Working Group I of the EU Greenhouse Gas Monitoring Mechanism Committee

17 to 18 May 2004 EEA, Copenhagen

John Watterson(National Environmental Technology Centre - netcen -Culham Science Centre, Abingdon, Oxfordshire, OX14 3ED, UK)

Workshop on Emissions of Greenhouse Gases from Aviation and Navigation

48209101/2002/AC2540/JW

with thanks for comments on the presentation from Martin Young (UK DTI), Jim Penman (UK Defra), Sarah Baggott (netcen)

What’s in this presentation &briefing notes?• Brief overview of UK National Inventory System• National procedures for reporting emissions from

aviation and navigation, including – Key institutions– Sources of data (Activity Data and Emission Factors)– Models and calculations used– Examples of reporting, including problems

• How the domestic and international emissions are disaggregated

• Details of any specific national projects to improve data reporting and inventories

GHGI - greenhouse gas inventory; MS - Member State (of the European Union)AD – Activity Data; EFs – Emission Factors

The UK National Inventory System (NIS)• This is part of the UK National Atmospheric Emissions

Inventory (NAEI)• The Greenhouse Gas Inventory (GHGI) is compiled using

the same database as the NAEI

• The NAEI is the air emissions inventory for the UK and includes emission estimates for a wide range of important pollutants– greenhouse gases (CO2, CH4, N20, HFCs, PFCs, SF6)– regional pollutants leading to acid deposition and

photochemical pollution– persistent organic pollutants (POPs) and other toxic

pollutants such as heavy metals

UNFCCC15 April

EU MONITORING MECHANISM

15th January & 31 March

Inventory Compilation &

QA/QC

Data GatheringChecking

InterpretationCalculation

DEFRAS

tatis

tical

Dat

aset

s

(AEA Technology:- netcen)

Energy & Fuel Statistics

(DTI)

Pollution Inventory(Environment

Agency)

Transport Statistics(DfT)

Emission Factors(IPCC Guidelines)

UnOffical Datasets:

Industry & NGO’s(UKPIA, UKOOA

Other Trade Associations,

Individual Companies)

Emission FactorsGuidebooks &

Literature

Official Datasets:

Unofficial Datasets:

LLUCF inventory(CEH/FC/DEFRA)

Agricultural Inventory(IGER/DEFRA)

Other Inventory Development(Contracts/DEFRA)

MO

U*

Dev

elop

men

t (20

05/6

)M

OU

* D

evel

opm

ent (

2004

/5)

UK

Em

ission Inventory Database

Def

ra C

ontr

acts

CRF

NIR

Key

Controlled Data Flow

Data Quality Agreements

Data Sources:

Xxx...

DEFRA’s Zone of Authority

AEA Technology Zone of Authority

UK National Inventory System (DEFRA)

* MOU = Memorandum of Understanding

Key institutions

Institution Function

UK Department for Environment, Food & Rural Affairs (Defra)

UK Inventory Agency (definition in IPCC GPG)

National Environmental Technology Centre (netcen)

Produces the UK greenhouse gas emissions inventory (NIR and CRF) on behalf of Defra

UK Department of Trade and Industry (DTI)

UK Department for Transport (DfT)

Energy statistics required for compilation of the greenhouse gas emissions inventory

Summaries of transport activity data

IPCC GPG - Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Good Practice Guidance

Overview of sources of data

Activity Data (AD)• UK DTI – Digest of UK Energy Statistics

– commodity balances and energy balances– fuel consumed

• UK DfT – Transport Statistics GB (TSGB)– Aviation movement data

• UK Ministry of Defence– Military aircraft & shipping movements

Emission factors (EFs)• Carbon and sulphur content of fuels

– UK Petroleum Industry Association• EMEP / CORINAIR defaults

EMEP - ; CORINAIR -

Sources of Activity Data (i)

UK Department of Trade and Industry (DTI)• Total inland deliveries of aviation spirit (AS) and aviation

turbine fuel (ATF) to air transport are reported to the DTI

• This is the best approximation of UK aviation bunker fuel consumption available and includes– international– domestic and – military use

Sources of Activity Data (ii)

UK Ministry of Defence (MOD)• Total consumption by military aviation provided by the

UK MOD– assumed to be aviation turbine fuel– emissions from military aircraft are reported under IPCC

category “1A5 Other”• Naval fuel consumption provided by the UK MOD

– assumed to be marine diesel oil

UK Department for Transport• Overall aviation movements• Collect and summarize data from airport operators e.g

BAA

Sources of Emission Factors –AviationFor carbon dioxide (CO2) and sulphur dioxide (SO2)• Emissions related to the quantity of fuel burnt …• … and the fuel composition

– carbon and sulphur contents of the fuel burnt

• Fuel composition data from UK Petroleum Industry Association (UKPIA)

For other greenhouse gases• EMEP/CORINAIR (1996) and IPCC (1997) defaults• Landing and Take Off (LTO)cycle

– kg emitted / LTO cycle• Cruise

– kg emitted / t fuel burnt

Sources of Emission Factors - NavigationFor carbon dioxide (CO2) and sulphur dioxide (SO2)

• Emissions related to the quantity of fuel burnt …• … and the fuel composition

– carbon and sulphur contents of the fuel burnt

• Fuel composition data from UK Petroleum Industry Association (UKPIA)

For other greenhouse gases• EMEP/CORINAIR (1996) and IPCC (1997) defaults

Models and calculations used (i)

• Currently, a very simple ‘model’ is used to estimate emissions from navigation and CO2 and SO2 from aviation– Basic Combustion Module

Em(p,s,f) = A(s,f) e(p,s,f) WhereEm(p,s,f) = Emission of pollutant p from source s from fuel f

(kg)A(s,f) = Consumption of fuel f by source s

(kg or kJ)e(p,s,f) = Emission factor of pollutant p from source

s from fuel f (kg/kg or kg/kJ)

Models and calculations used (ii)

1 2 3

Procedure to estimate fuel use from aviation …

Total inland fuel

deliveries

Estimate domestic fuel use from LTO

and cruise

Collect fuel use by

military

4

Estimate international fuel used by difference

total fuel –(domestic +

military)

… then estimate emissions

DTI Dukes commodity

balance tables

DfT arrivals and departures of domestic

aircraft & domestic aircraft km flown

Fuel use data from the MOD

Improvements to estimation of aviation GHG emissions (i)Moving to the Tier 3 method

• Using CONINAIR methodology• Emission factors for the take-off and landing (TOL) parts

of aircraft operation from the ICAO database• Emissions for TOL cycle at all significant UK airports are

estimated• Cruise emissions from the CORINAIR factors (which are

themselves developed from the same original dataset)• GHG emissions are estimated as total emissions for

different distances

ICAO - International Civil Aviation Organisation

Heathrow …

Improvements to estimation of aviation GHG emissions (ii)Emissions from the LTO cycle• Emission Factors – ICAO databank

• The methodology adopted here is based on that used for a netcen emission study for UK Heathrow airport

• Includes the latest understanding of aircraft movements including a treatment of the reduced thrust during take-off and the use of auxiliary power units (APU)

• Aircraft operation is divided into a number of stages or modes• The time in each mode of operation for each type of airport

and aircraft is taken from individual airport studies. This multiplied by emission rates at appropriate engine thrust settings enables emissions to be estimated for that part of the trip

• Adding these together gives the overall emissions

Improvements to estimation of aviation GHG emissions (iii)

damP

mPdamPAPA tFTNME,,,

,,,

WhereEA = emissions at airport AP = type of planed = DORA class of aircraft Pa = class of airport Am = modeMA,P = Movements by type of aircraft P at airport ANP = number of engines of plane type PTm,a,d = Time in mode M, at airport class a by aircraft

class dFP(t) = emission factor at thrust ttm = engine thrust (as %) of engine in mode m

LTO emissions

Improvements to estimation of aviation GHG emissions (iv)

From the CORINAIR data referred to in the IPCC guidance, emissions as a function of distance are given. Thus the cruise emission is (for a single year and pollutant): WhereEA = Cruise Emissions at airport AP = type of planeD = destination airportDA,d = Great Circle from airport A to destination dm = slope of regressionc = intercept of regression.

cmDMC dAdPA ,,

Cruise emissions

Relevant UK reports on the web

• UK National Inventory Reports (NIR)– http://www.naei.org.uk

• 2004 UK National Inventory Report– http://www.naei.org.uk/report_link.php?report_id=241

• DTI DUKES publications

– http://www.dti.gov.uk/energy/inform/dukes/index.shtml

• DFT Transport Statistics UK– http://http://www.dft.gov.uk/

• UK National Atmospheric Emissions Inventory (NAEI)– http://www.naei.org.uk/

Acronyms and definitions (i)

CRF Common Reporting Format for EUMM Defra Department for Environment, Food & Rural

Affairs DTI UK Department of Trade and Industry DUKES Digest of UK Statistics (produced by DTI) EA UK Environment Agency EEA European Environment Agency EPTAC Energy Policy, Technology, Analysis & Coal

(UK DTI) GHGI Greenhouse Gas Inventory

Acronyms and definitions (ii)

ICAO International Civil Aviation Organization NAEI National Atmospheric Emissions Inventory NETCEN National Environmental Technology Centre

(part of AEA Technology plc) NIS National Inventory System PI Pollution Inventory (produced by the UK

EA) UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on

Climate Change UK United Kingdom

Further details …

CO2 and SO2 from aviation• (i) Total inland deliveries of aviation spirit and aviation turbine fuel to air transport are

given in DTI (2002). This is the best approximation of aviation bunker fuel consumption available and is assumed to cover international, domestic and military use.

•  • (ii) Data on arrivals and departures of domestic aircraft at UK airports are reported by

DTLR (2002b). This was used to estimate total domestic and international landing and take-offs (LTO).

•  • (iii) Data on domestic aircraft km are reported by DTLR (2002b).•  • (iv) Using IPCC default fuel consumption factors for domestic LTOs and cruising together

with the LTO data and total domestic km flown, an estimate was made of the total fuel consumption of domestic flights.

•  • (v) Total consumption by military aviation is given in ONS (1995) and MOD (2002a) and is

assumed to be aviation turbine fuel. Emissions from military aircraft are reported under 1A5 Other.

•  • (vi) An estimate of international fuel consumption was made by deducting military fuel and

domestic fuel from the inland deliveries of aviation fuel calculated in (i). Based on these assumptions the total consumptions of aviation turbine fuel and aviation spirit by domestic and

international flights were estimated. Hence, it was a simple matter to calculate the carbon dioxide emission using the emission factors given in IPCC Guidelines (IPCC, 1997)

Non CO2 pollutants from aviation

Emissions from non-CO2 pollutants were calculated according to the very simple EMEP/CORINAIR/IPCC methodology described in EMEP/CORINAIR (1996) and IPCC (1997c). The procedure was:

•  • 1. Data on the annual number of domestic and

international landing and takeoff cycles (LTO) (DLTR, 2001b) were used together with the default emission factors to estimate the emissions within the take-off and landing phase of the domestic and international flights.

• 2. The fuel consumptions within the cruise phases of the domestic and international flights were then calculated by subtracting the LTO fuel consumption from the total domestic and international consumptions.

• 3. The emissions within the cruise phase were calculated using the cruise emission factors with the cruise fuel consumption.