(words and their meaning)6 pike: fish: the carp and pike, which were found locally, were kitted out...
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(Words and their meaning)
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Representation of the meaning of (parts of) utterances
What does the (word/phrase/clause/sen-tence) mean?
To what extent can the meaning be derived? To what extent can the meaning be arrived at
compositionally? What components of linguistic processing
contribute to meaning?
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Characterization of meaning (lexical, phrasal, clausal, sentential, discourse)
Compositionality, ambiguity Non-literal use of language (metaphors,
exaggeration, irony, etc.) Representations Networks Models Scripts Schemas Logic(s)
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Word meaning Synomymy: youth/adolescent, filbert/hazelnut Antonymy: boy/girl, hot/cold
Word senses Polysemy: 2+ related meanings (bright, deposit) Homonymy: 2+ unrelated meanings (bat, file)
Connotation: set of ideas, emotions evoked Referentiality Denotation: determine meaning via reference Extension: actual referents in the real world Intension: inherent meaning, concepts
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Binary features that classify, distinguish, or identify Man vs. girl vs. filly Niece,daughter,sister vs. nun,woman,girl Hen,ewe,cow vs. rooster,ram,bull Table,chair,pencil vs. love,thought,idea Table,chair,pencil vs. water,dirt,cream
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Concepts: basic entities Inventories
Properties: attributes predicated of concepts Intensity Incommensurability
Events: actions, states, processes Internal structure
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Pike: Fish: The carp and pike, which were found
locally, were kitted out with lavish trimmings and served… Medieval weapon: Towards the close of the
twelfth century the pike was used to counter cavalry charges…
Run (v): 15 intransitive senses, 15 transitive senses
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Lexical I bought a pen. She bought me a fly.
Syntactic I saw old men and women. I saw her duck. Visiting relatives can be tedious.
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Semantic Everyone here speaks two languages. Three men carried a piano. You may not come to my party. Judy wants to marry a Norwegian. Every professor thinks she is busy. A flag was hanging from every balcony. Mary can’t sing.
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Everyone loves somebody.
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A Mary
B Fred
C Mark
D Pat
…
Fred A B C
E D
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Paraphrase: re-express identical content The police chased the burglar. The burglar was
chased by the police. I gave the summons to Eric. I gave Eric the
summons. Paul bought a car from Sue. Sue sold a car to Paul. It is unfortunate that the team lost.
Unfortunately, the team lost. The class will begin at 4:00. At 4:00, the class will
begin.
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Contradiction: inconsistent, opposites John is a bachelor. John is married. I am happy. I am not happy. Today is Monday. Today is Tuesday.
Entailment: S1 necessarily implies S2 is true The park wardens killed the bear. The bear is
dead. Robin is a man. Robin is a human. Jill and Bill have just gotten married to each other. Jill and Bill are spouses.
David is a Republican. David is a human.
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The students are revolting. Flying planes can be dangerous. You would be very fortunate to get this
person to work for you. I can’t possibly describe how much good
work this person can do.
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This is yellow. This is a pencil. ?This is a yellow pencil.
This is big. This is a whale. ?This is a big whale.
Lee kissed Kim passionately. ?Lee kissed Kim. ?Kim was kissed. ?Lee touched Kim with her lips. ?Lee married Kim. ?Kim kissed Lee. ?Lee kissed Kim many times.
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Semantic constraints on arguments (the semantic counterpart to syntactic subcategorization)
Can be superseded (exaggeration, figurative language, etc.)
Close synonymy I have little/#small money.
This is Fred, my big/#large brother. Animacy My neighbor admires my garden.
#My car admires my garden. Bill frightened his dog/#hacksaw.
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Measuring how near words, collocations, words, phrases, sentences, documents are in meaning
Classes, domains, hierarchical arrangement play crucial role
Browsers exist, e.g. http://www.lexfn.com/ 16
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Fuzziness (rich, tall, green, clean) Typicality, prototypes Bird: robin vs. penguin
Lexicalization (snow) (glint, glimmer, glitter, gleam, glisten, glow, glare)
Inventories
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Culture-specific concepts L1 concept not lexicalized in L2 L1 word is semantically complex Different L1/L2 meaning distinctions L1/L2 lacks a hypernym/hyponym
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Ecology (flora, fauna: ‘tundra’, ‘taiga’) Material culture (food, clothes,
transport) Social culture (work, leisure) Organizations, customs, concepts
(political, religious, artistic) Gestures and habits
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The way basic underlying concepts are lexically realized in a language
Wide variation crosslinguistically English: motion (V) + path (PP) vs. Romance
languages He swam across the river.
Il traversa la fleuve à la nage L1 verb L2 prepositional phrase
L1 preposition L2 verb
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I am firm. You are obstinate. He is a pig-headed fool.
Fairer sex, female, broad Between jobs, out of work, on the dole
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Verb complement: infinitive -> noun I’m waiting for the postman to come. J’attends l’arrivée du facteur. A proposal to pay for the equipment Une proposition de paiement du matériel
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Non-compositional collocations Severe lexical constraints Vary crosslinguistically Off his rocker/*rocking chair Gnashing of teeth/*molars Shot herself in the foot/*toe
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