world bank documentdocuments.worldbank.org/curated/en/... · final ea report on livelihood...

Ministry of Interior World Bank

LIVELIHOOD ENHANCEMENT &

ASSOCIATION OF THE POOR (LEAP)

IN SIEM REAP PROJECT

PPHHRRDD GGrraanntt NNoo.. TTFF –– 005588001144

ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT

April, 2010

Submitted by: Ministry of Interior

Prepared by: Mr. Mao Vanchann

Final Report

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E2519 v1

Final EA report on Livelihood Enhancement & Association of the Poor (LEAP) in Siem Reap Province

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page TABLE OF CONTENTS …………………………………………………………………….. i LIST OF TABLES ……………………………………………………………………………. iii LIST OF FIGURES …………………………………………………………………………... iii ABBREVIATION LISTS ……………………………………………………………………... iv EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ……………………………………………………………………. v 1. INTRODUCTION ………………………………………………………………………… 2

1.1 Introduction……………………………………………………………………... 2 1.2 Objective of the study………………………………………………………… 2 1.3 Scope of the study…………………………………………………………….. 2 1.4 Methodology …………………………………………………………………… 3 1.5 Project location overview…………………………………………………… 4 1.6 Project description…………………………………………………………….. 6

1.6.1 Project development objective …………………………………………… 6 1.6.2 Project components………………………………………………………… 6

Component 1………………………………………………………………. 6 Component 2………………………………………………………………. 7 Component 3………………………………………………………………. 7 Component 4………………………………………………………………. 7

2 POLICY, LEGAL AND REGULATORY FRAMEWORK…………………………….. 8 2.1 National legislations, regulation and policies……………………………. 8

2.1.1 Introduction…………………………………………………………………. 8 2.1.2 Environmental protection and natural resource management law……. 8 2.1.3 Environmental Impact Assessment Sub-decree………………………... 8 2.1.4 Water pollution control sub-decree……………………………………….. 9 2.1.5 Solid waste management sub-decree……………………………………. 9 2.1.6 Air pollution control sub-decree…………………………………………... 9 2.1.7 National IPM programme....................................................................... 9

2.2 World Bank Policies…………………………………………………………… 10 3 DESCRIPTION OF ENVIRONMENT……………………………………………………. 12

3.1 Physical resources……………………………………………………………... 12 3.1.1 Climate………………………………………………………………............. 13 3.1.2 Air quality……………………………………………………………………. 13 3.1.3 Topography, Geology and Soil …………………………………………… 13 3.1.4 Surface water……………………………………………………………….. 13 3.1.5 Ground water ……………………………………………………………….. 14

3.2 Ecological resources…………………………………………………………… 14 3.2.1 Fisheries and Aquatic biology……………………………………………… 14 3.2.2 Wildlife……………………………………………………………………….. 15 3.2.3 Forests………………………………………………………………………. 15 3.2.4 Protected area and coastal resources……………………………………. 15 3.2.5 Endangered species………………………………………………………... 16

4 IMPACTS AND MITIGATION MEASURES…………………………………………… 17 4.1 Introduction……………………………………………………………………… 17 4.2 Impacts and mitigation measures for proposed Subproject Types…… 17


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5 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT FRAME WORK (EMF)………………………. 20 5.1 Purpose of EMF………………………………………………………………… 20

5.1.1 Screening potential environmental impact of sub-project..................... 20 5.1.2 Environmental Technical Recommendations/guidelines....................... 20

5.2 Institutional arrangements and responsibilities…………………………. 22 5.3 Training………………………………………………………………………….. 24 5.4 Environmental monitoring plan …………………………………………….. 24

6 CONCLUSION …………………………………………………………………………… 26 7 REFERENCE……………………………………………………………………………… 27 8 APPENDIX………………………………………………………………………………… 29

Appendix 8.1: Environmental screening checklist for sub-project…………….. 29 Appendix 8.2: List and pictures of participant in meeting and field interview.. 31 Appendix 8.3: Term of Reference for Environmental Impacts Assessment (EIA). ……………………………………………………………………………………………… 39 Appendix 8.4: Presentation of draft EA report ……………………………………. 45


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LIST OF TABLES

Table 2.1: Trigging WB safeguards policies ……………………………………………….. 11

Table 3.1: Rainfall data from January 2000 to June 2008 ……………………………….. 12

Table 3.2: Fish species existing in project areas ………………………………………….. 14

Table 3.3: Protected areas, Siem Reap province………………………………………….. 16

Table 4.1: Summary of impact and mitigation measures…………………………………. 17

Table 5.1: Environmental Management Institutional Arrangements............................... 22

Table 5.2: Environmental monitoring plan (EMoP) ………………………………………… 25

Table 8.1: List of participant in meeting and field interview.............................................. 31

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1.1: Map of project location ………………………………………………………… 5


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ABBREVIATION LIST

APs Affects People CF Commune Facility CLFs Commune Level Federation D&D Decentralization and De-concentration DoE Provincial Department of EnvironmentDoP Provincial Department of Planning EA Environmental Assessment EC Environmental Coordinator EIA Environmental Impact Assessment EMF Environmental Management Framework IEE Initial Environmental Examination IEIA Initial Environmental Impact Assessment ICM Integrated Crop Management IPM Integrated Pest Management LEAP Livelihood enhancement & association of the poor MoE Ministry of EnvironmentMOI Ministry of Interior MOWRAM Ministry of Water Resources and Meteorology MOT Ministry of Tourism MRD Ministry of Rural Development NGOs Non Governmental Organizations NPMO National Project Management Office NPC National Project Coordinator NRM Natural Resource Management OP Operational Policy PPC Provincial Project Coordinator PIU Project Implementation Unit PPMO Provincial Project Management Office PMU Project Management Unit RGC Royal Government of Cambodia RP Resettlement Plan SHG Self Helping Group WB World Bank


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EXCUTIVE SUMMARY

INTRODUCTION Currently, the LEAP Project is being developed. It aims to enhance poverty alleviation through rural livelihoods interventions and works towards social and economic empowerment (e.g., rice production, vegetable cultivation, production of artisan handicrafts, fishing, chicken raising etc.) through self help group (SHG) and/or producers’ group formation and the foundation of federations by and for the poor in Siem Reap. OBJECTIVE The objective of the study is to prepare an Environmental Management Framework (EMF) and to assess the impacts of the project on the natural resources within the project area as well as the Siem Reap province. The study screens the potential environmental impacts and recommends mitigation measures to reduce the adverse effect resulting from the LEAP project during the period of designing, construction and operation. SCOPE OF STUDY The scope of the environmental assessment study is:

To describe the current environmental situation in the Siem Reap province and conducting the Environmental Assessment (EA).

To provide an overview of the legal framework and Technical Environmental Guidelines (TEGs)/Recommendations to prevent or mitigate potential significant negative impacts and mitigate cumulative impacts during design, construction and operation, and

To design an Environmental Management Framework (EMF) for the LEAP project.

METHODOLOGY The methodology used for developing the Environmental Assessment (EA) report is as follows:

. i. Review of project documents related to project area from both primary and

secondary sources within Siem Reap province, ii. Consultation with local communities, stakeholders and line agencies

concerned with the project , and to examine the conditions in the sub-project areas, and

iii. Identification of the existing current environmental condition/characteristics and natural resources within the project areas.

Sub-project is defined as the sub-projects were proposed by local residents and local communities during field interview which is supported by the LEAP project.


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POTENTIAL IMPACT AND MEASURES The main purpose of this section is to present from the field survey on potential impacts/concerns on the environment and recommended mitigation measure to counteract the impacts of each sub-project that will be proposed by the local residents, local communities. According to lessons learned from similar livelihood interventions in East Asia and interviews with local communities living within pilot study areas - four communes, there are showing that the impact on the environment will be occurred for both positives and negative. However, the negatives impact will be not significant on the social and environmental health and short time only. There are can take mitigation measures for reducing the impact on the environment.

POLICY, LEGAL AND REGULATORY FRAMEWORK The national legislative and policy framework which is relevant to the LEAP project and proposed sub-project consists of:

Law on environmental protection and natural resource management, 1996 Sub-decree on environmental impact assessment process, 1999 Sub-decree on water pollution control, 1999 Sub-decree on solid waste management, 1999 Sub-decree on air pollution control and noise disturbance, 2000 National IPM programme, 1993

The World Bank operational policies of importance are:

OP 4.01 Environmental assessment OP 4.04 Natural habitat OP 4.09 Pest management

ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK The purpose of the Environmental Management Framework (EMF) is to ensure that the livelihoods of the poor and vulnerable groups who are living in the sub-project areas and the environment resources will not interfere with each other. Especially, it will enhance poverty alleviation through rural livelihood interventions and work towards social and economic empowerment by:

Preventing and/or mitigating any negative environmental impacts that may be resulting from the proposed sub-projects,

Ensuring the long term sustainability of benefits from proposed sub-projects by securing the natural resource base on which they are dependent,

Facilitating the pro-active sub-projects that can be expected to lead to increased efficiency and improved management in the use of natural resources resulting in improvements in local environmental quality and human well-being.

TECHNICAL ENVIRONMENTAL RECOMMENDATIOS/GUIDELINES The Technical environmental recommendations/guidelines are the key component of the EMF. These recommendations/guidelines should be followed during the design, construction and operation of the sub-projects. The recommendations/guidelines are based on the specific sub-projects that have been proposed by local communities as


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well as well as by the poor and vulnerable groups during the field visits and in interviews (as pilot study areas). The proposed sub-projects are e.g. cow and pig farming, livestock and poultry raising, fish farming and vegetable cultivation. INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENT AND RESPONSIBILITIES The proposed administrative framework needed for the implementation of the EMF will be at the National, Provincial, Commune and Sub-project levels: National Level: Ministry of Interior as National Project Coordinator (NPC): Overall responsibility for implementation including environmental performance. Provincial Level: Siem Reap Provincial Authority as Provincial Project Coordinator (PPC): Overall coordination of LEAP Project for implementation including lead responsibility for environmental performance of project Department of Environment: overall responsibility is to discussions with the MOI and Siem Reap Provincial Authority indicated that it would be willing to be involved in construction and operational stage environmental monitoring but that it would require some assistance to train its staff, farmer on environmental performance and purchase the appropriate air quality, odor and noise monitoring equipment to allow it to fulfill this role and regulations. District/Commune Level: Commune Facilitator (CF) and Sub-project Level: Sub-project Level Support by Village Facilitator (VF): Overall responsibility is to facilitate and participate in all activities during the implementation of the sub-project and provide feedback.

Construction contractor: The responsibility of constructor is Implementation of environment-related provisions of the construction contract including those elements of the EMF which will be identified TRAINING The training programme will be provided to the members of PPMO, CF team and VF team in order to facilitate implementation of the EMF and environmental assessment. The EC has to use the environmental assessment guidelines which have been developed. There are approximately 50 CF and 200 VF. The training needs to be in accordance with the existing environmental resources and livelihoods conditions of the local communities within the sub-project areas. ENVIROMENTAL MONITORING PLAN Conducting monitoring is the most critical strategic means for full environmental management. Planning the monitoring requires identification and prediction of potential impacts. Monitoring should cover all stages of the project, even after completion of project implementation observations and quality measurements have to be continued for a long time. The environmental monitoring plan has to prescribe which data will be collected, with which frequency and for how long.


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FINDING AND CONCLUSIONS

Mostly, the proposed sub-project locations are on the land of the local communities. Equipments, materials used for construction will be taken from local resources or existing resources in their community. Therefore, environmental impacts will be very limited and mostly temporary in nature.

The environmental assessment of the proposed program confirmed that the program would not result in any significant and lasting environmental impacts. It was also concluded that the present assessment was sufficient, and that no further full EIA action would be required.


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ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT (EA) REPORT

LIVELIHOOD ENHANCEMENT

&

ASSOCIATION OF THE POOR (LEAP)

IN SIEM REAP PROJECT


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1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 Introduction Siem Reap was the seat of the Angkorian state for about 700 years since the early of the 9th century. The state was prosperous and had a sophisticated irrigation system that made use of a fluctuation of the water level of the Tonle Sap Lake. Siem Reap Angkor Town represents the historical and cultural importance of Khmer until today. Siem Reap Province covers an area of approximately 12,000 sq. km and is located to the northwest of Phnom Penh, at a distance of about 300 km by National Road 6. The Province consists of 12 districts, 100 communes, and approximately 900 villages. The province is the home of Angkor Wat and many other religious structures. It has gradually become a major tourism destination in Cambodia. In 2005, it was reported that some 1.4 million foreign tourists visited Cambodia, with most of them traveling to Siem Reap. The number of tourists is expected to increase to over 3 million in 2010, leading to a corresponding increase in visitors and tourist spending in the province significantly. This spectacular growth of the tourism sector provides an extremely valuable opportunity for local development and poverty reduction in the province. However, Siem Reap remains one of the three poorest provinces in Cambodia, with approximately 47% of households living below the provincial poverty line. This growth-poverty paradox suggests the presence of a number of binding constraints that prevent the poor in Siem Reap from fruitful economic participation in tourism.

The Royal Government of Cambodia and the World Bank have been addressing these constraints mentioned above. The current LEAP Project, has been developed to enhance poverty alleviation through rural livelihoods interventions and works towards social and economic empowerment (e.g., by increasing rice production, vegetable cultivation, production of artisan handicrafts, fishing or chicken raising, etc.) through the formation of self help groups and/or producers’ groups and foundation of federations by and for the poor in Siem Reap. 1.2 Objective of the Study The objective of the study is to prepare an Environmental Management Framework (EMF) and to assess the impacts on the natural resources within the project areas and Siem Reap province. The study screens the potential environmental impact and gives technical environmental recommendations/guidelines (TEGs) for mitigation measures to reduce the adverse effect resulting from the LEAP project during period of designing, construction and operation of the sub-projects. The EA and EMF for the LEAP is prepared following the World Bank safeguards policies and is also in according with the national legislations/regulation of Cambodia, especially the IEIA or IEE/EIA guidelines. 1.3 Scope of the Study The scope of the environmental assessment study is:

To describe the current environmental situation in the Siem Reap province in the context of enhancing rural livelihoods and poverty reduction, to identify the linkages between environment and livelihoods with specific reference to the 9 districts and 50 communes in which projects are proposed and to highlight the implications on the sub-projects that will emerge from the LEAP project,


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To provide an overview of the legal framework in the country with respect to national environmental laws and regulations and to assess the link with the sub-projects,

To provide recommendations (refer to the Technical Environmental Guidelines) to prevent or mitigate potential significant negative impacts and mitigate cumulative impact during design, construction and operation,

To provide a listing of the possible impacts and mitigation measures for sub-projects that could emerge from the LEAP project, and

To design an Environmental Management Framework (EMF) for the LEAP project that will include details of the environmental assessment procedures, the capacity building requirements and the institutional arrangements needed.

1.4 Methodology The methodology used for developing the Environmental Assessment (EA) and Environmental Management Framework (EMF) report is as follows:

. iv. Review of project documents related to project area from both primary and

secondary sources, including environmental assessments of hot-spots and natural resources management in Siem Reap province,

v. Consultation with local communities, stakeholders and line agencies concerned with the project as well as the sub-project formulation of affected by the project impacts.

vi. Field visits to local communities and local residents that will be proposed by the as target groups, and to examine the conditions in the sub-project areas, and

vii. Identification of the existing current environmental condition/characteristics and natural resources within the project areas as well as in sub-projects areas.

The present environmental assessment was carried out by using a standard methodology in accordance with national laws/regulations as well as WB safeguards policies. Initially, the assessment was conducted by reviewing the project documentation and secondary data, and meeting with stakeholders such as: LEAP project director at MOI in which related to the target communes and policy making. The field visits was conducted at (Chob Tatray, Peak Snaeng, Reul and Trei Nhoar commune, Pouk and Angkor Thom districts, and Chong Khniess, Siem Reap district) is conducted for 10 day which is started from 22 November to 1 December 2009. During field visits, the team work is met with stakeholders from the provincial to commune level such as: Local Administrative Unit Director as manager of LEAP Project in Siem Reap Province, LEAP Project staffs, Siem Reap Province, TOURISM&LEISURE staffs, Key Consultant Company staffs, Chief, vice-chief and members of commune council and Villagers (for more detail see a list of people met during field visits is attached (Appendix 9.2), Additionally, the meeting was held with keys stakeholders, including Chief Office of natural resources protection and prevention, Focal point for natural resources protection and prevention, provincial environmental department, Siem Reap province, and there ia also conducted with the staff of ECOSORN, Siem Reap province.

After the field investigations, environmental assessment of the proposed project is carried out employing an environmental checklist, which is according to the specific needs, and natural and type impact of the project proposed. The screening exercise was complemented with a comprehensive analysis of other important issues such as safety, hygiene and public health.


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The concerns of beneficiaries as we as target group of local community is that they will be got more challenge such as they are unqualified to do something (animal raising and vegetable cultivation) as well as a sample physical person and they do not participate enough for the animal raisings, particularly their feeling is not happy with other group members due to their knowledge and understanding is limited. Moreover, they will create more disputes and unpleasant feeling during benefit sharing because most of vulnerable people always are misunderstanding or illiteracies. Therefore, it is required to train and provide awareness not only for the methodology, procedure and technical for animal raising and vegetable cultivation (as agricultural field), but needs also provide the knowledge on how to manage their farming. 1.5 Overview of Project Location The LEAP project area is located in the Siem Reap province and covers 9 districts (Chi Kraeng, Kralanh, Prasat Bakong, Pouk, Svay Leu, Siem Reap, Srey Snam and Soutr Nikom district) and 50 rural communes (see map of project location) within the Siem Reap province. These communes have the following characteristics - (a) high poverty density and/or incidence, (b) opportunity to link to key markets and value chains, (c) presence of existing SHGs and producer groups, and (d) no overlap with the ADB-IFAD project.The map below gives the project location as well as the location of the sub-projects. The Siem Reap province is surrounded by five other provinces, in the north is Otdar Meanchey, in the west is Banteay Meanchey, in the east are Preah Vehaer and Kampong Thom, and in the south the province borders partly with Battam Bang and partly with Tonle Sap Lake.


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Figure 1.1: Map of project location


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1.6 Project description The components of the project has been designed in a complementary fashion in order to not only provide a sequential direction for the project activities but also to provide a complete package for the improvement of the livelihoods of the poor. The project focusses mainly on the communities. It is important that these institutions survive beyond the project period and continue to work towards their member’s development. Through this project capacities will be enhanced, so that communities become engines for the socio-economic development of their members. Further, linkages with mainstream channels of finance, market institutions and service providers will be ensured. Most importantly, all these processes will be implemented following a demand driven approach ensuring equity and enabling opportunities for the rural poor for better livelihoods. Looking at the evolutionary nature of the project and to allow innovative thinking to access niche areas in the financial and non-financial market an open, flexible fund has been created. The project is proposed to consist of the following five components:

1.6.1 Project development objective

The project development objective (PDO) of the LEAP Project is to increase incomes and improve livelihoods of the rural poor in select communes of Siem Reap province by –

a) Creating and strengthening self-sustaining institutions of the poor – the

targeted poor households would be organized into multi-tier community based/owned institutions, which will be self reliant/managed over a period of time.

b) Providing them access to finance - While the group would start the

operation with their own saving and inter-loaning—based on their performance the project would capitalize them which would be further substantiated by linking them with MFIs and commercial banks.

c) Linking them to markets and key value chains - the key value chains for

each project district will be identified based on a survey and analysis of SHGs’ micro-plans undertaken at the HH level. Investment plans with the support of partner agencies will be prepared based on a diagnostic and scoping study to increase the participation and share of the poor HHs in the particular value chain.

1.6.2 Project components

Component 1: Building and strengthening institutions for the poor: The

objective if this component is to mobilize and build institutions for the poor through a participatory process in order to create voice, space and power’ to the poor. This component consists of two phases: (i) building and strengthening of self-manage primary institutions for the poor (including SHG), (ii) the SHG will be federated at the commune level into commune level federations (CLFs), and invest, on a basic need, in facilitating specializing institutions for the poor producers (Producer Group) for developing the linkage with service providers and market institutions in the key value chains. Skills, tools and capacities will also be provided to the communities in order to manage, and to build in accounts and record keeping, good governance


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practices, micro planning and business linkage. There will also be provided primary support technical assistance and outreach to the communities.

Component 2: Access to finance: This component aims to transfer financial and technical resources to the institutions for the poor in order to support the basic livelihoods investments. This component is divided into three sub-components: (i) seed grants to primary institutions of the poor, (ii) livelihood investment fund, and (iii) linkage with formal financial sector.

Component 3: Supporting linkage of the poor to key value chains: This

component aims to support activities in order to help poor producers to link to the market through skills development, productivity improvement, local level value addition, aggregation of production/marketing, and value chain linkage. A “demand driven approach and market led approach” will be adopted. This component consists of two sub-components: (i) livelihood support and value chain linkage, and vocational training and job linkage.

Component 4: Project management, coordination, and monitoring and

evaluation: This component aims to facilitate overall coordination, implementation, and financial management, monitoring and learning of the project. The focus is on coordination and management of the Government’s policy such as decentralization and de-concentration (D&D) which will rest with the provincial governor’s office. The project facilitation team will be established within the governor’s office and staffed with a multi-disciplinary team of experts to oversee the project. The main activities are identification and contracting of resource/support agencies, disbursement of salaries and other benefits to staff, procurement/maintenance of consultants, vehicles, office and equipment, and liaison/convergence with other agencies and government departments.

Sub-project is defined as the sub-projects were proposed by local residents and local communities during field interview which is supported by the LEAP project.


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2 POLICY, LEGAL AND REGULATORY FRAMEWORK

2.1 National legislations, regulation and policies

2.1.1 Introduction

Overall management of the environment is under the responsible of the Ministry of Environment (MoE), which was created in 1993. The MoE is responsible for implementation of the Law on Environmental Protection and Natural Resources Management. At the provincial and city levels, there are corresponding provincial/city environment departments. These local departments have the responsibility of enforcing the environmental legislation coming under the competence of the MoE. However, the daily operation functions of these departments would normally be under the direct control of the provincial authorities. The framework law calls for an IEIA or EIA to be conducted for every private or public project, to be reviewed by the MoE before submission to the Government for a final decision. All proposed and existing activities are to be covered under this requirement. Recently, The Declaration on General Guidance, N 376 BRK.BST, for conducting initial and full environmental impact assessment has been signed and enacted on September 02, 2008 by the Minister of Environment. The goal of the guidance is to implement initial environmental impact assessment (IEIA), full environmental impact assessment (EIA), and to provide general guidelines and checklists. IEIA or EIA is required for every project, depending on type and activity and the site of the project (Sub-Decree on IEIA/EIA process (article 1 and 2 of Sub-Decree of IEIA/EIA process). The Ministry of Environment is responsible for review the EIA reports, the required follow-up, and monitoring. This Chapter briefly describes the national legislative and policy framework which is relevant to the proposed sub-projects and the LEAP project as a whole.

2.1.2 Environmental protection and natural resource management law

The Environmental Protection and Natural Resources Management Law was enacted by the National Assembly and launched by the Preah Reach Kram/NS-RKM-1296/36. It was enacted on November 18, 1996. This law has the following objectives:

To protect and promote environment quality and public health through

prevention, reduction and control of pollution, To assess the environmental impacts of all proposed projects prior to the

issuance of a decision by the Royal Government, To ensure the rational and sustainable conservation, development,

management and use of the natural resources of the Kingdom of Cambodia, To encourage and provide possibilities for the public to participate in the

protection of environment and the management of the natural resources, and To suppress any acts that cause harm to the environment.

Under this law the developers or project owners need to prepare an IEIA or EIA report for their proposed or existing development projects.

2.1.3 Environmental impact assessment process sub-decree

The sub-decree No 72 ANRK.BK on Environmental Impact Assessment Process dated 11 August 1999. The key relevant articles are as follows: The main objectives of this sub-decree are:


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To determine an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) upon every private and public project or activity, it must be reviewed by the Ministry of Environment (MoE), prior to the submission for a decision from the Royal Government.

To determine the type and size of the proposed project(s) and activities, including existing and ongoing activities in both private and public sector prior to undertaking the process of EIA.

Encourage public participation in the implementation of the EIA process and take into account their conceptual input and suggestions for re-consideration prior to the implementation of any project.

2.1.4 Water pollution control sub-decree

The sub-decree No 27 ANRK.BK on Water Pollution Control is dated 6 April 1999. The purpose of this sub-decree is to regulate water pollution control in order to prevent and reduce the water pollution of public water areas so that the protection of human health and the conservation of bio-diversity shall be ensured, Article 1.

This sub-decree applies to all sources of pollution and all activities that cause pollution of public water areas, Article 2. The sub-decree also gives the pollution types, effluent standards, and water quality standards in different areas. Concerning the project some water quality standard for the public water areas will be applied.

2.1.5 Solid waste management sub-decree

The sub-decree No 36 ANRK.BK on Solid Waste Management is dated 27 April 1999. The purpose of this sub-decree is to regulate solid waste management in a proper technical manner and safe way in order to ensure the protection of human health and the conservation of bio-diversity.

This sub-decree applies to all activities related to disposal, storage, collection, transport, recycling, dumping of garbage and hazardous waste.

2.1.6 Air pollution control sub-decree

The sub-decree N0 42 ANRK.BK on Air Pollution Control and Noise Disturbance dated July 10, 2000. This sub-decree has a purpose to protect the environment quality and public health from air pollutants and noise pollution through monitoring, curb and mitigation activities. This sub-decree applies to all movable sources and immovable sources of air and noise pollution.

2.1.7 National IPM programme, 1993 The Integrated Pest Management (IPM) in Cambodia was established in 1993 after conducting national workshop on “Environment and IPM”. The overall goal of National IPM programme is to promote food security in Cambodia by enhancing the sustainability of intensified crop production system through the promotion of integrated crop management (ICM) skills at farm level. The objectives of this programme are:

(i) to reduce dependence on agricultural chemical, especially pesticides, in agricultural production and to minimize hazards to the human health, animals and environment,

(ii) to develop the capacity of farmers and agricultural technical officers in conducting training and experiments so that they are able to identify problems occurring in agricultural production and find appropriate solution to deal with the problem by themselves,


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(iii) to educate farmers on agricultural technology by enhancing their knowledge on field ecology and by developing skills among farmers in monitoring and analyzing field situations that enable them to manage crops properly.

2.2 World Bank operational policies

Environmental safeguard policies of the World Bank (WB) are in place to ensure that development projects that receive World Bank support are environmentally sound. Effective application of safeguard policies results in projects that are responsive to local environmental and social imperatives and are consistent with the country’s long term development strategy. These policies, first issued in the form of Operational Memoranda and Operational Directives in the beginning of the 1980s for environment, and in the 1990s for resettlement and indigenous peoples, are currently recorded in a series of ten Operational Policies (OPs), each with an accompanying Bank Procedure (BP). The core World Bank document on the environmental policies is the 1991 Environmental Assessment Sourcebook and its updates. An Involuntary Resettlement Sourcebook was published in 2004, and an Indigenous Peoples Guidebook is being prepared. The World Bank Operational Policies which are relevant for this project are OP 4.01 Environmental Assessment and OP 4.09 Pest Management Policy. OP4.01 is an umbrella policy that covers both environmental and social assessment, including the screening of projects and assigning them as Level 1, Level 2, Level 3 and Level 4 (does not have adverse effects, has minimal adverse effects, less significant and significant). There are also additional environmental safeguard policies addressing Natural Habitat (OP 4.04). Screening the program activities and a consideration of the type of future investments planned, besides the requirements of the Bank Safeguard policies, has led to the conclusion that the Bank safeguards policy on Environmental Assessment (OP4.01) and Pest Management (OP 4.09) should be applied. This is because the program will finance non- wage recurrent expenditures of local communities for the development of functions which span over health, education, agriculture, rural water supply and sanitation and waste management. These activities cover the creation of small productive infrastructure (e.g. post harvest processing equipment, storage facilities, poultry sheds, etc). It is therefore envisaged that such activities will have some minor impacts on the environment. The Institutional Reform and Capacity Building Project which preceded this project has helped the Government of Cambodia to build the necessary institutional capacity at the local council and local community level as well as to screen, identify, mitigate and manage any impacts. The EMF has been designed so that all investments under the LEAP project will comply with the national environmental laws/regulations and the World Bank Safeguard Policies. There will follow similar steps to consolidate the gains made in making environmental management part of the daily activities of the local communities. The Environmental Management Framework (EMF) reports will establish mechanisms to determine and assess future potential environmental impacts of the selected local government project investments. They will then set out mitigation, monitoring and institutional measures to be taken during implementation in order to eliminate adverse environmental impacts, offset them, or reduce them to acceptable levels.


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Table 2.1: Relevant WB safeguards policies

OP 4.01 Environmental

Assessment This OP requires environmental assessment (EA) of projects proposed for Bank financing to help ensure that they are environmentally sound and sustainable. This OP also categorizes the projects on the basis of the type, location, sensitivity, and scale of the project and the nature and magnitude of its potential environmental impacts. The LEAP as well as proposed sub-projects has been classified as Category Level 2, and the present EMF has been developed in response to this OP. Therefore, the PO is relevant.

OP 4. 04 Natural Habitat The conservation of natural habitats, like other measures that protect and enhance the environment, is essential for long-term sustainable development. Through this OP, the WB therefore supports the protection, maintenance, and rehabilitation of natural habitats, protected areas, biodiversity and their functions. The LEAP project as well as proposed sub-projects which will be proposed includes a minor sub-grant facility to producer group or their association to create small scale productive infrastructure (e.g. post harvest processing equipment, storage facilities and poultry shed, etc). These activities will affect the natural habitats, protected areas and biodiversity. Therefore, the OP is triggered.

OP 4.09

Pest Management

Through this OP, the WB supports a strategy that promotes the use of biological or environmental control methods and reduces reliance on synthetic chemical pesticides. The LEAP project as well as proposed sub-projects which will be proposed includes a minor sub-grant facility to producer group or their association to create small scale productive infrastructure (e.g. post harvest processing equipment, storage facilities and poultry shed, etc). These activities will involve agriculture, use of pesticides, fertilizers or other chemical inputs. Therefore, the OP is relevant.


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3 DESCRIPTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT

3.1 Physical resources

3.1.1 Climate

Cambodia’s climate is dominated by a seasonal monsoon: the tropical wet and dry season with a distinctly marked seasonal difference. The monsoon brings rainfall beginning in May and lasting until October with rain occurring almost daily during much of this season, while the dry northeast monsoon starts in November and continues until April. From November to February the weather is generally mild and dry, whereas the weather is hot from February until the onset of the Southwest monsoon. The climate in the Siem Reap province like other province/cities in Cambodia is strongly influenced by the tropical monsoon, modified by the local topography (from Kulen Mountains to Tonle Sap Great Lake). The cooler dry northeast monsoon (November to March) is followed by the southwest monsoon (May to October) with stronger winds and higher humidity and approximately 90% of the year’s rainfall. The average rainfall in Siem Reap Town was 1,610 mm in 2004, 1,496 mm in 2005, 1,415 mm in 2006 and 1,336 mm in 2007 (PDOWRAM, 2008), with peak rainfall occurring in August/September and the lowest rainfall in February. Air temperature is highest in April (average maximum temperature is 24°C to 30°C) and lowest in January and December (average minimum is from 17°C to 24°C). The wind direction during the rainy season is predominantly from the southwest, while during the dry season; the wind comes predominantly from the south-east or north-east.

Relatively, the value of humidity is lowest in March and highest in September. Daily evaporation values range from 3.1 mm in October and 6.7 mm in March. The sunshine duration ranges from 6.0 hours a day in August to 9.3 hours a day in January. Rainfall is one of the most important variables for design of storm water systems determining the rate and volume of surface run off to be conveyed through the system. Run off estimates are usually based on historical rainfall data that provide frequency, intensity and duration of storm events. Rainfall data recorded at Siem Reap Meteorological over 24 hours periods is shown in Table 3.1 below. Table 3.1: Rainfall data from January 2000 to June 2008

Year 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 Jun 2008

Total Rainfall

1,637 1,753 1,242 1,271 1,610 1,496 1,415 1,335 537*

No of rainy days

169 159 145 124 127 145 131 130 44

Data Source: Provincial Department of Water Resource and Meteorology, 2008, Siem Reap Note: * Rainfall data is available up to June 2008


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3.1.2 Air quality

In Cambodia, air pollution is basically a localized problem. It is assumed that the emission from socio-economic activities, roads construction, land transport, petroleum use in energy generation, industries, and use of biomass fuel which are the mainly contributors to the air pollution. Air quality in Siem Reap province is similar to other urban areas in Cambodia. Main pollutant sources include dust generation from unpaved roads, construction works and exhausted pollution from the transport sector, in particular soil transport trucks. Air quality conditions in the Siem Reap province are generally good (dusty in the dry season). There are not data available on air quality in the project area. However, according to field observations and the local community, air pollution is not a serious problem yet, but dust resulting from road construction and soil transportation is caused sometimes in the dry season especially. Noise pollution data are also not available for Siem Reap province. However, according to site observations by the study team and the local community within the project area the noise condition in the area is still good. Main noise sources are traffic, construction material transport, and human activities: construction and other commercial activities within project area.

3.1.3 Topography, Geology and Soil According to the Crocker soil map, 1962, soils within the Siem Reap province are classified into three categories in accordance to their potential for agriculture, forestry or both (i.e. tree crops and agro-forestry). Firstly, acid lithosols are found in the northern hilly areas of Kulen Mountain and cover 35% of the area. This soil type is not very suitable for agriculture and should remain under forest cover. Secondly, alluvial Lithosols and cultural Hydromorphics are fertile and very suitable for rice production. They occur mainly along Stueng Siem Reap and Stueng Rolus and cover together 15% of the area. Thirdly, plinthicite and red-yellow Podzols are good forest soils, but not so suitable for rice production. They have good potential for plantations such as teak or agro-forestry systems. They occur in the flat lowland area and dominate with 54%.

3.1.4 Surface water

The surface water system in the project areas as well as in Siem Reap province can be divided into two sub-systems. North of NR6, there is dominance by the water from the mountains (Teuk Chub), Steungs, lakes and ponds. In the raining season, these sources of water are used for agricultural purposes including rice cultivation, Chamkar (slash and burn agriculture) and plantations, scattered around the houses of local residents. In the dry season, there is very limited water available. According to the field investigations, the surface water quality in the project areas is still good enough for agricultural purposes. South of NR6, the surface water is dominated by the Mekong River (which flows through the Tonle Sap river ecosystem for about 100 km) and other Steung (such as Siem Reap, Rolus, and Chi Kraeng). Around 60% of the Tonle Sap water originates from the Mekong, while about 40% comes from its own catchment and tributaries. According to the field investigations, the quality of surface water in the project area shows extreme variations. In the dry season, pollution by human and household waste can be high near densely populated areas.


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3.1.5 Ground water

In Cambodia, most people living in rural areas prefer to use rain water for their domestic purposes. Surface water is also popular, in spite of its risks to human health. In the area there are a large number of communal tube-wells that were mostly provided by external agencies. The distribution and depth of the groundwater table in the project area varies considerably. The water table changes with rainfall, specific local geomorphological conditions, and the distance to the permanent water bodies. According to the local communities as well as local residents, the ground water is mainly taken from two types of wells: tube wells and open wells. Ground water is used for washing, cooking as well for consumption. In the project areas, open wells mostly have a good quality for daily used, however water from tube wells/pipe wells sometimes has a red color due to the contaminated by iron (Fe). At other places manganese in the groundwater has concentrations that might cause some consumer inconvenience (e.g. staining of laundry and sanitary ware, taste), though it is not believed to have any negative health effects. 3.2 Ecological resources

3.2.1 Fisheries and aquatic biology

Data on aquatic animals and plants was not available for the project area. However, according to the field observations and local community waters in the project area have some commercial fish value for small fish species such as common carp, as well as a high bio-diversity. The floodplain vegetation plays a crucial role in the ecosystem productivity by providing habitats, substrate, and food for aquatic organisms. It should be noted that these organism groups are the most important fish food in lakes and other water courses and natural canals within the project area. Based on local residents, a variety of common fish can be found within the project areas as well as in the natural lakes, Steungs, ponds, canals and swampy areas. Common fish that can be found are given in Table 3.2 below: Table 3.2: Fish species existing in project areas

N Khmer Name Scientific Name

1 Trey Andeng Roeung Clarias batrachus 2 Trey Andeng Tun Clarias meladerma 3 Trey Chhlonh Marcognathus siamensis 4 Trey Ampil Tum Systomus orphoides 5 Trey Chhpin Hypsibarbus malcolmi 6 Trey Kanhchos Mystus singaringan 7 Trey Kantrob Pristolepis fasciata 8 Trey Kranh Anabas testudineus 9 Trey Sor 10 Trey Ross Snake-head fish 11 Trey Chang Var 12 Trey Kam Pleanh

Source: Local Community, 2009


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3.2.2 Wildlife Due to the low habitat value of the sparse forests, there is little native wildlife within the project area. The local communities have reported that many mammals are hunted by local people for consumption and sale of meat, trophy and for medical purposes. Sometimes tigers are spotted (only short-time) coming mostly from the mountains including: Phnom Kra Horm (Red Mountain), Phnom Santourse (Santourse Mountain), and Phnom Veang (Veang Mountain) (Mr. Lim Pheng, Chief office of Prevention and Protection of Natural Resources, Provincial Department of Environment and in charge of NRM, Siem Reap, 2009). The mammals that appear in the project area mainly include: wild pigs, muck deer (Indian Muntjac), rabbits and gibbons. There are also some species of reptiles in the project area such as turtles and snakes. According to the official of natural resources management in Siem Reap province project monkeys and gibbons are most frequent in the areas of Beoung Pe and Kulen Promtep. Wild pigs, rabbits, pangolin and other wildlife are constrained to the forest of Kulen Mountain (Mr. Lim Pheng, Chief office of Prevention and Protection of Natural Resources, Provincial Department of Environment and in charge of NRM, Siem Reap, 2009).

3.2.3 Forests

There are no inventories on forest resources and community forestry available for the project area, with the exception of data on permanent forest estate (all state owned forestland) which is under responsibility of the Forestry Administration. However according to field observations, local communities and stakeholders, including officials of the natural resources management in Siem Reap province, it seems that most of the tree in the area have been cut for speculation reasons and local residents for planting rice (slash and burning agriculture) in order to support their family. Most of the still existing trees are fruit trees or trees for other production purposes mainly within settlements but also in plantations. The predominant species are mango, banana and coconut scattered over village land and Chamkar areas. There seems to be no other valuable forest (economic value) (Mr. Lim Pheng, Chief office of Prevention and Protection of Natural Resources, Provincial Department of Environment and in charge of NRM, Siem Reap, 2009). Within the project area, the forest resource has been under threat by alteration into agricultural farms (Chamkar) and human settlements and by land speculations (Mr. Lim Pheng, Chief office of Prevention and Protection of Natural Resources, Provincial Department of Environment and in charge of NRM, Siem Reap, 2009).

3.2.4 Protected area and coastal resources In Cambodia, protected conservation areas cover about 5.4 million hectares. There are 7 national parks, 9 wildlife sanctuaries, 3 protected landscape areas, and 3 protected areas. The national parks are located in the coastal zone, the mountains and the plateau and lake region and cover 742,300 million hectares in total. Wildlife sanctuaries in these regions cover 4.138 million hectares. The protected landscapes area covers 97,000 hectares. Archaeological and cultural sites and protected areas cover 403,900 hectares. Angkor Protected Landscape area was established in 1925 and was the first protected area in South East Asia (World Bank, 2003). It covers 10,800 ha. The area surrounds the Angkor Temple complex and is important for its cultural heritage values and forest cover (Ministry of Planning, 2003). Threats to the area include pressures from tourism and the


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population living and working within the boundaries of the area. JICA (2000) reports a proposal to expand the area to 37,000 ha. The current status of this proposal is unknown.

Phnom Kulen National Park is a 37,500 ha National Park established in 1993. The important features of the National Park are its role as the watershed of the Siem Reap River and as an important archaeological site (Ministry of Planning, 2003). The National Park is located in the Kulen Mountains to the north of Siem Reap town. Threats to the National Park include illegal forestry and poaching of wildlife. The Table 3.3 below presents the protected areas in the Siem Reap province: Table 3.3: Protected areas/wildlife reserves, Siem Reap and part of province

Protected Area Province Total Size (ha) Characteristics

Angkor Protected Landscape

Siem Reap 10.800 This mainly forested area includes the Angkor temple complex, perhaps the single most important archaeological/ cultural site in southeast Asia.

Phnom Kulen National Park

Siem Reap 37,500 This area is within the watershed of the Siem Reap river. It is also an important archaeological site.

Kulen Promtep Wildlife Sanctuary

Siem Reap 27% Preah Vinar 73%

402,500 The largest area in the protected area system intended to protect the Kouprey. The principal habitats are lowland open dipterocarp forest.

Boeung Per Wildlife Sanctuary

Siem Reap, Kampong Thom, Preah Vihear

2,425,000

Tonle Sap Biosphere Reserve

Siem Reap 50% plus 4 other riparian provinces

316,250 The largest inland freshwater system in southeast Asia. Contains important wetland habitats, flooded forests and is rich in fish and avian species.

Source: Statistical yearbook, 2006

3.2.5 Endangered species

There are no data on the endangered species in the area, but according to the local residents as well as local communities there are no endangered species within the project area. However, there are some key areas or habitats for rare and endangered species, including Prek Tuol Bio-Sphere Reserve, Boeung Tonle Chmar and Kulen Forest Area (Mr. Lim Pheng, Chief office of Prevention and Protection of Natural Resources, Provincial Department of Environment and in charge of NRM, Siem Reap, 2009).


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4 IMPACTS AND MITIGATION MEASURES

4.1 Introduction The main purpose of this section is to present from the field survey on potential impacts/concerns on the environment and recommended mitigation measure to counteract the impacts of each sub-project that will be proposed by the local residents (poor and vulnerable groups) as well as local communities that are involved in the sub-projects. 4.2 Impacts and mitigation measures for proposed sub-projects According to lessons learned from similar livelihood interventions in East Asia and interviews with local communities living within pilot study areas - four communes (Chob Ta Trav, Peak Snaeng, Reul and Trey Nhoir) in the two districts of Angkor Thom and Pouk, the following sub-projects, potential impacts and measures have been proposed to enhance their livelihoods, see Table 4.1 below: Table 4.1: Summary of impacts and mitigation measures

Category Sub-project

Impacts Recommended Mitigation measure Positives Negatives

Agriculture Poultry raising

Improve living condition.

Job opportunity

Increase of income.

Their children have more chance go to school.

Effectiveness of voice due to organization of groups of poor and vulnerable people

Surface and ground water will be polluted due to the wastewater run-off.

Soil quality will decline

Loss of local breeds

Odor and air quality may decline

Waste disposal and noise disturbance

Public health due to the odor of waste disposal and chemical substances.

the use of pesticide and chemical fertilizer will be caused to the water quality

Has to have consensus among the member group in the process of identification project location.

Place to be proposed should be far from the water sources (surface and ground water) in order to ensure that water quality is not going to be polluted, and this sub-project can’t be developed on the water body (suitable place).

Make appropriate dumping site for waste.

Use appropriate techniques for reducing of odor from waste disposal.

Regular monitoring of the water quality

Provide technical and skills training to local people as well as farmer on farming processes (e.g. pest management, pesticide and fertilizer usage) in accordance with national IPM programme.


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(surface and ground water)

Cow and pig raising

Improved living conditions.

Job opportunity.

Increase of income.

Their children have more chance go to school

Effectiveness of voice due organization of groups of poor and vulnerable people

Surface and ground water will be polluted due to wastewater run-off.



Odor and air quality may decline.


Public health due to the odor of waste disposal and chemical substances.

the use of pesticide and chemical fertilizer will be caused to the water quality (surface and ground water)

Has to have consensus among the member group in the process of identification the project location

Selection of a suitable place and ensure that the place is not flooded.

Use appropriate method for recycling waste from the farming.

Provide technical and skills training to local people on farming processes.

Project location proposed should be far from the water sources (surface and ground water) in order to ensure that water quality is not going to be polluted, and this sub-project can’t be developed on the water body (suitable place).

Provide technical and skills training to local people as well as farmer on farming processes (e.g. pest management, pesticide and fertilizer usage) in accordance with national IPM programme

Fish raising Improve living conditions.

Job opportunity

Increase of income.


Effectiveness of voice due organization of groups of poor and vulnerable people




Odor and air quality may decline.


Public health due to the odor of waste





Provide technical and skills training to local people as well as farmer on farming processes (e.g. pest management,


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disposal and chemical substances.


pesticide and fertilizer usage) in accordance with national IPM programme.

Vegetable cultivation

Improve living conditions.

Job opportunity

Increasing of income.


Effectiveness of voice due organisation of groups of poor and vulnerable people


Soil quality will decline due to use of pesticides and chemical substances.






Encourage local farmer to use natural fertilizers and pesticides.

Provide technical and skills training to local people as well as farmer on farming processes (e.g. pest management, pesticide and fertilizer usage) in accordance with national IPM programme


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5 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT FRAME WORK (EMF)

5.1 Purpose of EMF The purpose of the Environmental Management Framework (EMF) is to ensure that the livelihoods of the poor as well as vulnerable groups who are living in the sub-project areas and the environment resources are in balance with each other. It has to explore possibilities to improve livelihoods as well as conservation of the environment complimentary so that there are sustained benefits from the developmental activities initiated. The Environmental Management Framework (EMF), especially, will contribute to enhance poverty alleviation through rural livelihoods intervention and work towards social and economic empowerment by:

Preventing and/or mitigating any negative environmental impact that may be resulting from the proposed sub-projects,

Ensuring the long term sustainability of benefits from proposed sub-projects by securing the natural resource base on which they are dependent,

Facilitating the pro-active sub-projects that can be expected to lead to increased efficiency and improved management in the use of natural resources resulting in improvements in local environmental quality and human well-being as well.

The EMP will be consisted of the following components:

5.1.1 Screening potential environmental impact of sub-project

The aim of environmental screening is to ensure that proposed sub-projects are consistent with requirements of the World Bank Environmental Policy (OP 4.01) and EIA general guidelines of the MoE. For screening of the sub-project, an environmental screening checklist has been developed and provided in Appendix 8.1.

5.1.2 Environmental Technical Recommendations/guidelines

The technical environmental recommendations/guidelines (TEGs) are the key component of the EMF. These recommendations/guidelines list all the potential effects of each activity of the program and their associated mitigation measures. These recommendations/guidelines should be followed during the design, construction and operation of the sub-project. The recommendation/guideline is based on the specifics of the sub-project that has been proposed by the local community as well as by the poor and vulnerable groups during the field visits and interviews. After conducting interviews with the local residents, local communities, vulnerable and poor groups as pilot study areas, the sub-projects were proposed such as: cow and pig farming, poultry raising, fish farming and vegetable cultivation. These sub-projects will be implemented in the near future which is supported by LEAP project.

5.1.2.1 Recommendation/guidelines for the design phase of sub-projects (cow and pig raising, poultry raising, fish raising and vegetable growing)

Design of the proposed sub-projects or sub-project facilities should adhere

to all existing standard technical requirements and consensus among the members of the SHGs and target group,


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The design should consider the flood risks in the area. In particular, the sub-project siting should avoid known seismic fault lines and flood plains,

Use of the local materials should be maximized (when considered feasible

and cost effective),

The design should take into account (when feasible, and cost effective), the available skills and local conditions in the community, in order to maximize local employment,

The design should include provisions of safe water body sources (ground

and surface water) and adequate sanitation services,

The new designs should consider the local climate conditions (insulation, predominant wind direction and intensity, temperature, etc.), to maximize the energy efficiency of sub-project facilities in order to reduce the need of costly artificial ventilation and illumination,

In the design of sub-project facilities, the designer should investigate the

feasibility of the installation of low-cost renewable power systems,

5.1.2.2 Recommendation/guidelines for the construction phase (poultry raising, cow and pig raising, fish raising and vegetable cultivation)

The location of farming should be selected with full consent of the

community and target groups, Appropriate waste disposal measures should be adopted during the

construction phase. During construction, waste must be disposed in a manner that does not contaminate the soils or water resources (surface/groundwater),

The recyclable waste should be sold to the recycling contractors or fairly

shared among member; the biodegradable waste should be buried at an appropriate site; the left-over construction materials should be sold to other users; and the remaining waste should be burnt at a place at a safe distance from any human settlements in order to ensure that the local residents are not affected,

The farm buildings should not be constructed over any disputed land,

known seismic fault lines, flood plain, or areas with poor soil support capacity,

Protected areas (wildlife protected areas, as well as notified areas of

archeological, cultural or historical significance) in the province should be avoided, when selecting the site for the sub-projects construction,

The farm building should not be constructed on areas having any significant

natural vegetation or over cultivated land. When this is inevitable, adequate measures should be taken to minimize the area that needs to be cleared for the building.


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5.1.2.3 Recommendation/guidelines for operation phase (poultry raising, cow and pig raising, fish raising and vegetable cultivation)

The water used at the farms should be safe for human consumption as well

as for use on farms. A water quality monitoring program should be implemented to ensure long term quality of the water used system,

The farms should be kept clean and functional all the time. There is should

have the wastewater treatment plan for waste from raising places.

Disposal facilities should be properly operated and maintained in order to prevent diseases and contamination,

Solid waste should be collected and properly disposed in the right place.

The recyclable waste should be sold to the recycling contractors or fairly shared among member; the biodegradable waste should be buried at an appropriate site, and the remaining waste should be burnt at a place at a safe distance from any human settlements in order to ensure that the local residents are not affected,

The value-able waste (poultry raising, cow and pig raising) should be fairly

shared among the member of SHG and local communities in order to avoid dispute,

Awareness on farms maintenance, feeding and other technical support

should be provided to the local communities as well as to the members of the SHGs.

5.2 Institutional arrangements and responsibilities The proposed administrative responsibilities are established in accordance with the LEAP project. For the implementation of the EMF there will be involvement at the National, Provincial, Commune and Sub-project level: Table 5.1: Environmental Management Institutional Arrangements

Agency Environmental Responsibilities National Level

Ministry of Interior (MOI) as National Project Coordinator

(NPC)

Overall responsibility for implementation including environmental performance.

Sub-National Level

Siem Reap Provincial Authority as

Provincial Project Coordinator (PPC)

Overall coordination of LEAP Project for implementation including lead responsibility for environmental performance of project

Department of Environment (DoE)

Discussions with the MOI and Siem Reap Provincial Authority indicated that it would be willing to be involved in construction and operational stage environmental monitoring but that it would require some assistance to train its staff and farmers on the environmental performance and purchase the appropriate air quality,


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odor and noise monitoring equipment to allow it to fulfill this role and regulations.

Construction contractor

Implementation of environment-related provisions of the construction contract including those elements of the EMF which will be identified

Environment Coordinator (EC)

Overall responsible for the implementation of the EMF and the environmental performance of the program such as the following:

Develop environmental, public health, safety and hygiene training modules and periodically conduct/organize these trainings for the CF and VF member, and the local community,

Provide support on (i) developing tools for sub- project screening and assessment (ii) development and delivery of training, education and communication material (iii) monitoring (iv) supervision (v) coordinating the conduct of assessments (level 4), if any, and (vi) provide technical support

Maintain a complete record of the trainings (training modules developed, trainings conducted and attendees),

Ensure that the concerned District/commune facilitator (CF) and village facilitator (VF) to fill the checklists for each sub-project works on a regular basis.

Ensure that the CF and VF maintain a record of all the filled checklists, and the corrective actions planned/undertaken either themselves or through the engineering consultant firm.

Review the filled checklists and determine any corrective action, if required.

Regularly visit the sub-project sites, in coordination with the construction party in order to monitor the reliability of filled checklists, and to determine their effectiveness.


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Maintain a complete record of the above mentioned field visits.

Sub-National Level

District/Commune Level Commune Facilitator (CF)

The District/Commune Facilitator is responsible for:

Participate in the environmental performance and trainings conducted by EC.

Implement the environmental guidelines in the field, during the construction/ operation of the sub-project.

Fill the environmental checklists on regular/periodic basis, and provide copy to the EC and Project Director.

Provide feedback to EC and project director on the effectiveness of the checklists and the EMF.

Contribute to increase the environmental awareness among the local community.

Maintain monitoring record especially during operation phase.

5.3 Training The training programme will be provided to the members of PPMO, CF team and VF team in order to facilitate implementation of the EMF and environmental assessment. There are approximately 50 CF and 200 VF members The training needs have to be identified in accordance with the existing environmental resources and livelihoods conditions of the local communities within the sub-project area and LEAP project area. Training needs have been identified as the following:

Linkages between environment and livelihoods as well as poverty condition of the target groups and local communities,

Basic concepts in environment and ecological resources within the sub-project areas,

Environmental issues in the district and implications for LEAP sub-projects, Role of Environmental Assessment, System for Environmental Assessment, General/specific guidelines for Environmental Assessment, Field investigation for Environmental Assessment, Mitigation measures of the environmental impact

5.4 Environmental monitoring plan (EMP) Conducting monitoring is the most critical strategic means for full environmental management. Planning the monitoring allows to identify and foresee potential impacts.


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The monitoring plan should include standard continuous monitoring of the environment, as well as monitoring in emergency situations. Besides, regular observations and studies can be suggested for additional assessments. Monitoring should cover all stages of the project, even after completion of project implementation observations and quality measurements shall be continued for a long time. Therefore, a environmental monitoring plan is necessarily considering that the data which is selected have to be collected on a regularly basic in order to properly monitor, and implement environmental measures. Table 6.2 below describes the monitoring plan: Table 5.2: Environmental monitoring plan (EMP)

Phase Monitoring activities Responsibility Design phase of sub-projects

Check available location and make full consent among the group member of SHGs.

Check and clearance of any mines and UXO in order to ensure that the construction sites are safe

Ministry of Interior/ Provincial Project Management Office/WB

Construction phase of sub-projects

Monitor construction activities in order to avoid construction during raining season and working at nigh and breaks time,

Regularly monitor Air Pollution and noise disturbance for local residents as well as natural environment.

Regularly monitor utilization of natural resources including: water and forest resources in order to make sure that the natural resources are not threatened by the construction activities.

Monitor landfill disposal and latrine site to ensure that there is appropriate waste disposal in accordance with technical guidelines as well as laws and regulations,

Regularly monitoring the natural resources that are used for construction of the sub-projects as well as the workplace to ensure that these is safe and secured,

Operator with supervision of MOI/PPMO/WB Consultant

Operation phase of sub-projects

Regularly monitor noise and soil quality, especially, monitor odor to make sure that the local residents and adjacent areas are not disturbed by smell.

Waste (solid and liquid waste) disposal has to be monitored regularly in a proper manner.

Operator with supervision of MOI/PPMO/WB Consultant


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6 FINDINGS AND CONCLUSIONS

Mostly, the proposed sub-project locations are on the land of the local communities. Equipments, material used for construction will be taken from local resources or existing resources in the community. Therefore, environmental impacts will be very limited and mostly temporary in nature.

The environmental assessment of the proposed program confirmed that the program would not result in any significant and lasting environmental impacts. It was also concluded that, in accordance with the national laws/regulatory requirements as well as WB OP 4.01, the present assessment was sufficient, and that no further full EIA action would be required.


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7 REFERENCE

APSARA National Authority of Cambodia: Landscape and Heritage/ Cultural Aspect Report, January 2007. Cheap Sam Oeun, Tourism & Leasure: Draft report on Environmental Impacts, November 2009 Interim Output Report: Livelihood Enhancement & Association of the Poor (LEAP) Project, November 2009 LEAP (2009): Environmental Assessment Hot-spots in Siem Reap province Kingdom of Cambodia, Ministry of Environment (MoE): Sub-decree on Water Pollution Control, 1999 Kingdom of Cambodia, Ministry of Environment (MoE): Sub-decree on Air Quality and Noise Disturbance, 2000 Kingdom of Cambodia, Ministry of Environment (MoE): Law on Environmental Protection and Natural Resources Management, 1996 Mr. Lim Pheng (2009): Chief office of Prevention and Protection of Natural Resources, Provincial Department of Environment. Natural Resources Management in Seim Reap province Ministry of Environment (MoE): Sub-Decree on Environmental Impact Assessment Process, 1999 Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fishery, National IPM Programme (2002): Integrated Pest Management Farmer Training Project Cambodia. Project Document for Second Phase 2003-2005. Ministry of Environment (MoE): Sub-Decree on Solid Waste Management, 1999 Ministry of Planning (2003): An important Archaeological Site and National Park, Siem Reap province National Institute of Statistics (NIS) (2006): Statistical Yearbook, 2006. Kingdom of Cambodia PDOWRAM (2008): The data sheet of climate situation in Siem Reap province. Progress report (August 2006 – May 2009): Empowerment of the Poor in Siem Reap Project (EPSR) Project Proposal (1st Draft): Livelihood Enhancement & Association of the Poor (LEAP) Project, November 2009. Rober van Zalinge, 2006: An Assessment of exotic species in the Tonle Sap Biosphere Reserve and Associated threats to biosphere Tourism & Leasure, Tourism Sector Assessment: Task 1.3. Tourism Sector Enabling Environmental Assessment, 6 March 2009


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Tourism & Leasure, Tourism Sector Assessment: Task 1.1. Siem Reap Provincial Economy and its Tourism Sector Current Economic Analysis, 6 March 2009 World Bank (2003): The Angkor Protected Landscape area and protected area in South East Asia


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8. APPENDIXEX

Appendix 8.1: Environmental screening checklist for sub-project Name of sub-project: .......................................................................................................... Sub-project No: ................................................................................................................. Date of site visit: ……………………. ………………………………………………………… Persons consulted ….........................................................................................................

Description of Subproject (including objective, location, expected benefits and population served): ……...................................................................................................................................................……...................................................................................................................................................……............................................................................................................ .......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... Are there environmentally sensitive areas are nearby or in proposed sub-project areas? Yes / No If yes, describe ...............................................................................................................................................……...................................................................................................................................................……....................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ A. Environmental impact related to sub-project location and designing Type of environmental resource Impact Negligible/small Medium Natural Habitat and Wildlife Land Use and Settlement Water Quality (ground and surface water) Traffic Congestion Noise Health and Safety Erosion Aquatic ecology

Describe any environmental effects, alternatives considered and proposed mitigation measures ……...................................................................................................................................................……...................................................................................................................................................……............................................................................................................ .............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................


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B. Environmental impact related to sub-project construction/operation Type of environmental resource Impact Negligible/small Medium Wildlife and forest Waste Natural vegetation Land use and settlement Public health and safety Vibration Water quality Noise and dust Traffic congestion

Describe any environmental effects of sub-project and proposed mitigation measures ……..................................................................................................................................................……...................................................................................................................................................……............................................................................................................. ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

C. Does the sub-project impact physical cultural resources (circle answer) Yes / No If yes, provide a description of the impact, supporting evidence showing that consultation with affected people has been conducted, and the description mitigation measure. ……...................................................................................................................................................……...................................................................................................................................................……...................................................................................................................................................…….............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

D. Does the sub-project impact on the natural habitat or the sub-projects area are

nearby the natural habitat? (circle answer) Yes / No If yes, provide specific information on the location of natural habitats affected, impact involved (e.g. location, the nature and size of impact, etc), and providing supporting evidence to showing that consultation with affected people has been conducted, and the description mitigation measure.

.............................................................................................................................................. ...........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................


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Appendix 8.2: List and Pictures of participant in meeting and field interview, 23 Nov-01 Dec 2009

Table 8.1: List of participant in meeting and field interview

N Name Position Organization

1 Mr. Lim Pheng Chief Office of Natural Resources Protection and Prevention, Department of Environment

SR

2 Mr. Keo Nara Focal point for Natural resources management and environment, SR province

SR

3 Mr. Chun Chamnan Focal point for Natural resources management and environment, SR province

SR

4 Mr. Kong Sophal Agricultural/Credit Specialist ECOSORN

5 Mr. Hen Puthy Project Manger LEAP Project/SR

6 Mr. Lim Piseth SCB officer LEAP Project/SR

7 Mr. Ly Ratha LEAP Project/SR

8 Mr. Man Sam Art Livelihood officer Livelihood LEAP Project/SR

9 Mr. May Simorn Consultant KCC/SR

10 Mr. Cheap Sam Oeun Consultant Tourism & Leasure

11 Mr. Sun Sot Chief of Chob Tatrav Commune council

Chob Tatrav Commune

12 Mr. Zan Zat Chief of Chup Tatrav Commune

Chob Tatrav Commune

13 Mr. TE Gnin 1st Vice Chief of Commune Chob Tatrav Commune

14 Mr. Yan Yoeun Member of Commune Council

Chob Tatrav Commune

15 Mr. Kay Sam Aun Secretary of Commune Chob Tatrav Commune

16 Mr. Lam Long Assistant of Peak Snaeng Commune council

Peak Snaeng Commune

17 Mr. Luon Doek Chief of Reul Commune council

Reul Commune

18 Mr. Than Heu Assistant of Reul Commune council

Reul Commune

19 Mr. Mr. Hun Narn Chief of Trei Nhoar Commune council

Trei Nhoar Commune


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20 Mr. Khhuon Khong 1st vice chief of Trei Nhoar Commune council

Trei Nhoar Commune

21 Mr. Chhoem Phun Member of Trei Nhoar Commune council

Trei Nhoar Commune

22 Mr. Proek Nhav Chief of Pang Toek Village Pang Toek Village

23 Mrs. Hav Hat Vice Chief of Pang Toek Village

Pang Toek Village

24 Mrs. Sun Tach Assistant of Pang Toek Village

Pang Toek Village

25 Mrs. Chheum San Villager Pang Toek Village

26 Mr. Sun Let Villager Pang Toek Village

27 Mrs. Yim Khann Villager Pang Toek Village

28 Mrs. Yoem Yoet Villager Pang Toek Village

29 Mrs. Chhlam Rein Villager Pang Toek Village

30 Mrs. Phen En Villager Pang Toek Village

31 Mr. Roeum Chhoem Chief of Chup Village Chup Village

32 Mr. Chranh Kong Villager Chup Village

33 Mrs. Gnoy Khhea Villager Chup Village

34 Mrs. Chheam Boir Villager Chup Village

35 Mrs. Chhum Puth Villager Chup Village

36 Mrs. Kang Kin Villager Chup Village

37 Mrs. Kuon Yeng Villager Chup Village

38 Mr. Seng Seak Chief of Prasad Village Prasad Village

39 Mr. You Sun Villager Prasad Village

40 Mr. Toeng Toey Villager Prasad Village

41 Mr. Vat Rab Villager Prasad Village

42 Mrs. Deb Mao Villager Prasad Village

43 Mrs. Khhoeu Loeu Villager Prasad Village

44 Mr. Thao Lan Chief of Toap Svay Village Toap Svay Village

45 Mr. Roeun Koem Vice Chief of Toap Svay Village

Toap Svay Village

46 Mr. Koen Koeum Villager Toap Svay Village

47 Mr. Vat Vann Villager Toap Svay Village


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48 Mr. Toch Tean Villager Toap Svay Village

49 Ms. Sok Sou Villager Toap Svay Village

50 Mrs. Leng Phlatt Villager Toap Svay Village

51 Mrs. Khoy Nay Villager Toap Svay Village

52 Mrs. Chham Sey Villager Toap Svay Village

53 Mrs. Toem Noey Villager Toap Svay Village

54 Mrs. Leng Ngeum Villager Toap Svay Village

55 Mrs. Loeun Bok Villager Toap Svay Village

56 Mrs. Cheng Yat Vice Chief of Trapaing Tourk Village

Trapaing Tourk Village

57 Mrs. Chhay San Villager Trapaing Tourk Village

58 Mrs. Mil Oeb Villager Trapaing Tourk Village

59 Mr. Yun Yean Villager Trapaing Tourk Village

60 Mr. Yim Huy Villager Trapaing Tourk Village

61 Mr. Chey Bak Villager Trapaing Tourk Village


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Fields interviews with local authority



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Fields interviews with local villager



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Appendix 8.3: Term of Reference for Environmental Impacts Assessment (EIA)


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Appendix 8.4: Presentation of draft EA report, January 12, 2010

THE PRESENTATION OF THE PRESENTATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT (EA) ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT (EA)

REPORTREPORT

onon

LIVELIHOOD ENHANCEMENT LIVELIHOOD ENHANCEMENT & &

ASSOCIATION OF THE POOR (LEAP) ASSOCIATION OF THE POOR (LEAP) IN SIEM REAP PROJECTIN SIEM REAP PROJECT

Ministry of Interior, January 12, 2010 Ministry of Interior, January 12, 2010

Mr. Mao Mr. Mao VanchannVanchann

EA of LEAP projectEA of LEAP projectTable of ContentsTable of Contents1.1. Objective of the studyObjective of the study2.2. Scope of the studyScope of the study3.3. MethodologyMethodology4.4. Legal frameworkLegal framework

NationalNationalWBWB

5.5. Impacts and Mitigation measuresImpacts and Mitigation measures6.6. EMFEMF7.7. ENV Recommendation/guidelinesENV Recommendation/guidelines8.8. Finding and ConclusionFinding and Conclusion

1. Objective of the study1. Objective of the studyThe objective of EA study is:The objective of EA study is:

To prepare an Environmental Management Framework To prepare an Environmental Management Framework (EMF),(EMF),To assess the impacts of the project on the natural To assess the impacts of the project on the natural resources within the project area as well as the resources within the project area as well as the SiemSiemReap province, Reap province, Screens the potential environmental impacts and Screens the potential environmental impacts and recommends mitigation measures to reduce the recommends mitigation measures to reduce the adverse effect resulting from the LEAP project during adverse effect resulting from the LEAP project during the period of designing, construction and operation of the period of designing, construction and operation of the subthe sub--projects. projects. The EA and EMF for the LEAP are prepared in The EA and EMF for the LEAP are prepared in accordance with the World Bank safeguard policies accordance with the World Bank safeguard policies and they are also in line with the national and they are also in line with the national legislations/regulation in Cambodia, especially EIA/IEE legislations/regulation in Cambodia, especially EIA/IEE guideline.guideline.

2. Scope of the study2. Scope of the studyThe scope of the environmental assessment study is a part The scope of the environmental assessment study is a part

of LEAP project which aims as follows:of LEAP project which aims as follows:

To provide an overview of the environmental context in the To provide an overview of the environmental context in the SiemSiem Reap Reap province with specific reference to the proposed of 9 districts,province with specific reference to the proposed of 9 districts, 50 50 communes and to highlight the implications on the subcommunes and to highlight the implications on the sub--projects that projects that will be emerge from the LEAP project,will be emerge from the LEAP project,

To provide an overview of the legal framework in the country witTo provide an overview of the legal framework in the country with h respect to national environmental laws and regulations and to hirespect to national environmental laws and regulations and to highlight ghlight the linkage of the same with the subthe linkage of the same with the sub--projects,projects,

To provide a listing of the possible impacts and mitigation measTo provide a listing of the possible impacts and mitigation measures ures for subfor sub--projects that could emerge from the LEAP project, andprojects that could emerge from the LEAP project, and

To design an Environmental Management Framework (EMF) for the To design an Environmental Management Framework (EMF) for the LEAP project that will include details of the environmental asseLEAP project that will include details of the environmental assessment ssment procedures and the capacity building requirements and the procedures and the capacity building requirements and the institutional arrangements.institutional arrangements.

3. Methodology3. MethodologyThe methodology for developing of environmental assessment (EA) The methodology for developing of environmental assessment (EA) and and

Environmental Management Framework (EMF) report is included Environmental Management Framework (EMF) report is included the following:the following:

Review of project document related to project area from both Review of project document related to project area from both primary and secondary data, and including environmental primary and secondary data, and including environmental assessment hotassessment hot--stops, and natural resources management in stops, and natural resources management in SiemSiem Reap province,Reap province,

Consultation with local communities, stakeholders and line Consultation with local communities, stakeholders and line agencies concerned in which related to the project as well as suagencies concerned in which related to the project as well as subb--project formulation and project impacts,project formulation and project impacts,

Field visit to local communities. local residents, and view Field visit to local communities. local residents, and view conditions of subconditions of sub--project areas which will be proposed by them, project areas which will be proposed by them, and and

Identify the existing of the current environmental Identify the existing of the current environmental condition/characteristics and natural resources within the projecondition/characteristics and natural resources within the project ct areas as well as in subareas as well as in sub--projects areas.projects areas.

4. Legal framework4. Legal frameworkThe national legislative and policy framework which is The national legislative and policy framework which is

relevant to the proposed subrelevant to the proposed sub--project and LEAP project project and LEAP project as following:as following:

Environmental protection and natural resource Environmental protection and natural resource management law, November 18, 1996management law, November 18, 1996

Environmental impact assessment subEnvironmental impact assessment sub--decree, August decree, August 11, 199911, 1999

Water pollution control subWater pollution control sub--decree, April 16, 1999decree, April 16, 1999

Solid waste management subSolid waste management sub--decree, April 16, 1999decree, April 16, 1999

Air pollution control subAir pollution control sub--decree, July 10. 2000decree, July 10. 2000


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4. Legal framework, 4. Legal framework, contcont’’

The World Bank Operational Policies which has been The World Bank Operational Policies which has been trigging by this project are:trigging by this project are:

OP 4.01 Environmental AssessmentOP 4.01 Environmental Assessment

OP 4. 04 Natural HabitatOP 4. 04 Natural Habitat

OP 4. 09 Pest ManagementOP 4. 09 Pest Management

5. Impact and mitigation 5. Impact and mitigation measuresmeasures

Negatives impactsNegatives impactsSurface and ground Surface and ground water will be polluted water will be polluted due to the wastewater due to the wastewater runrun--off.off.

Soil quality will be Soil quality will be declineddeclined

Loss of local breedsLoss of local breeds

Odor and air quality Odor and air quality may be declined.may be declined.

Mitigation measuresMitigation measuresHas to have consensus among Has to have consensus among the member group in the the member group in the process of identification place.process of identification place.Place to be proposed should Place to be proposed should

be far from the water sources be far from the water sources (surface and ground water) in (surface and ground water) in order to ensure that water order to ensure that water quality is not going to polluted, quality is not going to polluted, and this suband this sub--project canproject can’’t be t be developed on the water body developed on the water body (suitable place).(suitable place).Make appropriated dumping Make appropriated dumping site for waste.site for waste.

1. Livestock poultry sub-project proposed


Negatives impactsNegatives impactsSurface and ground Surface and ground water will be polluted water will be polluted due to the wastewater due to the wastewater runrun--off.off.

Soil quality will be Soil quality will be declineddeclined

Loss of local breedsLoss of local breeds

Odor and air quality Odor and air quality may be declined.may be declined.

Mitigation measuresMitigation measuresHas to have consensus among Has to have consensus among the member group in the the member group in the process of identification place.process of identification place.

Selected suitable place and Selected suitable place and ensure that the place is not ensure that the place is not flooded.flooded.

Used the appropriated method Used the appropriated method for recycling waste from the for recycling waste from the farming.farming.

2. Cow and Pig farming sub-project proposed

5. Impact and mitigation 5. Impact and mitigation measures, contmeasures, cont

Negative impactNegative impactWaste disposal Waste disposal and noise and noise disturbancedisturbance

Public health due Public health due to the odor of to the odor of

waste disposalwaste disposal

Mitigation measuresMitigation measuresUse appropriated technical for Use appropriated technical for reducing odor in which reducing odor in which generated from waste disposal.generated from waste disposal.

Regular monitoring the water Regular monitoring the water qualityquality

Provide the technical and skill Provide the technical and skill training to local people on training to local people on farming process. farming process.

1. Livestock poultry sub-project proposed, cont’

5. Impact and mitigation 5. Impact and mitigation measures, contmeasures, cont

Negative impactNegative impactWaste disposal Waste disposal and noise and noise disturbancedisturbance

Public health due Public health due to the odor of to the odor of

waste disposalwaste disposal

Mitigation measuresMitigation measuresProvide the technical and skill Provide the technical and skill

training to local people on farming training to local people on farming

process.process.

Place to be proposed should be far Place to be proposed should be far

from the water sources (surface from the water sources (surface

and ground water) in order to and ground water) in order to

ensure that water quality is not ensure that water quality is not

going to polluted, and this subgoing to polluted, and this sub--

project canproject can’’t be developed on the t be developed on the

water body (suitable place)water body (suitable place)

2. Cow and Pig Farming sub-project proposed, cont’


Negatives impactsNegatives impactsSurface and ground Surface and ground water will be polluted water will be polluted due to the wastewater due to the wastewater runrun--off.off.Soil quality will be Soil quality will be declineddeclinedLoss of local breedsLoss of local breeds

Odor and air quality may Odor and air quality may be declined.be declined.

Waste disposal and Waste disposal and noise disturbancenoise disturbance

Public health due to the Public health due to the odor of waste disposal. odor of waste disposal.

Mitigation measuresMitigation measuresHas to have consensus among Has to have consensus among the member group in the the member group in the process of identification place.process of identification place.

Used the appropriated method Used the appropriated method for recycling waste from the for recycling waste from the farming.farming.

Provide the technical and skill Provide the technical and skill training to local people on training to local people on farming process.farming process.

3. Fish farming sub-project proposed


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5. Impact and mitigation 5. Impact and mitigation

measuresmeasures

Negatives impactsNegatives impacts

Surface and ground Surface and ground

water will be polluted water will be polluted

due to the wastewater due to the wastewater

runrun--off.off.

Soil quality will be Soil quality will be

declined due to used declined due to used

of pesticides and of pesticides and

chemical substances. chemical substances.

Mitigation measuresMitigation measuresHas to have consensus among Has to have consensus among the member group in the the member group in the process of identification place.process of identification place.To be avoid the using of To be avoid the using of pesticides and chemical pesticides and chemical substances.substances.To ensure that the water To ensure that the water sources is suitable for.sources is suitable for.Provide training skill to the Provide training skill to the farmers.farmers.Encourage local farmer to use Encourage local farmer to use the natural fertilizer and the natural fertilizer and pesticides. pesticides.

4. Vegetation cultivated sub-project proposed

6. Environmental Management 6. Environmental Management Framework (EMF)Framework (EMF)

PurposePurposePreventing and/or mitigating any negative Preventing and/or mitigating any negative environmental impact that may be resulting from the environmental impact that may be resulting from the proposed subproposed sub--projects,projects,

Ensuring the long term sustainability of benefits from Ensuring the long term sustainability of benefits from proposed subproposed sub--projects by securing the natural projects by securing the natural resource base on which they are dependent,resource base on which they are dependent,

Facilitating the proFacilitating the pro--active subactive sub--projects that can be projects that can be expected to lead to increased efficiency and improved expected to lead to increased efficiency and improved management in the use of natural resources resulting management in the use of natural resources resulting in improvements in local environmental quality and in improvements in local environmental quality and human wellhuman well--being as well. being as well.

6. Environmental Management 6. Environmental Management Framework (EMF), contFramework (EMF), cont’’

ScreeningScreening

Level 1:Level 1: the proposed subthe proposed sub--project is doesnproject is doesn’’t use or t use or any adverse impact directly on the natural or any adverse impact directly on the natural or environmental resources (such as water, forests, environmental resources (such as water, forests, grazing land, soil erosion and loss of biodiversity, grazing land, soil erosion and loss of biodiversity, etc.). There is not EA required.etc.). There is not EA required.

Level 2:Level 2: the proposed subthe proposed sub--project has either minor project has either minor shortshort--term impact on the natural or environmental term impact on the natural or environmental resources, but there is to ensure that the impact is resources, but there is to ensure that the impact is positives on the environment. It is required EA.positives on the environment. It is required EA.

Level 3:Level 3: the proposed subthe proposed sub--project has a significant or project has a significant or irreversible or longirreversible or long--term negative impact (such as term negative impact (such as bore well leading to depletion of ground water). bore well leading to depletion of ground water).

6. Environmental management 6. Environmental management framework (EMF), contframework (EMF), cont’’

Screening, contScreening, cont’’

Level 4:Level 4: If the proposed subIf the proposed sub--project has a severe project has a severe adverse environmental impact, which can not be adverse environmental impact, which can not be mitigated within a feasible timeframe. There is mitigated within a feasible timeframe. There is needs to have to conduct the IEE/EIA completely. needs to have to conduct the IEE/EIA completely. However, if such subHowever, if such sub--projects is occurred, it will projects is occurred, it will most likely be rejected due to the mitigation most likely be rejected due to the mitigation measure would demand time.measure would demand time.

6. Environmental Management 6. Environmental Management Framework (EMF), contFramework (EMF), cont’’

Process for Environmental Assessment Structure: Process for Environmental Assessment Structure:

Sub-project

Screening

decision on level of assessment

level 2level 1

EA requiredno EA required

7. ENV Recommendation/guidelines7. ENV Recommendation/guidelines

Recommendation/guidelines for the design Recommendation/guidelines for the design phase of subphase of sub--projects proposedprojects proposed

Design of the proposed subDesign of the proposed sub--projects or subprojects or sub--project project facilities should adhere to all existing standard facilities should adhere to all existing standard technical requirements and consensus among the technical requirements and consensus among the member of member of SHGsSHGs and target group,and target group,

The design should consider the flood risks in the The design should consider the flood risks in the area. In particular, the subarea. In particular, the sub--project project sitingsiting should avoid should avoid known seismic fault lines and flood plains, as well as known seismic fault lines and flood plains, as well as suitable for all member,suitable for all member,

Use of the local materials should be maximized Use of the local materials should be maximized (when considered feasible and cost effective) the (when considered feasible and cost effective) the natural resources as much possible,natural resources as much possible,


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Recommendation/guidelines for the design Recommendation/guidelines for the design

phase of subphase of sub--projects proposedprojects proposed, , contcont’’

The design should take into account (when feasible, The design should take into account (when feasible, and cost effective), the available skills local condition of and cost effective), the available skills local condition of the community, in order to maximize local employment,the community, in order to maximize local employment,The design should include provision of safe water body The design should include provision of safe water body sources (ground and surface water) and adequate sources (ground and surface water) and adequate sanitation services,sanitation services,The new designs should consider the local climate The new designs should consider the local climate conditions (insulation, predominant wind direction and conditions (insulation, predominant wind direction and intensity, temperature, etc.), to maximize the energy intensity, temperature, etc.), to maximize the energy efficiency of subefficiency of sub--project facilities in order to reduce the project facilities in order to reduce the need of costly artificial ventilation and illumination,need of costly artificial ventilation and illumination,In the design of subIn the design of sub--project facilities located in suitable project facilities located in suitable areas, the designer should investigate the feasibility of areas, the designer should investigate the feasibility of the installation of lowthe installation of low--cost renewable power systems,cost renewable power systems,

7. ENV Recommendation/guidelines, 7. ENV Recommendation/guidelines, contcont’’

Recommendation/guidelines for construction phase Recommendation/guidelines for construction phase of subof sub--project proposedproject proposed

Appropriate waste disposal measures should be adopted Appropriate waste disposal measures should be adopted during the construction phase. During construction waste during the construction phase. During construction waste must be disposed in a manner that does not contaminate must be disposed in a manner that does not contaminate the soils or water resources (surface/groundwater).the soils or water resources (surface/groundwater).The recyclable waste should be sold to the recycling The recyclable waste should be sold to the recycling contractors or fairly sharing among member; the contractors or fairly sharing among member; the biodegradable waste should be buried at an appropriate biodegradable waste should be buried at an appropriate site.site.the leftthe left--over construction materials should be sold to other over construction materials should be sold to other users; and the remaining waste should be burnt at a place users; and the remaining waste should be burnt at a place at a safe distance from any human settlements in order to at a safe distance from any human settlements in order to ensure that the local residents are not affected.ensure that the local residents are not affected.The location of farming should be selected with full The location of farming should be selected with full consent of the community and among target group as well.consent of the community and among target group as well.

Recommendation/guidelines for Recommendation/guidelines for construction phase of subconstruction phase of sub--project project

proposed, contproposed, cont’’

The farms buildings should not be constructed over The farms buildings should not be constructed over any disputed land, known seismic fault lines, flood any disputed land, known seismic fault lines, flood plain, or areas with poor soil support capacity.plain, or areas with poor soil support capacity.The protected areas (the wildlife protected areas, as The protected areas (the wildlife protected areas, as well as the notified areas of archeological, cultural well as the notified areas of archeological, cultural or historical significance) in the province should be or historical significance) in the province should be avoided, when selecting the site for the subavoided, when selecting the site for the sub--projects projects construction.construction.The farms building should not be constructed on The farms building should not be constructed on areas having any significant natural vegetation or areas having any significant natural vegetation or over cultivated land. When this is inevitable, over cultivated land. When this is inevitable, adequate measures should be taken to minimize the adequate measures should be taken to minimize the area that needs to be cleared for the building.area that needs to be cleared for the building.

7. ENV Recommendation/guidelines, 7. ENV Recommendation/guidelines, contcont’’

Recommendation/guidelines for operation Recommendation/guidelines for operation phase of subphase of sub--project proposedproject proposed

The water used at the farms should be properly safe The water used at the farms should be properly safe in order to ensure its safety for human consumption in order to ensure its safety for human consumption as well as for farms. as well as for farms. Water quality monitoring program should be Water quality monitoring program should be implemented to ensure long term quality of the water implemented to ensure long term quality of the water used system.used system.The farms should be kept clean and functional all the The farms should be kept clean and functional all the time in accordance with the technical manner.time in accordance with the technical manner.Disposal facilities should be properly operated and Disposal facilities should be properly operated and maintained in order to prevent diseases and maintained in order to prevent diseases and contamination. contamination.

Recommendation/guidelines for Recommendation/guidelines for operation phase of suboperation phase of sub--project proposed, project proposed,

contcont’’Solid waste should be collected and properly disposed Solid waste should be collected and properly disposed in the right place. in the right place. The recyclable waste should be sold to the recycling The recyclable waste should be sold to the recycling contractors or fairly sharing among member; contractors or fairly sharing among member; The biodegradable waste should be buried at an The biodegradable waste should be buried at an appropriate site, and the remaining waste should be appropriate site, and the remaining waste should be burnt at a place at a safe distance from any human burnt at a place at a safe distance from any human settlements in order to ensure that the local residents settlements in order to ensure that the local residents are not affected.are not affected.The waste should be fairly sharing among the member The waste should be fairly sharing among the member of SHG and local communities in order to avoid dispute.of SHG and local communities in order to avoid dispute.Awareness on farms maintenance, feeding and other Awareness on farms maintenance, feeding and other technical support should be provided to the local technical support should be provided to the local communities as well as to the member of SHG.communities as well as to the member of SHG.

8. Finding and Conclusion8. Finding and Conclusion

•• Mostly the proposed subMostly the proposed sub--projects locations will be taken projects locations will be taken place in their home land, community.place in their home land, community.

•• The equipment, material to be used for construction will The equipment, material to be used for construction will be used their own resources or existing resources in be used their own resources or existing resources in their community.their community.

•• It will be quite small, thus causing minimal or impacts of It will be quite small, thus causing minimal or impacts of the environment and natural resources.the environment and natural resources.

•• These impacts will be mostly temporary in natural These impacts will be mostly temporary in natural resources and environment.resources and environment.

•• In order to assess the above impacts, an environmental In order to assess the above impacts, an environmental assessment of the proposed program was carried out assessment of the proposed program was carried out which confirmed that the program would not result in any which confirmed that the program would not result in any significant and lasting environmental impacts. significant and lasting environmental impacts.


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8. Finding and Conclusion, cont8. Finding and Conclusion, cont’’

•• It was also concluded that the present assessment was It was also concluded that the present assessment was sufficient, and no further full EA/IEA action would be sufficient, and no further full EA/IEA action would be required, required,

•• The assessment should be in accordance with the The assessment should be in accordance with the national laws/regulatory requirements as well as WB national laws/regulatory requirements as well as WB OP 4.01.OP 4.01.

Thank you !Thank you !

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