj s k Ams ephsus. Buss h mps w wh.th ga Bah-Gmasum cmp a Sas ha aKss, a m appa mags h Casas. Pas gg mps as appa h ss basma cc cs, as h h mpa s ssus ha ccua h sam g.

fm Asa s pssb s hw h mps ac wh hs cus. i smsha h pca K was pu, pssb was qu, subm pps-as mps b cus w sabsh. Augusus, w a b a much a suc

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246 GreG woolf

(d Cassus 51.20.69), qu h rma czs Asa a h ghbg pc Bha s up pccs Dus Juus h cs ephsus a ncma spc-, a a h sam m cs cu bg pa hms assca wh rma h cs Pgamum a nkaa b h Gk cs h w pcs. fma hsw w ks ac. th saus cu pa b asscas rma -

paas ma uca rmas: h w ac s pub, sc h w cuc rma s b h rma sa, a a cas 29 b.c. ocaa/Au-gusus ha a gus auh (h bcmpx xus u 12 b.c.). Buh was ca a qu a mbasss m pca subjc appachghm as ac psa h rma sa. Wh hs h tbus was appach whsma quss h c h mbasss h Sa. Bu h was puc ambgu hw hs ms cu w a ach h, ach ma pc ss whh w gus ssm. i ach pc, rma czs gah wshp h a d c, wh h Gk cs wshpp hs g succss. W shu psum huas , k h aguags mp, w qu .

Gks a rmas gh cmps h h ppua h p-c Asa. th w h paa cmmus, such as h daspa Jwsh cm-mus h ha a h maj Gk cs. th pacpa mpa cu, a-hugh h ma ws h sa a w-bg h mp (Wams 1998: 9192).A h h w h ua ppuas, ms u b Gk cs, bu spakg a sca h aguags. A much a scp cg h sabshm a ga Gk-ssa oaa c Caa, bu w hugh Hz b Haas g whh s qus k pac shws hw h suug ags w aw c-bas ha ha a pac mpa cu (W 1988). vags w cbu sac-

ca bass a cu psumab a h ss. th hca a musca css Gk ca ha mpss hm much. A h sam, h wu b ps a saccs h mp.

th pc Asa s uusua h h cuma aaab a hqua c sus bas . i pa h mp w cu sma bus cu acs a mags, usua h m h p-sg gus ssm h paca pp cc. S egp h mps k h pac ags Pms a a- phaahs h cgaph aa mps, wh h saus w pac hs h gs Gk-s mps. A ss Casaa w bu ca hwshp h ma cs. fwg hc c Aaa, h Jwsh ppua was

accus b h Gk ms pacpag h wshp Cagua. th spha h sacc pm hs bha (bu h w g cus). th was egpa m h mpa cu, bu h mps w ps gus aps h pc.

ewh, h w as ma was cpag h mp ca gha spp sh a pubc cu wh s w ps, mp, a sa. i was cmm s up a sau a mp ags h cu sau ah s hs h mp.th hs sus such chaba h Gk w. th sau a m-p mgh b ca ags hs h gs a pcss hugh a rma Gkc, hs am a a hm a pa. i s awas as s wh cu s asmhg s hmag? h? bgs. A h ccs pa buss mps pubc bahs a aspc mp wshp? Wha abu h a-ubquus hab pugh mps ha h back a c, ca cags? Wha abu cas

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gs wh s k muus augusus? tag hs as a pa h mpa cu sms mp u h ccp much pcs mag. o h h ha, s cu s am ha s aba. A aagus pbm acs achagss a mpa cs. is uusua h m cs ha pm mps a saus mps asmms h as as w, usua h ca pubc spac. A umb schas

w w mpa cu u asmg h cc ascap, spca h w cs h ws (.g., tmch a Zak 1990). Bu hs w as g cscaps acas, a shw h wshp h mps ha a pac wh hm s h sam as a-bug h g c.

Ubqu s h sam as um. f hs as i ha s h mpa cugg h mp a smbc u (Hpks 1978) h ha ha ca b mupccs bw ca bs a h c. i mpa cu ha b a sac scaa, aa us gus ssm h mp a a bua a, h phaps mgh ha b cgz as a w a ug c. Bu h cus i ha b scuss-g gw aua wh p ssms, awg ach ca ac sucs uaa csmgca hugh. th ps h mp was a cmm cus, bu m. i acus rm, was ha a w- a wk.

Hw mpa cu cm b s ubquus a s quck? o h ac , sas pa a ubquus a ba schus phm ms ca -a gaza. Bu hs was appa h cas. i s ca ha ma h abamps mg m ca as, , wh s pssb w h ca a cu a, h s a ss ha pma csas ha g bhabw a pas. ru cu has b ps as a amp g-chag, a ahspca cas h cpca as bw gs a humas ha sm mpc much

ac g (Pc 1984a). th w ca ccass wh psas hc gaz cu, -rma cmmus. A ss ga muma a-as w s up h gs Augusus a tbus, sm rm sm h wspcs a whch cc cu was b pa b aus gups. th mpa pcdusus s up hs a l Gau b h cus a sacua wh psas ba cmmu wu gah a c a aua ps (a sds) rm a Augusus wh wu h pa aaga gams. ths s p ca m- h Asa K. Bu ap cam s ca s a k ca ms. A h rma w, h aus ms ha kgshp k c ca asa as h baac pw wh ca cmmus. A ash cs am a Casa

Augusus w ca, ma u b c kgs a s h w rma mach.fsas cc wh h mps ga ca s wh maus ppus assca hmss wh h hc g u ha ca h mps ujus a a as w as absu (G 1990b).

Wha w shu mag s a s cc Maa w hugh whchas spa ap. i was a w us gus a a us paa cu-ss pcs a cu. tha w sha a g hag ac, a h cuc, a was m c u b h cmm aumas cqus a c wa. Whaucac mg ( -mg) m h cuss, a pas pacpa mua-g gus spss. A ssa pc was h ass s ma ca cm-mus cs such a m. ths pap bga b agug ha h achac a casscaMaa was u b scua pubcs, a ha smhg k u cu was a-a sps amg h magsas, pss, a sus h c-sa. As a su,

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248 GreG woolf

h w w a cmmus wh sm pac h mps h uas. th psss Chsa apgss, k h Jwsh pcsss, ha h pa h mp hm, maks pc ss as h cpa h mp h uas.

of GodS And Men

Uk sm na eas wg ssms, h la Gk ha a uambguussg a gs m m. i a ca a suggs ambgu sms h hamaks rma aga hs ck hgca was. Ma hsasha u cu mag sa aa rmas msakg a w huma bg a g. Hw cu h gas rma ascas wh sha h mps ab (a sm-ms hs b), wh p agas a wh hm, a phaps hp a succ hh, ga h rmapps as a a g? Ma schas w mp ga ucu as pcs, g, a s uas as hmag, wshp, sg h mpa cu asa pamm pm h b as up masss. tha w s g ab.ts, mags, mps, aas, a uas aw sc bw hs s a hspa h s. th s a wspa agm ha Chsazg assumps abu hcag g a h ca b (as pps pacc) ha cus h ssu.o w s ha h mp was a g k a h (.g., Causs 1999). Bu ma hgus cuus h mp s pab mag a cuum schg m m h gas ca s. emps w h ws h gs, a h gas m.th w h gas pss a h as a hs bgs ha w pa cu.

ru cu h rma w ps, i ha agu, a -mgc h g

a wspa c cus wshp pwu uas. tha c s sb h Bz Ag, as achac kgshp, a ha ma h cus ccus, hs, a sa gus h as mum b.c. th u machwg s Aas cquss a h h h rma rpubc was accmpa- b h u kgshp. i was as was pcpa h ps mps as pa h cmp chmca acs ha asm h ac w a h h as mum b.c.

tha kgshp rm was caz, a subm a h scpa appaaus, s s sag. f a sa, h pubc cus w pc hs wa rm. n was Augusus h s mp aw gus gmac m

a ag sucs. th Achams sps Mauk Bab, bu h mp yawhh Jusam, pc h gas Ap a Magsa--h-Maa whuqushg h cam ha h w hg h a b Ahua Maza. Phaps ma c pacc whh a mach cam h maa Ha, b a g g, a ma wh mgh asab pc ps-mm ca. Wh pagaphsm caps acss much h o W ug h uh sh cusa.d., w mgh ha pc hs b a b-bw h psg mps a a kgs ak. Wh ha caps w ca awa a h mpa cus h rma w, s cs w h h gus as wh whch h hagw up. y h mps Bzaum, h caphs Bagha, a h babaa kgs h ws sm ha ha bk pac. isa h u w was sa bw hsubjcs a h has.

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BiBlioGrAPHy

A, C

2003 A rg h emp? i f r: cuu, ig, tx, b A-h J. B a Wam J. dmk, pp. 32344. l: B.

Ahaassa, Pma, a Mcha f, s

1999 Pg mhs l aqu. o: o Us Pss.

Ba, Ma; Jh A. nh; a Sm r. f. Pc

1998 rgs r. 2 ums. Cambg: Cambg Us Pss.

Bckma, eas

1973 Csca. i l u ds sus ds p : 7 xpss sus ddsusss, b Wm B, pp. 237. es su aqu cass-

qu 19. vaus-Ga: fa Ha.

Bu, Babaa

2004 nk: Gk cs d r eps. Cca Cassca Sus, nw S-s 9. l: B.

Cack, Hub, a Ka Hz, s

2003 D Pxs d Hshhug r ud s Pz. tbg: MhSbck.

Cack, Hub, a Jg rpk, s

1997 rsh rhsg ud Pzg. tbg: Mh Sbck.

Caga, r

1914 cus dpgph . fuh . Pas: fmg c.

Chaswh, Ma Pca

1939 th rusa d Hus: A Augusa fmua. Pps h BshSh r 15: 110.

Causs, Ma

1999 Ks ud G: Hshku sh rh. Suga: tub.

e, rb

1958 l u p ds psu bqu daugus D. Bbhqu s

cs aass Ahs rm 191. Pas: s Bcca.

fas, J. ruus

1977 Pps ds us: th D e h ep s P cp r. Amca Acam rm Paps a Mgaphs 26. rm: AmcaAcam.

fshwck, duca

19872005 th ip cu h l ws: Suds h ru cu h ws P-s h r ep. 3 ums. us pmas au gs asas emp ma 108; rgs h Gac-rma W 148. l: B.

fus d Cuags, numa ds1864 l qu: ud su u, d, s sus d G d r.

Pas: dua.

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250 GreG woolf

G, rcha

1990a fm rpubc Pcpa: rg, Psh a ig. iPg Pss:rg d P h a wd, bMa Ba a Jh A. nh,pp. 17998. ihaca: C Us Pss.

1990b rg h rma emp: th Cc Cmpms a is lms. i Pg

Pss: rg d P h a wd, bMa Ba a Jh A.nh, pp. 23555. ihaca: C Us Pss.

Ga, ia

2002 ep wshp d r rg. o Cassca Mgaphs. o: Ca- Pss.

Hz, P

1978 Bbgaph zum msch Kasku (19551975). iausg ud ndggd sh w ii.16.2, b Hga tmp, pp. 833910. B:Wa Gu.

2001 das msch H u Kasku Gma. i rg d g-sh Pz rs, b Wgag Spckma, pp. 91116. tbg:Mh Sbck.

Hpks, Kh

1978 d emps, h Smbc U h rma emp. i cqus dSs, b Kh Hpks, pp. 197242. Scgca Sus rma Hs- 1. Cambg: Cambg Us Pss.

H, Pg, a nchas Puc

2000 th cupg S: a Sud md Hs. o: Backw.

Kuh, Am

1987 Usupa, Cqus a Cma: fm Bab Psa. i rus r-: P d c td Ss, b da Caa aSm r. f. Pc, pp. 2055. Pas a Ps Pubcas. Cambg: CambgUs Pss.

l, da

1997 G a Ma h Cassca la Pagc. Pdgs h cbdgPhg S 43: 66103.

Ma, fgus

1973 th impa Cu a h Pscus. i l u ds sus ds p: 7 xpss sus d dsusss, b Wm B, pp. 14375. e-s su aqu cassqu 19. vaus-Ga: fa Ha.

nh, Jh

1975 Pass dus: rw Wsck (1971). Ju r Suds 65: 17177.

1990 dmcac Pcs rpubca rm.Ps d Ps 126: 321.

1992 th dpm rgus Puasm. i th Js g Pgs d chs-s: i h r ep, b Juh lu, Jh A. nh, a tssa rajak,pp. 17493. l: rug.

Pc, Sm r. f.

1984a Gs a emps: th Gk laguag h impa Cu.Ju HSuds 104: 7995.

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1984b rus d P: th r ip cu as m. Cambg: CambgUs Pss.

1987 fm nb fuas d Cu: th Csca rma emps. irus r: P d c td Ss, bdaCaa a Sm r. f. Pc, pp. 56107. Pas a Ps Pubcas. Cam-

bg: Cambg Us Pss.rs, Jams

1999 th dc dcus a h rg h emp.Ju r Suds 89:13554.

rw, Gg

2002 Ps d P cuus: th n tb S Ds. A Ab:Us Mchga Pss.

Sch, Jh

1990 ruus ss s: l g ds fs as, d du u pub ds

r ds pus. Bbhqu s cs aass Ahs rm 275.rm: ec aas rm.

Smps, C. J.

1996 Caguas Cu: imma, imma, i. i Subj d ru: th cu h rug P css aqu, bAsa Sma, pp. 6371. Jua rma Achag Suppma Paps 17. A Ab: Jua rma A-chag.

Sma, Asa,

1996 Subj d ru: th cu h rug P css aqu (Paps m aCc cba h 65h Asa duca fshwck Aba, 1315,

1994). Jua rma Achag Suppma Ss 17. A Ab: Jua rma Achag.

Spp, r.

2003 d Kas as Ps: Schwpuk u rchw ss bpka Ha-s. i D Pxs d Hshhug r ud s Pz, b Hub Cack a Ka Hz, pp. 15787. tbg: Mh Sbck.

tmch, Wa, a Pau Zak, s

1990 Sdbd ud idg: D musug hspsh Sd zsh r-pubk ud Ksz (Cquum Ma, 1923 ocb 1987). Abhaug/Basch Akam Wssscha, Phsphsch-Hssch Kass, nu

fg 103. Much: vag Basch Akam Wssscha.

Wsck, Sa

1971 Dus Juus. o: Ca Pss.

Wams, Maga

1998 th Js g h Gks d rs: a Dsp Subk. Bam: JhsHpks Us Pss.

W, Mcha

1988 Sd ud fs kszh Ks: Sud zu gssh Sugus od. vsga 39. Much: C. H. Bck.

Zak, Pau

1987 augusus ud d mh d Bd. Much: C. H. Bck.

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