THE WORLD BANK

REVIEW OF NATIONAL AID PROGRAMS

NORWAY

RESOURCE MOBILIZATION DEPARTMENT, FPRVP FEBRUARY 1990

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DAC rank: Annual volume: Share of GNP: Bilateral Share: Terms:

SUMMARY OF NORWEGIAN AID

OVERALL ODA

11 in volume,_ 1 in share of GNP (1988) US$985 million (1988) 1.10 percent (1988) 57 percent (1988) 99 percent grant element

BILATERAL ODA

Allocation: 55% to Sub-Saharan Africa, 24% to Asia, 8% to Latin America; 58% to 9 main partner countries (5 in Africa, 4 in Asia); 43% to LLDCs.

Special features: Increasing concentration on Southern Africa; high share untied grants.

Sectoral composition: Emphasis on infrastructure, agriculture and fisheries, and social sectors.

Adjustment financing: Yes.

WORLD BANK LINKS

28th largest shareholder in IBRD (0.70%).

13th largest contributor to IDA9 (1.42%).

Contributed NKr. 265 million (US$39 million) to Special Facility for Sub-Saharan Africa.

Pledged US$187 million for cofinancing an4 coordinated financing under the Special Program of Assistance for Sub-Saharan Africa.

Cofinancing framework agreements signed 1973 and 1986.

Consultant financing agreement signed 1987.

Share of foreign procurement under IBRD: 0.3%; IDA: 0.2%

Table of Contents

I. Composition and Evolution ...••.....•.•.•..............•........ 1

ODA Overview • . . • • . • • . • . • • • • . • . • . . • . . • • • . . . . • . . . . . • . . . . . . . 1 Bilateral Aid. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Private Flows and Associated Financing •.•..•.••.••........ 4 Multilateral Aid .•••..•.•.....•.•.•.••••.•..•..•.....•.... 4

II. Oversight and Administration .•.•........••......•............. 6

III. Budgetary Process ...........•............•.................... 7

IV. Conclusion ..••••.•..•..••.••.•.•...•.•.•.••..•..•....•..•..... 7

Annexes

1. Official Development Assistance ......•........................ 9

2 . Bi 1 ate r a 1 ODA . . • . . • . . • . • . . • . . • . • . • . . . . • . . • • • • • . . • . . . . . . • . . . . . . 10

3. Country Distribution of Bilateral Aid ..•..•...•............... 11

4 . Mu 1 t i 1 ate r a 1 0 DA . . • . • • . . • . • . . • . . . . . . . • . . . . • . . . . . . • . . • . . . . . . . . . 12

5. Relations with the World Bank Group ••.•..•..•.....••.•...•.... 13

6. Norwegian Aid Contact Points ••.••...••..•.•.........•..••..... 14

7. Publications Consulted ...•.••.•..........•.•..•....•..•....... 15

REVIEW OF NATIONAL AID PROGRAMS

NORWAY

I. COMPOSITION AND EVOLUTION

1. ODA Overview. Norway is the eleventh largest DAC donor; at US$1 billion, its official development assistance (ODA) is one-tenth of the USA's. Norway's ODA reached the UN target level of 0.7 percent of GNP in 1976 and since 1982 has fluctuated between 1.0 and 1.2 percent of GNP, the highest level of any DAC member. Official policy is to maintain ODA at a high level. Characteristic of the composition of ODA are the high share of multilateral contributions (43%) and the concentration of a large part of the bilateral aid in Southern Africa. Aid is given almost exclusively on a grant basis and is largely untied. Public support for aid is high. Recent polls show support for present policies by more than 80 percent of the population. Private grants for developing countries are the highest in any DAC country amounting to 0.08 percent of GNP (1986-87). The main principles of Norwegian aid policies were affirmed by the Parliament (Starting) in 1987, on the basis of two largely similar White Papers from the present (Labor) and previous (non-Socialist) government. On most points the two White Papers drew support from all but one of the six political parties represented in the Parliament.

2. The White Papers and the pursuant report from the Parliament's Standing Conunittee on Foreign Affairs states that the basic goals of Norwegian aid are to reduce poverty and to promote economically and ecologically sustainable development. Aid growth is targetted for areas of basic needs - food production, health, education and employment - to improve the living standards and to increase the productivity of the poor. Integrating women in the development process is cited as .an important objective. Overall, the aid program is to be directed towards achieving economic development and a more equitable distribution of income. The Conunittee reconunended that Norwegian ODA be divid~d approximately equally between bilateral and multilateral aid.

3. The Nordic countries cooperate extensively on development assistance, coordinating their positions in many international organizations. Coordination is particularly close with respect to multilateral development banks and funds; in the World Bank, the Nordic countries form one constituency with the position of the Executive Director rotating among the constituent countries. Norway will perform that function in the World Bank for a period of 3 years starting . in 1991. In the regional banks, the Nordic countries form one constituency with a few other member countries.

4. Bilateral Aid. The share of bilateral aid in ODA increased from 53 percent in 1975-77 to 60 percent in 1986, dropping back to 57 percent in

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1988. A portion of the increase in bilateral share is accounted for by the expansion of cofinancing operations with multilateral organizations--in Norway termed "multi-bi" assistance -- to 7-8 percent of ODA. Taking the level of "multi-bi" assistance into consideration, the Standing Conunittee of Foreign Affairs during the parliamentary review in 1987 found that the bilateral share was reasonably in line with the targeted 50-50 percent split between multilateral and bilateral aid. Virtually all of Norwegian bilateral aid is on a grant basis; the average grant element was 99.4 percent in 1986-87. The aid is largely untied (64 percent)! , the main exception being conunodity aid (para. 9). Forty-seven percent of bilateral ODA disbursements in 1986 was to least developed countries (LLDCs).2 Norway has gradually shifted the geographical focus of its bilateral aid away from Asia towards Southern Africa, and has also indicated that Central America may become a recipient of increasing Norwegian aid. The Sub-Saharan African countries' share in bilateral ODA3 (55%) is twice the average for the members of OECD's Development Assistance Conunittee (DAC).

5. Norway has allocated almost 60 percent of its bilateral aid to specially designated "main partner countries"; 4 on the Indian subcontinent (India, Pakistan, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka) and 5 in Southern Africa (Tanzania, Kenya, Mozambique, Zambia, Botswana). Recently, the basis for allocations by main partner countries has been supplemented by "priority regions" - Southern Africa, Sahel and Central America, and a second tier of "partner countries" (a total of 6 has been designated). Among the partner countries Zimbabwe and Nicaragua are by far the largest recipients. Assistance to Nicaragua has been motivated by a wish to support equitable economic development and to contribute to a democratic, pluralistic development in the country. Overall, however, the aid program has been maintained or strengthened with a focus on "the front line states" in Southern Africa. It is an important objective of the bilateral program to help reduce the dependence of these countries on South Africa, and to mitigate the effects of the conflicts in the area on them. Norway also provides humanitarian aid to South African and Namibian liberation movements.

6. A significant new development has been the Agreement on Expanded Economic and Cultural Cooperation between the five Nordic countries and the Member States of Southern Africa Development Cooperation Conference (SADCC), signed in 1986. The responsibilities for various areas of emphasis, including individual projects, have been to some extent distributed among the Nordic countries. Preparations are underway for a regional Nordic/SADCC Fund (NORSAD) for promoting the establishment of joint Nordic/SADCC ventures. Projects under the Nordic agreement with SADCC in SADCC-member countries (Angola, Botswana, Lesotho, Malawi,

!/ Based on new DAC reporting norms introduced in 1987. Average for 1985/86 (old norms) was 75%, the highest proportion in the DAC.

~I The 41 countries on UN's list of least developed countries.

~I Excluding administrative costs and unspecified and unallocated aid.

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Mozambique, Swaziland, Tanzania, Zambia and Zimbabwe), mainly for transport, communications and energy, will supplement the strong bilateral presence of the Nordic countries in many of these member countries. Taken together the Nordic group is the largest donor in the SADCC countries -­larger than the United States and Germany combined. Norway has been the second largest individual donor in Botswana and Tanzania. In Tanzania where the Nordic dominance has been most pervasive, Sweden, Norway and Denmark have been the three largest individual donors.4

7. The sectoral composition of bilateral aid is very broad with the largest shares going to infrastructure in water and power development (23%), agriculture and fisheries (17%), and the social sectors in education, health, and family planning (18%). Norway has provided support for women in development activities since 1974. Technical assistance in bilateral ODA has been low relative to the DAC average. A special unit within the Norwegian Agency for Aid and Development (NORAD) which administers bilateral aid, promotes imports from developing countries; a guarantee scheme offers support to importers who introduce products from developing countries into the Norwegian market.

8. The environment and management of natural resources have received particular attention from Norwegian authorities in recent years. The previous Norwegian Prime Minister, Mrs. Gro Harlem Brundtland, chaired the World Commission on Environment and Development that in 1987 published its report "Our Common Future". Norwegian authorities have promoted the Commission's concept of "sustainable development" in international organizations. In· 1989, a follow-up White Paper to the Commission's report was prepared that proposed that industrialized countries allocate 0.1 percent of GNP to an International Fund for the Atmosphere. As part of Norway's bilateral aid program, a number of projects to protect the environment have been initiated and the government has announced that it will take measures to incorporate environmental considerations into all major Norwegian aid projects.

9. Bilateral support for structural adjustment has been increasing in the form of balance of payments grants and adjustment-related project financing and commodity aid. The total amount of balance of payments support and commodity aid reached NKr 582 million in 1987, 17 percent of total bilateral assistance. Most of the commodity aid is tied, consisting of fertilizers, paper, metals and petrochemicals. In addition, the government has earmarked NKr 285 million (US$40 million) for participation in multilateral debt relief schemes, primarily in Norway's main partner countries in Africa. The money is being used for cofinancing IDA operations and debt service relief for IDA countries with outstanding IBRD debt under the Special Program of Assistance for Debt-Distressed, Low-Income Countries in Africa (SPA), and interest subsidies to ESAF (see paras. 12 and 13).

10. The share of the bilateral aid budget that is being channelled through Norwegian NGOs -- and in some cases NGOs in the main partner

~/ Comparison based on figures for 1985. See OstergaaFd (1988).

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countries -- has increased fairly steadily in the 1980s and reached 23 percent in 1987. Most of the funds for emergency relief and assistance to refugees are channelled through NGOs. In addition, the NGOs receive grants in support of their own projects in developing countries, and in part of their NGO salaries. Altogether 60 NGOs receive grants in support of activities in 60 countries; most funding, however, is channeled through about 10 organizations with whom NORAD has entered into long term agreements. The sectoral distribution of this funding shows a stronger concentration on the social sectors than for the rest of the bilateral program.

11. Private flows and associated financing. Norway established a system of mixed credits on a trial basis in 1985 to support exports of Norwegian capital goods and technology to developing countries. A review of the system was completed in 1989. The mixed credits are available to a wider group of countries than those who receive untied grant aid, including lower-middle income countries. They are administered by NORAD in cooperation with Eksportfinans, a private export credit agency owned jointly by Norwegian conunercial banks, and Garanti-Instituttet for Eksportkreditt (GIEK), a public guarantee agency. NORAD appraises the developmental effect of the projects for which the capital goods are needed, while GIEK assesses the country credit risk. Since 1985 a total of NKr 88 million (US$12.5 million) of ODA funds has been conunitted as part of the mixed credits. In addition, NORAD fosters Norwegian industry investments in developing countries by financing identification and appraisal of new projects, and training of personnel. NORAD also offers concessional loans and guarantees to joint ventures with Norwegian participation. Norwegian private flows (at market rates) to developing countries have been negative in recent years, reflecting repayments on earlier, exceptionally large export credits. In 1976-78, private export credits, mostly under official guarantee cover, equalled 60 percent of the volume of ODA.

12. Multilateral aid. The multilateral share in ODA has been reduced somewhat over the last decade, but remains a high 43 percent (1988). The parliament's Standing Conunittee on Foreign Affairs asked in 1987 that the gradual erosion in the multilateral share that had occurred over the last decade be stopped. Small increases in the multilateral share of ODA in 1987 and 1988 indicate that this has been achieved. The conunitment to multilateral aid reflects the importance Norway attaches to the UN system and to multilateralism as a principle in its foreign policy. More than half of the multilateral aid is allocated to UN aid agencies, with UNDP alone receiving as much as 20 percent of the multilateral aid budget. Norway's contribution to UNICEF has increased rapidly in recent years in response to a policy decision to earmark 10 percent of total ODA for activities that benefit children and their mothers.

13. The World Bank Group's share of Norwegian multilateral ODA was stable at around 20 percent until the mid 80s. Thereafter, the share dipped somewhat, to 16 percent in 1988. IDA, however, remains the second largest channel, after the UNDP, for Norwegian multilateral aid. Disbursements to regional development banks, and particularly to the regional bank concessional funds, have increased rapidly. Their combined

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share in multilateral aid increased from 7 percent to 14 percent between 1984 and 19.88. The African Development Fund ranks with UNICEF as the third largest recipient of Norwegian multilateral aid. Norway will contribute the equivalent of SDR 23 million (including investment income) out of the aid budget to IMF's ESAF over the period 1988-92. In addition, the Bank of Norway will contribute over the same period SDR 90 million to ESAF in capital contributions at market interest rates. Over a 5-year period 1988-92, Norway plans to contribute SDR 100 million to the Nordic Development Fund (NDF) that started operations in 1989. NDF cofinances, on highly concessional terms, operations with other multilateral financial institutions including the World Bank.

14. As mentioned above, Norway is a strong supporter of the World Bank Group, particularly IDA. It ranks 28th among IBRD shareholders with 0.70 percent of allocated shares; it is the 13th largest contributor to IDA9, with a share of 1.42 percent. Norway holds 0.93 percent of the shares in IFC, and signed the MIGA Convention (0.70 percent share) in June 1988. Cumulative procurement from Norwegian firms is 0.3 percent of total IBRD foreign procurement and 0.2 percent of IDA procurements. Norway participated in the Special Facility for Sub-Saharan Africa with a direct contribution of NKr. 265 million (US$39 million equivalent), and has pledged US$187 million equivalent in coordinated financing and cofinancing of 1988-90 IDA adjustment operations under the SPA.5 Norway along with Sweden have been the main promoters of arrangements to facilitate the servicing of IBRD debt of IDA only countries. In support of IDA's decision to use a portion of its repayments to offset a part of the IBRD debt service of the IDA only debt distressed countries, Norway has entered into agreement with the Bank to provide, through a trust fund arrangement, NKr 35 million (equivalent of US$5 million) to assist Bangladesh with payment of part of its 1989 debt service to IBRD, and has informed the Bank of its intention to provide the same amount to assist Tanzania with its IBRD-debt service.

15. An umbrella cofinancing agreement with the World .Bank has existed since 1973. A new and more comprehensive cofinancing agreement was signed in 1986. Norway has been the 10th largest bilateral cofinancier with the Bank Group and has, since 1985, cofinanced an average of 5 operations a year for an average annual conunitment of US$35 million in untied funds. In 1987, Norway decided to set up a consultant trust fund for which NKr 7 million (US$1 million equivalent) was conunitted. In addition, Norway has been supporting the Bank's program in the areas of the environment and women in development (WID) with grants of the equivalent of US$2.4 and US$1.8 million, respectively. Norway has conunitted approximately US$3.5 million for the Bank's Social Dimensions of Adjustment initiative. Norway is also supporting the Bank through secondment of personnel; 8 Norwegian nationals are presently seconded to various parts of the Bank.

16. Norwegian authorities see the relationship with the World Bank as havi ng intensified and improved in recent years. This includes frequent

~/ Norway's original contribution was US$210 million, but US$23 million has been recategorized as debt relief in SPA-eligible countries.

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contacts with staff, participation in seminars and appraisal missions, in addition to the financial arrangements with the Bank mentioned above. Norway welcomes the increased emphasis being placed by the Bank on poverty alleviation and the environment, but would like to see further steps in these areas. It is particularly interested to see that the strengthened policy efforts in these areas are integrated fully with the Bank's operations. The Bank is seen as having strengthened its WID activities. This, however, has to a significant· extent been based on Norwegian resources. It is felt that the Bank should sustain a higher level of activity in this area based on its own resources. Norway has supported World Bank lending in support of structural adjustment, and has also in some cases cofinanced IDA adjustment operations. However, Norwegian authorities feel that there may be a need for a better balance between fast-disbursing loans and lending in support of long term investments; the share of adjustment lending should not increase above 25 percent. Norway appreciates the increased attention the Bank is paying to the social consequences of adjustment operations, but nevertheless feels that the conditionality associated with adjustments operations sometimes have had negative social and political effects.

II. OVERSIGHT AND ADMINISTRATION

17. On January 1, 1990, the Ministry of Development Cooperation, formed in 1984, was merged w4th the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Within the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the Minister of Development Cooperation continues to have responsibility for the aid budget and for the three development cooperation departments of his former Ministry. All matters relating to the World Bank Group are handled by the Multilateral Department, one of the three departments. The Minister of Finance remains the Governor of the IBRD and IDA. The Minister of Development Cooperation is the Alternate Governor.

18. Bilateral aid is administered by NORAD. From 1984 to March 1989, NORAD has been part of the separate Ministry of Development Cooperation. From January 1, 1990 NORAD is an external Directorate under the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.

19. Parliamentary review, both of aid policy matters and the aid budget, is primarily the responsibility of the parliament's Standing Committee on Foreign Affairs. Support for the aid program is broad, with the Standing Committee sometimes helping to shape policies that can obtain the support of a majority of their parliamentary peers. Nevertheless the importance that some of the political parties attach to development assistance can at times make some issues -- including fixing the annual volume of aid -- rather contentious.

20. As referred to above, the new Ministry of Foreign Affairs has three development cooperation departments: multilateral, bilateral and special programs. The multilateral department continues to be responsible for all multilateral aid (with an exception in the case of emergency relief and refugees), and for "multi-bi" projects, including cofinancing

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arrangements with the World Bank. The bilateral department is responsible for bilateral aid policy and planning. The special program department is responsible for coordination and long-term planning, environment and women in development issues, research, and evaluation of multilateral and bilateral ssistance.

21. NOR.AD is responsible for bilateral operational activities and cooperation with NGOs. NORAD has been re-organized along geographical rather than technical lines to strengthen the agency's preparation and implementation of country programs. There are two regional departments, one for Africa and the other for Asia/Latin America, each with country divisions and a technical unit. The two regional departments are complemented by departments responsible for various staff functions and for cooperation with NGOs, and with Norwegian industry. The field offices are delegated much of the resposibility for the implementation of country programs. By virtue of relative size and knowledge of local affairs they have become important parts of the aid administration.

III. BUDGETARY PROCESS

22. The Norwegian fiscal year follows the calendar year.. In March or April of the year preceding the budget year, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs prepares a detailed budget proposal and on that basis undertakes consultations with the Ministry of Finance. After these consultations any issue can be brought up for decision by the full Cabinet, before the budget proposal is presented by the Cabinet to the parliament in the beginning of October. The Standing Committee on Foreign Affairs prepares a detailed recommendation before the parliament votes on the budget. The final vote takes place in December.

23. The Cabinet may present additional or revised proposals to parliament at any time throughout the year and routinely does so twice a year (usually in May and December) in the form of two bills summarizing all proposals for reallocation of money within the total aid budget. Matters of special importance, because of the principles or amounts of money involved, may be presented to parliament separately. Unspent aid appropriations at year's end may in the case of most line items, including IBRD and IDA, be carried over into the next year. In addition to the annual budget allocations, parliamentary approval of a special resolution is required for Norway to participate in an IBRD capital increase or an IDA replenishment.

IV. CONCLUSION

24. Norway's aid program has shown steady growth for almost four decades since the first project started in India in 1952. Only since 1985 has the ODA/GNP ratio stabilized, at about 1.1 percent. The prospects are for the volume of ODA to stay at a high level. Increasing attention is likely to be given to aid allocations and effectiveness in the face of mounting competitive demand for aid funds. Norway has few historical links to developing countries. The aid program is seen as an extension of the welfare state, based on the same values. The support ,for foreign aid among

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politicians and the population at large, although strong, appears predicated on the perception that the aid program effectively serves the objectives of poverty alleviation and sustainable development.

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Annex 1: NORWAY: OFFICIAL DEVELOPMENT ASSISTANCE (Net disbursements in USS million, unless otherwise stated)

Average 1976-77 1984 1986 1986 1987 1988

Volume - USS mi I lion 232 642 674 798 890 986 NKr mi 11 ion 1238 4432 4963 6899 6014 6440

As percentage of: GNP 0.74 1.03 1.01 1.17 1.09 1.11 Central Gov. Expend. 2.4 !/ n.a. 2.6 E.1 2.8 s..I 2.8 2.8 DAC ODA 1.60 1.88 1.96 2.18 2.16 n.a. World ODA 1.46 1.66 1. 70 1. 76 n.a.

LLD Cs (Percentage of GNP) n.a. 0.32 n.a. 0.41 ~./ 0.36 ~/ n.a.

Bi I atera 1 ODA 124 307 328 479 628 672

As Percentage of ODA 63 66 67 60 69 57

Grants 124 301 327 474 626 670 Technical assistance/Human Resources 24 41 43 67 84 86 Food aid 1 6 8 4 6 Administrative costs 2 17 20 28 30 36 Other (mainly projects) 99 237 266 376 406 449

Net lending 0 6 1 6 2 1

Multilateral ODA 108 236 246 319 363 413

As Percentage of ODA 47 44 43 40 41 43

Grants 78 171 176 224 264 261 UN Agencies 71 134 138 179 218 220 Other 8 37 37 46 46 41

o.w. Food aid 13 18 19 23 24 n.a.

Capital subs. etc. 30 66 71 96 98 162 IBRD, incl IFC 2 4 8 10 1 7 IDA 20 46 43 60 61 79 Regional MDBs and Funds 7 16 20 36 36 66 •

a/ 1976-76. ~/ 1983-86 average. c/ 1986-86 average. ~/ 1986-87 average. • Plus Nordic Development Fund, plus IMF .

Source: OECD DAC Development Cooperation, 1986-88. St.prp.nr. 1 (1987-88) Statsbudsjettet for budsjettterminen 1988. Ministry of Development Cooperation.

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Annex 2: NORWAY: BILATERAL OFFICIAL DEVELOPMENT ASSISTANCE REGIONAL AND SECTORAL COMPOSITION

(Net disbursements in USI million, unless otherwise stated)

Volume - USI million - NK r mi I I ion

(incl. admin. costs) Regional Allocation (percentage)

Sub-Saharan Africa America Asia

LLDCs (percentage)

Grant element (percentage)

Share untied (percentage)

Sectoral Allocation (percentages) (Disbursements basis) Agriculture and Fisheries Energy, Water Supply, Transport

and Communications Human Resources

o.w. Education

Cof inancing with World Bank Group (commitments basis by WB FY)

Regions: Africa Asia

Sectors: Agriculture

Adjustment

!/ 1976-76. ~/ 1984-86. ~/ 1986-86.

Energy Human Resources Transportation Other

~/ Based on new reporting norms.

Avenge 1976-77

124 n.a.

1984

307 2606

66 !/ 64 3 !/ 41

37 !/ 29

41 !/ 34

n.a. 99

n.a. 76

n.a.

n.a. n.a. n.a.

n.a.

n.a. n.a.

n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a.

0

21

28 16

6

66

37 17

0

42 7

0

6

0

Sources: OECD DAC Aid Review 1987/88. OECD DAC Development Cooperation, 1986-88. World Bank.

1986

328 2836

1986

479 3640

1987

628 3670

1988

672 3696

66 66 68 66 4 6 6 7

26 27 23 22

38 38 23 36

100 100 WO 100

71 ~/ 76 ~/ 64 ~/ n.a.

23

23 17

7

13

3 10

6

0

0

4 4

0

19

26 18

7

41

16 26

0

10 24

7 0

0

19

28 16

7

31

31

0

7

6

16 0

1

3

17

. 23

18 8

16

16 0

2

6

6

3

0

0

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Annex 3: NORWAY: COUNTRY DISTRIBUTION OF BILATERAL ODA

Af ri c•

Botsw•n• Keny• Moumbique T•nz•ni• Z.mbi•

A. M•in P•rtner Countries by Region

Asi•

B•ngl•desh Indi• P•kist.n Sri L•nka

Source: Stortingsmeld. nr.34 (1986-87)

1970-71

Indi• Keny• Tanz•ni• P•kist•n Bangl•desh Uganda Zambi• Nigeria Madagascar Turkey Tunisi• Ghana Ethiopi• Zaire Korea Sri L.nk• Egypt Iran Algeria Siern Leone Thai land Burundi Botswan• Indonesia Philippines

B. Countr Allocation of Gross Disbursements ercentage o tota

9.4 7.0 6.4 4.1 3.3 2.7 2.1 1.1 1.0 0.7 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1

1980-81

T•nzania Indi• Bangladesh Kenya Pakistan Mozambique Botswana Sri Lanka Zambi• Portugal Sudan Zimbabwe Turkey Vietnam Madagascar Jamaica Papua New Guinea Burma Indonesia Phi I ippines Ethiopia Benin Cameroon Thai land Rwanda

8.8 4.4 4.4 4.4 3.1 2.-4 2.3 2.0 2.0 1.7 1.7 1.2 1.1 1.0 0.9 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.6 0.-4 0.3 . 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.2

1988-87

Tanzania Bangladesh Mozambique Kenya Zambia India Zimbabwe Botswana Sri Lanka Pakistan Nicaragua Ethiopia China Madagascar Sudan Bhutan Nepal Mali Philippines Maldives Thai land Niger Indonesia Uganda Jamaica

Source: OECD DAC Development Cooperation 1988.

8.7 4.6 4.0 3.7 3.8 3.3 2.3 1. 7 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.2 0.8 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3

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Annex 4: NORWAY: MULTILATERAL OFFICIAL DEVELOPMENT ASSISTANCE (Net Disbursements in USI Mil lion)

Aver•ge 1976-77 1984 1986 1986 1987 1988

Volume - USI mil lion 108 236 246 319 363 413 - NKr mi 11 ion n.•. 1926 2117 2369 2444 2746

World B•nk Group 22 49 61 60 62 86 IBRD 2 4 8 9 0 6 IDA 20 46 43 60 61 79 IFC 0 0 0 1 1 2 MIGA 0 0 0 0 0 0

Region•I MDBs 7 16 20 36 36 61 Af DB n.•. 2 2 2 3 3 AfDF n.•. 9 14 18 20 32 AsDB n.•. 0 0 0 0 0 AsDB - Speci•I Fund n.•. 6 4 6 8 8 IDB n.•. 0 0 1 1 1 IDB - Speci•I Fund n.•. 0 0 6 4 6 Other (EADB, African Solid•rity Fund) 4 2

United N•tions Agencies 71 134 138 179 218 220 UNDP n.•. 47 47 67 68 78 UNFPA n.•. 11 11 14 16 18 UNICEF n.•. 16 16 22 28 32 WFP n.a. 18 19 20 24 26 Other n.a. 43 46 66 82 67

Other 8 37 37 46 47 66

Source: OECD DAC Development Cooper•tion, 1986-88. Ministry of Development Cooper•tion.

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Annex 6: NORWAY: RELATIONS WITH THE WORLD BANK GROUP

Responsible Ministry: Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MOFA). Minister of Finance is the Governor and presently represents Nordic countries in Development Committee; al I other matters relating to the World Bank are handled by MOFA.

A. IBRD

B.

c.

D.

E.

Share: 0.701 Rank : 28th

Steps necessary to approve capital increases:

Resolution:

Subscription:

Vote by State Secretary, Ministry of Development Cooperation (MDC) as Alternate Governor based on Cabinet approval; no Parliamentary approval required.

In addition to annual budget allocation, Cabinet must submit special resolution for Parliamentary approval.

Local Currrency No Parliamentary action needed; approval for release is granted by Release: Bank of Norway.

Article Arndt: Amendments to the articles, including membership shares, may require Parliamentary approval before the Alternate Governor votes, depending on the scope of the amendment.

Procurement: 0.31 of foreign procurement.

IDA

IDA8 Share: 1.421 IDA9 Share: 1.421 Rank: 13th Article Amendment: As for IBRD. IDA Contribution: As for IBRD subscription. Procurement: 0.21 of foreign procurement.

Africa Facilities

SFA: Direct contribution of NKr. 266 million (USS39 million). SPA: NKr 1096 million (USS170 million) over 1988-90.

IFC

Share: 0.931 Amendment and funding procedures: As for IBRD.

MIGA

Share: 0.701 Amendment and funding procedures: As for IBRD.

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Annex 6: NORWEGIAN AID CONTACT POINTS

I. MINISTRY OF DEVELOPMENT COOPERATION (merged into Ministry of Foreign Affairs as of 1/1/90)

Telephone: 02 314066, Telex: 76648 NORAD-N, Fax: 47 2 314316

Postal Address: P.O. Box 8142, Oslo Dep., 0033, Oslo 1, Norway.

Minister of Development Cooperation State Secretary Private Secretary Secretary General

Administrative Department Director General

Multilateral Department Director General

Department for Special Programs Director General

Bilateral Department Director General

II. THE NORWEGIAN AGENCY FOR INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT, NORAD

Telephone: 02 33 66 60, Telex: 76648 NORAD-N, Fax: 47 2 331989

Postal Address: P.O. Box 8034 Dep. 0030, Oslo 1, Norway.

Director General Deputy Director General

Legal and Economic Affairs Department

Personnel and Administrative Department

Industrial and Commercial Cooperation

Department for NGO'•, Volunteers and Cultural Affairs

Regional Department, Africa

Regional Department, Asia/Latin America

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Annex 7: PUBLICATIONS CONSULTED

Ministry of Development Cooperation: St. meld.nr.36 (1984-85) Om enkelte hovedsporsmal i norsk utviklingshjelp, 1984.

_______ St. meld. nr. 34 (1986-87) Om hovedsporsmal i norsk utviklingshjelp, 1987.

St. prp. nr. 1 (1987-88) for budsjettterminen 1988.

St. prp nr. 1 (1988-89) for budsjetterminen 1989.

St. Meld nr.61 (1987-88) Norges samarbeid med utviklingslandene i 1987, 1988.

Utviklingshjelp i 25 ar, 1962-1987, 1987.

St. prp. nr.130 (1987-88) Om reorganisering av Direktoratet for utviklingshjelp som et frittstaende direktorat, 1988.

St. prp. nr.91 (1987-88) Om okning av Norges kapitalinnskudd i Den internasjonale bank for gjenreising og utvikling (Verdensbanken), 1988.

St. prp. nr.119 (1986-87) Om samykke til at Norge deltar i den 8. kapitalokning i Det internasjonale utviklingsfond (International Development Association - IDA), 1987.

St. meld. nr.56 (1987-88) Om naeringslivsordningene innenfor bistanden.

_______ St. prp. nr.66 (1988-89) Om endringer pa statsbudsjettet for 1989 under kapittel 1230 administrert av Departementet for utviklingshjelp, 1988.

Standing Connnittee on Foreign Affairs: Innst. S. nr.186 (1986-87) Innstilling fra utenriks- og konstitusjonskomiteen om enkelte hovedsporsmal i norsk utviklingshjelp, 1987.

Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, Development Assistance Counnittee, Development Cooperation, various years through 1988.

_______ Aid Review: Norway. Report by the Secretariat and Questions, various years through 1986/87.

Memorandum of Norway, various years through 1987/88.

Tom Ostergaard: Aiming Beyond Conventional Development Assistance: An Analysis of Nordic Aid to the SADCC Region, 1988.