Workshop on Feasibility Study forWorkshop on Feasibility Study for

Development of Comprehensive Development of Comprehensive Strategies for Safer Housing against Strategies for Safer Housing against Earthquakes in Developing CountriesEarthquakes in Developing Countries

National Society for Earthquake Technology- Nepal (NSET)

www.nset.org.np

STUDY FOR DEVELOPING AND DISSEMINATING EARTHQUAKE-

RESISTANT TECHNOLOGIES FOR ENHANCED SEISMIC SAFETY

OF BUILDINGS IN NEPAL

12 October 2005 Tsukuba, Japan

Amod Mani Dixit

Nepal: Location and Nepal: Location and Earthquake RiskEarthquake Risk

• Lies in 11Lies in 11thth most at risk most at risk country in the worldcountry in the world

• Kathmandu lies at the Kathmandu lies at the most at risk city in the most at risk city in the worldworld– 40 thousand possible 40 thousand possible

deaths in Kathmandu in deaths in Kathmandu in reoccurrence of 1934 reoccurrence of 1934 earthquake shakingearthquake shaking

Nation-wide Survey of Nation-wide Survey of BuildingsBuildings

Nº BUILDING TYPE/ SUB-TYPE DESIGNATION

1 Earthen/ Mud/ Adobe/ Rammed Earth Houses

1.1 Mud Walls with Horizontal Wood Elements Md-Hw

1.2 Adobe Block Wall Md/ AD

1.3 Rammed Earth/ Pisse Construction Md/ Re

2 Stone Houses St

2.1 Stone Walls in Mud Mortar St/ M

2.2 Stone Walls without Mud Mortar (Dry Masonry)

St/ Dr

3 Wooden Houses Wd

3.1 Walls with Wooden Planks and Posts Wd/ P

3.2 Walls with Bamboo/ Reed Mesh and Post (Wattle and Daub

Wd/ WD-V

3.3 Walls with Studs filled by Bamboo Mesh and Posts (Stud Wall)

Wd/ St-Vw

4 Brick Houses B

4.1 Brick in Mud B/ M

4.2 Brick in Mud with Vertical Post B/ M-VW

4.3 Brick in Cement with RC Floor and Roof B/ M-RC

4.4 Brick in Cement with TB floor and Slab B/ M-RB

5 Composite/ Mixed Construction

5.1 Ground Floor with Stone Wall and Upper Floor with Stud Wall

W/ St St/ M

5.2 Ground Floor with Stone and Upper Floor with Brick in Mud

B/ M St/ M

6 RC Framed Building RCF

Building Typology in Building Typology in Kathmandu ValleyKathmandu Valley

Building Typology in Valley

0%

5%

10%

15%

20%

25%

Typology

Pe

rce

nta

ge

Series1 23% 10% 20% 20% 14% 1% 1% 6% 5%

Adobe Stone Brick in Mud Brick in CementFrame

(Reinforced Concrete)

Stone and Adobe (Mixed)

Stone and Brick in Mud (Mixed)

Brick in Mud and Brick in Cement

(Mixed)Others

Total Number of Sample Surveyed=870

Typical Stone Masonry Typical Stone Masonry BuildingBuilding

RC construction in Banda RC construction in Banda AcehAceh

Typical RC Construction in Banda Aceh, Indonesia

Construction process in Construction process in KathmanduKathmandu

82% 79%

92%

7%5%

1%

11%17%

7%

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

Per

cen

tag

e o

f B

uild

ing

s

Owner Built Purchased Constructed by Contractor

Construction Process

Urban

Sub-Urban

Rural

(Total Number of Buildings Surveyed= 961 )

1988 Earthquake1988 Earthquake

Damage of Stone Masonry House

2001 Gorkha Earthquake2001 Gorkha Earthquake

2001 Gujarat Earthquake2001 Gujarat Earthquake

Typical Collapse of RC Building (Soft story), Gujarat, India

Banda AcehBanda Aceh

Typical collapse of RC framed building during 2004 Dec 26 Sumatra Earthquake (Banda Aceh)

Need to study strengths and weaknesses of Need to study strengths and weaknesses of vernacular buildings of developing countries vernacular buildings of developing countries in terms of earthquake resistant capacity and in terms of earthquake resistant capacity and develop appropriate measures to enhance develop appropriate measures to enhance their capacitytheir capacity

Proposed Study Proposed Study MethodologyMethodology

Survey, Assessment(existing practices)

Rigorous Analysis

Analysis for Cause – effect and Problem - solution

Testing of solution hypothesis

Building technology and building production mechanism

Analysis of defects by numerical analysis and physical testing in shake table

Detailing and generalization of problems and likely solutions

Testing hypothesis by numerical analysis and physical testing in shake table

Study MethodologyStudy Methodology

Identification of best solution

Verification and testing by model building construction

Further Improvement of intervention options

Dissemination

Solution for improving seismic performance of SM and RC structures

• For studying acceptability & feasibility

• For training the local craftsmen

Develop implementation strategy

• Policy

• Building production / permit process

• System for institutionalization and sustainability

• Networking and information sharing

Expected outcomesExpected outcomes

• Improved methodologies for Improved methodologies for earthquake-resistant construction of earthquake-resistant construction of stone masonry (SM) and RC framed with stone masonry (SM) and RC framed with brick masonry infill buildingsbrick masonry infill buildings

• Identification of positive elements of Identification of positive elements of construction that need to be supported,construction that need to be supported,

• Identification of weak pointsIdentification of weak points

Expected outcomesExpected outcomes

• Comprehensive technology (including Comprehensive technology (including design, construction and supervision)design, construction and supervision)

• Implementation strategy for improving Implementation strategy for improving seismic performance of buildings in seismic performance of buildings in developing countriesdeveloping countries

• Enhanced regional cooperation / Enhanced regional cooperation / networking and sharing of experiences networking and sharing of experiences leading to replication strategyleading to replication strategy

• Preparing grounds for replication and Preparing grounds for replication and implementationimplementation

Implementation ApproachImplementation Approach

• Work in close cooperation with Work in close cooperation with appropriate government agency - appropriate government agency - Department of Urban Development and Department of Urban Development and Building Construction (DUDBC)Building Construction (DUDBC)

• Collaboration among NGOs and local Collaboration among NGOs and local governmentsgovernments

• Involve all stakeholders right from very Involve all stakeholders right from very beginningbeginning– Local advisory committee will be Local advisory committee will be

constituted for assuring the involvement of constituted for assuring the involvement of all.all.

Project Execution in NepalProject Execution in Nepal

• NSET - leading member NSET - leading member • DUDBC - main partner DUDBC - main partner

– gradually DUDBC will take the ownership of the gradually DUDBC will take the ownership of the project outputproject output

• A project working team will be constituted A project working team will be constituted – engineers, professionals from NSET, DUDBC and engineers, professionals from NSET, DUDBC and

leading municipalities (Kathmandu and Lalitpur in leading municipalities (Kathmandu and Lalitpur in Kathmandu Valley)Kathmandu Valley)

• Local surveyors will be deployedLocal surveyors will be deployed– for inventory and survey of technologyfor inventory and survey of technology– the surveyors will be from local engineering the surveyors will be from local engineering

personnel and students from local academic personnel and students from local academic institutionsinstitutions

Tentative Work PlanTentative Work Plan

Schedule S. No.

Activity

Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5

1 Mobilization

2 Project Kick-off workshop in Kathmandu

3 Inventory and Survey

4 Preliminary Analysis

5 Detail Analysis

(a) Numerical Analysis

(b) Physical Testing and verification

6 Final Analysis

7 Identification of Intervention Options

8 Analysis and Testing of Intervention Options

(a) Numerical Analysis

(b) Physical Testing and verification

9 Final Recommendation of Improvements

10 Development of Dissemination Strategy

11 Construction of Model Buildings

12 Dissemination

13 Project Briefing Workshops in Kathmandu

14 Final Workshop, Reporting and Review

Thank You !