work design & measurement
DESCRIPTION
Operational Management: Work Design and Measurement Chapter ReviewTRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Work design & measurement](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062303/55872863d8b42ad3138b463c/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
![Page 2: Work design & measurement](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062303/55872863d8b42ad3138b463c/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
![Page 3: Work design & measurement](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062303/55872863d8b42ad3138b463c/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
![Page 4: Work design & measurement](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062303/55872863d8b42ad3138b463c/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
![Page 5: Work design & measurement](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062303/55872863d8b42ad3138b463c/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
![Page 6: Work design & measurement](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062303/55872863d8b42ad3138b463c/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
![Page 7: Work design & measurement](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062303/55872863d8b42ad3138b463c/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
![Page 8: Work design & measurement](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062303/55872863d8b42ad3138b463c/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
![Page 9: Work design & measurement](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062303/55872863d8b42ad3138b463c/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
![Page 10: Work design & measurement](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062303/55872863d8b42ad3138b463c/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
![Page 11: Work design & measurement](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062303/55872863d8b42ad3138b463c/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
![Page 12: Work design & measurement](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062303/55872863d8b42ad3138b463c/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
![Page 13: Work design & measurement](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062303/55872863d8b42ad3138b463c/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
![Page 14: Work design & measurement](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062303/55872863d8b42ad3138b463c/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
![Page 15: Work design & measurement](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062303/55872863d8b42ad3138b463c/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
![Page 16: Work design & measurement](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062303/55872863d8b42ad3138b463c/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
![Page 17: Work design & measurement](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062303/55872863d8b42ad3138b463c/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
![Page 18: Work design & measurement](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062303/55872863d8b42ad3138b463c/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
![Page 19: Work design & measurement](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062303/55872863d8b42ad3138b463c/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
![Page 20: Work design & measurement](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062303/55872863d8b42ad3138b463c/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
![Page 21: Work design & measurement](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062303/55872863d8b42ad3138b463c/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
![Page 22: Work design & measurement](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062303/55872863d8b42ad3138b463c/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
![Page 23: Work design & measurement](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062303/55872863d8b42ad3138b463c/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
![Page 24: Work design & measurement](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062303/55872863d8b42ad3138b463c/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
![Page 25: Work design & measurement](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062303/55872863d8b42ad3138b463c/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
![Page 26: Work design & measurement](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062303/55872863d8b42ad3138b463c/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
![Page 27: Work design & measurement](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062303/55872863d8b42ad3138b463c/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
![Page 28: Work design & measurement](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062303/55872863d8b42ad3138b463c/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
![Page 29: Work design & measurement](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062303/55872863d8b42ad3138b463c/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
![Page 30: Work design & measurement](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062303/55872863d8b42ad3138b463c/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
![Page 31: Work design & measurement](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062303/55872863d8b42ad3138b463c/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
![Page 32: Work design & measurement](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062303/55872863d8b42ad3138b463c/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
![Page 33: Work design & measurement](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062303/55872863d8b42ad3138b463c/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
![Page 34: Work design & measurement](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062303/55872863d8b42ad3138b463c/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
![Page 35: Work design & measurement](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062303/55872863d8b42ad3138b463c/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Correct positioning of equipment and tools and also people can
help reduce inefficient and
ineffectiveness on workplace
![Page 36: Work design & measurement](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062303/55872863d8b42ad3138b463c/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
![Page 37: Work design & measurement](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062303/55872863d8b42ad3138b463c/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
![Page 38: Work design & measurement](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062303/55872863d8b42ad3138b463c/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
![Page 39: Work design & measurement](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062303/55872863d8b42ad3138b463c/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
![Page 40: Work design & measurement](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062303/55872863d8b42ad3138b463c/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
ADVANTAGESFor Management:
• Simplifies training• High productivity• Less wage costs
For Labor:• Less education & skill requirements• Minimum responsibilities• Less mental effort needed
DISADVANTAGESFor Management:
• Difficult to motivate quality• Worker dissatisfaction resulting in absenteeism, high turnover, disruptive tactics, poor attention to quality…
For Labor:• Monotonous work• Limited opportunities for advancement• Little control over work• Little opportunities for self-fulfillment.
![Page 41: Work design & measurement](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062303/55872863d8b42ad3138b463c/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
![Page 42: Work design & measurement](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062303/55872863d8b42ad3138b463c/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
![Page 43: Work design & measurement](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062303/55872863d8b42ad3138b463c/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
![Page 44: Work design & measurement](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062303/55872863d8b42ad3138b463c/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
![Page 45: Work design & measurement](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062303/55872863d8b42ad3138b463c/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
![Page 46: Work design & measurement](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062303/55872863d8b42ad3138b463c/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
![Page 47: Work design & measurement](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062303/55872863d8b42ad3138b463c/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Self-directed (self-managed teams)empower to make certain changes in their work processes. Designed to achieve a higher level of
teamwork and employee involvement.
BENEFITS• Workers will work harder to ensure that the desired result is achieved.• Fewer managers needed.• Higher quality, higher productivity and greater work satisfaction.• No difficulty in applying team concepts.
![Page 48: Work design & measurement](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062303/55872863d8b42ad3138b463c/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
![Page 49: Work design & measurement](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062303/55872863d8b42ad3138b463c/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
![Page 50: Work design & measurement](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062303/55872863d8b42ad3138b463c/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
source sChanges in tools &
equipmentsChanges in product designChanges in materials/proceduresGov’t/contractual agreementsOther factors (accidents, quality problems)
![Page 51: Work design & measurement](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062303/55872863d8b42ad3138b463c/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
BASIC PROCEDURESIdentify the operation to be studied and
gather facts.
If the job is already in process, discuss the input with the operator &
supervisor.
Study and document present method using process charts. For new jobs,
develop charts.
Analyze the jobs
Propose new methods.
Install the new methods.
Follow up installation to assure that improvements have been achieved.
![Page 52: Work design & measurement](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062303/55872863d8b42ad3138b463c/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
OPERATION TO STUDY
1. Have high labor content2. Done frequently3. Unsafe, tiring, unpleasant and/or
noisy4. Designed as problems.
DOCUMENTING PRESENT METHOD
• Charts• Graphs• Verbal Descriptions.
ANALYZING JOB & PROPOSED NEW METHODS
1. Flow Process Charts2. Worker-Machine Charts3. Gang Process Charts
Guidelines for selecting a job to study.
Provides understanding of the job and basis for comparison
against revisions
![Page 53: Work design & measurement](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062303/55872863d8b42ad3138b463c/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
Flow Process ChartChart used to examine the overall sequence of an operation by focusing on movements of the operator or flow of materials.
![Page 54: Work design & measurement](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062303/55872863d8b42ad3138b463c/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
Describes the symbols used in constructing a
flow process chart
![Page 55: Work design & measurement](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062303/55872863d8b42ad3138b463c/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
![Page 56: Work design & measurement](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062303/55872863d8b42ad3138b463c/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
![Page 57: Work design & measurement](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062303/55872863d8b42ad3138b463c/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
![Page 58: Work design & measurement](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062303/55872863d8b42ad3138b463c/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
![Page 59: Work design & measurement](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062303/55872863d8b42ad3138b463c/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
![Page 60: Work design & measurement](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062303/55872863d8b42ad3138b463c/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
![Page 61: Work design & measurement](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062303/55872863d8b42ad3138b463c/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
Illustration of a Flow Process Chart
![Page 62: Work design & measurement](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062303/55872863d8b42ad3138b463c/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
![Page 63: Work design & measurement](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062303/55872863d8b42ad3138b463c/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
Checklist of questions they ask to generate
ideas for improvements. Examples:
![Page 64: Work design & measurement](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062303/55872863d8b42ad3138b463c/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
1. Why is there a delay/storage at this point?2. How can travel distances be shortened/avoided?3. Can material handling be reduced?4. Would rearrangement of the workplace result in
greater efficiency?5. Can similar activities be grouped?6. Would the use of additional/improved equipment be
helpful?7. Does the worker have any ideas for improvement?
![Page 65: Work design & measurement](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062303/55872863d8b42ad3138b463c/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
![Page 66: Work design & measurement](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062303/55872863d8b42ad3138b463c/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
Motion Study
Motion Study Principles – Guidelines for designing motion efficient work procedures. Divided into three: Principles for the body, arrangement of workplace and design of tools & equipment.
Therbligs – Basic elemental motions of a job that can be broken down.
Micro-motion study – Use of cameras to slow down motion so it can be studied if the job is too rapid to analyze.
![Page 67: Work design & measurement](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062303/55872863d8b42ad3138b463c/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
![Page 68: Work design & measurement](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062303/55872863d8b42ad3138b463c/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
(1) Desired accuracy is expressed in percentage of the mean of the observed times.
(2) Alternate formula used when the desired accuracy is stated as an amount.
![Page 69: Work design & measurement](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062303/55872863d8b42ad3138b463c/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
OBSERVED TIME
NORMAL TIME
STANDARD TIME
![Page 70: Work design & measurement](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062303/55872863d8b42ad3138b463c/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
STANDARD ELEMENTAL TIMES“Time standards derived from a firm’s historical time data.”
ADVANTAGES
• Potential savings in cost & effort• Less disruption in work• Performance ratings are generally in average.
DISADVANTAGES
• Times may not exist for enough standard elements to make it worthy• File times may be biased or inaccurate.
PROCEDURE FOR USING THIS METHOD CONSIST OF THE FF. STEPS:
1. Analyze the job to identify the standard elements.
2. Check the file for elements that have historical times and record them. Use time study to obtain others (if necessary).
3. Modify the file times if necessary4. Sum the elemental times to obtain the
normal time, and factor in allowances to obtain the standard time.
![Page 71: Work design & measurement](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062303/55872863d8b42ad3138b463c/html5/thumbnails/71.jpg)
PREDETERMINED TIME STANDARDS“Involved the use of published data based on extensive research to determine standard elemental times.”
Divide the job into basic elements
Measure the distances involved
Rate the difficulty of the element
Refer to appropriate table of data.
Sum of all Basic Elements = Standard Time for the job
Times of basic elements are measured in time measurement units (TMU)
1 TMU = 0.0006 minutes.
ADVANTAGES OF PREDETERMINED TIME
STANDARDS
Based on large numbers of workers in controlled conditions.
Analyst are not required to rate performance in developing the standard.
No disruption of operation
Standards are established even before the job is finished.
![Page 72: Work design & measurement](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062303/55872863d8b42ad3138b463c/html5/thumbnails/72.jpg)
![Page 73: Work design & measurement](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062303/55872863d8b42ad3138b463c/html5/thumbnails/73.jpg)
Work samplingTwo primary uses:
Ratio delay studies & Analysis of non-repetitive jobs.
![Page 74: Work design & measurement](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062303/55872863d8b42ad3138b463c/html5/thumbnails/74.jpg)
ADVANTAGES OF WORK SAMPLING OVER STOPWATCH TIME STUDY
1. Observations are spread out over a period of time making results less susceptible to short-term fluctuations.
2. There is little or no disruption of work3. Workers are less resentful4. Studies are less costly & less time-consuming and the skill requirements are less.5. The study can be interrupted without affecting the results6. Many different studies can be conducted simultaneously7. No timing device is required8. Lends itself to non-repetitive tasks.
DISADVANTAGES
1. There is less detail on the elements of the job2. Workers may alter their work patterns when they spot the observer resulting in invalid
results.3. In many cases, there is no record of the method used by the worker.4. Observers may fail to adhere to a random schedule of observation5. It is not well suited for short, repetitive tasks.6. More time may be required to move from one workplace to another and back to satisfy the
randomness requirement.
![Page 75: Work design & measurement](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062303/55872863d8b42ad3138b463c/html5/thumbnails/75.jpg)
![Page 76: Work design & measurement](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062303/55872863d8b42ad3138b463c/html5/thumbnails/76.jpg)
![Page 77: Work design & measurement](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062303/55872863d8b42ad3138b463c/html5/thumbnails/77.jpg)
![Page 78: Work design & measurement](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062303/55872863d8b42ad3138b463c/html5/thumbnails/78.jpg)
![Page 79: Work design & measurement](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062303/55872863d8b42ad3138b463c/html5/thumbnails/79.jpg)
Info
rmati
on
Job design
Method analysis
Motion study
Time standards
![Page 80: Work design & measurement](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062303/55872863d8b42ad3138b463c/html5/thumbnails/80.jpg)