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Document of

The World Bank

FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY

Report N o s . 5 107-IN & 5 10 8-IN

STAFF APPRAISAZ, REPORT

- INDIA

NARMADA RIVER DEVELOPMENT - GUJARAT

SUPPLEMENTARY DATA VOLUME

PART I1

March 6, 1985

South Asia Projects Department Irrigation I1 Division

' ? This document has a restricted distribution and may be used by recipients only in the performance of their official duties. Its rontents may not otherwise be disclosed without N'orld Bank authorization.

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CURRENCY EQUIVALENTS

USSl .OO = Rupees (Rs) 12.00 L/

WEIGHTS AND MGBSURES (METRIC SYSTEM)

1 mete r (m) = 3.28 f e e t ( f t ) 1 k i l o m e t e r (km) = 0.62 m i l e s (mi) 1 h e c t a r e ( h a ) = 2.47 a c r e s ( a c ) 1 m i l l i o n c u b i c mete r s ( ~ m ? ) = 810 a c r e - f e e t (ac-f t )

3 1 c u b i c f o o t per second ( c u s e c o r c f s ) = 0.028 cub ic mete r s per second (m / s ) 1 k i logram (kg) = 2.2 pounds ( l b ) 1 m e t r i c ton (mt) = 2,205 pounds ( l b ) 1 m i l l i o n a c r e - f e e t (MAF) = 1233.5 M c u b i c m (Mrn3) 1 c u b i c meter pe r second (cumec) = 35.3 cusec 1 t o n . = 1 ,000 k i lograms (kg) 1 g i g a w a t t h o u r s (GWh) = 1 m i l l i o n ki low t t hours (kwh) 1 k i l o v o l t (kv) = 1,000 v o l t s (10 4 V) 1 megawatt (MW) = 1 ,000 k i l o w a t t s 1 k i l o c a l o r i e per k i logram (Kca l lkg) = 1,800 B r i t i s h thermal u n i t s per

pound ( B t u / l b )

FISCAL YEBR

G O I ; GOG; GOM; GOMP; GOR A p r i l 1 - March 3 1

- - - -

11 The US Dol lar /Rupee exchange r a t e is s u b j e c t t o change. Convers ions - i n t h i s r e p o r t have been made a t USS1.00 t o R s 12.00 excep t f o r t h e economic a n a l y s i s where t h e p r e v i o u s l y adopted r a t e of US$1.00 t o R s 11.00 was used.

21 The m e t r i c system has been used i n most c a s e s . However, I n d i a i s s t i l l - i n t h e p r o c e s s of t r a n s i t i o n t o t h e m e t r i c system; non-metric u n i t s a r e s t i l l widely used and have been used i n t h i s r e p o r t where a convers ion t o t h e m e t r i c system may confuse t h e r e a d e r .

FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY

ABbREVLATIONS AND ACRONYhS

CAC CEA CCA CHPH CPO CWPC CWPKS

. . CWC DRP DS P Em EL FRL FSL GEB GUG G O 1 GO tll' GOM GOR I C B

7 I D I3ID LCB WEB rnDL 'r&b MISC ha I k I P hh L N CA ti DD hHP C NPDCC * NPG LRC hRD WDl' 06M PMF KB PH REB S A SEB SPLE C SSP

"'

S a r d a r Sarovar C o n s t r u c t i o n and Aavisory C o r n i t t e e C e n t r a l E l e c t r i c i t y A u t h o r i t y C u l t i v a b l e Command Area Canalheaa Powerhouse C e n t r a l i z e d Procurement O r g a n i z a t i o n C e n t r a l Water and Power Conunission C e n t r a l Water and Power Research S t a t i o n C e n t r a l k a t e r Commission Dam Review Pane l Dam S a f e t y Panel Economic Rate of Re turn E l e v a t i o n F u l l Reservor r Level F u l l Supply Level G u j a r a t E l e c t r i c i t y Board Government of Guj a r a t Government of I n d i a Government of Madhya Pradesh Government of h a h a r a s h t r a Government of Ra jas t h a n I n t e r n a t i o n a l Compet l t lve Biaaing I r r i g a t j o n Department o t t h e GOG Ind ian Meteoro log ica l Department Local Compet i t ive Bidding Naahya Pradesh E l e c t r i c i t y Board Minimum Drawdown Level Maharashrra E l e c t r i c i t y Boara Management In format ion Systems C e l l Municipal and I n a u s t r r a l Madhya Praaesh Maximum Water Level Carmaaa Cont ro l A u t h o r i t y Naraaa Development Department Narmaaa High Power Committee Namaaa P r o j e c t Design and C o n s t r u c t i o n C i r c l e Narmaaa Plannlng Group Narmada Review Committee harmaaa River Development Narmada Water Dispu tes T r r b u n a l Opera t ion and Maintenance Probable haximum Ylooa Riverbed Powerhouse Regioual E l e c t r i c i t y Board S e r v i c e Area S r a t e E l e c t r i c i t y Boara Snowy Mountains Engineer ing Corpora t ion Sardar Sarovar P r o j e c t

This document has a restricted distribution and may be used by recipients only in the performance of their official duties. Its contents may not otherwise be disclosed without World Bank authorization.

GLOSSARY

khar i f - Wet season ; June - Vctober r a b i - Dry season ; November - h a r c h chak - I r r i g a t i o n d e l i v e r y u n i t of about 40 ha i n s i z e t a luka - S u b d i v i s i o n of a d i s t r i c t p a i s e - There a r e 1b0 p a i s e p e r rupee

I N D I A

NARMADA R I V E R DEVELOPMENT - GUJARAT

PART- I I

SUPPLEMENTARY DATA VOLUME

TABLE OF CONTENTS

ANNEXES 1 1

6 - P r o j e c t C r i t e r i a and P lan of Operat ion 7 - Groundwater Drainage and Conjunct ive Use 8 - Framework f o r Operat ion and Maintenance 9 - Sardar Sarovar D a m and Power Complex

10 - Economic A n a l y s i s 11 - Documents i n P r o j e c t F i l e

MAPS - 1 - Sardar Sarovar Dam and Power Complex (IBRD 17692)

The Supplementary Data Volumes a r e based on t h e f i n d i n g s of v a r i o u s preap- p r a i s a l miss ions s i n c e August 1980, a p p r a i s a l miss ions t h a t v i s i t e d I n d i a i n March, June, and September, 1983, and a p o s t - a p p r a i s a l of the r e s e t t l e m e n t component i n August 1984, comprising Messrs: P. Ljung, G . Fauss , C . Diewald, R. Vick, A . Sanchez, M. El-Menshawy, R. Goodland, K. J echou tek , D . F i t c h e t t , G . LeMoigne (IBRDIIDA): C . P e r r y , C . Br idges and D.D. Taneja (IBRD/IDA/NDO); M. Barber , H. F r e d e r i k s e n , L. Shanan, N. Buras, L.D. James, D . Dawdy, J. R i e d e l , I . P i n k e r t o n , P. K i r p i c h , 0 . Mej ia , T. Scudder, A. Gibbs , H. Falvey, A. Cospers , G. Thorsky, T. Samuels, W. Long, M. Fireman, J. Brown, M. Cessna, A. Dolyniuk and D . Mach ( c o n s u l t a n t s ) . The Snowy Mountain Engineer ing Corporat ion of A u s t r a l i a inc lud ing the team of W . Gardner, J . Hunter and B. J a g g e r , completed the t e c h n i c a l a p p r a i s a l of t h e main dam. E d i t i n g done by Pls. S. Fellows and word p rocess ing was done by Mr. J . Maddix, 11s. C . Ba ta ra , Mrs. S. Douglas, and Mrs. S. Vanjani .

11 P a r t I c o n t a i n s annexes 1-5. The two Supplementary Data Volumes suppor t - two SAR's e n t i t l e d "Sardar Sarovar Dam and Power P r o j e c t t ' (Report No.5107-IN) and "Water De l ive ry and Drainage P r o j e c t " (Report No. 5108-IN).

Annex 6

INDIA

NARMADA RIVER DEVELOPMENT - GUJARAT Pro iect Criteria and Plan of Operat ion

Table of Contents

I. Preamble

Introduction Policies

11. Project Operation and Design Criteria,

Agricultural Water Requirements Quality of the Irrigation Water Service to Farmers Municipal and Industrial Water Supply Surface Water Network Area Control Center Facility Project Control Center Facility Flood Drainage System Groundwater Drainage System ,

Roads Operation and Maintenance .

111. Operational Plan for Water Deliveries

General Delivery Schedules for Rajasthan and for M&I Water in Gujarat Scheme of Operation: System Normal Scheme of Operation: System Emergency

Tables

1. Regional Cropping Patterns for Design of Facilities 2. Crop Water Requirements in MM/Week/~a Cropped 3. Flow Requirements at Branch Canalheads

ANNEX 6 Page 1

I N D I A

NAKMALIA RIVER DEVELOPhENT - GUJARAT

P r o j e c t C r i t e r i a a n a P l a n o f O p e r a t i o n

I. Preamble

I n t r o a u c t i o n

1. T h i s document p r e s e n t s i n f o r m a t i o n on t h e e s s e n t i a l m a t t e r s t h a t c o n s t i t u t e t h e i r r i g a t i o n and d r a i n a g e p r o j e c t and p e r m i t s e , rv ing of f a r m e r s i n ' a c c o r a a n c e w i t h p r o j e c t o b j e c t i v e s . It s e r v e s a s t h e b a s i c r e f e r e n c e f o r a l l s u b s e q u e n t d e c i s i o n s i n p l a n n i n g , d e s i g n , construction, and o p e r a t i o n , a n a t h e r e l a t e d s c h e a u l i n g of comple t i on of p r o j e c t f a c i l i t i e s . It i s r ecog - n i z e d t h a t a e t a i l s on a l l m a t t e r s c anno t be r e s o l v e d s i m u l t a n e o u s l y . However, a s a e c i s i o n s a r e r e a c h e a , t h e r e s u l t s s h o u l d be i n c l u d e a and t h e a f f e c t e d s e c t i o n s upda t ed . F i n a l comple t i on of s e c t i o n s s h o u l a be s c h e a u l e a s o t h a t a e c i s i o n s a r e r e a c h e u i n an o r a e r l y manne r , and t i m e l y u p d a t i n g woula p r o v i d e t h e b a s i s t o e v a l u a t e ongoing a c t i v i t i e s .

2 . The f o l l o w i n g summarizes t h e i m p o r t a n t p o l i c i e s b e a r i n g on p r o j e c t f o r m u l a t i o n , d e s i g n , acd o p e r a t i o n o f t h e i r r i g a t i o n aua d r a i n a g e syscems.

( a ) A p u b l i c s e c t o r agency would have r e s p o n s i b i l i t y f o r p l a n n i n g , d e s i g n , c o n s t r u c t i o n , o p e r a t i o n aria ma in t enance ( ~ h h ) of t h e s u r f a c e w a t e r i r r i g a t i o n facilities from t h e r e s e r v o i r o u t l e t t o t h e f a r m g a t e , a l l p u b l i c s e c t o r g roundwa te r deve lopment f o r c o n j ~ n c t r v e u se and a r a i n a g e , and a l l s u r f a c e w a t e r a r a i n a g e f a c i l i t i e s rrom a b o u t t h e 40-ha l e v e l .

( b ) A l l r e a s o n a b l e demands and u se of Narmaaa R i v e r w a t e r f o r m u n i c i p a l ana i n a u s t r l a l ( h a I ) u s e and f o r irrigation woula have p r i o r i t y o v e r r e l e a s e s f o r power g e n e r a t i o n w i t h i n t h e s t i p u l a t i o n s o r t h e NWDT ( s e e annex 2 ) .

( c ) R e g i o n a l w a t e r r i g h t s , e x p r e s s e d i n t e rms o r volumes of w a t e r p e r h e c t a r e of n e t CCA t o t h e f a rm , would be e s t a b l i s h e d t o t h e f o l l o w i k g t h r e e c l a s s e s of w a t e r :

ANhhX 6 Page 2

( i ) Cilass A water d e i i n e a a s the b a s i c supply of a l l rlows up t o 75% r e l i a b i l i t y of Narmaaa River water a s ues igna teu by t h e NWDT, p l u s a l l usab le grounawater developed by t h e agency; 1 1

( i i ) C l a s s B water aef i n e a a s any s u r f a c e water s u r p l u s to Class A i n any yea r under f u l l development c o n d i t i o n s ; ana

( i i i ) C lass C water a e s i g n a t e a as s u r f a c e water s u r p l u s t o c l a s s e s A and B dur ing t h e p r o j e c t bu i l aup p e r i o a .

(d ) C lass A water would be allocates t o r e g i o n s In accoraance wi th socioeconomic o b j e c t i v e s and a g r o c l i m a t i c c o n d i t i o n s , t h e a l l o c a t i o n w i t h i n a r eg ion would be uniform on a h e c t a r e of n e t CCA b a s i s and the a c t u a l q u a n t i t i e s a v a i l a b l e each yea r would be d i s t r i b u t e a i n p r o p o r t i o n t o the b a s i c a l l o c a t i o n .

( e l Class b wa te r would be a l l o c a t e d i n the same p r o p o r t i o n s a s C l a s s A water ( w i t h i n t h e p h y s i c a l c o n s t r a i n t s or t h e system) and Class C wa te r would be d i s t r i b u t e d i n - s imi la r p r o p o r t i o n s t o t h e a r e a aevelopea a t t h e time such a s u r p l u s occurs .

( P u b l i c s e c t d r groundwater aevelopment f o r co'njunct i v e use would be r e s t r i c t e a t o t h e a l l u v i a l a q u i f e r a r e a s , would be unaertaKen . accora ing t o t h e c r i t e r i a s p e c i r i e d i n para 5.45 and such s u p p l l e s woula be i n c o r p o r a t e a i n t o t h e a e l i v e r y sy-stem t o augment the s u r f s c e water supply .

(g ) P r o j e c t water supply would no t r e l a t e t o t h e a v a i l a b i l i t y o r p r i v a t e l y developed grounawater ana t h e agency would encourage p r i v a t e s e c t o r groundwater aevelopment wherever f e a s i b l e , p a r t i c u l a r l y i n t h e hardrock a q u i f e r a r e a s where p u b l i c s e c t o r aevelopment i s not f e a s i b l e .

( h ) The agency woula have r e s p o n s i b i l i t y i o r p reven t ion or water logging ana f o r t h e removal of excess u n u t i l i z a b l e grounawater irom t h e p r o j e c t a r e a .

( i ) The agency woula c o n s t r u c t and main ta in s u r f a c e viicer a r a i n a g e worKs i n t h e command a r e a t o remove excess p r e c i p i t a t i o n ana prevent damage t o c rops .

( j ) A l l i r r i g a b l e l anas (GOG c l a s s e s 1 through 4 ) t h a t a r e reasonably cont iguous w i t n i n t h e Command a r e a would be s e r v e a .

( k ) P r o j e c t i r r i g a t i o n f a c i l i t i e s would be des ignea t o minimize response t imes , provide f o r f u t u r e f l e x i b i l i t y of o p e r a t i o n , and t o permit i n c r e a s i n g e i f i c i e n c y of r a t e r use; and t o t h i s end, t h e system would

I / Reference h e r e i n a f t e r t o ,"the agency," o r "agency," r e f e r s t o the govern- - ment agency r e s p o n s i b l e f o r p r o j e c t Ohh. For t h e SSP t h i s w l l l be the Narmaaa Development Department ( s e e SAR 5107-Ik, pa ra b .07) .

AIvNEX 6 Page 3

be p r o v i d e a w i t h t h e c r o s s - r e g u l a t i o n s t r u c t u r e s t o pe rmi t o p e r a t i o n on t h e c o n t r o l l e a volume c o n c e p t , a r e l a t i v e l y h i g h c a p a c i t y , a n d t h e c a n a l s would be l i n e a from t h e r e s e r v o i r o u t l e t t o t h e 8-ha l e v e l .

( 1 ) The v i l l a g e s e r v i c e a r e a (SA) of 200-500 ha would be t h e b a s i c u n i t f o r w a t e r a l l o c a t i o n t o which d e l i v e r i e s would be made f o r 24-hr /aay f o r one week p e r i o a s a t i n t e r v a l s t o be e s t a b l i s h e d by agreement between t h e agency and t h e f a r m e r s f o r e a c h i r r i g a t i o n s e a s o n .

(m) k i t h i n t h e SAY a n u n r e g u l a t e a , f r ee - f low sys t em woula convey w a t e r c o n t i n u o u s l y t o a l l t h e chaks (o f 23-65 h a ) d u r i n g t h e weekly a l l o c a t i o n p e r i o d , ana u e l i v e r y w i t h i n a chak would be t h rough a r e g u l a t e d , f r ee - f low sys t em, t h e chak s u p p l i e s be ing r o t a t e d a t f u l l chak f l o w t o t h e f a r m e r s .

( n ) Each f a rmer woula be f r e e t o s e l e c t h i s c r o p s , c r o p p i n g p a t t e r n , ana method of i r r i g a t i o n f o r u t i l i z a t i o n of t h e w a t e r a l l o c a t e u t o t h e SA, e x c e p t t h a t t h e sys t em would n o t be o p e r a t e a t o s e r v e t t e s p e c i a l needs of p e r e n n i a l c r o p s .

( 0 ) A l l a c t i o n s conce rn ing s e l e c t i o n &na o p e r a t i o n o r p r o j e c t t a c l l i t i e s . would be i n a c c o r d a n c e w i t h t h e r u l i n g s of t h e hkDT.

11. Pro i e c t O p e r a t i o n a n a Des ign C r i t e r i a

A g r i c u l t u r a l k a t e r Requi rements

3 . Impact of C l i m a t e . High t e m p e r a t u r e s w i t h low hurniai ty accoun t f o r k~igh-peak c r o p w a t e r demands. R a i n f a l l d u r i n g k h a r i f i s subs t an t i a l - -mean a n n u a l r a i n f a l l r a n g i n g from 4b0 t o 1 , 6 0 0 mm between r e g i o n s w i t h 95% occur- i n g i n t h e monsoon seasoo--and t h i s r e a u c e s t h e t o t a l w a t e r r e q u i r e m e n t f o r i r r i g a t i o n , p a r t i c u l a r l y i n t h e s o u t h e r n r e g i o n s of t h e p r o j e c t a r e a . however, t n e i n t r a - and in te rmonsoon season v a r i a t i o n s i n r a i n f a l l amounts a r e l a r g e , a c o n s i d e r a o l e p r o p o r t i o n of t h e p r e c i p i t a t i o n o c c u r s i n h i g h i n t e n s i t y s to rms w i t h low e r f e c t i v e r a i n f a l l and p ro longea d r y s p e l l s o c c u r f r e q u e n t l y a u r i n k t h e wet s e a s o n . Thus, though t h e t o t a l i r r i g a t i o n w a t e r r equ i r emen t p e r h e c t a r e may be r e l a t i v e l y low d u r i n g k h a r i f , a nigh-peak a e l i v e r y c a p a c i t y is r e q u i r e a i f i r r i g a t i o n i s t o e f f e c t i v e l y supplement r a i n f a l l .

4. Cropvea Area . The a r e a c ropped would be t h e f a rmer ' s c h o i c e and , a s t h e w a t e r a v a i l a b l e woula be i n a a e q u a t e t o f u l i y i r r i g a t e t h e CCA a t r u l l deve lopment , an a r e a l e s s t han t h e CCA i s l i k e l y t o be i r r i g a t e u I n most s e a s o n s . The s e a s o n a l w a t e r s u p p l y s e t s t h e limits t o i r r i g a t i o n i n r a o i a n a h o t s ea son . Bowever, d u r i n g t h e k h a r i f , t h e r a rmer may choose t o r i s k count - i n g on a h igh p r o p o r t i o n of p r e c i p i t a t i o n t o meet n i s c r o p w a t e r n e e a s ana op t f o r a l a r g e r i r r i g a t e a a r e a s e r v e a by a few i r r i g a t i o n s . I f u n r e s t r i c t e a , t n i s aemana would s e t t h e d e l i v e r y c a p a c i t y f o r t h e e n t l r e sys t em. For t h e purpose of a e s i g n , t h e sys tem c a p a c l t y woula be s e t a t a l e v e l t h a t p e r m i t s i r r i g a t i o n .from p u o l i c s o u r c e s a t normal c r o p w a t e r

\ aemanus on a p e r c e n t a g e of t h e n e t CCA i n any s e a s o n , var1:ing between r e g i o n s from a maximum of 802 and a minimum of 60%. The h l g h e r l i m i t s a r t : a p p r o p r i a t e f o r k h a r i f c r o p s i n t h e s o u t h ana t h e l o w t r a r e s u l t a ~ l e t o r bo th

AIqNEX 6 Page 4 .

r a b i and k h a r i f i n t h e n o r t h . Es t ima tes of pe rcen tages irrigated by s e a s o r s and by reg ions a r e t a b u l a t e d below:

Regional I r r i g a t i o n I n t e n s i t i e s by Seasons

Region Khar i f Rab i

% of Net CCA Served

5 . Cropping P a t t e r n s . Cropping p a t t e r n s would va ry throughout t h e p r o j e c t a r e a because of v a r i a t i o u s i n s o i l types , c l i m a t e , farm s i z e , ?oca- t i o n wi th r e s p e c t t o markets and farmer p re fe rence . F i n a n c i a l ana economic advantages of p o t e n t i a l c rops would change a s markets , p r i c e s , aud c o s t s of i n p u t s change i n the f u t u r e . For t h e purpose of des ign of t h e f a c i l i t i e s , c ropping p a t t e r n s t h a t a r e judged t o o t f e r r easonab le economic p o t e n t i a l a r e used f o r s i z i n g t h e works. The s e l e c t e a r e g i o n a l p a t t e r n s a r e summarizes irA t a b l e 1.

6 . Crop k a t e r Requirements. Crop water requirements per h e c t a r e of cropped a r e a have been determinea f o r t h e cropping p a t t e r n s used f o r d e s i g n of f a c i l i t i e s . There a r e a i f f e r e n c e s aue t o c l i m a t i c v a r i a t i o n s w i t h i n the p r o j e c t and due to t h e cropping p a t t e r n s assumed. The q u a n t i t i e s a r e ca lcu- - l a t e d a t the farmgate assuming an a p p l i c a t i o n e i f i c i e n c y 70%--operational . - l o s s e s a r e not includes. Weekly and s e a s o n a l water requirements by r e g i o n s f o r the assumed cropping p a t t e r n s a r e p r e s e n t e a i k t a b l e 2 .

g u a l i t v of t h e I r r i g a t i o n Water

7. The water from t h e harmaaa R i v e r , which i s the p r i n c i p a l source o t water supply t o t h e p r o j e c t , i s of good q u a l i t y . T o t a l d i s s o l v e d s o i l s range from about 1b0 ppm i n monsoon f lows t o 560 ppm dur ing low-tlow p e r i o d s . Mixing i n t h e r e s e r v o i r would weight t h e q u a l i t y of the r e l e a s e a water t o t n e i r r i g a t i o n system toward t h e low va lue o i s a l t c o n c e n t r a t i o n . Though some d e t e r i o r a t i o n i n r i v e r water q u a l i t y i s i n e v i t a b l e a s upstream p r o j e c t s a r e I-

aevelopeu, such changes i n q u a l i t y a r e uot expectea t o s i g n i f i c a n t l y i n f l u e n c e o p e r a t i o n of t h e s u r f a c e water d i s t r i b u t i o n system.

AhNEX 6 Page 5

8. Development of agency g roundwa te r would be r e s t r i c t e d t o t h e a l l u v l a l a q u i f e r a r e a s of main land G u j a r a t t h a t u n d e r l i e abou t two t h i r a s of t h e CCA. k i t h i n t h i s a r e a , g roundwater q u a l i t y v a r i e s c o n s i d e r a b l y , p a t b e i n g s u i t a b l e f o r a i r e c t u s e f o r i r r i g a t i o n s , p a r t be ing u s a b l e o n l y a f t e r b l end - i n g w i t h s u r f a c e w a t e r , and p a r t b e i n g t o o s a l i n e f o r b l e n d i n g a t any economic r a t e . I n g e n e r a l , q u a l i t y w a t e r a e g r a a e s i n t h e a i r e c t i o n o r t h e c o a s t a n a n o r t h w a r d s t h r o u g h t h e p r o j e c t a r e a .

4. As a l l agency g roundwa te r deve lopea f o r c o n j u n c t i v e u s e would be i n t r o a u c e d t o t h e d e l i v e r y sy s t em a t t h e head of t h e v i l l a g e SAY i t would, i n f a c t , be b l e n d e d w i t h s u r f a c e w a t e r r e g a r a l e s s of l t s q u a l r t y . However, t h e b l e n a i n g of t h e p o o r e r q u a l i t y g roundwa te r woula be i n p r o p o r t i o n s w i t h s u r f a c e w a t e r t h a t e n s u r e s t h a t t o t a l d i s s o l v e d s 6 l i d s i n t h e b l end uo n o t exceed 1,bbO ppm i n ex t r eme c a s e s a n d , i n g e n e r a l , a r e k e p t below 7UO ppm.

S e r v i c e t o Farmers

10 . I r r i g a t i o n Water Supp ly . The w a t e r r e s o u r c e s a v a i l a b l e t o t h e p r o j e c t do n o t meet t h e f u l l amounts t h a t c r o p p r o a u c t i o n on t h e c o m a n a a r e a c o u l d e f f e c t i v e l y u t i l i z e . MonsoorL r a i n f a l l i s undependable . The aominant c o n c e r n on t h e p r o j e c t i s t h e s u p p l y and c o n t r o l of a l l m i t e a amount o r i r r i g a t i o n w a t e r .

11. 'I

The p r imary s o u r c e s of l r r l g a t i o n s u p p l y k o u l d be s u r f a c e wk te r rrom t h e Narmaaa R i v e r a n a g roundwa te r f rom w i t h i n t h e command a r e a . I t i s f o r e s e e n t h a t g roundwa te r woula r e p r e s e n t a p p r o x i m a t e l y 252 o i t h e t o t a l w a t e r s u p p l y a t t h e v l l l a g e SA l e v e l ana t h a t agency g rounawa te r would r e p r e - s e n t up t o h a l f of t h e t o t a l g rounawa te r u s e a . Where a e v e l o p e d , t h e agency g rounawa te r would be i n t r o d u c e d i n tr,e s u r f a c e w a t e r d e l l v e r y sy s t em a s a n augmen ta t i on s u p p l y a t t h e v i l l a g e SA l e v e l .

12. The w a t e r d e l i v e r y s e r v i c e of agency w a t e r r e f l e c t s t h e s u p p l y l i m i t a t i o n s , c r o p p r o d u c t i o n o b j e c t i v e s , and t h e p o l i c y t h a t s l l c w s f a r m e r s s u b s t a n t i a l d i s c r e t i o n i n f a rm o p e r a t i o n s . P r i v a t e l y deve loped g rounawa te r i s c o m p l e t e l y unde r t h e c o n t r o l of t h e owner, ana i t s a v a i l a b i l i t y i s n o t r e f l e c t e d i n t h e a l l o c a t i o n of t h e p u b l i c s u p p l y . The i r r i g a t i o n s e r v i c e p r o v i a e a t o f a r m e r s by t h e agency would be a s f o l l o w s :

( a ) Annual and s e a s o n a l s u p p l i e s would be allocates t o f a r m e r s u n i f o r m l y w i t h i n r e g i o n s i n p r o p o r t i o n t o t h e n e t CCA o p e r a t e a , and r e g i o n a l a l l o c a t i o n s would be made i n s t r i c t a c c o r d a n c e w i t h f i x e a p r o j e c t c r i t e r i a .

( b ) SA o f 2bU-500 ha would be d e l i n e a t e d s o t a r a s p o s s i b l e t o con£ orm w i t h v i l l a g e b o u n d a r i e s .

( c ) A SA would r e c e i v e a c o n s t a n t and c o n t i n u o u s r low f o r seven-day p e r i o a s a c c o r d i n g t o a s c h e a u l e t h a t would be e s t a b l i s t e a f o r e a c h s e a s o n .

AhhEX 6 Page 6

( a ) Dur ing a seven-day d e l i v e r y p e r i o d , w a t e r woula be s u p p l i e d s i m u l t a n e o u s l y t o a l l chaks w i t h i n a SA w i t h f l ows p r o r a t e d a c c o r d i n g t o chak s i z e ana w i t h a t y p i c a l f low of a b o u t 27 I p s (one c u s e c ) .

( e l b i t h i n a chak d u r i n g a seven-day d e l i v e r y p e r i o d , t h e w'ater woula be r o t a t e d t o f a r m e r s a c c o r a i n g t o a f i x e d s c h e a u l e , t h e p e r i o d of f low t o each fa rm r e l a t i n g t o t h e s i z e of t h e fa rm.

i The maximum i n t e r v a l between i r r i g a t i o n s on any fhrm d u r i n g t h e peak demand p e r i o d would be s even a a y s , and t ime i n t e r v a l s between i r r i g a t i o n s a u r i n g o t h e r p e r i o a s would be i n i n c r e m e n t s of s even a a y s .

( g ) Farmers w i t h i n a SA would, w i t h a a v i c e i r o n t h e agency and t h e E x t e n s i o n S e r v i c e , collectively a e t e r m i n e t h e i r common s c h e d u l e f o r a e l i v e r y of a l l o c a t e u w a t e r f o r t h e s e a s o n . Any changes of s c h e d u l e a u r i n g t h e s e a s o n woula be d e t e r m i r e d i n a s i m i l a r manner. -

( h ) short- . term a l t e r i n g of t h e d e l i v e r y s c h e a u l e t o a SA i n r e s p o n s e . t o r a i n f a l l would b-e c a r r i e d o u t under p r o c e a u r e s a g r e e d between

t h e agency and SA f a r m e r s .

13. Dra inage . S e r v i c e s t o remove s u r p l u s p r e c i p r t a t i o n ana e x c e s s groundwater t h a t would be harmful t o c r o p p r o d u c t i o n woula be p rov ided by t n e p r o j e c t a s f o l l o w s :

( a ) Excess precipitation from a three-day s to rm w i t h a r e t u r n t r e q u e n c y of f i v e y e a r s would be removed i n a manner t h a t l i m i t s t h e a r e a i n u n d a t e a t o a maxiuum o r 252 of t h e CCA of a cnak f o r a maximum o i t h r e e a a y s f o r up land c r o p s and s i x days f o r paaay . I h e agency s u r f a c e a r a i n a g e f a c i l l t y would ex t end b a c ~ t o abdut t h e 4U-ha l e v e l ( c o i n c i d i n g w i t h t h e c h a k s ) a n a woula l i n ~ w i t h t h e w i th in -chak a r a i n a g e t h a t would be p r o v i d e d by t h e f a r m e r s .

( b ) Groundwater c o n t r o l woula be p rov ided by t h e agency by means of w e l l s ana- a e e p d r a i n s t o l i m i t g rounawa te r l e v e l s t o an a v e r a g e 01 5 m below l a n d s u r f a c e and a minimum of 2 m i r r i s o l a t e d a r e a s . Dra inage w a t e r of s u i t a b l e q u a l i t y f o r i r r i g a t i o n ( a i r e c t l y o r by b l e n d i n g w i t h s u r f a c e w a t e r ) woula be u t i l i z e d , a s p o s s i b l e , f o r i r r i g a t i o n and , t o t h i s ena , p u b l i c s e c t o r w e l l f i e l a f a c i l i t i e s r n a u s a b l e w a t e r q u a l i t y a r e a would be d e s i g n e d t o have t h e a o u b l e f u n c t i o n of d r a i n a g e ana c o n j u n c t i v e u s e .

h u n i c i p a l and I n d u s t r i a l (M&I) k a t e r S u p p l ~

14 . The WDT c o n s i d e r e d a w a t e r r equ i r emen t t o r M & I u s e s from t h e Narmaaa R i v e r supp ly o i 1308 h3/ y e a r ( 1 .b6 ~ A F / ~ e a r ) . T h i s i n c i u d e a r e q u i r e m e n t s f o r bo th u rban ana r u r a l a r e a s , ma in ly l o c a t e a w l t h i n t h e command a r e a , bu t i n p a r t , l o c a t e d o u t s i d e t h e couimana wtiere o t h e r w a t e r s u p p l y possibilities ao not e x i s t .

AkhEX 6 Page 7

15 . A r e c e n t s t u a y by GOG e s t i m a t e s Lhe a d a i t i o n a l ha1 w a t e r r e q u i r e m e n t s of t h e s t a t e i n t h e yea r 2021 a s 1721 ~ i m ' / ~ e a r . The Dreakaown o r t h i s r e q u i r e m e n t and s o u r c e s from which i t may be p rov ided a r e summarizes i n t h e f o l l o w i n g t a b l e :

G u i a r a t ' s P r o j e c t e d MhI h a t e r Demana by Year 2021 (h3/ y e a r )

Sources Demand I o t a 1 Groundwater i n Narmaaa R i v e r Utner L o c a l

Type Demand Comana Area Supply S o u r c e s

Urban/ Indus- 1480 7 Y t r i a l

R u r a l a/ 241 - 99

T o t a l 1721 17 8 9 56 >87

a / "Problem v i l l a g e s " w i t h o u t an a s s u r e d s o u r c e of d r i n k i n g w a t e r o n l y . -

1 6 . 3 Thus 956 hi / y e a r i s e x p e c t e a t o be r e q u i r e a a s a n e t s u p p l y t o r 4&I w a t e r from the Narmaaa c a n a l sys t em by 3U21. Al lowing f o r conveyance l o s s e s , t h e g r o s s aemand would be abou t 1310 Pm / y e a r . T h i s aemand would De s c a t - t e r e a t h rough t h e sys t em, though a l a r g e p r o p o r t i o n would be r e q u i r e a f o r t h e Baroda and Ahmeaabad a r e a s .

S u r f a c e k a t e r Network

1 7 . k a t e r Conveyance and D e l i v e r v Systems. The conveyance sys tem i n c l u d e s a l l c a n a l f a c i l i t i e s from t h e r e s e r v o i r o u t l e t t o t h e head of t h e v i l l a g e SA. The a e l i v e r y s y s t e m . i n c l u a e s a l l c a n a l and channe l r a c i l i t i e s w i t h i n t h e SA t o t h e f i e l d o u t l e t ( g e n e r a l l y a b o u t t h e su rvey number). The head o l t h e v i l l a g e SA forms a b r e a k p o i n t i n t h e czinal sys tem, above which w a t e r i s d e l i v e r e d on he c o n t r o l l e d volume p r i n c i p a l and below which t h e c a n a l s ana c h a n n e l s a r e f r e e - a r a i n i n g . It i s a l s o t h e p o i n t a t which any agency a e v e l o p e d groundwater i s i n t r o a u c e a a s a n augmen ta t ion supp iy t o t h e s u r f a c e w a t e r supp ly sys tem.

1 8 . The conveyance sys tem c o n s i s t s of t h e w i n c a n a l , b r anch c h n a l s , ana a i s t r i b u t a r i e s . The main c a n a l i n c l u d e s i t s heaaworks , a i l i n - i i u e s t r u c - t u r e s , anh a l l t u r n o u t s from t h e c a n a l . A b ranch c a n a l r n c l u a e s a l l i n - l i ~ e s t r u c t u r e s and a l l t u r n o u t s f rom t h i s segment . D i s t r i b u t a r i e s i n c l u d e a l l i n - l i n e ' s t r u c t u r e s and t u r n o u t s t o SAs. The d e l i v e r y sys tem l r lc ludes t h e minor c a n a l s , i n - l i n e s t r u c t u r e s and t u r n o u t s t o chaks ana f i e l a c h a n n e l s , and i n - l i c e s t r u c t u r e s and t u r n o u t s t o i a rms .

ANNEX 6 Page 8

1 9 . The main cana l would extend from t h e r e s e r v o i r t o t h e Ra jas than border , g e n e r a l l y reducing i n c a p a c i t y a t each major t u r n o u t . It would r e c e i v e i t s wa te r through ga ted headworks on t h e most n o r t h e r l y of t h e smal l r e s e r v o i r s a d j a c e n t t o t h e Sardar Sarovar Dam on t h e Narmada River . Water would normally be r e l e a s e d from Sardar Sarovar Dam t o t h e minor r e s e r v o i r s through t h e cana l power p l a n t . An i r r i g a t i o n bypass tunne l w i t h an i n v e r t e l e v a t i o n of 290 f t (88.4 m) would be provided t o r e l e a s e wa te r from s t o r a g e i n t h e main r e s e r v o i r below t h a t r e q u i r e d f o r power r e l e a s e s (MDDL of 363 f t (110.6 m)) so t h a t t h e a d d i t i o n a l s t o r a g e i n t h e r e s e r v o i r can be u t i l i z e d i n emergency s i t u a t i o n s .

20. The main c a n a l would have an unre in fo rced concre te l i n i n g and s i d e s l o p e s would be 2 : l w i t h a v a r i a b l e bottom wid th and w i t h a p p r o p r i a t e wa te r d e p t h , l i n e d f reeboard and bank f reeboard . Rad ia l ga ted c r o s s - r e g u l a t i n g s t r u c t u r e s would be l o c a t e d on t h e cana l a s necessa ry t o c o n t r o l water l e v e l s w i t h i n s e t l i m i t s dur ing normal and emergency o p e r a t i o n , t o s t o r e a l l wa te r dur ing shutdown and t o i s o l a t e r eaches o r r i v e r c r o s s i n g s i n c a s e of f a i l u r e . Divers ion t o branch c a n a l s would be through r a d i a l ga ted t u r n o u t s and no o t h e r d e l i v e r y f a c i l i t i e s would be c o n s t r u c t e d on t h e main c a n a l . Gated escapes of l i m i t e d c a p a c i t y would be provided. River c r o s s i n g s , where t h e cana l i s conf ined i n a s t r u c t u r e , would i n c o r p o r a t e m u l t i p l e b a r r e l s o r channels t o a l low i s o l a t i o n . o f i n d i v i d u a l passages f o r r e p a i r .

21. Branch c a n a l s would have channel c o n f i g u r a t i o n s , i n - l i n e s t r u c t u r e s and t u r n o u t s s i m i l a r t o t h e main c a n a l , though a s cana l dep ths reduce , s i d e s l o p e s may be s teepened t o 1 . 5 : l . A l l d i v e r s i o n s from branch c a n a l s t o d i s t r i b u t a r i e s would be through r a d i a l ga ted t u r n c u t s . The d e s i g n of t h e c r o s s s e c t i o n and p r o f i l e of t h e d i s t r i b u t a r y channel and t h e type of i n - l i n e r e g u l a t o r s would be s i m i l a r t o those adopted f o r t h e main and branch c a n a l s . The d i s t r i b u t a r i e s would be opera ted t o m a i n t a i n a near-constant wa te r su r - f a c e e l e v a t i o n a d j a c e n t t o t h e SA t u r n o u t t o f a c i l i t a t e c o n s t a n t d e l i v e r y r a t e s t o t h e SAs.

22. The SA would r e c e i v e wa te r from t h e d i s t r i b u t a r y from one t u r n o u t . This s t r u c t u r e would have a c a l i b r a t e d a d j u s t a b l e f low-control dev ice t h a t may be locked a t a g iven s e t t i n g and an open/shut g a t e immediately upstream. Within t h e SAY l i n e d minors w i t h i n - l i n e c o n t r o l and drop s t r u c t u r e s , o r p i p e l i n e s would be i n s t a l l e d t o ensure a p p r o p r i a t e f low c o n d i t i o n s t o t h e chaks. The d i v e r s i o n s t r u c t u r e s t o t h e chaks would have f i x e d dev ices which would a s s u r e c o n s i s t e n t p ropor t ion ing of t h e range of flows a n t i c i p a t e d on t h e minors , o r lockab le a d j u s t a b l e dev ices . There would be no d i r e c t farm t u r n o u t s from the.minor c a n a l s . The water courses w i t h i n t h e chaks would be l i n e d o r i n p ipe t o 8 ha and i n - l i n e on/off ga ted s t r u c t u r e s would be i n s t a l l e d a t t h e o u t l e t t o t h e 8 ha subchaks. An on /o f f ga ted t u r n o u t s t r u c - t u r e on t h e un l ined channel below 8 ha would be provided a t each farm t u r - nout . The e n t i r e d e l i v e r y system i n t h e SA would be f r e e - d r a i n i n g .

23. No d i scharge measuring s t r u c t u r e s would be provided i n t h e system. Discharges would be determined by moni tor ing g a t e s e t t i n g s i n f low-regula t ing s t r u c t u r e s and conveyance system t u r n o u t s t h a t would be c a l i b r a t e d i n p l a c e . P

ANNEX 6 Page 9

2 4 . No t r e e s , s h r u b s , o r n o n e s s e n t i a l b u i l d i n g s would be allowed n e a r c a n a l s , s t r u c t u r e s , o r c r i t i c a l embankment a r e a s . Right-of-way and v e h i c u l a r access would be provided t o a l low i n s p e c t i o n and r e p a i r of a l l f a c i l i t i e s , p a r t i c u l a r l y t h e t o e of a l l embankment a r e a s and c u t s l o p e s .

2 5 . To avoid smal l SAs, l ands severed from l a r g e r a r e a s by c a n a l s , r o a d s , o r f i e l d d r a i n s would be served by a pipe undercross ing from t h e main SA system.

2 6 . Siz ing of t h e Svstems. The conveyance and d e l i v e r y systems would be s i z e d t o s a t i s f y t h e s e r v i c e t o be provided t o t h e farmers and t o d e l i v e r t h e M & I water a s a p p r o p r i a t e . M & I water would g e n e r a l l y have f i r s t p r i o r i t y t o r e c e i v e i t s f u l l e n t i t l e m e n t f o r t h e year o r season under c o n s i d e r a t i o n , though some adjus tment of d e l i v e r y t imes may be p o s s i b l e i f s t o r a g e f o r such s u p p l i e s a r e provided. Maximum crop demands a r e t o be met by consecu t ive seven-day i r r i g a t i o n s . Maximum depths of water t o be d e l i v e r e d t o t h e farms per i r r i g a t i o n f o r t n i g h t (expressed a s mm/ha on n e t CCA) a r e summarized by seasons and by reg ions below:

Seasonal Maximum Water Requirement p e r 7-Day I r r i p a t i o n

Kharif Rabi Reg ion Net CCA F o r t n i g h t Net CCA F o r t n i g h t

(mu/ ha) i n Season ' (mm/ha) i n Season

Sept I Sept I1 Sept I Sept I Sept I Sept I Sept I Sept I Sept I Sept I Sept I Sept I Sept I

Oct I1 Oct I1 Oct I1 Nov I Feb I Feb I Nov I1 Nov 11 Nov 11 Nov I Nov I Feb I Oct I1

a / The va lues f o r reg ions 4 ,7 ,and 11 have been reduced p r o p o r t i o n a t e l y - because of t h e e x c e s s i v e l y l a r g e a r e a s now i n d i c a t e d a s n e t CCA. The a c t u a l va lues of crop needs per h e c t a r e cropped would, of course , be comparable t o o t h e r reg ions of l i k e cropping p a t t e r n s .

ANNEX 6 Page 10

27. Recognizing t h a t c o n s i d e r a b l e volumes of c l a s s C wa te r would be a v a i l a b l e dur ing t h e bu i ldup p e r i o d , and t h e f requency wi th which c l a s s B wa te r would be a v a i l a b l e a t f u l l development ( s t a t i s t i c a l l y t h r e e y e a r s o u t of f o u r ) , t h e c a p a c i t y of t h e system has been s e l e c t e d t o convey a g r e a t e r volume than Class A water a l o n e . The volume i n c r e a s e above c l a s s A r i v e r water t o be used f o r s i z i n g has been e s t a b l i s h e d a t 30%.

28. S i z i n n of t h e t h e system below t h e main c a n a l . Agency groundwater would be in t roduced i n t o t h e system a t t h e SA t u r n o u t . However, t h e system above t h e t u r n o u t would be s i z e d t o d e l i v e r t h e f u l l supply t o t h e SA a s s u r f a c e water b e f o r e t h e agency groundwater i s developed. No f a c i l i t i e s above t h e SA i n any reg ion would be des igned t o d e l i v e r l e s s than 0.6 l p s / h a n e t CCA o r more than 0.8 l p s / h a n e t CCA. The maximum c a p a c i t y of t h e c a n a l and wa te r course system w i t h i n t h e SA would be 0.9 l p s / h a n e t CCA and t h e water may be provided e x c l u s i v e l y from s u r f a c e water o r i n combination wi th agency groundwater. Adopted d e l i v e r y c a p a c i t i e s t o SAs a r e summarized by r e g i o n s below :

Basic De l ive ry C a p a c i t i e s t o S e r v i c e Areas

Region Capaci ty

( l p s l h a n e t CCA)

a/ A v a l u e of 0.45 l p s / h a i s used f o r r e g i o n s 4 ,7 ,and 11 (heavy c l a y s o i l s ) us ing t h e o r i g i n a l l y planed CCA v a l u e s , However, i t i s a n t i c i p a t e d t h a t s u b s t a n t i a l l y reduced a r e a s w i l l be f i n a l l y des igna ted t o r e c e i v e water i n t h e s e reg ions a f t e r which a c t u a l u n i t f low c a p a c i t i e s of t h e f a c i l i t i e s would be a d j u s t e d t o a v a l u e s i m i l a r t o t h a t used i n o t h e r r e g i o n s .

2 9 . A l l demands f o r M & I water would be imposed a t t h e po in t of d e l i v e r y and upwards through t h e system. Capaci ty would be provided f o r e s t ima ted - seepage and evapora t ion l o s s e s from conveyance f a c i l i t i e s and accumulated upwards. No c a p a c i t y would be provided t o convey o p e r a t i o n a l l o s s e s s i n c e i t i s assumed t h a t they should n o t occur dur ing peak demand.

ANNEX 6 Page 11

30. The a c t u a l system d e s i g n c a p a c i t i e s would be inc reased above t h e computed c a p a c i t i e s t o a l low f o r i n a c c u r a c i e s i n d e s i g n and c o n s t r u c t i o n . The i n c r e a s e s would be a s f o l l o w s :

Pe rcen tage

wa te rcourse w i t h i n chak 15 minors w i t h i n SA 10 c a n a l s s e r v i n g l e s s than 10,000 ha 8 a l l remaining c a n a l s below main c a n a l 5

31. S i z e of t h e Main Canal. The c a p a c i t y of each main c a n a l r each would r e f l e c t t h e s imul taneous maximum demand imposed on i t by t h e requirements of t h e downstream branches and by Ra jas than . Since a l l t h e branches do n o t peak s imul taneous ly , t h e headworks c a p a c i t y of t h e main c a n a l would be l e s s t h a n t h e sum of t h e annual peaks on a l l t h e branches . Modifying f a c t o r s t o peak c a p a c i t y inc lude concur ren t v a r i a t i o n s i n p r e c i p i t a t i o n c o n d i t i o n s w i t h i n t h e p r o j e c t a r e a dur ing k h a r i f , s t aggered p l a n t i n g d a t e s and d i f f e r i n g seasons of maximum i r r i g a t i o n between t h e r e g i o n s . These f a c t o r s reduce peak v a l u e s on t h e a p p r o p r i a t e r eaches . A v a i l a b i l i t y of agency groundwater i n v a r i o u s p a r t s of t h e command arbs a l s o reduces t h e peak demand f o r s u r f a c e wa te r on t h e p a r t i c u l a r r each involved and f r e e s a p r o p o r t i o n of t h e f low of r i v e r water i n t h e main c a n a l f o r meeting peaks on o t h e r branches . However, u n c e r t a i n t y o f ' t h e amount, l o c a t i o n and t iming of development of agency groundwater d imin i shes t h e degree of r e l i a n c e which can be placed on t h i s source f o r main c a n a l s i z i n g d e c i s i o n s . Flow requirements a t branch c a n a l heads a r e summarized i n t a b l e 3 . The main c a n a l c a p a c i t y of t h e headworks i s e s t i m a t e d t o be 1 ,133 cumecs (40,000 c u s e c s ) .

32. Con t ro l of t h e Conveyance and De l ive ry Systems. Condi t ions of water s u r f a c e e l e v a t i o n s , c a n a l d i s c h a r g e , and s t a t u s of g a t e s i n r e g u l a t i n g s t r u c - t u r e s and t u r n o u t s of t h e main c a n a l , branch c a n a l s , d i s t r i b u t a r i e s , and branch pumping p l a n t s , would be monitored remotely from a p p r o p r i a t e c o n t r o l c e n t e r s . On-site sensors would i n d i c a t e water s u r f a c e e l e v a t i o n s upstream and downstream of r e g u l a t i n g s t r u c t u r e s and a t o t h e r l o c a t i o n s of p a r t i c u l a r concern on the c a n a l s . Water s u r f a c e s t o be mainta ined by g a t e s , g a t e pos i - t i o n s of each g a t e i n each s t r u c t u r e , s t a t u s of t h e power supply ( i n c l u d i n g s tandby) would be o t h e r primary in fo rmat ion t r a n s m i t t e d t o t h e r e s p o n s i b l e c o n t r o l c e n t e r . The d a t a would be processed t o e v a l u a t e t h e i d e n t i f i e d c o n d i t i o n s l ead ing t o c o n t r o l d e c i s i o n s f o r o p e r a t i o n of t h e system. The c o n d i t i o n s would be a p p r o p r i a t e l y d i s p l a y e d t o i n d i c a t e t h e s t a t u s of t h e f a c i l i t i e s and t o d e p i c t t h e p h y s i c a l r e l a t i o n s h i p s of t h e f a c i l i t i e s i n t h e f i e l d . Audiovisual a larms would be d i sp layed and a c t u a t e d f o r each s i t e .

33. Control of g a t e s i n r e g u l a t i n g s t r u c t u r e s and t u r n o u t s of approximate ly 300 cusecs (8 .5 cumecs) o r g r e a t e r would be p o s s i b l e by f o u r modes :

ANNEX 6 Page 12

( a ) On-site ope ra t i on a f t e r locking out a l l o t h e r modes;

(b) On-site automatic con t ro l by one g a t e being ac tua t ed by a l o c a l c o n t r o l l e r and s e t t o mainta in a s e l e c t e d water su r f ace e l eva t i on upstream o r downstream of t he s t r u c t u r e ;

( c ) Remote s e t t i n g of t he water sur face t h a t t he l o c a l c o n t r o l l e r i s t o main ta in ;

( d l Remote opera t ion of a l l g a t e s i n the s t r u c t u r e , thus ove r r i d ing t h e l o c a l ope ra to r .

A l l escape g a t e s on t h e main and branch cana l s would be remotely con t ro l l ed and opera ted .

3 4 . Gates on c ross - regu la to r s t r u c t u r e s of l e s s than about 300 cusec capac i t y and on tu rnouts t o v i l l a g e SAs would be l o c a l l y con t ro l l ed . However, t he upstream and downstream water su r f ace e l eva t i ons a t t he c ro s s r e g u l a t o r and t he s t a t u s of t he SA tu rnou t s (whether open o r s h u t ) would be remotely monitored a t app rop r i a t e c o n t r o l c e n t e r s . The informat ion would be processed t o eva lua t e t he i d e n t i f i e d condi t ions and t o make c o n t r o l dec i s i ons which would be t r an smi t t ed t o t he l o c a l c o n t r o l l e r a t the c ross - regu la t ion .

s t r u c t u r e s . ,r 3 5 . The SA i s served by an on lof f f ree -dra in ing system, which i s unregu- l a t e d t o the chak o u t l e t ; a l l chaks r ece ive water s imul taneously when t he system i s opera t ing . The water supply i s f ree -dra in ing i n the chaks and i s r o t a t e d wi th in the chak according t o a f i xed and predetermined schedule organized and con t ro l l ed by t h e water u se r s w i th in the chak.

3 6 . Conrmunications. Communication f a c i l i t i e s of high r e l i a b i l i t y would be cons t ruc ted l i nk ing a l l s i t e s t o be monitored and con t ro l l ed wi th t h e i r des igna ted c o n t r o l c e n t e r s , and l i n k s would a l s o be needed between a l l con- t r o l - c e n t e r s i n the p r o j e c t . Communication l i n k s would be provided t o r e l a y informat ion exchanges between t he agency s t a f f r e spons ib l e f o r d e l i v e r y t o SAs, t he SA, and the respons ib le c o n t r o l c e n t e r . There fore , a looped communication system with backup would be provided throughout t he p r o j e c t a r e a .

3 7 . Mobile r ad io t r a n s m i t t e r s and r e c e i v e r s would be provided f o r use by opera t ing personnel and l inkages would be maintained t o t he o f f i c e s and res idences of key s t a f f . This equipment would have 24-hourlday r e l i a b i l i t y .

38. Computer Suovort . Appropria te ly programmed computers would be i n s t a l l e d i n each Area Control Center and i n the i r r i g a t i o n p r o j e c t Cent ra l Control Center. A l l t h e Area Control Center u n i t s would be i n t e r l i n k e d wi th t h e Cent ra l Control Center computer and would be programmed t o au tomat ica l ly foreward processed d a t a t o t h i s u n i t . The Area Control Center computer equipment (and programs) would, i n gene ra l , be i d e n t i c a l . An i n d i c a t i v e l i s t of t he func t ions t o be performed by t he computer f a c i l i t i e s i s given below.

h

ANNEX- 6 Page 13

Area C o n t r o l C e n t e r F a c i l i t y

( a ) S t o r a g e of i n f o r m a t i o n i d e n t i f y i n g e v e r y s t r u c t u r e , r e a c h of c a n a l , agency w a t e r supp ly w e l l , agency groundwater w e l l d i s c h a r g i n g t o w a s t e , and SAs i n t h e a r e a ;

( b ) S t o r a g e of h i s t o r i c a l and c u r r e n t a n n u a l and s e a s o n a l d e l i v e r i e s t o t a l volume, weekly peak d i s c h a r g e , and d a t e t h rough each r e a c h of c a n a l and each SA;

( c ) S t o r a g e of h i s t o r i c a l pumping of each agency w e l l ;

( d l S t o r a g e of h i s t o r i c a l d a t a on w a t e r supp ly t o e a c h SA d e r i v e d from agency w e l l s and from r i v e r s u p p l y ;

( e ) S t o r a g e of p r e c i p i t a t i o n - - l o c a t i o n , amount , and d a t e ;

( £ 1 S t o r a g e of h i s t o r i c a l c r o p p i n g and h a r v e s t i n each SA;

( g j C u r r e n t annua l and s e a s o n a l w a t e r a l l o c a t i o n s t o e a c h SA;

( h ) S e a s o n a l p r o j e c t i o n of s o u r c e of wa te r t o be s b p p l i e d t o each SA;

( i ) C u r r e n t c ropp ing p a t t e r n s by SA;

( j ) C u r r e n t i r r i g a t i o n s i z e and s c h e d u l e r e q u e s t e d by SA and amount d e l i v e r e d t o d a t e ;

( k ) Schedu le of o p e r a t i o n of agency w e l l supp ly by days t h rough s e a s o n ;

( 1 ) Schedu le of d i s c h a r g e by d a t e t h rough t h e s eason th rough e a c h r e a c h and s t r u c t u r e ;

(m) P r o j e c t e d g a t e p o s i t i o n s and o p e r a t i o n s d a i l y f o r coming 10 d a y s ;

( n ) Program t o d e t e r m i n e sys tem c o n d i t i o n s and g a t e p o s i t i o n s f o r any d e s i r e d f l o w , i n c l u d i n g a d j u s t m e n t s i n r i v e r supply and i n d i v i d u a l we 11 o p e r a t i o n s ;

( 0 ) C u r r e n t s t a t u s of f a c i l i t i e s and d i s c h a r g e th rough each r e a c h and each s t r u c t u r e - - i n L l i n e and t u r n o u t s ;

( p ) Schedu le of ma in t enance o u t a g e s ; and

( q ) Emergency o p e r a t i o n sequence f o r each s p e c i f i e d emergency.

P r o j e c t - C o n t r o l C e n t e r - F a t i - l i t y

3 9 . The P r o j e c t C e n t r a l C o n t r o l Cen te r would have r e s p o n s i b i l i t y f o r p l a n n i n g , s c h e d u l i n g , and m o n i t o r i n g p r o j e c t w i d e o p e r a t i o n s . I n a d d i t i o n , t h e d i r e c t o p e r a t i o n and ma in t enance c a p a b i l i t y of t h e main c a n a l i s expec t ed

ANNEX 6 Page 14

to be headquartered at the Central Control Center. Computer functions to be provided at the Central Control Center include:

(a) Storage and aggregation of all information from Area Centers identified under (£1 through (i) above;

(b) Compilation of all information from Area Centers identified in (g) through ( j) above;

(c) Summary of projected and daily deliveries through each branch, distributary, and SA turnout;

(dl Storage of historical daily inflow to Navagam Reservoir, releases to minor reservoirs, releases to river, storage in minor reservoirs, releases from main headworks, and reieases through each main canal turnout ;

(el Historical projectwide precipitation by area, quantity, duration, and dates of occurrence-;.

(f) Forecasting of annual seasonal water supply by class and source, river and agency wells;

(g) Allocation of water supplies to Rajasthan, M&I and agriculture;

(h) Allocation of agricultural water supplies to regions and subregions by class and source;

(i) Schedule of discharges by day through the season through each reach and each structure on main canal;

(j) Project gate positions and operations daily for coming 10 days;

(k) Program to determine system conditions and gate positions for any desired flow in main canal and turnout delivery;

(1) Current status of facilities and discharge through each reach and each structure--in-line and turnouts;

(m) System transient studies;

(n) Emergency operation sequences for each specified emergency;

(0) System simulator for training operation; and

(p) Schedule of maintenance outages.

ANNEX 6 Page 1 5

40. The p r o j e c t a d m i n i s t r a t i o n u n i t would r e q u i r e a d d i t i o n a l computer c a p a b i l i t i e s . These would i n c l u d e :

( a ) P a y r o l l

( b ) P e r s o n n e l r e c o r d s

( c ) Account ing

( d ) I n v e n t o r y c o n t r o l

( e l S t a t u s of m o b i l e and f i x e d equipment

( £ 1 Budget

( g ) ~ e c e i v a b l e s / p a y a b l e s

Flood Dra inage System

41. S u r f a c e d r a i n a g e works would be r e q u i r e d o v e r most of t h e command a r e a t o remove e x c e s s p r e c i p i t a t i o n and p r e v e n t damage t o c r o p s and t o t h e i r r i g a t i o n w a t e r distribution,facilities. The government c o n s t r u c t e d and m a i n t a i n e d d r a i n a g e sys t em would e x t e n d up t o abou t t h e 40-ha b l o c k t h a t would g e n e r a l l y c o i n c i d e w i t h t h e chak d i s t r i b u t i o n u n i t . P r o v i s i o n f o r d r a i n a g e w i t h i n t h e chak would b e t h e r e s p o n s i b i l i t y of t h e f a r m e r s . The p u b l i c s e c t o r works would i n c l u d e :

( a ) Some r e m o d e l l i n g of t h e n a t u r a l a r t e r i a l d r a i n s where c a p a c i t y c o n s t r a i n t s a r e i d e n t i f i e d ;

( b ) C o n s t r u c t i o n of new ma jo r d r a i n s ;

( c ) Upgrading of any e x i s t i n g a r t i f i c i a l d r a i n s w i t h i n a d e q u a t e c a p a c i t y ;

( d ) C o n s t r u c t i o n of a network of new c o l l e c t o r s and main d r a i n s ; and

( e ) C o n s t r u c t i o n of a l l a s s o c i a t e d s t r u c t u r e s such a s b r i d g e s , c u l v e r t s , c a n a l c r o s s i n g s , d r a i n j u n c t i o n s t r u c t u r e s , and d r o p s .

42. Des ign C r i t e r i a . The d e s i g n c r i t e r i a f o r f l o o d d r a i n a g e would be based on t h e f o l l o w i n g c r i t e r i a :

( a ) C o n t r o l l e d r u n o f f from abou t 40 ha from a 3-day d u r a t i o n s torm w i t h a r e t u r n f r e q u e n c y of 5 y e a r s ;

( b ) The p e r i o d f o r d i s p o s a l of e x c e s s r a i n f a l l w i t h o u t i n c u r r i n g u n a c c e p t a b l e c r o p damage would be 3 days f o r up land c r o p s and 6 days f o r paddy, banana , and s u g a r c a n e ;

ANNEX 6 Page 16

( c ) A l l d r a i n a g e s t r u c t u r e s a p a r t from t h e c o n t r o l l e d i n l e t would be des igned f o r d i s c h a r g e s 25% g r e a t e r t h a n t h e a s s o c i a t e d c h a n n e l d e s i g n ; and

( d l A r t e r i a l d r a i n s would be c o n s t r u c t e d o r r emode l l ed t o pas s abou t 50% h i g h e r d i s c h a r g e t h a n t h e d e s i g n f l o o d .

4 3 . Implementa t i o n . C o n s t r u c t i o n , of t h e f l o o d d r a i n a g e ne twork would be implemented s i m u l t a n e o u s l y w i t h c o n s t r u c t i o n o f t h e minor d i s t r i b u t i o n n e t - work, and s i m i l a r l y comple ted on a block-by-block b a s i s s o t h a t t h e d r a i n a g e s e r v i c e i n t e n d e d f o r t h e f a rmer i s a v a i l a b l e f rom t h e t ime s u r f a c e w a t e r d e l i v e r y commences. T h i s c r i t e r i o n has p r a c t i c a l c o n s t r u c t i o n i m p l i c a t i o n s a s t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n ne twork would demand f i l l m a t e r i a l whereas t h e d r a i n a g e ne twork would e n t a i l d i s p o s a l of c u t m a t e r i a l . The aim would be t o b a l a n c e c u t and f i l l s o f a r a s p o s s i b l e , and t h u s minimize t h e need f o r bor row p i t s .

Groundwater Dra inage and System

44. The g roundwa te r d r a i n a g e and c o n j u n c t i v e u s e a s p e c t s of t h e p r o j e c t a r e d e s c r i b e d i n d e t a i l i n annex 6 . The agency would have r e s p o n s i b i l i t y f o r e n s u r i n g a d e q u a t e g roundwa te r d r a i n a g e . However, a n o b j e c t i v e of t h e p r o j e c t would be t o p r o v i d e t h e d r a i n a g e s o f a r a s p o s s i b l e by wells--a v e r t i c a l d r a i n a g e s o l u t i o n . Moreover , t h e pumped groundwater would be used f o r i r r i g a t i o n wherever t h e q u a l i t y of t h e w a t e r makes t h i s f e a s i b l e . Some pumped groundwater would be t o o s a l i n e f o r u s e and would be d i s p o s e d . As t h e w a t e r t a b l e r i s e s above t h e i n v e r t o f deep s t o r m d r a i n s and improved n a t u r a l d r a i n s , e f f l u e n t groundwater f l ow would o c c u r , p r o v i d i n g a d r a i n a g e b e n e f i t .

45. The p h y s i c a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of t h e r o c k s u n d e r l y i n g t h e command a r e a c o n t r o l whe the r t h e groundwater may be d r a i n e d v e r t i c a l l y by w e l l s o r whe the r o n l y h o r i z o n t a l d r a i n a g e is p o s s i b l e . S i m i l a r l y , a q u i f e r and groundwater q u a l i t y c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s d e f i n e whe the r d i r e c t p u b l i c s e c t o r groundwater development f o r i r r i g a t i o n and d r a i n a g e i s t e c h n i c a l l y a n d / o r e c o n o m i c a l l y f e a s i b l e , and whe the r p u b l i c s e c t o r i n t e r v e n t i o n i s t h e o n l y p o s s i b l e s o l u - t i o n . P u b l i c s e c t o r w e l l s f o r d r a i n a g e (and c o n j u n c t i v e u se ) would be r e s t r i c t e d t o t h e a l l u v i a l a q u i f e r a r e a of mainland G u j a r a t . The g e n e r a l c o n f i g u r a t i o n , l o c a t i o n , and o p e r a t i o n of t h e groundwater c o n t r o l sy s t em th rough use of w e l l s would v a r y c o n s i d e r a b l e and be v e r y s i t e s p e c i f i c . The f o l l o w i n g c r i t e r i a would be a p p l i e d f o r p l a n n i n g groundwater c o n t r o l i n t h e a l l u v i a l a q u i f e r a r e a s :

( a ) P u b l i c s e c t o r g roundwa te r development f o r d r a i n a g e o r c o n j u n c t i v e u s e would n o t be u n d e r t a k e n u n t i l t h e r i s i n g w a t e r t a b l e app roaches 5 m below l and s u r f a c e ; and

( b ) I n a r e a s where t h e w a t e r t a b l e i s a t o r l e s s t h a n 5 m below l a n d s u r f a c e a t t h e t i m e of p l a n n i n g d e c i s i o n , p u b l i c s e c t o r c o n j u n c t i v e u s e o r d r a i n a g e w e l l s would be p lanned f o r i n s t a l - l a t i o n s i m u l t a n e o u s l y w i t h t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n of t h e s u r f a c e w a t e r d i s t r i b u t i o n sys t em.

ANNEX 6 Page 17

46 . Operat ion of p u b l i c Sec to r Drainage and Conjunctive Use. The p u b l i c s e c t o r con junc t ive use tubewel l systems would be f u l l y i n t e g r a t e d w i t h and would d i s c h a r g e i n t o t h e s u r f a c e water conveyance system a t the v i l l a g e SA l e v e l (about 500 h a ) , and would be powered through a ded ica ted mains system from t h e 66/11 kV s u b s t a t i o n s . Del ivery of water from t h e con junc t ive u s e w e l l s would be synchronized w i t h s u r f a c e water d e l i v e r i e s t o t h e v i l l a g e SA t o ensure t h e t o t a l water supply and permit c o n t r o l l e d blending when neces- s a r y . b i s impl ies c e n t r a l i z e d c o n t r o l of w e l l opera ton o r an automated c o n t r o l l inked t o f lows of s u r f a c e wa te r i n t h e v i l l a g e f e e d e r cana l . The d ra inage w e l l s would be c e n t r a l l y c o n t r o l l e d and would be opera ted e x c l u s i v e l y f o r wa te r l e v e l c o n t r o l t o ensure t h a t t h e wa te r l e v e l never r i s e s t o l e s s than 5 m from land s u r f a c e .

Roads --

47 . P r o j e c t roads would be completed i n t h e course of c o n s t r u c t i n g t h e i r r i g a t i o n and d r a i n a g e system t o a s s u r e a l l weather a c c e s s t o a l l f a c i l i t i e s from the headworks t o t h e SA. The c l a s s of road would depend on t h e s i z e of equipment needed dur ing maintenance and t h e d a i l y t r a f f i c l o a d , p a r t i c u l a r l y where p u b l i c t r a v e l i s t o be accommodated on a j o i n t l y used road. Recogniz- ing t h e minor n a t u r e of most of t h e f a c i l i t i e s w i t h i n t h e SAY a c c e s s t o t h e s e a r e a s would not r e q u i r e e x t e n s i v e road work and passage s u i t a b l e f o r l i g h t v e h i c l e s and motor c y c l e s a long t h e minor c a n a l s would be provided.

48. The e x i s t i n g roads f o r p u b l i c use w i t h i n t h e command a r e a f a l l i n t o t h e fo l lowing c a t e g o r i e s : n a t i o n a l highways; S t a t e highways; major d i s t r i c t roads ; o t h e r d i s t r i c t roads ; and v i l l a g e roads . The t o t a l l eng th of a l l c a t e g o r i e s i n t h e command a r e a i s about 6670 km w i t h an average d e n s i t y of 0.21 km/km2. The minimum need i s a s s e s s e d 'as 10,360 km of roads . About one- th i rd of t h e e x i s t i n g network would r e q u i r e r e c o n s t r u c t i o n , and t h e ba lance would need c o n s i d e r a b l e improvement and upgrading.

Operat ion and Maintenance (ObM) I/

49. F a c i l i t i e s . An i n d i s p e n s i b l e component, i n h e r e n t i n a d e l i v e r y system a r e t h e O&M f a c i l i t i e s . These c o n s t i t u t e t h e b u i l d i n g s a t t h e P r o j e c t Control Center and a t the a r e a c e n t e r s t h a t would c o n t a i n t h e O&M s t a f f and

G t h e equipment needed f o r OdM. Subarea o f f i c e s would a l s o be c o n s t r u c t e d i f t h e t r a v e l d i s t a n c e f o r the s t a f f d e a l i n g w i t h SA o p e r a t i o n s becomes too g r e a t . S to rage f o r s u p p l i e s , equipment, v e h i c l e s , and r e p a i r shops f o r l i g h t

s and heavy equipment would be s t r a t e g i c a l l y loca ted . Residences would be c o n s t r u c t e d f o r key s t a f f a t v a r i o u s l e v e l s i n o r d e r t o make s u p e r v i s i n g personnel a v a i l a b l e and on c a l l 24-hours a day througliout t h e yea r . The des ign of t h e s e f a c i l i t i e s would be launched immediately so they may be ready

11 Es t imates of s t a f f i n g , f a c i l i t i e s and equipment needs a r e p resen ted i n - d e t a i l i n annex 8 , Framework f o r Operat ion and Maintenance.

ANNEX 6 Page 1 8

and f u n c t i o n i n g s i x months b e f o r e commencing d e l i v e r y system o p e r a t i o n s . Acce le ra ted completion appears warranted so t h a t some f a c i l i t i e s may be used by agency pe r sonne l dur ing t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n phase.

50. ObM S t a f f i n g . Immediate s t r u c t u r i n g of t h e s k e l e t o n ObM o r g a n i z a t i o n would be undertaken. The s e l e c t i o n of a h i g h l y q u a l i f i e d cadre t o d e f i n e t h e d e t a i l e d o r g a n i z a t i o n a l s t r u c t u r e and o p e r a t i n g maintenance procedures and manuals, fo rmula te farmer educa t ion programs, schedule and moni tor t h e t ime ly completion of f a c i l i t i e s and procurement, and fo rmula te and i n s t i t u t e s t a f f t e s t i n g , h i r i n g , and t r a i n i n g would e n t a i l major e f f o r t s . The complexity and importance of c r e a t i n g t h e ObM e n t i t y and prompt s t a f f i n g t o r e q u i r e d l e v e l s p l a c e t h i s e f f o r t i n p a r a l l e l wi th t h e o t h e r primary a c t i o n s of t h e agency.

111. Opera t iona l Plan f o r Water D e l i v e r i e s -

General

51. The conveyance system must be des igned and opera ted i n a manner t o make d e l i v e r i e s t o t.he t h r e e primary customers: R a j a s t h a n - , - M I u s e r s , and farmers w i t h i n t h e p r o j e c t a r e a . The f i r s t two do not impose sudden f l u c t u a - t i o n s i n demand and d e l i v e r i e s would be made a t a l i m i t e d number of p o i n t s . Rajas than would r e c e i v e a l l d e l i v e r i e s a t t h e terminus of t h e main c a n a l a t t h e s t a t e border . M & I water would be d e l i v e r e d from des igna ted t u r n o u t s , from branch c a n a l s i n most cases . The a g r i c u l t u r a l d e l i v e r y , wi th i t s g r e a t v a r i a t i o n s and numerous d e l i v e r y p o i n t s , d i c t a t e s t h e l e v e l of o p e r a t i o n a l f l e x i b i l i t y of t h e system under normal c o n d i t i o n s . Emergency c o n d i t i o n s , p r e s e n t y e t more demanding c o n d i t i o n s and t h e response necessa ry t o minimize l o s s e s and damage due t o sudden changes i n flow o r malfunct ion of f a c i l i t i e s imposes even more s t r i n g e n t r equ i rements on t h e system.

52. The p lan of o p e r a t i o n f o r which t h e d e l i v e r y system is formulated would a s s u r e t h e s e r v i c e s t o t h e farmers a s desc r ibed w i t h i n t h e l i m i t s of s a f e t y and r e l i a b i l i t y and would c o n s t i t u t e an advance i n r e l i a b i l i t y and i n accommodating farmer needs b e t t e r than e x i s t i n g systems i n I n d i a . The f a c i l i t i e s would permit f u r t h e r improvements i n t h e f u t u r e ; however, t h e b a s i c f e a t u r e s incorpora ted i n t h e adopted i n i t i a l p lan would a s s u r e a f u l l y adequate d e l i v e r y .

De l ive ry Schedules f o r Rajas than and f o r M & I Water i n Guia ra t

53 . D e l i v e r i e s of wa te r t o Rajas than would be s e t f o r each seven-day p e r i o d , r e f l e c t i n g d i r e c t i v e s of t h e NCA. Reasonable i r r i g a t i o n schedules would be used f o r both k h a r i f and r a b i , w i t h a peak of 7 2 cumecs (2 ,500 c f s ) . De l ive ry schedules f o r M & I water would be e s t a b l i s h e d j o i n t l y with t h e p r in - c i p a l u s e r s and t h e r e s p o n s i b l e s t a t e a u t h o r i t i e s . P o i n t s of d e l i v e r y and f o r t n i g h t l y amounts would be s e t t o a l low p r o v i s i o n f o r them t o be included i n system des igns . V i l l a g e s u p p l i e s f o r domestic use would be provided from w e l l s o r from c a n a l f a c i l i t i e s , a s pe rmi t t ed under normal o p e r a t i o n s f o r a g r i c u l t u r a l d e l i v e r i e s and no s p e c i a l p r o v i s i o n s would be made.

ANNEX 6 Page 19

54. Q u a n t i t i e s and d a t e s of d e l i v e r i e s would va ry a n n u a l l y and by season. The b a s i c des ign of t h e system assumes d e l i v e r i e s t o suppor t a k h a r i f crop and a r a b i c rop w i t h NWDT wa te r a l l o c a t i o n s . These d e l i v e r i e s w i l be used a s one limit. However, f o r a s u b s t a n t i a l per iod of yea r s s u r p l u s wa te r s would be a v a i l a b l e t o t h e l ands f i r s t developed b e f o r e t h e remaining l ands a r e brought i n t o s e r v i c e . A d d i t i o n a l l y , s u r p l u s water s u p p l i e s would be a v a i l - a b l e a t f r e q u e n t i n t e r v a l s i n t h e Narmada River b e f o r e t h e numerous water-consuming p r o j e c t s planned upstream i n t h e bas in a r e completed. Accordingly , procedures have been formulated t o e s t a b l i s h annual and s e a s o n a l d e l i v e r y c a p a c i t i e s t h a t would accommodate a l l water supply c o n d i t i o n s judged t o be reasonab le .

55. C lasses of A, B, and C water have been e s t a b l i s h e d , a s d i scussed e a r l i e r . D e l i v e r schedu les w i l be developed f o r t h e s e a s o n a l a l l o c a t i o n s of t h e s e c l a s s e s of water through a s e r i e s of exchanges of in fo rmat ion between t h e agency and each v i l l a g e SA.

56. P r o j e c t i o n s of a v a i l a b l e c l a s s A,B , and C water f o r t h e wa te r year beginning A p r i l 1 would be made by t h e agency on March 15 , broken down i n t o t h e pe r iods f o r May 1 t o October 31 and November 1 t o A p r i l 30 . Est imates would-be r e f i n e d on August 1 f o r t h e f i r s t s i x months and September 15 and October 1 5 f o r t h e second s i x months. Confidence l e v e l s i n t h e e s t i m a t e s of a v a i l a b l e c l a s s A, B, and C wa te r would be s t a t e d wi th each p r o j e c t i o n . .

57. P r o j e c t e d annual volumes of water f o r a g r i c u l t u r e would ,be a l l o c a t e d among r e g i o n s i n s t r i c t accordance w i t h p r o j e c t p o l i c i e s and procedures s o t h a t t h e agency can s u s t a i n t h e farmer's conf idence and p rec lude f a c t o r s t h a t would a l t e r t h e e s t a b l i s h e d e q u i t a b l e a l l o t m e n t s . Some n e g o t i a t i o n s i n s e t t i n g seasona l a l l o c a t i o n s may be necessa ry i f conveyance c a p a c i t y i n t h e main c a n a l l i m i t s f u l l u t i l i z a t i o n of s u r p l u s wa te r s wi thout s t a g g e r i n g r e g i o n a l peak demands. The day of t h e week when d e l i v e r i e s would be s t a r t e d t o s p e c i f i c SAs would be es t ima ted i n a n t i c i p a t i o n of t h e d e s i r e s of t h e s e r v i c e a r e a farmers . Some s t a g g e r i n g among a d j a c e n t SAs on t h e same d i s - t r i b u t a r y would a s s i s t agency personnel i n a s s u r i n g a r e l i a b l e s e r v i c e . But t h i s arrangement would be worked ou t wi th t h e SAs when t h e f i n a l schedules a r e e s t a b l i s h e d .

58. The i r r i g a t i o n schedule of farmers w i t h i n each SA would be formulated c o l l e c t i v e l y by t h e farmers . Recognizing t h a t t h e system des ign d i c t a t e s t h a t a l l farmers w i t h i n a given SA be served under a common d e l i v e r schedule , c o n s i d e r a b l e i n t e r n a l p u b l i c ' n e g o t i a t i o n s would be necessa ry . A l l c r o p s r a i s e d w i t h i n a SA would t h e r e f o r e have t o be compatible wi th t h e adopted schedule and a v a i l a b l e p r i v a t e groundwater s u p p l i e s .

59. The SA i r r i g a t i o n schedule would r e f l e c t t h e s i z e of t h e season's i n d i v i d u a l i r r i g a t i o n s and t h e d a t e s when the a l l o t t e d amounts a r e t o be d e l i v e r e d . Since t h e scheme of o p e r a t i o n i s p r e d i c a t e d on a d j u s t i n g s e r v i c e f a c i l i t i e s once a t t h e beginning of a season and a l l d e l i v e r i e s t o a SA would

ANNEX 6 Page 20

be on f o r a seven-day p e r i o d , t h e farmers must s e l e c t t h e volumes of i r r i g a - t i o n s t o be used f o r d e l i v e r i e s throughout t h e season. An i r r i g a t i o n would be l a r g e enough t o meet t h e maximum demands under t h e adopted cropping when d e l i v e r e d a t seven-day i n t e r v a l s dur ing peak pe r iods . Phys ica l r e s t r i c t i o n s w i l l be imposed by t h e maximum d e l i v e r c a p a c i t y of t h e f a c i l i t i e s cons t ruc ted i n t h e SA.

60. A SA committee would forward t h e SA cropping p lan and t h e i r r i g a t i o n schedule t o t h e agency by A p r i l 10 and September 25. Subsequent ly , t h e modified cropping p l a n s and i r r i g a t i o n schedules based on t h e August 1 wate r supply d a t a would be submit ted a s soon a s t h e s e r v i c e a r e a has reso lved any d e s i r e d r e v i s i o n s . Actual crop p l a n t i n g p lans would be submit ted t o t h e agency by June 1 and November 15. A SA may modify wa te r d e l i v e r d a t e s dur ing t h e season by submi t t ing a r e v i s i o n one week be fore t h e scheduled d e l i v e r y .

61. The agency would r e c e i v e SA cropping p lans and i r r i g a t i o n schedu les a t t h e a r e a c o n t r o l o f f i c e s . The cropping p a t t e r n would be coded on d i s p l a y maps. Del ivery schedu les and d i s c h a r g e s would be compiled and t h e t ime , d a t e , and magnitude of changes i n f low a t each s t r u c t u r e i n t h e e n t i r e - s y s t e m t o meet scheduled SA d e l i v e r i e s would be c a l c u l a t e d . These v a l u e s would be updated a s new in fo rmat ion i s r ece ived from SAs. I d e n t i c a l in fo rmat ion would be forwarded t o t h e P r o j e c t Control Center and in fo rmat ion on a l l a r e a s would be aggregated and d i sp layed t o b e s t f a c i l i t a t e system o p e r a t i o n s . -

62. ~ u b s ' t a n t i a l m o d i f i c a t i o n s t o d e l i v e r y schedules w i t h i n a l l o c a - t ions--pr imar i ly i n t iming of d e l i v e r i e s but sometimes i n s i z e of i r r i g a - tion--would have t o be made dur ing k h a r i f , i f advantage i s t o be taken of p r e c i p i t a t i o n . Procedures f o r t h e agency t o t a k e a c t i o n and t h e c o n d i t i o n s under which such a c t i o n s would be e f f e c t e d would be formulated j o i n t l y by t h e agency and r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s from t h e SAs.

63. Records of a c t u a l d e l i v e r i e s made t o each SA would be compiled monthly by t h e agency. Copies would be d e l i v e r e d t o each SA and t o t h e Area Control Cen te r , t h e P r o j e c t Control Cen te r , and t h e I r r i g a t i o n Department i n Gandhinagar . Scheme o f Operat ion: System-Normal

6 4. A controlled-volume o p e r a t i o n has been adopted f o r t h e conveyance system ( i . e . , above t h e SA l e v e l ) . Through proper manipulation-flow r e g u l a t - ing s t r u c t u r e s , t h e amount of water con ta ined i n each reach of canal can be a l t e r e d a s d e s i r e d t o accommodate o p e r a t i o n a l needs. Though flow i n t h e c a n a l s would vary throughout t h e y e a r i n response t o scheduled d e l i v e r i e s , t h e volume of wa te r w i t h i n t h e reaches of t h e cana l would remain nea r t h a t found a t f u l l d i scharge . To meet the minor mismatching and shor t - term changes i n l o c a l d e l i v e r i e s , wa te r would be drawn o u t of o r p laced i n t o "s torage" w i t h i n t h e canal reaches a s c o n d i t i o n s d i c t a t e . These accommoda- t i o n s would be made through c a r e f u l moni tor ing of s u r f a c e wa te r e l e v a t i o n s i n t h e reaches and a p p r o p r i a t e adjus tments of flow r e g u l a t i n g g a t e s i n the

ANNEX 6 Page 21

c a n a l s . No s p i l l i n g of wa te r from i t s conveyance system would occur dur ing normal o p e r a t i o n .

65. Del ivery t o a SA would be "on" o r "off" a t a cons tan t r a t e p r e s e t f o r t h e season dur ing t h e pe r iods of d e l i v e r y , which would a l s o be p r e - e s t a b l i s h e d f o r t h e season. Within t h e SA, an unregu la ted f ree -d ra in ing d e l i v e r y system would convey wa te r t o chaks c o n s i s t i n g of 25 t o 65 ha. Water would f low con t inuous ly t o a l l chaks i n p ropor t ion t o t h e i r n e t CCA dur ing pe r iod t h a t wa te r is d e l i v e r e d t o t h e SA.

66. Del ivery w i t h i n a chak would be through a r e g u l a t e d f ree -d ra in ing system. Open channe l s w i t h s t r u c t u r e s o r g a t e d p ipes would a l low r o t a t i n g fu l l - chak f lows t o i n d i v i d u a l farmers i f they own farms g r e a t e r than 8 ha o r groups of farms c o n s t i t u t i n g about 5 t o 8 ha t o t a l . The farmers w i t h i n t h e s e a r e a s would e s t a b l i s h an a p p r o p r i a t e r o t a t i o n depenaent on i n d i v i d u a l farm a r e a s .

67. The v a r i a b l e d i s c h a r g e c o n t r o l dev ices and on /o f f g a t e s a t t h e head of t h e SA would be a d j u s t e d and opera ted by agency s t a f f . A l l s t r u c t u r e s i n t h e minors and subminors would a l s o be inspec ted and a d j u s t e d , i f n e c e s s a r y , by agency s t a f f .

Scheme of Operat ion: System Emergency

68. Emergency c o n d i t i o n s may be expected t o a r i s e i n t h e system due t o a v a r i e t y of causes . By d e f i n i t i o n t h e s e a r e u n p r e d i c t a b l e , r e q u i r i n g r a p i d ad jus tments i n o p e r a t i o n s wi thout advanced n o t i c e . Sudden i n t e n s e p r e c i p i t a - t i o n , breaches i n c a n a l embankments, blockage of c a n a l s , and r u p t u r e s of s t ream c r o s s i n g s would be p o s s i b l e emergency causes . Loss of power t o pump- i n g p l a n t s on t h e S a u r a s h t r a and Kutch branches would c r e a t e emergencies i n those subsystems and, t o reduced degrees , i n t h e main cana l reaches s e r v i n g them. The o p e r a t i o n s r e q u i r e d t o respond t o v a r i o u s emergencies would d i f - f e r .

69. A p lan f o r system o p e r a t i o n s i n response t o each type of emergency would be formulated b e f o r e t h e system i s p laced i n o p e r a t i o n . This would r e q u i r e a d e s c r i p t i o n of each type of emergency, i n c l u d i n g t h e s p e c i f i c l o c a t i o n , t h e changes i n flow o r o t h e r c o n d i t i o n s i n t h e c a n a l t h a t can be used t o d e t e c t and d e s c r i b e t h e emergency, and t h e exac t measures t o be taken-for example, t h e g a t e changes t o be made and t h e sequence of such changes. It i s e s s e n t i a l t h a t t h e s e p l a n s be formulated i n advance--time does no t permit an a n a l y s i s t o determine an a p p r o p r i a t e response t o an emergency.

70 . The a n t i c i p a t e d a c t i o n s i n response t o emergencies would be formuated assuming t h a t system s t a t u s can be con t inuous ly monitored and t h a t r e g u l a t o r y g a t e s a t 300 cusecs and g r e a t e r c a p a c i t y can be a c t i v a t e d remotely i n a sequence a p p r o p r i a t e t o t h e emergency. Emergencies t o be considered (and t h e i r l o c a t i o n s ) i n t h e main c a n a l would inc lude t h e fo l lowing:

ANNEX 6 Page 22

( a ) F a i l u r e of embankments would be a s s e s s e d f o r s p e c i f i c c o n d i t i o n s , s i n c e founda t ions and embankments a r e des igned l i k e major dam embankments, a b reach may be such a remote p o s s i b i l i t y t h a t i t can be ignored.

( b ) F a i l u r e of embankment due t o f l o o d and e r o s i o n from c ross - d r a i n i n g s t r eams and r i v e r s would be analyzed i n a r a t i o n a l manner, and p o s s i b l e e f f e c t s on t h e c a n a l would be d e s c r i b e d . Any inf low can a f f e c t t h e system s i g n i f i c a n t l y and breaching e f f e c t s would depend on degree of inf low. These occur rences would be s i t e s p e c i f i c .

( c ) O b s t r u c t i o n due t o s l i d e s i n t o t h e cana l may be t h e most common problem. The p o t e n t i a l amount of m a t e r i a l , r a t e of movement, and t h e e f f e c t s on flow c a p a c i t y and s t a g e would be assessed . With t h e wide s e c t i o n adopted, t h i s type of o b s t r u c t i o n u s u a l l y would not have a major impact on t h e upper r eaches of t h e main c a n a l , and a g a i n , s l i d e p o t e n t i a l i s ~ s i t c s p e c i f i c ,

( d l F a i l u r e o r breaching of r i v e r c r o s s i n g s would have by f a r t h e g r e a t e s t impact on t h e system. I n t h e extr'eme, a f u l l r u p t u r e could suddenly d i v e r t a l l cana l flow from both upstream and downstream of t h e b reach .and t h e r e s u l t i n g r a p i d drawdown could cause severe damage t o t h e l i n i n g and s loughing of t h e banks. Rapid i s o l a t i o n of t h e s i t e , both upstream and downstream, would be c r i t i c a l t o minimize damage t o t h e c r o s s i n g and damage downstream i n s m a l l e r r i v e r s . F u r t h e r , t h e c a p a b i l i t y t o c l o s e down t h e e n t i r e system downstream of t h e breach and upstream t o t h e e x t e n t of d e l i v e r i e s pass ing t h a t p o i n t would be e s s e n t i a l i n avo id ing major c o s t s due t o damaged l i n i n g and over topping of c a n a l embankments .

( e l Sudden i n t e n s e s torms may cause a complete drop i n demand f o r i r r i g a t i o n and f l o o d i n g . P r o t e c t i o n a g a i n s t such s torms would r e q u i r e r a p i d and major r e d u c t i o n s of flow i n t h e a f f e c t e d p a r t s of t h e system, Although i n t e n s e s torms may be c a l l e d normal happenings, t h e need f o r p rep lann ing of o p e r a t i o n s and response c a p a b i l i t i e s of t h e system j u s t i f i e s p l a c i n g t h i s source of damage under t h e anergency ca tegory . The p o s s i b l e e x t e n t of storms--geographically and i n terms of volume and degree of r e l i a b l e forecasting--would be a s c e r t a i n e d f o r each subsystem and t h e impacts and t h e necessa ry responses of t h e system would be desc r ibed .

-A RIVER DEVELOPMENT - GOJARAT

]Iezional Cropviw Pa t te rns f o r Desinn of P a c i l i t i e r ., - - -

Kharit ,- Babi

PC ~i o n C r o D 2 Crov 2 1 Paddy 26 Uhaa t 2 1

Tobacco 14 Tobacco 15 Cotton 51 Cotton 53 Other 9 Jovar (sorghum) 11

Paddy 26 Yheat 35 Tobacco 21 Tobacco 44 Cotton 45 Cotton 21

Paddy Cotton Other

Yhea t Cotton Jovar (Sorghum)

4 Paddy Cotton Other

m e a t Cotton Jovar (Sorghum)

S Paddy Tobacco Cotton Other

wheat Tobacco Cotton Vegetables

Paddy Cotton Other

Wheat 4s Cot ton 2 S Vegetables 11

Wheat 45 Cotton 41

Paddy Croundnut Cotton Other Pulses 6 Oilreed 14

m e a t 4s Paddy Croundnu t Cotton Other Cotton 55

Yhea t 48 Paddy Croundnut Cotton Other - . Cot ton 52

Cotton 65 m e a t 3s

Pulse* 6 Oilreed 23 Cotton 34 me. t 43

Pulaes 6 Oilseed 31 Cotton 17 Whea t 52

Pulses 6 Oilseed 23 Cot ton 49 Wheat 28

Cotton 49

m e a t 8 l

Cotton Other

Cotton

Other

Cot ton

Other

Croundnut Cotton Other

Cotton Psdd y Other

L.8 ioa Crop - 7 fun f u l Aut Sep Oct Nor Dec Jam ?eb Mar Apr J I 1 1 I 1 1 1 1 1 I 1 1 I 1 1 1 1 1 I 1 1 1 1 1 I 1 1 I 1 1 I 1 1 u

rorcnight

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 f2 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 24 Paddl - 4 44 81 58 57 56 56 60 49 19 - Tobacco - 4 8 8 13 24 33 39 40 31 31 25 12

1 b t c o n 19 25 9 12 14 23 30 35 41 41 41 41 31 27 11 Other K h ~ r i f - 19 27 13 24 31 32 32 14 - wheat 19 24 11 19 28 29 36 32 19 Al Jovar - 19 24 10 13 23 28 27 16 - Paddy 4 44 81 58 57 56 56 60 49 19 Tobacco 4 8 8 13 24 33 39 40 31 31 25 12

2 Cotton 19 25 9 12 14 23 30 35 41 41 41 41 31 27 11 - -

m ~ a t 19 24 i i 19 28 29 36 12 19 Paddy - 4 45 79 60 59 56 56 62 50 20 co t ton 19 25 9 12 15 24 31 36 43 43 47 47 37 32 13

3 Other K b r i f 19 26 13 25 31 32 33 14 . - - . . Ybeat 19 24 12 23 33 34 43 38 21 aY Jovar 19 24 11 18 28 33 31 19 Paddy 4 45 7 60 59 56 56 62 50 20 b t t o a 19 25 9 12 15 24 31 36 43 43 47 47 37 32 13

4 Othsr Kbrif 19 26 13 25 31 32 33 14 m e a t 19 24 12 23 33 34 43 38 21 111 Jovar 19 24 11 18 28 33 31 19 - Paddy 4 45 82 62 61 57 57 63 51 21 Tobacco 4 8 8 13 25 35 43 44 34 34 26 12 -

9 b t t e n 19 24 9 12 15 25 32 37 44 44 46 46 34 30 10 Other K b r i f 19 26 14 26 32 33 34 15 Vegetabla 19 27 16 14 18 26 19 35 17 m e a t 19 24 10 19 31 31 38 34 21 Paddy 4 45 82 62 61 57 57 63 51 20 Cottoa 19 24 9 12 15 25 32 37 44 4 4 46 46 34 30 10 10

6 Other K h r i f 19 26 14 26 32 33 34 15 - m e a t 19 24 10 29 31 31 38 34 21 ,

Venetable 19 27 16 14 18 26 29 35 17 Paddr 5 45 84 64 63 62 62 64 53 20 Grouidrr~t 19 25 12 13 25 32 35 37 19 - b t t o a 19 24 9 9 17 26 36 44 45 50 50 40 38 28 13

7 Yboat 19 24 12 23 34 35 44 39 22 h r l r e r 19 24 14 23 31 35 35 22 Oilreeda 19 2 4 1 0 18 25 31 35 33 22 Other Kharif 19 27 15 28 36 37 35 19 - - - Paddy 5 45 84 64 63 62 62 64 53 21 - Grouadaut 19 25 12 13 25 32 35 37 19

8 Cottoa 19 24 9 13 17 25 36 42 45 45 50 50 38 33 13 Other Kharif 19 27 15 28 36 37 35 15 Wheat 19 24 I t 23 34 3 > 44 40 22 Paddy 4 46 88 69 68 64 64 48 55 23 Groundnut 19 25 12 14 28 40 44 43 22

9 Cottoa 19 26 10 14 18 29 38 44 50 50 57 57 M 39 15 Ocher K b r f i . 19 27 15 31 40 42 40 17 Wheat 19 2L 13 27 40 41 51 45 27 Cocton 19 24 9 12 15 25 32 37 44 44 46 46 34 30 10

10 Other Kharif 19 26 19 26 32 33 34 15 Wheat 19 '4 10 19 31 31 38 34 21 Cotcoa 19 25 10 14 19 31 39 46 54 54 54 54 38 33 12 Other Kharif 19 26 16 31 40 41 42 18

11 wheat 19 24 11 21 31 32 42 37 21 h l r c a 19 24 14 21 29 32 32 21 - . Oilgeeda 19 2 5 9 17 23 29 32 31 19 Cottoa 19 25 10 14 19 31 39 46 54 54 54 54 38 33 12 Other Kharif 19 26 16 31 40 41 42 18

1 1 m e a t 19 24 11 21 31 32 42 37 21 Pulaer 19 24 14 21 29 32 32 21 Oilateda 19 25 9 17 23 29 32 31 19 Croundnut 19 25 12 15 28 36 39 64 21 Cotton 19 25 10 14 19 31 39 45 54 54 54 54 38 33 12

13 Other Kharif 19 26 16 31 40 41 42 18 \Iheat 19 24 11 21 31 32 42 37 21 rul... 19 24 14 21 29 32 32 21

U Ieqnircmenta a re ahom aa pnlvcek aa arLaing dur ins ench period && tha amount f o r tha f u l l to r tn iah t .

Annex 6 Table 3

INDIA

Number

NARMADA RIVER DEVELOPMENT - GUJARAT Flow Requirements at Branch Canalheads

Branch Names

Wadia Tilakwada Mandva Angari Sankheda Miyagam Gojali Vadodara Dena Sakarda Desar Dumand Zumkha Nohra Snali Mehmadabad Ghodasar Vehlal Daskroi Dholka Sanand Saurahtra Kharag hoda Jhinjuwada Bolera Ra jpur Amarapur Radhanpur Daldi Kutch Ve j pur Madaka Ma 1s anand D h ima Ghodr isa Rajasthan Delivery

Capacity (in Cumecs)

Annex 7

INDIA

NARMADA RIVER DEVELOPMENT - GUJARAT Groundwater Drainage and Coniunctive Use

Table of Contents

Introduction

Type of Private and Public Sector Groundwater Development for Conjunctive Use and Drainage

Criteria for Groundwater Development for Conjunctive Use and Drainage

Regulation of Discharge from Public Sector Conjunctive Use Wells

Programming Installation of Public Sector Conjunctive Use and Drainage Wells

Public Sector Well Network Design

Criteria for Surface and Groundwater Blending

Design of Public Sector Tubewell Systems

The Well Pump Unit and Ancil laries Groundwater Conveyance System Groundwater Regulation Tank for Conjunctive Use Power Supply Pump Protection Housing

Cost Estimates for Public Tubewell Systems

Capital Costs . .

- TABLES

1. General Formula for Cost of Wells 2. General Formula for Pump Motor Capacity and Pump Unit Cost 3. General Formula for Piped Conveyance Costs

ANNEX 7 Page 1

I N D I A


Groundwater Drainage and Conjunctive Use

I n t r o d u c t ion

1. Increased recharge i n t h e command a r e a i s a n a t u r a l and i n e v i t a b l e r e s u l t of t h e i n t r o d u c t i o n of an i r r i g a t i o n system based on imported s u r f a c e water . This has t h e p o s s i b l y b e n e f i c i a l e f f e c t of i n c r e a s i n g t h e groundwater resource a v a i l a b l e f o r development, and t h e r e f o r e t h e t o t a l water r e s o u r c e , i f t h e a b s t r a c t e d water i s of u s a b l e chemical q u a l i t y f o r i r r i g a t i o n . It a l s o has a p o s s i b l e n e g a t i v e e f f e c t , i f t h e a d d i t i o n a l r echarge exceeds t h e n a t u r a l d ra inage c a p a c i t y of t h e a q u i f e r system and, t h e excess water i s taken i n t o s t o r a g e . This r e s u l t s i n a r i s i n g water t a b l e and, u l t i m a t e l y , i n t h e development of a water logging and secondary s o i l s a l i n i z a t i o n hazard. Both s i t u a - t i o n s , which a r e not mutual ly e x c l u s i v e , pose planning and des ign problems f o r i r r i g a t i o n and d ra inage systems, which aim a t maximizing a s c a r c e water supply and p r e s e r v a t i o n of t h e optimum environment f o r crop product ion.

2. The p h y s i c a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of t h e rocks under lying t h e command a r e a may c o n t r o l whether a system may be d ra ined v e r t i c a l l y by w e l l s o r whether only h o r i z o n t a l d ra inage i s p o s s i b l e , and whether d i r e c t p u b l i c s e c t o r i n t e r v e n t i o n i s t e c h n i c a l l y and/or economically f e a s i b l e f o r development of groundwater f o r i r r i g a t i o n or p rov i s ion of v e r t i c a l d ra inage s e c t o r w e l l s . I n some c a s e s , an a q u i f e r system t h a t i s s u i t a b l e f o r p u b l i c s e c t o r w e l l s may be developed by t h e p r i v a t e s e c t o r & a degree t h a t i n a d v e r t a n t l y provides the necessa ry groundwater d ra inage requirement and c o n t r o l s t h e water t a b l e . I n o t h e r c a s e s , low-aquifer y i e l d p r e s c r i b e s t h a t t h e only f e a s i b l e mode of groundwater development i s by t h e p r i v a t e s e c t o r . However, i t must be accepted t h a t t h e p r i v a t e s e c t o r i s mot ivated only t o pump f o r i r r i g a t i o n ; any d ra inage b e n e f i t i s i n c i d e n t a l . Thus groundwater q u a l i t y f i n a l l y c o n t r o l s whether the p r i v a t e s e c t o r may be expected t o c o n t r i b u t e t o groundwater d r a i n a g e .

3 . The Sardar Sarovar command a r e a p r e s e n t s a range of a q u i f e r condi- t i o n s , groundwater q u a l i t i e s , n a t u r a l d ra inage c o n d i t i o n s , and degrees of e x i s t i n g groundwater development. The a q u i f e r c o n d i t i o n s range from "hardrock" wi th low y i e l d t h a f can be developed only by t h e p r i v a t e s e c t o r , t o t h i c k a l luvium con ta in ing h igh ly permeable a q u i f e r m a t e r i a l i n which high-yie lding pub l ic s e c t o r w e l l s can be c o n s t r u c t e d , and t o t h i c k c l a y sequences t h a t a r e not s u i t a b l e f o r i r r i g a t i o n w e l l s of any kind and, i f d ra inage i s r e q u i r e d , only a h o r i z o n t a l d ra inage s o l u t i o n i s p o s s i b l e .

4. The chemical q u a l i t y of t h e groundwater ranges from s u i t a b l e f o r d i r e c t use f o r i r r i g a t i o n , through s u i t a b l e f o r i r r i g a t i o n a f t e r b lending wi th

ANNEX 7 Page 2

good q u a l i t y s u r f a c e w a t e r , t o h i g h l y s a l i n e wa te r t h a t would not be f e a s i b l e t o use i n a b lend. The c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of t h e s o i l t o which the wa te r i s a p p l i e d and t h e q u a n t i t y of i r r i g a t i o n wa te r a v a i l a b l e f o r a p p l i c a t i o n o r a s r a i n f a l l l a r g e l y determine the q u a l i t y of t h e i r r i g a t i o n water t h a t can be u t i l i z e d .

5. The n a t u r a l d ra inage c o n d i t i o n s range from a r e a s w i t h s u f f i c i e n t r e l i e f o r proximity t o deeply i n c i s e d streams such t h a t a d d i t i o n a l r echarge due t o s u r f a c e water i r r i g a t i o n can be disposed of a s subsur face r u n o f f , t o broad f l a t p l a i n s o r i n t e r f l u v e s where accumulation of t h e a d d i t i o n a l r echarge i n s t o r a g e would be , i n e v i t a b l e i n t h e absence of some form of a r t i f i c i a l d ra inage . The heavy c l a y of the c o a s t a l a l luvium around t h e Gulf of Cambay demands h o r i z o n t a l d r a i n a g e , and would then r e q u i r e a ve ry c l o s e network t o be e f f e c t i v e t h a t would involve ve ry high c o s t .

6 . Within t h e Sardar Sarovar command a r e a , t h e groundwater system's response t o recharge (mainly from r a i n f a l l ) and a b s t r a c t i o n has been monitored i n terms of water l e v e l change f o r t h e p a s t decade through a network of obser- v a t i o n w e l l s . The network is p r e s e n t l y being strengthened- i n the- Fhase 1 a r e a (Narmada-Mahi doab) by i n s t a l l a t i o n of s p e c i a l l y c o n s t r u c t e d and l o c a t e d piezometers i n a n t i c i p a t i o n of t h e a d d i t i o n a l water t a b l e moni tor ing r e q u i r e - ments, which would a r i s e when s u r f a c e water i r r i g a t i o n through t h e Sardar Sarovar system i s in t roduced . The hydrogeological and groundwater q u a l i t y c o n d i t i o n s i n t h e command a r e a have been mapped wit'h f a i r accuracy. The growth of groundwater development by the p u b l i c and p r i v a t e s e c t o r s has been monitored i n terms of q u a n t i t y and l o c a t i o n . A d i g i t a l s i m u l a t i o n model has been con- s t r u c t e d and c a l i b r a t e d f o r t h e a l l u v i a l a q u i f e r system of t h e Phase 1 a r e a . It has been run t o provide f o r e c a s t s of t h e groundwater system's responses t o v a r i o u s development s c e n a r i o s f o r s u r f a c e water and groundwater i n terms of r a t e s of water t a b l e response and development of water logging and t o o b t a i n q u a n t i t a t i v e e s t i m a t e s of t h e amount and d i s t r i b u t i o n of t h e groundwater d ra inage requirement .

Type of P r i v a t e and P u b l i c S e c t o r Groundwater Development f o r Coniunctive Use and Drainage

7 . Any method of groundwater development by t h e p r i v a t e o r pub l i c s e c t o r s w i t h i n a command a r e a i n c r e a s e s t h e t o t a l water supply and thus impl ies some l e v e l of con junc t ive use . The p r i v a t e s e c t o r may u t i l i z e dug w e l l s , dug-cum-bored w e l l s o r tubewel l s of v a r i o u s c a p a c i t i e s . Dug w e l l s and dug-cum-bored w e l l s , c o n s t r u c t e d by t h e p r i v a t e s e c t o r a r e t h e only p r a c t i c a l s o l u t i o n f o r groundwater development i n hard rock a r e a s ; whereas, a l l t h r e e types of w e l l s a r e a v a i l a b l e t o the s e c t o r i n a r e a s wi th t h i c k a l l u v i a l a q u i f e r s and i n the Mesozoic sandstone a r e a s of S a u r a s h t r a . The p r i v a t e s e c t o r w e l l s se rve i n d i v i d u a l commands t h a t a l s o r e c e i v e s u r f a c e water s u p p l i e s , o r can be i n s t a l l e d on high s p o t s i n t h e s u r f a c e water command t h a t cannot be reached by g r a v i t y .

8. Pub l i c s e c t o r groundwater development f o r i r r i g a t i o n would be by 3 tubewel ls wi th d i scharges of 100 m /h ( 1 cusec) o r more. As p r e s e n t l y con-

ce ived , t h e tubewel l system would be f u l l y i n t e g r a t e d w i t h and would d i scharge i n t o the s u r f a c e water conveyance system a t the v i l l a g e a r e a l e v e l (about 500 ha) f o r con junc t ive use . Because of t h e l o c a t i o n of t h e po in t of d e l i v e r y of

ANNEX 7 Page 3

groundwater to the surface water,conveyance and because, in some cases, of the need to blend poor quality groundwater with good quality surface water, the wells would be centrally controlled. This would be achieved either through dedicated 11 kV power lines with centralized switch gear at the 66/11 kV sub- stations or by automating the wells to synchronize their operation with surface water flows to the village area that they serve.

9. Some wells would almost certainly be installed exclusively for drainage of saline groundwater that cannot be used for irrigation, even with blending. Provision of such wells would be a public sector undertaking. They would be centrally controlled through dedicated power lines and would be provided with the necessary conveyance facility to discharge to a surface drain at a suitable point.

10. The distribution by regions (annex4, map IBRD 17939) of the various aquifer types and water qualities underlying the command area are summarized as flows :

Distribution of Rock Types and Water Qualities in the Gross Command Area

Region Rock Types ' Water Quality Types % of % of Gross Thick In Part Total Region

Region Area of Hard- Alluvial Thick Fresh to Saline but Too Saline CCA in Under . Region rock Aquifer Clay Moderate Blendable for Blending Region CCA - .............................. (km)---------------------------------

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

* 11 - -12 . - .13 - Total

Total (%) 100

1. Includes the Mesozoic sediments and some areas with thin a1 luvia 1 cover.

2. Dug wells or dug-cum-bored wells may penetrate the clay into hardrocks in parts of Saurashtra.

ANNEX 7 Page 4

11. The t a b u l a t e d d a t a show t h a t 57% of t h e g r o s s command a r e a i s under- l a i n by t h i c k a l l u v i a l a q u i f e r system. Moreover, about h a l f of t h e a l l u v i a l a q u i f e r a r e a c o n t a i n s groundwater ( a t l e a s t i n t h e upper l a y e r s ) t h a t i s too s a l i n e f o r d i r e c t use f o r i r r i g a t i o n and would r e q u i r e b lend ing . This almost c e r t a i n l y impl ies a p u b l i c s e c t o r o p e r a t i o n . Hardrocks occupy 23% of t h e g r o s s command a r e a and t h e groundwater i n such a r e a s can be developed on ly by t h e p r i v a t e s e c t o r . The a r e a s w i t h t h i c k c l a y d e p o s i t s a r e p rob lemat ic , a s such d e p o s i t s would y i e l d l i t t l e water even i f i t s q u a l i t y i s good. Dug w e l l s p e n e t r a t i n g t o under ly ing hardrocks could be s u c c e s s f u l a s water sup- p l i e s , though they would provide l i m i t e d d ra inage b e n e f i t .

12. I f t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n of t h e CCA w i t h i n t h e g r o s s command a r e a i s cons ide red , somewhat d i f f e r e n t p r o p o r t i o n s of rock types and wa te r q u a l i t i e s a r e found. A l l u v i a l a q u i f e r u n d e r l i e about 60% of t h e CCA and i n 55% of t h i s a r e a t h e water must be blended. Hardrock a q u i f e r s u n d e r l i e 24% of t h e C C A , and i n 80% of t h i s a r e a t h e wa te r q u a l i t y i s s u i t a b l e f o r d i r e c t use f o r i r r i g a t i o n , whi le t h e ba lance i s too s a l i n e f o r use . I n t h e CCA u n d e r l a i n by t h i c k c l a y d e p o s i t s ( 1 5 % ) , on ly about 40% of t h e a r e a c o n t a i n s groundwater of s u i t a b l e q u a l i t y f o r use . Thus, 57% of t h e CCA i s u n d e r l a i n by good q u a l i t y w a t e r , 33% by wa te r ( con ta ined i n a l l u v i a l a q u i f e r s ) t h a t r e q u i r e s b l e n d i n g , and 10% c o n t a i n s water t h a t i s too s a l i n e f o r any u s e .

C r i t e r i a f o r Groundwater Development f o r Conjunct ive Use and Drainage

13. The fo l lowing g e n e r a l c r i t e r i a would be a p p l i e d f o r p lanning groundwater development f o r c o n j u n c t i v e use and d r a i n a g e :

( a ) A l l groundwater development i n hardrock a r e a s o r a r e a s w i t h t h i n a l l u v i a l c o v e r over hardrock would be by t h e p r i v a t e s e c t o r ;

(b ) I n a r e a s where t h i c k a l l u v i a l a q u i f e r s c o n t a i n d i r e c t l y u s a b l e groundwater, t h e r e i s an element of cho ice between p r i v a t e and p u b l i c s e c t o r development. While i t i s recognized t h a t p r i v a t e s e c t o r development i n c u r s h igher c o s t i n c a p i t a l , and O d M , t h e s e a r e out- weighed by t h e h igher r e t u r n t o water i n t h e p r i v a t e s e c t o r , which i s about 50% h igher than a c a n a l water supply . P r i v a t e s e c t o r development would, t h e r e f o r e , be encouraged i n such a r e a s . The f i n a l deci - s i o n of whether p u b l i c s e c t o r c o n j u n c t i v e use would be planned f o r would depend on t h e i n t e n s i t y of p r i v a t e s e c t o r development and t h e p o s s i b l e danger of development of wa te r logg ing . I n g e n e r a l , i t may be assumed t h a t i n a r e a s where p r i v a t e groundwater i r r i g a t e s more than 40% of t h e cropped a r e a a t t h e t ime of p lanning d e c i s i o n , p u b l i c s e c t o r con junc t ive use wduld n o t be r e q u i r e d ;

( c ) I n a l l u v i a l a q u i f e r a r e a s where t h e groundwater q u a l i t y d i c t a t e s t h a t b lending w i t h s u r f a c e water would be necessa ry f o r use of t h e water f o r i r r i g a t i o n , p u b l i c s e c t o r c o n j u n c t i v e use would be planned from t h e o u t s e t ;

( d l I n a l l u v i a l a q u i f e r a r e a where t h e water q u a l i t y would be u n f i t f o r i r r i g a t i o n even a f t e r b lend ing , v e r t i c a l d r a i n a g e w e l l s would be planned from t h e o u t s e t ;

ANNEX 7 Page 5

( e ) P u b l i c s e c t o r g roundwa te r development f o r c o n j u n c t i v e u s e o r d r a i n a g e would n o t be u n d e r t a k e n u n t i l t h e r i s i n g w a t e r t a b l e app roaches 5 m below l and s u r f a c e ; and

( f ) I n a l l u v i a l a q u i f e r a r e a s where t h e w a t e r t a b l e i s p r e s e n t l y a t 5 m d e p t h o r l e s s below ground s u r f a c e , p u b l i c s e c t o r c o n j u n c t i v e u s e w e l l s o r v e r t i c a l d r a i n a g e w e l l s ( a s a p p r o p r i a t e ) would be p lanned f o r i n s t a l l a t i o n s i m u l t a n e o u s l y w i t h c o n s t r u c t i o n of t h e s u r f a c e w a t e r d i s t r i b u t i o n sys tem.

14 . The f o l l o w i n g c r i t e r i a a r e g i v e n f o r d e s i g n of c a n a l sys t ems f o r o p e r a t i o n w i t h t h e d i f f e r e n t modes of groundwater deve lopment :

( a ) I n h a r d r o c k a r e a s , t h e c a n a l sys t em would n o t be des igned f o r f u t u r e c o n j u n c t i v e u s e , b u t would d e l i v e r t h e f u l l s u p p l y a s s u r f a c e w a t e r ;

( b ) S i m i l a r l y , i n a l l u v i a l a q u i f e r a r e a s where p r i v a t e s e c t o r groundwater development i r r i g a t e s more t h a n 40% of t h e cropped a r e a a t t h e t ime of p l a n n i n g d e c i s i o n , no p r o v i s i o n would be made f o r f u t u r e c o n j u n c t i v e u s e w i t h p u b l i c w e l l s ; and

( c ) I n a l l o t h e r a l l u v i a l a q u i f e r a r e a s where t h e groundwater q u a l i t y i s f i t ' f o r u s e e i t h e r d i r e c t l y o r w i t h b l e n d i n g , t h e v i l l a g e i r r i g a t i o n sys t em would be d e s i g n e d f o r f u t u r e i n s t a l l a t i o n o f ' p u b l i c t u b e w e l l s .

R e g u l a t i o n of D i scha rge f rom P u b l i c S e c t o r C o n j u n c t i v e Use Wel ls

15 . For a c o n s i d e r a b l e p e r i o d d u r i n g t h e development of t h e S a r d a r S a r o v a r i r r i g a t i o n sys t em, t h e r e would be a s u r p l u s of s u r f a c e w a t e r . The p r imary f u n c t i o n of t h e p u b l i c s e c t o r w e l l s would be f o r groundwater d r a i n a g e d u r i n g t h i s p e r i o d , though t h e y would have a n i n c r e a s i n g i r r i g a t i o n b e n e f i t a s t h e i r r i g a t e d s u r f a c e e x t e n d s and t h e s u r f a c e w a t e r i r r i g a t i o n s u p p l y , i n te rms of d e l t a , g r a d u a l l y d e c r e a s e s . The w e l l f i e l d s i n i t i a l l y i n s t a l l e d would be d e s i g n e d t o o p t i m i z e t h e d r a i n a g e o p e r a t i o n , though a l l u s a b l e groundwater pumped would be d i s p o s e d of t h rough t h e i r r i g a t i o n sys tem. The optimum d r a i n a g e o p e r a t i o n i s p rov ided by h i g h l y u t i l i z e d , h i g h - y i e l d i n g w e l l s t h a t minimizes t h e number of w a t e r p o i n t s r e q u i r e d . However, i f b lend-

. - i n g i s r e q u i r e d , t h e o p e r a t i o n of t h e w e l l s must b e s y n c h r o n i z e d w i t h f l o w s of s u r f a c e w a t e r t o t h e v i l l a g e SA.

e. 16 . During any ( r o t a t i o n ) week when t h e v i l l a g e a r e a i s b e i n g s u p p l i e d , t h e s u r f a c e w a t e r would be d e l i v e r e d c o n t i n u o u s l y i n t h e v i l l a g e a r e a f e e d e r c a n a l . However, i t canno t be ensu red t h a t t h e power s u p p l y f o r pumping would be a v a i l a b l e f o r a 24-hr /day . I t i s assumed t h a t a 16-hr /day power s u p p l y can be e n s u r e d . It would t h e r e f o r e be n e c e s s a r y t o r e g u l a t e t h e 16-hours i n f l o w from t h e w e l l ( s ) t o a c o n t i n u o u s 24-hour o u t f l o w t o t h e v i l l a g e f e e d e r c a n a l a t a c o n s t a n t r a t e . T h i s would b e a c h i e v e d t h r o u g h a s u i t a b l y s i z e d , e a r t h t a n k w i t h command on t h e f e e d e r c a n a l and equipped w i t h a modu la t ed , c o n s t a n t f l o w o u t l e t .

ANNEX 7 Page 6

Programming I n s t a l l a t i o n o f P u b l i c S e c t o r Con junc t ive Use and Dra inage Wells

17 . As p u b l i c s e c t o r w e l l s would be s e r v e d by d e d i c a t e d power l i n e s , i t would be n e c e s s a r y t o i n s t a l l them i n c l u s t e r s . I t t h e r e f o r e f o l l o w s t h a t a r e a s t h a t a r e deve lop ing a groundwater d r a i n a g e h a z a r d , o r e x h i b i t such a haza rd from t h e o u t s e t , must be r ecogn ized a s s u b s t a n t i a l b l o c k s so t h a t t h e i n s t a l l a t i o n of t h e w e l l s , pumping equipment , conveyance sys t em, and t h e a s s o c i a t e d power supp ly can be programmed. The pr imary groundwater l e v e l mon i to r ing network would s i g n a l a r e a s i n j eopa rdy . More d e t a i l e d c o n t r o l by mon i to r ing a d d i t i o n a l v i l l a g e w e l l s would d e f i n e t h e d imensions of t h e problem. The r a t e of w a t e r t a b l e r i s e would i n d i c a t e t h e volume of t h e d r a i n a b l e s u r p l u s and , t o g e t h e r w i t h i n f o r m a t i o n on t h e a q u i f e r c h a r a c t e r i s - t i c s , would d e f i n e t h e w e l l and w e l l - f i e l d d e s i g n s n e c e s s a r y t o c o n t r o l t h e w a t e r t a b l e .

P u b l i c S e c t o r Well Network Design

18 . A s s t a t e d p r e v i o u s l y , t h e pr imary f u n c t i o n of t h e p u b l i c s e c t o r w e l l s would be t o p r o v i d e ve: : t ical d r a i n a g e , though t h e w e l l s would have a v e r y impor t an t f u n c t i o n f o r augmenting w a t e r supp ly i n t h e long term. The w e l l ne twork must t h e r e f o r e be c a p a b l e of removing, w i t h i n t h e annua l h y d r o l o g i c a l c y c l e , t h a t p a r t of t h e a d d i t i d n a l r e c h a r g e imposed by deep p e r c o l a t i o n of imported s u r f a c e w a t e r f o r i r r i g a t i o n t h a t would o t h e r w i s e be t a k e n i n t o s t o r a g e , r e s u l t i n g i n a , r i s i n g w a t e r . t a b l e .

19. With a d i s t r i b u t i o n sys tem l i n e d t o 8 h a , i t may be assumed t h a t t h e deep p e r c o l a t i o n i s d i s t r i b u t e d more o r l e s s e q u a l l y on t h e i r r i g a t e d sur - f a c e . The assumpt ion b r e a k s down on ly i n t h e v i c i n i t y of t h e l a r g e r e l emen t s of t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n system t h a t r u n f o r long p e r i o d s of t h e y e a r , and where seepage l o s s e s t o groundwater a r e l o c a l l y c o n c e n t r a t e d . Thus, t h e d r a i n a g e w e l l network must be d i s t r i b u t e d ove r t h e i r r i g a t e d s u r f a c e t o be e f f e c t i v e .

20. Cons ider an e q u a l l y spaced network of d r a i n a g e w e l l s and pumping a t t h e same r a t e and f o r t h e same t ime d u r i n g t h e y e a r . Each w e l l would be sur rounded by a c e l l of e q u a l s i z e w i t h bounda r i e s d e f i n e d by t h e i n t e r c e p - t i o n of i t s cone of d e p r e s s i o n w i t h t h e cone of t h e n e a r e s t a d j a c e n t w e l l . A l l w a t e r t a k e n from a w e l l would be p rov ided from w i t h i n i t s c e l l . I f t h e t o t a l volume of w a t e r a b s t r a c t e d from t h e w e l l d u r i n g a y e a r ba l anced t h e a d d i t i o n a l annua l r e c h a r g e imposed by t h e i r r i g a t i o n sys t em on t h e c e l l a r e a , t h e w a t e r t a b l e would s t a b i l i z e w i t h dynamic e q u i l i b r i u m c o n d i t i o n s . Pumping a t l e s s t h a n t h e a d d i t i o n a l r e c h a r g e r a t e would r e s u l t i n a r i s i n g w a t e r t - a b l e , whereas , i f a b s t r a c t i o n exceeded a d d i t i o n a l r e c h a r g e on t h e c e l l a r e a , w a t e r would be mined and t h e w a t e r t a b l e would d e c l i n e . The dynamic equi - l i b r i u m s i t u a t i o n cou ld be e s t a b l i s h e d w i t h an i r r e g u l a r network of w e l l s w i t h d i f f e r i n g r a t e s of a b s t r a c t i o n but t h i s r e s u l t s i n an i r r e g u l a r and complex sys tem of d r a i n a g e c e l l s .

21. I t i s assumed t h a t a l l u s a b l e groundwater pumped from p u b l i c s e c t o r w e l l s would be conveyed t o t h e s u r f a c e wa te r d i s t r i b u t i o n sys tem a t t h e v i l l a g e a r e a l e v e l t o augment t h e s u r f a c e w a t e r s u p p l y . Thus , t h e groundwater d e l i v e r e d t o t h e s u r f a c e w a t e r sys tem would become a common w a t e r r e s o u r c e , and t h e r e f o r e s u b j e c t t o e s s e n t i a l l y t h e same l o s s e s (deep p e r c o l a - t i o n and s p i l l a g e ) a s t h e s u r f a c e w a t e r . T h i s app rox ima t ion i s a c c e p t a b l e i f

ANNEX 7 Page 7

t h e conveyance i s l i n e d t o 8 h a , and t h e deep p e r c o l a t i o n l o s s e s a r e ma in ly i n t h e u n l i n e d f i e l d c h a n n e l s and o n - f i e l d below t h e 8-ha o u t l e t . I n o r d e r t o meet t h e d r a i n a g e r e q u i r e m e n t unde r which t h e n e t change i n s t o r a g e i s z e r o o v e r t h e y e a r , a l l deep p e r c o l a t i o n l o s s e s , i n c l u d i n g r e c y c l e d g roundwa te r , must be r e c o v e r e d by pumping.

22. The a n n u a l amount of pumpcng t h a t must be imposed t o m a i n t a i n t h e d r a i n a g e r e q u i r e m e n t under t h e above s t a t e d c o n d i t i o n s may be approximated by t h e f o l l o w i n g g e n e r a l f o r m u l a , which i s t h e s o l u t i o n o f a s e r i e s :

where : P = a n n u a l q u a n t i t y o f w a t e r pumped Q = a n n u a l q u a n t i t y of impor ted s u r f a c e w a t e r s = p r o p o r t i o n of 'Q' l o s t t o a l l s o u r c e s

( s p i l l a g e and deep p e r c o l a t i o n ) q = p r o p o r t i o n o f 's' g o i n g t o deep p e r c o l a t i o n

Note: 'P' and 'Q' i n same u n i t s and 's' and 'q' e x p r e s s e d a s dec ima l f r a c t i o n s .

23. An example i s g i v e n below o f a p p l y i n g t h e above fo rmula t o t h e sys t em below a v i l l a g e SA of abou t 500 ha--the groundwater would be i n t r o - ' duced a t t h i s level--and assuming e f f i c i e n c i e s which a r e expec t ed t o be a c h i e v e d i n t h e S a r d a r S a r o v a r sys tem ( s e e annex 4 , p a r a 25) where s = 0.36 and q = 0.80. The c a l c u l a t i o n assumes t h a t a l l deep p e r c o l a t i o n must be a r t i f i c i a l l y d r a i n e d , a c o n d i t i o n t h a t cou ld occu r i n an a r e a remote from n a t u r a l d r a i n a g e . The d r a i n a g e r e q u i r e m e n t a t t r i b u t a b l e t o deep p e r c o l a t i o n from t h e ma jo r e l e m e n t s o f t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n sys t em i s i g n o r e d .

Annual pumping = -0.36 x 0.8 x Q = 0.4 Q (0 .36 x 0 .8) -1

24. I f Q i s t a k e n a s 800 mm on t h e CCA a t t h e head of t h e v i l l a g e s e r v - i c e area--a d e l t a t h a t cou ld e a s i l y be a c h i e v e d d u r i n g t h e e a r l y s t a g e o f d e v e l o ment-- the annua l pumping r e q u i r e m e n t would be 320 mm on t h e CCA o r f3 1.6 Mm / y e a r f o r a v i l l a g e SA o f 500 h a .

- . - 25. Spac ing o f d r a i n a g e / c o n j u n c t i v e u s e w e l l s . The s p a c i n g of t h e w e l l s i n t h e ne twork t o e n s u r e d r a i n a g e i s a f u n c t i o n of t h e d r a i n a b l e s u r p l u s ( t h e t o t a l q u a n t i t y of w a t e r t h a t must be removed i n t h e y e a r f rom a u n i t a r e a ) ,

r t h e t u b e w e l l d i s c h a r g e c a p a c i t y and t h e number o f h o u r s t h a t t h e w e l l can be o p e r a t e d i n t h e y e a r . The f o l l o w i n g i s t h e g e n e r a l fo rmula f o r w e l l s p a c i n g , assuming a s q u a r e w e l l - f i e l d p a t t e r n of w e l l s o f e q u a l d i s c h a r g e and w i t h t h e d r a i n a b l e s u r p l u s e x p r e s s e d a s a d e l t a i n m i y e a r .

ANNEX 7 Page 8

where: S = w e l l s p a c i n g i n m e t e r s

Q = w e l l d i s c h a r g e i n m3/h

H = a n n u a l o p e r a t i o n h o u r s

d = d r a i n a b l e s u r p l u s i n p e t e r s d e p t h

3 Taking 'd' a s 0.32 m y 'Q' a s 200 m / h and 'H' a s 3 ,200 h o u r s , t h e w e l l spac- i n g (S) i s 1 , 4 1 4 m and t h e w e l l d r a i n a g e command a r e a would be 200 h a .

C r i t e r i a f o r S u r f a c e and Groundwater B l e n d i n g

26 . I t would be n e c e s s a r y t o s e t l i m i t s t o t h e s a l i n i t y of t h e w a t e r d e l i v e r e d t o f a r m e r s i n s i t u a t i o n s where t h e groundwater pumped from p u b l i c w e l l s i s of poor q u a l i t y . The s a l i n i t y of t h e b l e n d would be a f i n c t i o n of s a l i n i t i e s of t h e two w a t e r s o u r c e s and t h e b l e n d i n g r a t i o . F i g u r e 1 shows a f a m i l y o f c u r v e s r e l a t i n g t h e s e p a r a m e t e r s . I t i s b e l i e v e d t h a t t h e t o t a l d i s s o l v e d s o l i d s i n t h e w a t e r d e l i v e r e d t o t h e f a r m e r s shou ld n o t exceed 1 ,000 ppm and should p r e f e r a b l y b e k e p t below 700 ppm. Assuming s u r f a c e w a t e r supp ly of 200-400 ppm, t h e g raph i n d i c a t e s t h a t b l e n d s of about 3 ( s u r f a c e w a t e r ) t o 1 (g roundwa te r ) would be r e q u i r e d t o a s s u r e t h e s e l i m i t s w i t h groundwater q u a l i t i e s i n t h e r ange of 2,000-3,000 ppm.

Design of P u b l i c S e c t o r Tubewell Systems

27. It would be p o s s i b l e t o d e s i g n t h e groundwater d r a i n a g e l a u g m e n t a t i o n w e l l sys tem t o optimums s u i t a b l e f o r t h e a q u i f e r c o n d i t i o n s a t any l o c a t i o n and t h e d r a i n a g e r equ i r emen t t o s t a b i l i z e t h e w a t e r t a b l e . Well d e p t h and d e s i g n d i s c h a r g e would be c o n s t r a i n e d o n l y by t h e a q u i f e r c o n d i t i o n s a t any l o c a l i t y . I f t h e w a t e r t a b l e i s a l l owed t o r i s e i n t h e a l l u v i a l a q u i f e r sys t em of main land G u j a r a t u n t i l it app roaches 5 m from l and s u r f a c e , i t a p p e a r s p o s s i b l e t h a t p u b l i c s e c t o r d r a i n a g e l a u g m e n t a t i o n w e l l s c o u l d be c o n s t r u c ed i n about two- th i rd s of t h e g r o s s a l l u v i a l a q u i f e r a r e a of abou t 5 5,000 km on t h e Narmada-Mahi doab and some 90% o g r o s s a l l u v i a l a q u i f e r 5 a r e a n o r t h of t h e Mahi command of about 14 ,300 km . Well d e p t h s would r a n g e from 40 t o 120 m on t h e Narmada-Mahi doab and 100 t o 200 m t o t h e n o r t h o f M h i command, and d e s i g n d i s c h a r g e s would p robab ly r a n g e from 100 t o 400 4 m / h .

28. The Wel l . The w e l l s would f u l l y p e n e t r a t e t h e a q u i f e r sys t em and a l l a v a i l a b l e a q u i f e r m a t e r i a l s e c t i o n would be s c reened i n o r d e r t o maximize t h e yield/drawdown ( s p e c i f i c c a p a c i t y ) r e l a t i o n s h i p and minimize ene rgy c o s t s . I n t h e c a s e of a q u i f e r sys t em a r e a s w i t h an upper l a y e r of poor q u a l i t y w a t e r , a d e s i g n d e c i s i o n would be r e q u i r e d whether t o s c r e e n a l l a v a i l a b l e a q u i f e r i n t h e t o t a l s e c t i o n , o r whether t o s e t s c r e e n s o n l y i n t h e f r e s h w a t e r s e c t i o n . I n t h e f i r s t c a s e , t h e t o t a l a q u i f e r sys tem w a t e r would be b lended i n t h e we l l . f rom t h e o u t s e t and omly minor changes i n w a t e r q u a l i t y would be expec t ed th rough t ime . I n t h e second c a s e , t h e pumped w a t e r

ANNEX 7 Page 9

would be f r e s h a t t h e o u t s e t , b u t q u a l i t y would g r a d u a l l y d e t e r i o r a t e a s w a t e r m i g r a t e d downwards from t h e uppe r l a y e r and was b lended i n t h e w e l l . Choosing t h e second o p t i o n would a l s o i n v o l v e lower s p e c i f i c c a p a c i t i e s and t h u s h i g h e r ene rgy c o s t s .

2 9 . L i t t l e i s known a b o u t t h e c o r r o s i o n h a z a r d of t h e w a t e r s , though t h e p r a c t i c e h a s been t o u s e mi ld s t e e l c a s i n g and s c r e e n , and c o r r o s i o n h a s n o t been r e p o r t e d a s a major problem. I t would t h e r e f o r e be assumed t h a t mi ld s t e e l c o n s t r u c t i o n m a t e r i a l s would c o n t i n u e t o be used f o r most of t h e p u b l i c w e l l s . However, t h i s a s sumpt ion d e s e m e s f u r t h e r i n v e s t i g a t i o n , a s u se of c o r r o s i o n r e s i s t a n t m a t e r i a l cou ld be j u s t i f i e d , p a r t i c u l a r l y i n t h e c a s e of w e l l s ( f o r c o n j u n c t i v e u se o r p u r e l y f o r d r a i n a g e ) t h a t would be pumping b r a c k i s h t o s a l i n e w a t e r .

30 . The w e l l s would be d r i l l e d u s i n g e i t h e r d i r e c t c i r c u l a t i o n o r r e v e r s e c i r c u l a t i o n d r i l l i n g r i g s . The d r i l l e d d i a m e t e r s would p e r m i t g r a v e l pack ing . The c a s i n g and s c r e e n s i z e s would be chosen t o pe rmi t i n s e r t i o n of a pump f o r t h e d e s i g n d i s c h a r g e and t o minimize w e l l l o s s e s . A pump chamber of 300 mm (12 i n ) d i a m e t e r and p r o d u c t i o n s t r i n g of 200 mm ( 8 i n ) i a m e t e r !I would be s u i t a b l e f o r w e l l d i s c h a r g e s i n t h e r a n g e o f 100 t o 300 m / h , whereas a pump chamber of 350 mm ( 1 4 i n ) d i a m e t e r and a p r o d u c t i o n s t r i n g of 250 mm (10 i ) d i a m e t e r would be a p p r o p r i a t e f o r d i s c h a r g e s i n t h e r a n g e of 9 300 t o 400 m / h . The w e l l s c r e e n would be of s l o t t e d p i p e w i t h s l o t s i z e s a p p r o p r i a t e t o t h e a q u i f e r m a t e r i a l and g r a v e l pack . The open a r e a would n o t be l e s s than. . 15% of t h e a r e a of t h e s c r e e n e d s e c t i o n . The pump chamber c a s i n g and t h e p r o d u c t i o n s t r i n g c a s i n g and s c r e e n would be r u n a s a s i n g l e s t r i n g t o f a c i l i t a t e g r a v e l pack ing .

31 . The w e l l s would be f u l l y deve loped and t h e n t e s t e d t o d e f i n e t h e a c t u a l d i s c h a r g e c a p a c i t y and f o r s p e c i f i c a t i o n of t h e pump u n i t . The pump t e s t would be a step-drawdown t e s t of t h r e e o r f o u r s t e p s , e a c h s t e p b e i n g c o n t i n u e d u n t i l drawdown s t a b i l i z e s . The f i n a l s t e p pumping r a t e would be e q u a l t o o r more t h a n t h e assumed d e s i g n d i s c h a r g e . The s t e p t e s t d a t a would be i n t e r p r e t e d t o e s t i m a t e ' f o rma t ion and w e l l l o s s e s and drawdown a t t h e s e l e c t e d d i s c h a r g e f o r p r o d u c t i o n .

32. Pump Un i t and A n c i l l a r i e s . The w e l l s would be equipped w i t h submer- s i b l e e l e c t r i c pumps. The d e s i g n of t h e s t a r t e r r e l a y would be a p p r o p r i a t e t o t h e c a p a c i t y of t h e motor--Star D e l t a r e l a y s f o r mo to r s of up t o abou t 25 kVA and a u t o t r a n s f o r m e r s t a r t e r s (ATS) f o r h i g h e r c a p a c i t y m o t o r s . A c a p a c i t o r , low v o l t a g e c u t o u t and s i n g l e phase p r e v e n t o r would be i n c o r - p o r a t e d i n t h e c o n n e c t i o n f o r pump motor p r o t e c t i o n . A s o l i d s t a t e , t o t a l i z - ing hour me te r would be f i t t e d t o r e c o r d t h e o p e r a t i o n of t h e pump.

33.. The o p e r a t i o n of t h e pump would be c e n t r a l l y c o n t r o l l e d t h rough t h e 66 /11 kV s w i t c h g e a r and t h e d e d i c a t e d 11 kV power l i n e s , a n d / o r au tomated by a s w i t c h o p e r a t e d by f lows i n t h e s u r f a c e w a t e r d e l i v e r y t o t h e v i l l a g e SA. Thus, i n d i v i d u a l o p e r a t o r s would n o t be r e q u i r e d a t each i n s t a l l a t i o n .

34 . Groundwater Conveyance System. The pumped w a t e r t h a t would be used c o n j u n c t i v e l y would be conveyed from t h e w e l l s i t e t o t h e head of t h e v i l l a g e SA t h r o u g h an o p t i m a l l y s i z e d b u r i e d p i p e l i n e of s u i t a b l e m a t e r i a l .

ANNEX 7 Page 10

~ r o u n h w a t e r pumped on ly f o r d ra inage would be conveyed through a bur ied p i p e l i n e t o an a p p r o p r i a t e o u t l e t on t h e s u r f a c e d ra inage system.

35. Groundwater Regula t ion Tank f o r Conjunct ive Use. Operat ion of t h e pumps would be synchronized w i t h d e l i v e r y of s u r f a c e wa te r t o t h e v i l l a g e SA. However, dur ing a r o t a t i o n pe r iod t o a SAY t h e s u r f a c e wa te r would be d e l i v e r e d con t inuous ly on a 24 h r / d a y b a s i s b u t , i t cannot be ensured t h a t power would be a v a i l a b l e f o r pumping f o r 24-hr/day. It may be assumed t h a t power would be a v a i l a b l e f o r 16 h r l d a y . It would t h e r e f o r e be necessa ry t o r e g u l a t e t h e 16 hours of groundwater in f low t o a cont inuous (24-hr/day) outf low t o t h e v i l l a g e a r e a f e e d e r c a n a l . This would be done through a s u i t a b l y s i z e d e a r t h r e g u l a t i o n t ank w i t h command on t h e c a n a l and f i t t e d w i t h a modulated, c o n s t a n t f low o u t l e t .

36. Power Supply. The p u b l i c tubewel l systems f o r con junc t ive use and d ra inage o r e x c l u s i v e l y f o r d ra inage would be provided w i t h an e l e c t r i c a l power supply through d e d i c a t e d 11 kV f e e d e r l i n e s t h a t connect w e l l s t o e x c l u s i v e swi tch g e a r a t t h e 66/11 kV s u b s t a t i o n . The ded ica ted 11 kV f e e d e r s of main l i n e s and spurs would be a l i g n e d t o g i v e a l e a s t - c o s t l a y o u t . The l i n e s would be designed so t h a t t h e v o l t a g e r e g u l a t i o n a t any supply p o i n t i s w i t h i n 6% of t h e dec la red low-tension v o l t a g e . Such d e s i g n c r i t e r i a imply t h a t p u b l i c s e c t o r w e l l s must be planned f o r i n c l u s t e r s .

- 3 7 . Pump ~ r o t e c t i b n Housing. As t h e pumps would be c e n t r a l l y c o n t r o l l e d '

and /o r automated, t h e on ly f u n c t i o n of t h e pump house i s t o p rov ide s e c u r i t y f o r swi tch g e a r and a n c i l l a r y e l e c t r i c a l equipment mounted a t s u r f a c e . A smal l b r i c k b u i l d i n g o r a s e c u r e l y mounted, me ta l p r o t e c t i o n housing would be adequate f o r t h i s purpose.

Cost Es t ima tes f o r Pub l i c Tubewell Systems

38. General formulae a r e developed i n t a b l e s 1 through 3 f o r c a p i t a l , replacement , o p e r a t i o n and maintenance requirements of p u b l i c systems. These permit c o s t s t o be a d j u s t e d according t o va ry ing w e l l c o n d i t i o n s such a s t o t a l dep th , pumping wa te r l e v e l , y i e l d and drawdown t h a t would r e f l e c t va ry ing a q u i f e r c o n d i t i o n s i n t h e a l l u v i a l a q u i f e r a r e a . The c o s t e s t i m a t e s a r e based on 1982-83 p r i c e s bu t have been updated t o J u l y 1984 p r i c e s f o r use i n t h e economic a n a l y i s . The e s t i m a t e s a r e v a l i d f o r w e l l d i s c h a r g e s i n 4 t h e range of 100 t o 300 m / h .

39. The p u b l i c tubewel l system a s h e r e de f ined inc ludes t h e fo l lowing elements :

( a ) Well; ( b ) Pump, prime mover, r i s i n g main, swi tch g e a r and

p r o t e c t i o n a n c i l l a r i e s ; ( c ) Piped conveyance system from t h e wellhead t o t h e r e g u l a t i o n t a n k ; ( d l Groundwater r e g u l a t i o n t a n k ; ( e l E l e c t r i c a l t r a n s m i s s i o n and t r ans fo rmat ion from t h e 66 kV

l i n e t o t h e lower t e n s i o n connect ion a t t h e pump; and ( f ) Pump p r o t e c t i o n housing.

ANNEX 7 Page 11

40. C a p i t a l Costs . The c a p i t a l c o s t of t h e v a r i o u s i tems of a p u b l i c s e c t o r c o n j u n c t i v e u s e l d r a i n a g e w e l l sys tem, expressed a s g e n e r a l formulae ( s e e t a b l e s 1-3), a r e l i s t e d below:

I tem - D e c r i p t i o n

1 Well Rs 30300 + 361D + 167d + 36DX - 36dX

2 Pump u n i t Rs 8500 + 0.9264 (F + H + S) E

3 Piped conveyance Rs 100-150 m / h d i s c h a r g e 2000 + 2500 A Rs 200-300 m / h d i s c h a r g e 2500 + 4000 A

4 Regula t ion t ank Rs 5400 + (1400 q)

5 Power supply (25kVA) RS 18400 + 1 . 1 1 q (F+H+s) + (3350x.A) E

6 Pump p r o t e c t i o n housing (RS 3000) where: D = t o t a l w e l l dep th i n mete r s

> d = pump chamber dep th i n mete r s x = screened l e n g t h a s 4 p r o p o r t i o n of (D-d) q = w e l l d i s c h a r g e i n m / h F = head l o s s i n d e l i v e r y p ipe i n mete r s H = s t a t i c wa te r l e v e l dep th i n meters S = drawdown i n w e l l i n meters E = wire t o water e f f i c i e n c y of pumping u n i t A = dra inage command a r e a of t h e w e l l i n h e c t a r e s

41. For example, a w e l l 100 r j deep where d = 25 m and X i s 0 . 6 , and t h e w e l l d i s c h a r g e 200 m / h f o r 3200 h r l y e a r a g a i n s t a d ra inage requirement of 320 mm (A = 200 h a ) , and F + H + S t o t a l s 20 m and E = 0.6 , t h e es t ima ted system c o s t s would be a s fo l lows :

I tem D e s c r i p t i o n Cost (RS)

1 Well 72,200 2 Pump u n i t 14,700 3 Piped conveyance 59,100 4 Regula t ion tank 15,300 5 Power supply 73,200 6 Pump p r o t e c t i o n housing 3,000

T o t a l 237.500 Drainage c o s t pe r h e c t a r e on 200 ha = Rs 1.188

ANNEX 7 Page 12

42. Replacement Costs . The fo l lowing assumptions a r e made f o r replacements :

( a ) Well--as i n c a p i t a l c o s t w i t h a l i f e of 15 y e a r s ;

(b ) Pumping unit--as i n c a p i t a l c o s t w i t h a l i f e of 10 y e a r s ;

( c ) Pump house--not r ep laced bu t ma in ta ined ;

( d ) Piped conveyance--as i n c a p i t a l c o s t w i t h a l i f e of 20 y e a r s ;

( e l Regu la t ion tank--not r ep laced but ma in ta ined ; and

' (£1 E l e c t r i c a l t r a n s m i s s i o n and t ransformat ion--not r ep laced by t h e p r o j e c t .

43. Operat ion and Maintenance Costs

Maintenance. The c o s t of t h i s element f o r w e l l , pumping u n i t , pump house, piped conveyance, and r e g u l a t i o n t ank i s e s t ima ted a t R s 4000/year. The power t r a n s m i s s i o n and t r a n s f o r m a t i o n a r e no t considered a s mainta ined by t h e p r o j e c t .

Operat ion. Only energy i s charged under t h i s heading. The g e n e r a l formula f o r energy consumption i s de r ived from t h e connected load formula ( s e e t a b l e 2) w i t h t h e annual o p e r a t i o n hours de f ined a 'h' a s f o l l o w s :

Annual energy consumption = 0.0027qh :F + H + S) kWh/year E

General formulae f o r f i n a n c i a l and economic c o s t s of energy a r e a s f o l l o w s :

Annual f i n a n c i a l c o s t = Rs 726 + 0.00062qh (F + H + S) E

Annual economic c o s t = Rs 0.00219qh (F + H + S) E

where a l l symbols a r e a s de f ined p r e v i o u s l y and t h e f i n a n c i a l and economic c o s t pe r Kwh i s R s 0 . 2 3 / ~ ~ h and Rs 0 . 8 1 / ~ ~ h r e s p e c t i v e l y .

44. Taking an o p e r a t i o n a s d s c r i b e d under pa ra 39 , w i t h t h e de f ined 5 w e l l c o n d i t i o n s and pumping 200 m / h f o r 3200 h o u r s l y e a r a g a i n s t a t o t a l dynamic head of 20 m and w i t h a pump wire t o water e f f i c i e n c y of 0 .6 , t h e annual f i n a n c i a l and economic c o s t s of energy would be a s fo l lows :

Annual f i n a n c i a l c o s t = Rs 13,953 (RS 0 .022/m3) Annual economic c o s t = Rs 46,660 (RS .0 .073/m3)

ANNEX 7 Page 13

Present Value Cost of Water

45. The present value cost of water based on well condition and operation as described under para 39 and 42 can be derived from the following cost stream, assuming a discount rate of 12% and a 30-year project life:

Initial capital expenditure in year 0 = Rs 237,500 Annual maintenance cost = Rs. 4,000 Annual economic cost of energy = Rs 46,660 Replacement of well in year 15 = Rs 72,200 Replacement of pump in years 10 and 20 = Rs 14,700 Replacement of piped conveyance in year 20 = Rs 59,100

The annualized cost of delivering 1 m3 of water through the regula- 3 tion tank into the delivery canal to the village SA would be Rs 0.14/rn .

INDIA

Annex 7 Table 1

Item Description


General Formula for Cost of Wells

where D = total well depth in meters d = pump chamber depth in meters X = screened length as a proportion of (D-d)

Preliminary and mobilization A. and 1. on equipment Drilling at 650 mm diameter Drilling at 400 mm diameter Provision of 300 mm casing Provision of 200 mm casing Provision of 200 mm screen Installation of 300 mm casing Installation of 200 mm casing and screen

Gravel packing Development with compressor Pump test Miscellaneous

Unit Unit Cost Number Total Cost

sum sum m m m m ' m m m

Well cost = Rs 30,300 + 361D + 167d + 36DX - 36dX

INDIA


Genera l Formulae f o r Pump Motor Capac i ty and Pump Uni t Cost

A. Pump Motor C a p a c i t y

Gene ra l formula - 0.7464 (F + H + S) kVA 274 E

where F = head l o s s i n p iped d e l i v e r y i n m e t e r s H = s t a t i c w a t e r l e v e l d e p t h i n w e l l i n m e t e r s S = drawdown i n w e l l i n m e t e r s E = w i r e t o w a t e r e f f i c i e n c y of pump u n i t

B. Pump Uni t Cos t - The pump u n i t c o s t can be expres sed by t h e f o l l o w i n g f u n c t i o n :

S u b s t i t u t i n g t h e pump motor c a p a c i t y f o r kVA, f u n c t i o n becomes:

Annex 7 T a b l e 2

Cost = R s 0.9264 ( F + H + S) + 8500 E

Annex 7 Table 3

IrnIA


General Formulae for Piped Conveyance Costs

3 A. Cost for well discharges of 100-150 m /h

230 mm RCC pipe installed at Rs 50 per meter

Wellhead connection cost = Rs 2000

Therefore cost = Rs 50 (10000 A) + 2000 2

3 B. Cost for well discharges of 200-300 m /h

300 mm RCC installed at Rs 80 per meter

Wellhead connection cast = Rs 2500

Therefore cost = Rs 80 (10000 A) + 2500 2

= Rs 4000 A + 2500

where A = drainage command area of well in ha

Annex 8

INDIA


Framework f o r O p e r a t i o n and Main tenance

Tab le of C o n t e n t s

I n t r o d u c t i o n

O r g a n i z a t i o n f o r O p e r a t i o n and Main tenance

P r o j e c t S u b d i v i s i o n and Key I n t e r r e l a t i o n s h i p s

S e r v i c e Areas Block D i s t r i c t D i v i s i o n Region Main Canal D i v i s i o n Power and Dam D i v i s i o n P r o j e c t

S t a f f i n g , F a c i l i t y , and Equipment Requi rements

A d d i t i o n a l P r o j e c t w i d e Needs B u i l d i n g s . Communications Equipment Computer Equipment

Gene ra l Comments

F i g u r e s

I . Agency O r g a n i z a t i o n C h a r t 2 . Composi t ion of Each Un i t and Area Under I t s J u r i s d i c t i o n 3 . Diagram of Bounda r i e s o f O&Pl O r g a n i z a t i o n a l U n i t s Wi th in

Command Area 4. L i n e s o f Communications - Fanner and Agency U n i t s 5. Example P o s t i o n Q u a l i f i c a t i o n s and T y p i c a l Sequence of Advancement

ANNEX 8 Page 1

I N D I A

NARUDA RIVER DEVELOPMENT -- GU-JARAT

FRAMEWORK FOR OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE

1. The framework f o r o p e r a t i o n and ma in t enance (O&M) f o r t h e SSP r e f l e c t s t h a t t h e p r o j e c t c r i t e r i a and p l a n of o p e r a t i o n (annex 6 ) a r e s i m i l a r . The approach p r e s e n t e d i n annex 6 i s b a s i c t o annex 8. I n add i - t i o n , s e v e r a l o t h e r s p e c i f i c p o i n t s a r e e s s e n t i a l t o t h e O&M of t h e p r o j e c t . These a r e :

( a ) O&M p r o j e c t f u n c t i o n s do not i n v o l v e p r o j e c t p l a n n i n g , sys tem d e s i g n , o r ma jo r c o n s t r u c t i o n . N e i t h e r i s a g r i c u l t u r a l e x t e n s i o n o r on-farm development a r e s p o n s i b i l i t y of O&M s t a f f . The documen ta t ion and ar rangement f o r t r a n s f e r of t h e p h y s i c a l works from t h e d e s i g n and c o n s t r u c t i o n o r g a n i z a t c o n t o O&M o r g a n i z a t i o n would need t o be com- p l e t e d l a t e r .

( b ) The i n i t i a l c a d r e a s s i g n e d t o t h e p r o j e c t must be e x p e r i e n c e d and w e l l - q u a l i f i e d a d m i n i s t r a t o r s , g e n e r a l i s t s , e n g i n e e r s , and t ech - n i c i a n s , a l l of whom would be expec t ed t o r ema in w i t h t h e p r o j e c t f o r a p e r i o d of many y e a r s . The SSP,s O&M s t a f f would be permanent and autonomous. Tke re shou ld be no t r a n s f e r ou t of t h e O&M u n i t excep t f o r j u s t c a u s e o r t o meet emergencies i n o t h e r l o c a t i o n s .

( c ) S u p e r i o r per formance a t a l l l e v e l s would be r e c o g n i z e d and rewarded prompt ly by i n t e r n a l a c t i o n . Such a c t i o n s , t o g e t h e r w i t h s i m i l a r l y a p p r o p r i a t e a c t i o n i n t h e c a s e of u n s a t i s f a c t o r y pe r fo rmance , would be w i t h i n t h e a u t h o r i t y and r e s p o n s i b i l i t y of u n i t o f f i c e s down t o t h e d i s t r i c t l e v e l . S e n i o r i t y would have no p a r t i n t h e e v a l u a t i o n of per formance and shou ld c a r r y on.ly l i m i t e d impor tance i n c o n s i d e r a - t i o n f o r advancement . Promot ions would be from w i t h i n t h e o r g a n i z a - t i o n whenever p o s s i b l e . R e c o g n i t i o n of so l i d per formance and t h e p o s s i b i l i t y of promot ion would s e r v e a s two of t h e s t r o n g e s t induce- ments f o r o v e r a l l s t a f f accomplishment and s t a f f permanence, so n e c e s s a r y f o r making t h e p r o j e c t s u c c e s s f u l .

( d l A s m a l l permanent t r a i n i n g f a c i l i t y f o r O&M s t a f f and f a rmer r e p r e - s e n t a t i v e s of t h e s e r v i c e a r e a s (SA) would be e s t a b l i s h e d i n Region 1 of t h e p r o j e c t . The p r imary f u n c t i o n s would be :

ANNF,X 8 Page 2

( i ) S t a f f o r i e n t a t i o n and t r a i n i n g f o r i n i t i a l O&M assignment and farmer r e p r e s e n t a t i v e t r a i n i n g by t h e A g r i c u l t u r a l Department i n a u n i t e s t a b l i s h e d s p e c i f i c a l l y f o r t h a t purpose;

( i i ) I n s t r u c t i o n i n water o p e r a t i o n s i n p r o j e c t f a c i l i t i e s wi th cour- s e s t h a t would c o n c e n t r a t e on system o p e r a t i o n theory and prac- t i c e , techniques of maintenance and c o n s t r u c t i o n , a d m i n i s t r a t i v e and f i s c a l m a t t e r s , farmer r e l a t i o n s , and pe r sonne l management;

( i i i ) Background t r a i n i n g i n on-farm water management, crop-water requirements , f u l l and supplemental i r r i g a t i o n of c r o p s , and s i m i l a r a g r i c u l t u r a l f a c t o r s u s e f u l f o r O&M pe r sonne l . Although t h i s t r a i n i n g could be f u r n i s h e d s e p a r a t e l y t o O&M s t a f f and farmer r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s , t h e r e would probably be s i g n i f i c a n t b e n e f i t t o having bo th groups p a r t i c i p a t e i n t h e same c l a s s e s ; and

( i v ) Providing courses t o upgrade s p e c i a l t e c h n i c a l and manager ia l s k i l l s .

. .

( e l The t r a i n i n g f a c i l i t y would be e s t a b l i s h e d and s t a f f e d a t t h e ve ry e a r l y s t a g e s 01 p r o j e c t development so t h a t t h e r e q u i s i t e s p e c i a l i z e d courses focus ing on t h e p a r t i c u l a r c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of t h i s - project - - the f a c i 1 i t i . e ~ and t h e i r o p e r a t i o n , can be provided t o t h e 0&M s t a f f who would i n i t i a t e wa te r d e l i v e r i e s t o . t h e p r o j e c t l a n d s . The f a c i l i t y need on ly be adequate f o r the' t r a i n i n g of s t a f f f o r one o r p o s s i b l y two d i s t r i c t s and p o r t i o n s of s t a f f from one d i v i s i o n of a r eg ion a t one t ime, because cadre f o r a d d i t i o n a l increments of t h e p r o j e c t , a s completed, would be drawn i n p a r t from t h e then e x i s t i n g O&M s t a f f . This t r a i n i n g a c t i v i t y , however, would remain r e l a t i v e l y c o n s t a n t over a long pe r iod of time as t h e p r o j e c t expands.

(£1 Manuals p r e s e n t i n g procedures and s t a n d a r d O&M methods, p o l i c y manuals, and a d m i n i s t r a t i v e and management i n s t r u c - t i o n s , would be prepared i n advance of s i g n i f i c a n t O&M a c t i v i t i e s on t h e p r o j e c t . These would be modified a s exper ience i n t h e f i r s t p o r t i o n s of t h e p r o j e c t i s gained. The i n i t i a l f u l l s e t of documents, however, must be completed s e v e r a l months p r i o r t o t u r n i n g water i n t o t h e main c a n a l and t h r e e months p r i o r t o s t a f f t r a i n i n g t o a l low p r e p a r a t i o n of t r a i n i n g l e s s o n s and m a t e r i a l s .

2 . The gu id ing o b j e c t i v e of t h e p r o j e c t i s t o f u r n i s h an adequa te , e q u i t a b l y d i s t r i b u t e d supply of water t o each farmer i n t h e p r o j e c t . The water would be d i s t r i b u t e d i n a manner t h a t a s s u r e s g r e a t e s t b e n e f i t s t o t h e farmers a t t h e l e a s t c o s t c o n s i s t e n t wi th good s e r v i c e , long system l i f e , and sound f i n a n c i a l p r a c t i c e . F u r t h e r , t h e p r o j e c t i s t o remove excess p r e c i p i t a t i o n and c o n t r o l groundwater l e v e l s t o prevent d e t r i m e n t a l e f f e c t s on crop p roduc t ion and o p e r a t e and main ta in t h e s e f a c i l i t i e s i n t h e same manner a s t h e water d e l i v e r y f a c i l i t i e s . The importance of t h e s e p r o j e c t o b j e c t i v e s i n t h e fo rmula t ion , f u n c t i o n i n g , and e f f e c t i v e n e s s of t h e OdM e n t i t y cannot be o v e r s t r e s s e d . A s p e c i f i c s ta tement must be made, a s a c l e a r unders tanding and acknowledgement of t h e o b j e c t i v e s a r e fundamental t o t h e

ANNEX 8 Page 3

development of t h e o r g a n i z a t i o n . It i s e s s e n t i a l f o r t h e s t a f f t o c l e a r l y u n d e r s t a n d i t i n o r d e r t o i n s t i l l t h e n e c e s s a r y a t t i t u d e and t h e r e b y c r e a t e t h e t y p e of o r g a n i z a t i o n d e s i r e d .

3 . There a r e two d i s t i n c t t y p e s of o r g a n i z a t i o n , i n c l u d i n g t h o s e i n v o l v e d i n w a t e r p r o j e c t management. On t h e one hand, t h e r e a r e t h e " i n t e r - n a l l y f o c u s e d . b e n e f i c i a r i e s . " These have one c h a r a c t e r i s t i c i n common t h a t have n o t h i n g d i r e c t l y t o do w i t h s t h e i r o r g a n i z a t i o n a l s t y l e , p o l i t i c a l framework, o r s i z e ; n o r does i t have much t o do w i t h whether t h e y a r e p u b l i c s e c t o r o r g a n i z a t i o n s o r p r i v a t e companies o r c o r p o r a t i o n s . T h i s c h a r a c t e r i s - t i c i s one of conce rn f o r t h e permanence and expans ion of t h e o r g a n i z a t i o n i t s e l f and e s p e c i a l l y f o r one's own job . The t endency t o be a u t o c r a t i c i s e v i d e n t i n t h e b e h a v i o r of t h e s t a f f . Comments from t h e p e r s o n s supposed ly b e i n g s e r v e d by such a n e n t i t y a r e u s u a l l y unwelcome i n t r u s i o n s on t h e o r d e r l y r o u t i n e of i n t e r n a l a f f a i r s , p a r t i c u l a r l y when t h e comments come i n t h e form of c o m p l a i n t s o r s u g g e s t i o n s f o r improved s e r v i c e .

4 . On t h e o t h e r hand t h e r e a r e many o r g a n i z a t i o n s t h roughou t t h e wor ld t h a t , though t h e y go by a v a r i e t y of names, a l s o have a common c h a r a c t e r i s - t i c . Even though t h e y s h a r e t h e human t e n d e n c i e s e x h i b i t e d i n t h e b u r e a u c r a c i e s , f o r t h e most p a r t t h e y manage t o a v o i d them by f o c u s i n g on t h e p e o p l e o r c l i e n t s t h a t t h e y were c r e a t e d t o s e r v e . I n t h e c a s e .of i r r i g a t i o n o r g a n i z a t i o n s , f o r example, t h e measure of a d e q u a t e per formance i s t h e r e l a t i v e we l l -be ing and p r o s p e r i t y of t h e f a r m e r , n o t t h e r e l a t i v e opera- t i o n a l e f f i c i e n c y of t h e i r r i g a t i o n and d r a i n a g e sys tems compared i n some manner t o a n o t h e r p r o j e c t , o r t h e d e g r e e t o which i t s o p e r a t i o n app roaches some eng inee r ' s h y d r a u l i c i d e a l .

5. A fundamen ta l concep t embodied i n t h e framework s t a t e m e n t , t h e r e f o r e , i s t h a t p r o g r e s s and achievement i n a l l a r e a s i s t o be judged by t h e e x t e n t of improvement of b o t h t h e o r g a n i z a t i o n and t h e f a r m e r , w i t h p r i o r i t y g i v e n t o t h e fa rmer ' s we l l -be ing . I n a v e r y r e a l s e n s e , t h e p r o j e c t and a l l o f i t s s t a f f , p a r t i c u l a r l y t h o s e engaged i n sys tem O&M, must be c o n s i d e r e d a s p a r t n e r s ' w i t h t h e f a r m e r s . When t h e f a r m e r s t h roughou t t h e p r o j e c t a r e a succeed and t h e i r s i t u a t i o n i s improved, t h e p r o j e c t s u c c e e d s . I f t h e r e i s no s i g n i f i c a n t improvement i n t h e c o n d i t i o n of t h e f a r m e r s , b o t h s m a l l and l a r g e , t h e n t h e p r o j e c t h a s no r e a l b a s i s f o r e x i s t e n c e . T h i s i s t h e b a s i c ph i lo sophy e n v i s i o n e d i n t h e s t r u c t u r i n g o f t h e e n t i t y and t h e respon- s i b i l i t i e s and l i n e s of c o n t a c t .

6 . Merely s e t t i n g a n o b j e c t i v e i s n o t enough. The mo t ive and i n c e n t i v e t o work towards mee t ing t h a t o b j e c t i v e must be b u i l t i n t o t h e o r g a n i z a t i o n a l s t r u c t u r e and p r o c e d u r e s . Given t h e s t a t e d o b j e c t i v e , a v e r y e f f e c t i v e way t o e n s u r e m o t i v a t i o n and i n c e n t i v e on a p r o j e c t w i d e b a s i s i s t o have t h e p r o j e c t b e n e f i c i a r i e s pay f o r w a t e r s e r v i c e on an e q u i t a b l e b a s i s , w i t h t h e funds d e r i v e d b e i n g r e t a i n e d i n t h e p r o j e c t t o c o v e r t h e c o s t s of p r o j e c t OhM a n d , i f a p p r o p r i a t e , some r e a s o n a b l e p o r t i o n of c a p i t a l c o s t repayment . The b u d g e t i n g p r o c e s s t h e n would have r e a l meaning , and p l a n n i n g of opera- t i o n s a t a l l l e v e l s can be r e a l i s t i c and a c t i v i t i e s can be c a r r i e d o u t i n acco rdance w i t h f i n a n c i n g t h a t i s e i t h e r in-hand o r r e a s o n a b l y expec t ed t o become a v a i l a b l e . The a c c o u n t a b i l i t y of a l l p r o j e c t o f f i c e s and p e r s o n n e l i s t h u s d i r e c t e d t o t h o s e who pay t h e b i l l , i . e . , t h e f a r m e r s . Of c o u r s e , a t l e a s t i n i t i a l l y , s u b s t a n t i a l i n v e s t m e n t s by t h e government would be n e c e s s a r y

ANNEX 8 Page 4

t o s e t t h e p r o j e c t i n mo t ion and t o p r o v i d e f o r i n i t i a l t r a i n i n g of p r o j e c t s t a f f .

7 . C o n t r a r y t o t h e u s u a l c o n c e p t i o n of i r r i g a t i o n and d r a i n a g e d i s t r i c t O&M f u n c t i o n s , t h e OhM r o l e i s "people" and " c l i e n t s e r v i c e " o r i e n t e d and n o t e n g i n e e r i n g o r even t e c h n i c a l l y o r i e n t e d . T h i s i s n o t t o s a y t h a t many h i g h l y deve loped and e d u c a t e d e n g i n e e r i n g and t e c h n i c a l s k i l l s a r e n o t neces - s a r y . On t h e c o n t r a r y , t h e y a r e e s s e n t i a l , bu t i t would be found t h a t a g a i n , . t h e f o c u s of eve ry h i g h l y s u c c e s s f u l i r r i g a t i o n and d r a i n a g e p r o j e c t ope ra - t i o n i s on "people1'--the c l i e n t s .

8 . H o p e f u l l y , t h e r e can be e s t a b l i s h e d w i t h i n t h e SSP s t a f f , t h e concep t t h a t t h e p r o j e c t i s b e i n g c o n s t r u c t e d and would be o p e r a t e d t o s e r v e p e o p l e and t h a t i t i s n o t an end i n and of i t s e l f . T h i s b a s i c a t t i t u d e and p h i l o s o p h y , i f s t r o n g l y suppor t ed and endor sed from t h e h i g h e s t government l e v e l s , would produce an e m i n e n t l y s u c c e s s f u l p r o j e c t . The p r o j e c t s t a f f would have , a lmos t a u t o m a t i c a l l y , t h e i n c e n t i v e and t h e m o t i v a t i o n t o do good work. They would t a k e p r i d e i n t h e i r i n d i v i d u a l p a r t i n t h e p r o g r e s s b e i n g made and even more p r i d e i n b e l o n g i n g t o a n o r g a n i z a t i o n t h a t s e r v e s m i l l i o n s of t h e i r f e l l o w countrymen and s e r v e s them w e l l . -

. - -

O r g a n i z a t i o n f o r Ope ra t i o n and Main tenance

9 . Recogn iz ing t h e t y p e of f a c i l i t i e s and r e l a t i v e e a s e of o p e r a t i o n i n h e r e n t i n t h e c a n a l d i s t r i b u t i o n sys tem a s adop ted i n t h e p r o j e c t c r i t e r i a and p l a n of o p e r a t i o n ( annex 61, and hav ing i n mind a r e a s o n a b l e span of command a t t h e v a r i o u s l e v e l s and o f f i c e s , t h e p r o j e c t o p e r a t i o n and main- t e n a n c e o r g a n i z a t i o n has been s t r u c t u r e d a s shown i n f i g u r e 1. I n o r d e r of d e c r e a s i n g a r e a , t h e s e u n i t s a r e p r o j e c t o f f i c e , r e g i o n s , d i v i s i o n s , d i s - t r i c t s , and SAs. A s u b d i v i s i o n of t h e d i s t r i c t c a l l e d a b lock i s i n t r o d u c e d between t h e d i s t r i c t and t h e SA i n t h e i r r i g a t i o n o r g a n i z a t i o n . T h i s u n i t does n o t e x e r c i s e any a d m i n i s t r a t i v e f u n c t i o n , bu t r a t h e r i s used t o d e s i g - n a t e a g e o g r a p h i c a l a r e a of r e s p o n s i b i l i t y f o r ma in t enance a t a r e a s o n a b l e d i s t a n c e from t h e s e r v i c e a r e a and t h e f a r m e r s o r c o v e r i n g a r e a s o n a b l e r e a c h of t h e main c a n a l . There would be a p p r o x i m a t e l y 16 i r r i g a t i o n d i v i s i o n s and two s p e c i a l t y d i v i s i o n s ; t h e main c a n a l and power and dams. Regions would be p l a c e d o n l y f o r pu rposes of c o o r d i n a t i n g i r r i g a t i o n d i v i s i o n s . By d e f i n i t i o n i n t h e p r o j e c t c r i t e r i a , t h e SA i s t h e t e rminus of normal p r o j e c t o p e r a t i o n a l r e s p o n s i b i l i t y . The f a r m e r s , t h rough t h e i r own o r g a n i z a t i o n s would o p e r a t e t h e sys tem below t h e SA t u r n o u t .

10. F i g u r e 2 i l l u s t r a t e s t h e compos i t i on of each u n i t i n t h e i r r i g a t i o n s e r v i c e and t h e app rox ima te a r e a w i t h i n i t s j u r i s d i c t i o n . F i g u r e 3 shows s u g g e s t e d r e g i o n a l b o u n d a r i e s w i t h d i v i s i o n b o u n d a r i e s shown w i t h i n Region 1. C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of t h e r e g i o n s and t h e d i v i s i o n s w i t h i n Region 1 a r e p r e s e n t e d i n t h e f o l l o w i n g t a b l e :

ANNEX 8 Page 5

Region

C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of Proposed Regions and D i v i s i o n s Wi th in Region I

Reg i o n s Aggregate

Branch Cana l s

D i v i s i o n s

C CA - (1 ,000 h a )

D i v i s i o n s (Region I )

CCA/Divis ior. ( 1 , 0 0 0 h a )

C a p a c i t y (Cumecs)

~ i s t r i c t s / D i v i s i o n

Notes :

( 1 ) Region I would c o n t a i n 4 d i v i s i o n s , 19 d i s t r i c t s , 95 b l o c k s , and 925 SAs. ( 2 ) Layout of t h e v a r i o u s s u b d i v i s i o n s would s t a r t w i t h t h e d e t e r m i n a t i o n of

c a n a l sys t em l o c a t i o n and SA b o u n d a r i e s and proceed by o r d e r l y g roup ing t o t h e succeed ing l a r g e r s u b d i v i s i o n s . The f i g u r e s shown above a r e o n l y r e p r e s e n t a t i v e and f o r u s e i n O&M p l a n n i n g .

P r o j e c t S u b d i v i s i o n and Key I n t e r r e l a t i o n s h i p s

11. U n i t s c o n s t i t u t i n g t h e O&M e n t i t y would be d e s c r i b e d i n v a r y i n g d e t a i l . The u n i t s f i r s t d i s c u s s e d a r e t h o s e t h a t p r o v i d e t h e i r r i g a t i o n s e r v i c e s . These would compr ise t h e m a j o r i t y of t h e e n t i r e o r g a n i z a t i o n . The s p e c i a l t y d i v i s i o n s such a s would be r e q u i r e d f o r t h e main c a n a l and dams would be t r e a t e d s e p a r a t e l y .

12 . S e r v i c e Areas . SAs would be formed g e n e r a l l y a l o n g v i l l a g e bound- a r i e s a s d e s c r i b e d i n t h e p r o j e c t c r i t e r i a , bu t d e l i v e r y c h a n n e l l a y o u t must c o n t r o l . P r o j e c t w a t e r would be d e l i v e r e d t o t h e SA th rough an o f f t a k e . The o f f t a k e c o n t r o l would e i t h e r be s h u t o r open w i t h t h e f l ow a t a c o n s t a n t r a t e when open. D e l i v e r y t o meet v a r i a t i o n s i n t h e demand p a t t e r n s and t o t a l w a t e r a l l o c a t i o n would u s u a l l y be made by v a r i a t i o n of t h e l e n g t h of t ime on and o f f r a t h e r t h a n i n t h e . r a t e of f l ow d e l i v e r e d .

ANNEX 8 Page 6

13 . Minor and subminor c h a n n e l s w i t h i n t h e SA would convey w a t e r propor- t i o n a t e l y t o chaks of a p p r o x i m a t e l y 50-ha s i z e . R o t a t i o n a l u s e of t h e w a t e r f u r n i s h e d t o t h e chak would be made t o sub-chaks of a b o u t 10 ha each . The sub-chak may be a s i n g l e fa rm o r s e v e r a l s m a l l f a rms .

14 . Farmers would s e l e c t one of t h e i r members t o r e p r e s e n t t h e chak on t h e S e r v i c e Area I r r i g a t i o n Committee (SAIC) f o r a p e r i o d of two y e a r s . It i s s u g g e s t e d t h a t t h e te rms o f f a r m e r r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s be s t a g g e r e d t o p r o v i d e c o n t i n u i t y . Of p r imary impor t ance would be h i s r o l e i n t h e d e t e r m i n a t i o n of t h e SA s e a s o n a l i r r i g a t i o n s i z e and s c h e d u l e . These t a s k s would be comple ted w i t h t h e c l o s e h e l p of t h e a g r i c u l t u r a l e x t e n s i o n a d v i s o r a s s i g n e d t o t h e SA by t h e m i n i s t e r o f a g r i c u l t u r e . The c h a l k r e p r e s e n t a t i v e a l s o would b e r e s p o n s i b l e f o r s c h e d u l i n g w a t e r r o t a t i o n s and f o r a r r a n g i n g f o r c h a n n e l o p e r a t i o n s and ma in t enance i n s i d e t h e chak . Payment f o r h i s s e r v i c e s would p r o b a b l y b e " i n k ind . "

15. SAIC would meet month ly o r more o f t e n i f r e q u i r e d . The SAIC c h a i r - man, s e l e c t e d by t h e SAIC members, would be r e s p o n s i b l e f o r a s s u r i n g t h e p r o p e r O&M of channe l s w i t h i n t h e SA and would have a u t h o z i t y and respon- s i b i l i t y t o e n f o r c e committee d e c i s i o n s and p r o j e c t r u l e s and r e g u l a t i o n s a p p l i c a b l e w i t h i n t h e SA. I t shou ld be no ted h e r e t h a t t h e p r o j e c t ha s a u t h o r i t y and r e s p o n s i b i l i t y f o r c h a n n e l ma in t enance down t o t h e subchak

. l e v e l . To t h e e x t e n t p o s s i b l e , day-to-day ma in t enance w i t h i n t h e SA would be c a r r i e d o u t by f a r m e r s , w i t h p r o j e c t a s s i s t a n c e a s a p p r o p r i a t e . A monetary i n c e n t i v e s u c h a s r e d u c i n g w a t e r a s s e s s m e n t s t o f a r m e r s shou ld be used i n r e c o g n i t i o n of lowered d i r e c t p r o j e c t ma in t enance c o s t s due t o t h e e f f o r t s of t h e SA members. The SAIC cha i rman a l s o would be r e s p o n s i b l e f o r f o r w a r d i n g c rop and w a t e r r e c o r d s w i t h i n i t s b o u n d a r i e s . I n t h i s t a s k he would have t h e h e l p of t h e a g r i c u l t u r a l e x t e n s i o n a d v i s o r .

16 . Water a s se s smen t s c o l l e c t e d by t h e d i s t r i c t would g e n e r a l l y r e f l e c t b o t h t h e c h a r g e s t o be r e m i t t e d t o t h e p r o j e c t and t h e c o s t s i n v o l v e d f o r SA 0&M and a d m i n i s t r a t i o n . D e l i v e r y of f u l l w a t e r a l l o t m e n t t o t h e SA would b e made o n l y on payment of t h e SA's t o t a l w a t e r b i l l . Water d e l i v e r i e s would be reduced p r o p o r t i o n a t e l y t o t h e amount p a i d t o t h e p r o j e c t . The SAIC cou ld e l e c t t o pay t h e f u l l amount from r e s e r v e s , a s n e c e s s a r y and i f a v a i l a b l e , even though a l l f a r m e r s had n o t p a i d .

17 . SAIC cha i rmen from a l l SAs w i t h i n a d i s t r i c t would form t h e D i s t r i c t Farmer Committee, which would r e p r e s e n t t h e f a r m e r s i n m e e t i n g s w i t h t h e d i s t r i c t i n r e s o l v i n g a n n u a l o p e r a t i o n s , p o l i c i e s , p r o c e d u r e s , and o t h e r i s s u e s . The re would be a s i m i l a r committee a t t h e d i v i s i o n l e v e l . These would be p a r t i c u l a r l y i m p o r t a n t f u n c t i o n s i n t h e e a r l y y e a r s . F i g u r e 4 shou ld be r e f e r r e d t o f o l l o w i n g d i s c u s s i o n of t h e p r o j e c t u n i t s and means f o r o p e r a t i n g and m a i n t a i n i n g t h e p r o j e c t .

18. Block. A b l o c k would compr ise a group of abou t t e n SAs and would t h e r e f o r e c o n t a i n a p p r o x i m a t e l y 5 ,000 ha . On t h e a v e r a g e , each b l o c k would have 8 km of d i s t r i b u t a r i e s , 4 km of b r a n c h e s , 6-10 c r o s s r e g u l a t o r s , 10 o f f t a k e s t o SAs, 10 km of n a t u r a l and improved d r a i n s , and abou t 1 0 we l l s ' and pumps f o r e x t r a c t i o n and c o n t r o l of g roundwa te r .

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19. To c a r r y o u t ma in tenance , each b l o c k would be se rved by 3 l a b o r e r s l l i g h t equipment o p e r a t o r s , and one maintenance foreman who p r e f e r a b l y would r e s i d e w i t h i n t h e b lock . These peop le would r e p o r t t o t h e a s s i s t a n t d i s t r i c t wa te rmas te r - maintenance and c o n s t r u c t i o n . The b l o c k work s t a t i o n would have a s m a l l o f f i c e and s t o r e room, a f enced ya rd and s t o r a g e s h e d ( s ) f o r s u p p l i e s , v e h i c l e s , a n d equipment . I f t h e b l o c k i s com- p a c t , a s most would b e , l i v i n g q u a r t e r s might w e l l be p a r t of t h e work s t a - t i o n , which should be l o c a t e d c e n t r a l l y w i t h r e s p e c t t o t h e c a n a l and d r a i n sys tem. S e c u r i t y would be improved by t h i s a r r angemen t .

20. D i s t r i c t . The d i s t r i c t , headed by a w a t e r m a s t e r , would be t h e lowes t a d m i n i s t r a t i v e u n i t of t h e p r o j e c t and i s t h e e n t i t y t h a t d i r e c t l y s e r v e s t h e SAs. As i n d i c a t e d i n f i g u r e 2 , t h e - d i s t r i c t would s e r v i c e approx ima te ly 50 SAs grouped i n t o 5 b l o c k s of 10 SAs each . Hence, t h e d i s t r i c t would no rma l ly have a s i z e of app rox ima te ly 25,000 h a , w i t h 50 SA t u r n o u t s and abou t 100 km of c a n a l and d r a i n a g e c h a n n e l s .

21. A c a n a l o p e r a t o r would be r e s p o n s i b l e f o r o p e r a t i n g approx ima te ly 30 km of c a n a l , abou t two and one-half b l o c k s , s e r v i n g abou t 25 CAs. I n addi - t i o n t o h i s normal w a t e r o p e r a t i o n d u t i e s , he would be spending some t ime each day working w i t h t h e SAIC chairman t o r ev iew o p e r a t i o n s w i t h i n t h e SAs and t o f a c i l i t a t e l i a i s o n between t h e d i s t r i c t wa te rmas te r and t h e SA and i n d i v i d u a l f a r m e r s . 22. Each d i s t r i c t would r e q u i r e , on a v e r a g e , o n l y t h r e e c a n a l o p e r a t o r s and t h a t t h i s i s s u f f i c i e n t t o e n s u r e coverage of a l l o p e r a t i o n s even i n t h e even t of a c c i d e n t , s i c k n e s s , o r o t h e r causes of absence of one member. The v e r y l a r g e d i s t a n c e s and a r e a s s e rved by each o p e r a t o r i s a r e f l e c t i o n of t h e r e l a t i v e e a s e of o p e r a t i o n of t h e sys tem a s adop ted i n t h e p r o j e c t c r i t e r i a . The c a n a l o p e r a t o r s would be a s s i s t e d by up t o t h r e e w e l l o p e r a t o r s i n any d i s t r i c t where an e x t e n s i v e number of w e l l s a r e o p e r a t e d . Canal o p e r a t o r s would a s s i s t t h e a g r i c u l t u r a l e x t e n s i o n a d v i s o r on p u r e l y t e c h n i c a l m a t t e r s i n t h e d e t e r m i n a t i o n of SA i r r i g a t i o n s c h e d u l e s .

23 . S u p e r v i s i o n and t r a i n i n g of o p e r a t o r s would be by t h e d i s t r i c t a s s i s - t a n t wa te rmas te r - o p e r a t i o n . I n a d d i t i o n , t h e a s s i s t a n t w a t e r m a s t e r would spend p robab ly one-half o r more of h i s t ime i n t h e f i e l d w i t h SA r e p r e - s e n t a t i v e s t o a s s i s t i n s o l v i n g problems, a s s u r e e q u i t a b l e w a t e r s e r v i c e t o a l l f a r m e r s , and review t h e OhM of SA c h a n n e l s t o ensu re t h a t t h e y conform w i t h p r o j e c t s t a n d a r d s . One of h i s major d u t i e s , i n a d d i t i o n t o o p e r a t i o n of t h e sys t em, would be t o e n s u r e prompt and f u l l two-day communications of i n f o r m a t i o n and p a r t i c u l a r l y , compla in t s and s u g g e s t i o n s f o r improvements among t h e f a r m e r s and between t h e i r r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s and t h e p r o j e c t u n i t s .

24. Some major main tenance equipment would be l o c a t e d a t t h e d i s t r i c t o f f i c e , unde r t h e d i r e c t i o n of t h e a s s i s t a n t wa te rmas te r - maintenance and c o n s t r u c t i o n . One pump maintenance m a n / e l e c t r i c i a n would work o u t of each d i s t r i c t o f f i c e .

25. D i v i s i o n . The n e x t l a r g e r s u b d i v i s i o n of t h e p r o j e c t above t h e d i s t r i c t i s t h e d i v i s i o n t h a t would no rma l ly c o n s i s t of f i v e d i s t r i c t s and would t h e r e f o r e encompass 125,000 h a . About 250 SA t u r n o u t s would be se rved w i t h i n a d i v i s i o n . Each d i v i s i o n would be s u b s t a n t i a l l y l a r g e r i n r e g a r d s t o

ANNEX 8 Page 8

t h e a r e a s e r v e d and i n i t s r e s p o n s i b i l i t i e s t h a n most e x i s t i n g i r r i g a t i o n p r o j e c t s t oday ; hence , e s s e n t i a l l y a l l day-to-day O&M d e c i s i o n s on t h e SSP would be c e n t e r e d w i t h i n t h e d i v i s i o n and i t s u n i t s .

2 6 . As s t a t e d , t h e d i v i s i o n would be t h e p r i n c i p a l a c t i o n l i n e agency o f t h e p r o j e c t and would be t h e l a r g e s t p r o j e c t u n i t c a r r y i n g o u t any p r imary O&M f u n c t i o n s . The d i v i s i o n would be headed by a d i v i s i o n manager, w i t h a s s i s t a n t managers f o r a d m i n i s t r a t i o n , p e r s o n n e l and t r a i n i n g , o p e r a t i o n s , and maintenance and c o n s t r u c t i o n , suppor t ed by two s p e c i a l u n i t s . Depending on t h e e x t e n t of d i f f e r e n c e s i n equipment and o t h e r main tenance r e q u i r e m e n t s between major c a n a l s and l a r g e d r a i n s and t h e s m a l l e r branches. and d i s - t r i b u t a r i e s , i t may be a p p r o p r i a t e t o i n c l u d e a "major c a n a l " main tenance s t a f f and equipment group i n t h o s e d i v i s i o n s having r e s p o n s i b i l i t y f o r such f a c i l i t i e s .

2 7 . Each d i v i s i o n would s e c u r e and d i s b u r s e i t s own funds s u b j e c t t o budget r ev iew and a p p r o v a l by t h e r e g i o n . Regional a p p r o v a l would be r e q u i r e d f o r a l l ave rages o r nonbudget i tem e x p e n d i t u r e s . An impor t an t u n i t o f t h e d i v i s i o n would be an e v a l u a t i o n , p l a n n i n g , and budget u n i t (EPBU) t o be headed by a s e n i o r pe r son w i t h a t l e a s t 1 5 y e a r s e x p e r i e n c e i n o p e r a t i o n s . .

and maintenance . Th i s p e r s o n cou ld be an expe r i enced f a r m e r , w a t e r m a s t e r , o r an a s s i s t a n t d i v i s i o n manager- o p e r a t i o n s , ma in tenance , and c o n s t r u c t i o n , o r a d m i n i s t r a t i o n . The u n i t would be s t a f f e d by t h r e e p e r s o n s w i t h broad and o b j e c t i v e backgrounds i n w a t e r ' p r o j e c t management. The p r i n c i p l e f u n c t i o n of t h e EPBU would be t o r e v i e w , e v a l u a t e , p l a n , and t h e n budget t h e n e x t year ' s a c t i v i t i e s a f t e r c o n s u l t a t i o n w i t h f a rmer and d i s t r i c t r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s . T h i s u n i t would r e p o r t d i r e c t l y t o t h e d i v i s i o n manager, w i t h c o p i e s of a l l r e p o r t s and recommendations be ing forwarded d i r e c t l y t o t h e r e g i o n a l EPBU.

2 8 . Region. The i r r i g a t i o n p r o j e c t would be d i v i d e d i n t o f o u r r e g i o n s , a s shown on F i g u r e 3 . Region I would c o n s t i t u t e t h e i n i t i a l phase of p r o j e c t development. The r e g i o n s would ave rage abou t 500,000 ha i n a r e a , and would be headed by a r e g i o n a l d i r e c t o r . The r e g i o n would e s s e n t i a l l y p r o v i d e s t a f f s u p p o r t t o t h e d i v i s i o n s and f a c i l i t a t e and e n s u r e c o o r d i n a t i o n among t h e d i v i s i o n s . C o l l e c t i o n and p r e s e n t a t i o n of i n f o r m a t i o n t o t h e p r o j e c t o f f i c e f o r u se i n p r o j e c t w i d e w a t e r a l l o c a t i o n would be a prime r e s p o n s i b i l i t y o f t h e r e g i o n . Indeed t h e f o u r r e g i o n a l o f f i c e s could be viewed a s o n - s i t e s u b d i v i s i o n s of t h e p r o j e c t o f f i c e f u n c t i o n i n g a s t h e c o o r d i n a t i n g l i n k between t h e p r o j e c t o f f i c e and t h e l a r g e complex d i v i s i o n s . T h i s should be k e p t i n mind when s e t t i n g r e l a t i v e l e v e l s and compensa t ion , which must be commensurate w i t h r e s p o n s i b i l i t i e s , n o t j u s t positions on a c h a r t . No " l i n e " o p e r a t i o n , ma in tenance , o r c o n s t r u c t i o n f u n c t i o n s would be c a r r i e d o u t a t t h e r e g i o n a l l e v e l .

2 9 . The s t a f f would be v e r y l i m i t e d i n s i z e b u t w i l l be o r g a n i z e d t o cor respond somewhat t o t h e d i v i s i o n , i n t h a t t h e r e would be a s s i s t a n t r e g i o n a l d i r e c t o r s f o r a d m i n i s t r a t i o n , O&M, and c o n s t r u c t i o n . These would d e a l w i t h p o l i c y and broad a d m i n i s t r a t i v e m a t t e r s t o p r o v i d e g e n e r a l coor- d i n a t i o n a n d , hence , would have no a s s i s t a n t s .

30. I n a d d i t i o n , a n a s s i s t a n t r e g i o n a l d i r e c t o r would head t h e r e g i o n a l e v a l u a t i o n , p l a n n i n g , and budget u n i t . T h i s r e g i o n a l EPBU, and i t s l ower - l eve l c o u n t e r p a r t s down t o t h e d i s t r i c t c a n a l o p e r a t o r s compr ise t h e

ANNEX 8 Page 9

" q u a l i t y a s s u r a n c e " arm of t h e e n t i r e p r o j e c t . With t h i s u n i t f u n c t i o n i n g a s p l anned , b o t h t h e farmer 's we l l -be ing and t h a t of t h e p r o j e c t would be a s s u r e d - - r e p o r t s from t h e lower o f f i c e s would be c o r r e c t , comple t e , and timely--and t o p management a t a l l l e v e l s can be c o n f i d e n t of r e s u l t s and made aware of n.ecessary a c t i o n s and changes i n a t i m e l y f a s h i o n .

31 . Main Canal D i v i s i o n . A s e p a r a t e d i v i s i o n would be e s t a b l i s h e d t o o p e r a t e and m a i n t a i n t h e main c a n a l from t h e head r e g u l a t o r t o t h e R a j a s t h a n boundary . The o r g a n i z a t i o n , s t a f f i n g , and equipment of t h i s d i v i s i o n w i l l d i f f e r from t h e o t h e r d i v i s i o n s . The main c a n a l d i v i s i o n , l i k e t h e power and dams d i v i s i o n , would r e p o r t d i r e c t l y t o t h e p r o j e c t o f f i c e . D a i l y , weekly , and month ly o p e r a t i o n would be conducted unde r c r i t e r i a and p o l i c i e s of t h e p r o j e c t o f f i c e . Water r e l e a s e s t o t h e b ranches would be i n acco rdance w i t h s c h e d u l e s and m o d i f i c a t i o n s r e c e i v e d d i r e c t l y from t h e i r r i g a t i o n d i v i s i o n s o p e r a t i n g and b r a n c h e s . These , of c o u r s e , would be i n conformance w i t h t h e a n n u a l a l l o t m e n t s and s c h e d u l e s s e t by t h e p r o j e c t o f f i c e . S t a f f i n g , equipment , and f a c i l i t i e s would be l i s t e d f o l l o w i n g t h e p r e s e n t a t i o n of t h e r e g i on .

32 . Power and Dam D i v i s i o n . The power and dams d i v i s i o n would have r e s p o n s i b i l i t y f o r O&M of t h e Narmada Dam and a s s o c i a t e d powerhouses and t h e s m a l l dams and r e s e r v o i r a t t h e head of t h e main c a n a l . A d i v i s i o n manager w i t h a p p r o p r i a t e a s s i s t a n t managers would d i r e c t a c t i v i t i e s of t h e u n i t . Power and pumping p l a n s on t h e S a u r a s t h r a and Kutch b ranches would be unde r t h e j u r i s d i c t i o n of t h e a p p r o p r i a t e d i v i s i o n c o v e r i n g t h e a r e a s .

33 . D a i l y , weekly , and month ly o p e r a t i o n s would be c a r r i e d o u t unde r c r i t e r i a and p o l i c i e s of t h e p r o j e c t o f f i c e . R e s u l t i n g w a t e r r e l e a s e s t o t h e cana lhead p o o l and t o t h e r i v e r would a d h e r e t o s c h e d u l e s e s t a b l i s h e d by t h e p r o j e c t o f f i c e i n c o o r d i n a t i o n w i t h t h e r e g i o n s and t h e power and dams d i v i - s i o n .

34 . No s p e c i f i c d e t a i l s of t h e s t a f f i n g , equipment , o r f a c i l i t i e s f o r t h e O&M a c t i v i t i e s of t h e power and dams d i v i s i o n a r e p r e s e n t e d i n t h i s document. The u n i t i s o n l y i d e n t i f i e d f o r pu rposes of d e f i n i n g p r o j e c t o r g a n i z a t i o n and r e s p o n s i b i l i t y . l /

35. P r o j e c t . The f u n c t i o n of t h e p r o j e c t o f f i c e would be t o a s s u r e c o o r d i n a t i o n of p o l i c i e s and a c t i v i t i e s of t h e Region, t h e main c a n a l Div i - s i o n , and t h e Power and Dams D i v i s i o n and i n t e g r a t i o n of p r o j e c t p o l i c i e s and a c t i v i t i e s t o b e s t meet t h e o b j e c t i v e s o f G u j a r a t S t a t e and t h e n a t i o n . Al though o t h e r t i t l e s may be e q u a l l y o r b e t t e r s u i t e d , t h e t i t l e of p r o j e c t a d m i n i s t r a t o r would be used i n t h i s r e p o r t f o r t h e c h i e f e x e c u t i v e o f f i c e r of t h e p r o j e c t .

36 . R e l a t i o n s h i p s w i t h n e i g h b o r i n g s t a t e governments a s w e l l a s p o l i c y q u e s t i o n s i n v o l v i n g t h e e n t i r e p r o j e c t would be handled a t t h e p r o j e c t l e v e l .

11 P l a n s f o r and r e s p o n s i b i l i t i e s of t h e dam and power complex O&M o r g a n i z a - - t i o n a r e f u r t h e r d e s c r i b e d i n annex 9 , c h a p t e r V I I , O p e r a t i o n s and Main- t e n a n c e .

ANNEX 8 Page 10

Annual and seasona l p r o j e c t i o n s of p r o j e c t water a v a i l a b i l i t y , water a l l o c a - t i o n s among r e g i o n s , and p r o j e c t power and wa te r supply o p e r a t i o n s would be determined by t h e p r o j e c t o f f i c e . As mentioned, i n a d d i t i o n t o t h e r e g i o n s , t h e main c a n a l d i v i s i o n and t h e power and dams d i v i s i o n , e q u i v a l e n t t o an i r r i g a t i o n d i v i s i o n though not r e p o r t i n g t o a r e g i o n , would r e p o r t t o t h e p r o j e c t o f f i c e .

3 7 . With t h e excep t ion of major p ro jec twide p o l i c y d e c i s i o n making and t h e es tab l i shment of p r o j e c t water and power o p e r a t i o n s , no l i n e f u n c t i o n s would be c a r r i e d out a t t h e p r o j e c t l e v e l , nor would t h e r e be any requirement f o r p rov id ing s t a f f suppor t t o t h e u n i t s below except i n unusual circumstan- c e s . I n such c a s e s , s p e c i a l a s s i s t a n c e from t h e s t a t e o r n a t i o n a l i r r i g a t i o n depar tments o r from c o n s u l t a n t s would be more e f f e c t i v e and l e s s expensive than t h e r e t e n t i o n of f u l l - t i m e h igh ly pa id s t a f f .

3 8 . The a d m i n i s t r a t o r would meet a t l e a s t monthly w i t h t h e r e g i o n a l d i r e c t o r s and semiannual ly w i t h d i v i s i o n managers. The a s s i s t a n t r e g i o n a l d i r e c t o r s f o r e v a l u a t i o n , p lann ing , and budget should p a r t i c i p a t e i n meetings wi th r e g i o n a l d i r e c t o r s on a q u a r t e r l y b a s i s t o ensure optimum performance of p r o j e c t r e s p o n s i b i l i t i e s a t a l l levels- .

S t a f f i n g , F a c i l i t y , and Equipment Requirements

3 9 . S t a f f i n g , f a c i l i t i e s , and equipment needs a r e d e s c r i b e d f o r each u n i t i n t h e o r g a n i z a t i o n . These a r e l i s t e d f o r each e n t i t y , c e n t r a l o f f i c e o r l o c a t i o n and a r e not aggregated t o h igher l e v e l s .

40. The requirements l i s t e d a r e f o r " t y p i c a l f 1 l o c a t i o n s and organiza- t i o n a l u n i t s f o r use i n p lann ing . F i n a l requirements would d i f f e r a s they r e f l e c t a c t u a l s i t u a t i o n s and c o n d i t i o n s . For example, t h e number of w e l l s , s i z e and number of open d r a i n s , and s i z e of c a n a l s , would v a r y cons ide rab ly from one a r e a t o a n o t h e r . These, p a r t i c u l a r l y t h e d r a i n s and l a r g e c a n a l s , w i l l g r e a t l y a f f e c t equipment and a s s o c i a t e d personnel needs . I t should be noted t h a t some equipment a t t h e d i s t r i c t and d i v i s i o n l e v e l s s e r v e a s backup t o lower u n i t s and can be pooled t o meet peak demands. I n emergencies , mutual suppor t by d i v i s i o n s would be p o s s i b l e .

41. C e r t a i n f a c i l i t i e s , communications sys tems, and equipment t o be used dur ing c o n s t r u c t i o n w i l l be t r a n s f e r r e d t o t h e O&M u n i t s . Because t h e O&M use i s long-term, compared t o t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n p e r i o d , a n t i c i p a t e d O&M func- t i o n s and requirements should have p r i o r i t y i n des ign and s p e c i f i c a t i o n s f o r procurement of such i tems w i t h c o n s t r u c t i o n e lements accommodated on a tem- pora ry b a s i s . To t h e e x t e n t p o s s i b l e , b u i l d i n g s and f a c i l i t i e s f o r const ruc- t i o n should be l o c a t e d t o b e s t s u i t O&M requ i rements .

ANNEX 8 Page 11

42. The basic staffing, facilities and equipment are presented for each designated unit.

(a) Block

(i) Staffing

1 maintenance foreman 3 laborers/small equipment operators

casual laborers will be hired for peak work needs only as required

(ii) Facilities

store room and small office w/desk and 'file for canal operator and foreman

living quarters for foreman storage shed(s) fenced compound fuel storage

(iii) Equipment

2 - 30-40 hp "farm" tractors (diesel) w/3 pt hitch and attachments 1 - 50-70 hp tractor wlbackhoe and front end loader (FEL) (diesel) 1 - 314 ton pickup w/dump bed (gas. or diesel) 3 - 3 wheel cycles w/box/storage/bed at rear

(b) District - Irrigation

(i) Staffing

watermaster 1 clerk/secretary, finance 2 collection clerks 1 assistant clerk - payroll records, bookkeeping, water and organization records, stores keeper

1 secretary - typist

assistant watermaster - operations 3 canal operators 3 assistants - well operators (whe-re an extensive number of wells will be operated)

assistant watermaster - operation & construction 2 mechanics 1 pump maintenance man - electrician 1 vehicle dispatcher/store keeper

(~aintenance persons for some of the blocks may best be located at the District Office)

ANNEX 8 Page 12

(ii) Facilities

building w/reception area, 4 offices, and two conference rooms capacities for 50 people and 20 people

storage building - warehouse storage sheds fuel storage/equipment service shop fenced compound living quarters as appropriate - two people minimum

( iii) Equipment

2 - dump trucks - 1 large, 1 small 1 - 75-100 hp diesel "farm" tractor w/backhoe (6 m reach) and FEL 1 - 15T low-bed trailer (tow-type, not 5th wheel) 1 - pull grader 1 - 314 ton pickup w/utility bed and hoist (for pump work) 1 - 1-sack concrete mixer 3 - 112 T pickups 1 - 4 x 4 vehicle (jeep) 8 - 3-wheel motorcycles w/box bed (depends on total number of canal

operators and assistant well operators) microprocessor(s), air compressor (100 cfm), small generator, -

2 small pumps

Division - Irrigation

(i) Staffing

division manager 1 receptionist 1 secretary 2 computer operator/word processors 1 clerk typist

head, evaluation, planning, and budget unit 3 senior assistants (see text)

assistant manager, administration - finance (disbursements) 1 + 2 audit and cost accounting 1 + 3 water assessments 1 + 2 payroll 1 + 4 collections and financing 1 + 2 purchasing - stock control 1 + 2 computer services, programming 1 + 1 communications clerks

assistant manager, personnel and training 1 personnel 1 training 3 clerk typists

ANNEX 8 Page 13

a s s i s t a n t manager , o p e r a t i o n s 2 h y d r o l o g i s t s / w a t e r r o u t i n g 1 c i v i l d r a i n a g e e n g i n e e r o r t e c h n i c i a n 3 c rop and w a t e r r e c o r d s c l e r k s ( 1 s e n i o r , 2 j u n i o r s ) 3 c a n a l o p e r a t o r s (major c a n a l s )

(These cou ld be a t t h e d i s t r i c t l e v e l ) 2 c l e r k t y p i s t s 2 computer o p e r a t o r s

Note: D i v i s i o n s a l o n g t h e S a u r a s t h r a and Kutch b r a n c h e s i n Region I11 w i l l a l s o r e q u i r e pumping p l a n t and power p l a n t o p e r a t o r s and ma in t enance personnel - -use f o u r o p e r a t o r s and two ma in t enance p e r s o n n e l p e r p l a n t p l u s 1 i n r o t a t i o n t o a l l o w f o r a b s e n c e s .

a s s i s t a n t manager , ma in t enance and c o n s t r u c t i o n 1 s e c r e t a r y 1 c l e r k t y p i s t

c h i e f , equipment ma in t enance s e c t i o n 2 c l e r k t y p i s t s 1 foreman, shop - heavy equipment 2 mechanics 1 foreman, shop - l i g h t equipment 2 mechanics 1 foreman, shop - pump o v e r h a u l and r e p a i r , 1 m a c h i n i s t -

mechanic., e l e c t r i c i a n 1 v e h i c l e d i s p a t c h e r / s t o r e k e e p e r

ma in t enance foreman 5 ma in t enance men

10 l a b o r e r s ( p r i m a r y ) ( t h e s e cou ld be i n d i s t r i c t s 4 heavy equipment o p e r a t o r s i n s t e a d ) 6 h e l p e r s

c h i e f - c o n s t r u c t i o n s e c t i o n ( c i v i l e n g i n e e r ) 2 c o n s t r u c t i o n crews of 17 p e r s o n s e a c h ( fo reman , 3 g e n e r a l

c o n s t r u c t i o n , 2 s t e e l and 4 c o n c r e t e w o r k e r s , 7 l a b o r e r s ) 2 j u n i o r e n g i n e e r s l d r a f t s m e n 2 c l e r k t y p i s t s

c h i e f , t e c h n i c a l s e r v i c e s u n i t ( e l e c t r i c a l o r e l e c t r o n i c s e n g i n e e r ) 3 c o m p u t e r / r a d i o t e c h n i c i a n s

( i i ) F a c i l i t i e s

S i z e of b u i l d i n g s and shops r e q u i r e d w i l l be d i c t a t e d by number of s t a f f . A c o n f e r e n c e room f o r each depa r tmen t shou ld be p r o v i d e d . A l a r g e mee t ing room, equipped w i t h a u d i o v i s u a l f a c i l i t i e s w i t h s e a t i n g f o r a b o u t 200 p e o p l e shou ld a l s o be i n c l u d e d . R e p a i r s h o p s , e l e c t r o n i c s shop , s p a r e p a r t s , s u p p l i e s s t o r a g e , and mess f a c i l i t i e s a r e a few of t h e a d d i t i o n a l s p e c i a l needs t o be p rov ided i n t h e complex.

ANNEX 8 Page 14

(iii) Equipment

heavy equipment 3 2 - excavators (hyd. ditch cleaning) (0.9 m )

(if major canals or channels within division, add 3 1 w11.4 m capacity, and long-reach capability)

1 - tractor, crawler - 150 hp w/dozer, ripper 2 - tractor, crawJer - 100 hp wldozer, ripper 1 - scraper, 10 m 2 - loaders rubber tired - 2 m 3 1 - roller, rubber tired (vibrating) 1 - roller, sheeps foot 2 - motorgraders (Cat 12 or equal) 1 - trailer, lowbed - 30 T 1 - trailer, lowbed - 40 T 1 - truck ~ 1 5 t h wheel to match trailers 1 - fork Lift - rubber tired - ground use 8,000 lb cap. 14' ht 1 - fork Lift - rubber tired - ground use 4,000 lb cap. 16' ht 1 - truck crane - rubber tired - hydraulic 10T, 60' boon

light equipment 5 - 112 ton pickup

. 3 - 314 ton 4 x 4 pickup 4 - dump trucks 3 - automobiles 4 - pumps - low head - 5 - 150 hp 2 - compressors 200 cfm, 360 cfm 4 - generators, portable, 2.5 kw - 1'2.5 kw 3 - concrete mixers, 1 sack

(d) District - Main Canal (three districts in the main canal division, no blocks)

(i) Staffing

watermaster 1 assistant clerk - payroll records, bookkeeping, stores keeper 1 secretary - typist

* . assistant watermaster - operations

2 canal operators '

assistant watermaster - maintenance & construction 3 maintenance foremen 9 laborers/small equipment operators 2 mechanics 1 maintenance man - electrician 1 vehicle dispatcher/store keeper

ANNEX 8 Page 15

(ii) Facilities

building wlreception area, 4 offices, and one conference room with capacity for 20 people

storage building - warehouse storage sheds fuel storage/equipment service shop fenced compound living quarters as appropriate -- two people minimum

(iii) Equipment

2 - dump trucks - 1 large, 1 small 2 - 75-100 hp diesel, "farm" tractor w/backhoe (6 m reach) and FEL 3 - 30-40 hp "farm" tractors (diesel) w/3 pt hitch and attachment 1 - 15% lowbed trailer (tow-type, p& 5th wheel) 1 - motor grader 1 - 314 ton pickup wlutility bed and hoist 1 - I-sack concrete mixer 6 - 112 T pickups microprocessor(s), air compressor (100 cfm), small generator,

2 small pumps

(e) Main Canal Division

(i) Staffing

division manager 1 receptionist 1 secretary 1 computer operator/word processor 1 clerk typist

head, evaluation, planning, and budget.unit 1 senior assistant

assistant manager, administration - finance (disbursements) 1 + 2 audit and cost accounting 1 + 2 payroll 1 + 1 purchasing - stock control 1 computer services, programming 1 + 1 communication clerks

assistant manager, personnel and training 1 personnel 1 training 2 clerk typists

assistant manager, operations 1 hydrolog is t s/wat er routing 3 canal operators 1 clerk typist 2 computer operators

ANNEX 8 Page 16

a s s i s t a n t manager, maintenance and c o n s t r u c t i o n 1 s e c r e t a r y 1 c l e r k t y p i s t

c h i e f , equipment maintenance s e c t i o n 1 c l e r k t y p i s t 1 foreman, shop - heavy equipment 2 mechanics 1 foreman, shop - l i g h t equipment 2 mechanics 1 v e h i c l e d i s p a t c h e r / s t o r e keeper

maintenance foreman 6 l a b o r e r s l l i g h t equipment o p e r a t o r s 4 heavy equipment o p e r a t o r s 6 h e l p e r s

c h i e f , t e c h n i c a l s e r v i c e s u n i t ( e l e c . o r e l e c t r o n i c s eng inee r ) 3 computer / radio t e c h n i c i a n s

( i i ) F a c i l i t i e s : S i z e of b u i l d i n g s - a n d shops r e q u i r e d would be d i c t a t e d by number of s t a f f . One conference room f o r 15 people and one l a r g e meeting room, equipped w i t h a u d i o v i s u a l f a c i l i t i e s w i t h s e a t i n g f o r about 40 people should a l s o be inc luded . Repair shops , e l e c t r o n i c s shop, s p a r e p a r t s , s u p p l i e s s t o r a g e , and mess f a c i l i t i e s a r e a few of the a d d i t i o n a l s p e c i a l needs t o be provided i n . t h e complex.

( i i i ) Equipment heavy equipment

3 1 - excava to r (hyd. d j t c h c l e a n i n g ) (0.9 m ) 1 - excava to r ~ 1 1 . 4 m 1 - t r a c t o r , c rawle r - 150 hp w/dozer , r i p p e r 1 - t r a c t o r , c r a w l l r - 100 hp w / d o z e r , r i p p e r 1 - s c r a p e r - 10 m 1 - l o a d e r rubber t i r e d - 2m 3

1 - r o l l e r , rubber t i r e d v i b r a t i n g 1 - r o l l e r , sheeps f o o t 1 - motorgrader (Cat 12 o r equa l ) 1 - t r a i l e r , lowbed - 40 T 1 - t r u c k ~ 1 5 t h wheel t o match t r a i l e r s 1 - t r u c k crane - rubber t i r e d - h y d r a u l i c 10T, 60' boom

( i v ) Light Equipment 2 - 112 t o n pickups 2 - 314 ton 4 x 4 pickups 2 - dump t r u c k s 3 - automobiles 4 - pumps - low head - 5 - 150 hp 2 - compressors 200 cfm, 360 cfm 4 - g e n e r a t o r s , p o r t a b l e , 2.5 kw - 12.5 kw 1 - c o n c r e t e mixer , 1 sack

ANNEX 8 Page 17.

( f ) Region

( i ) S t a f f i n g

r e g i o n a l d i r e c t o r 2 s e c r e t a r i e s - r e c e p t i o n i s t 1 c l e r k t y p i s t 1 computer o p e r a t o r / w o r d p r o c e s s o r

a s s i s t a n t r e g i o n a l d i r e c t o r - a d m i n i s t r a t i o n 1 a u d i t o r - c o n t r o l l e r / c o s t a c c o u n t i n g 1 c o l l e c t i o n s and f i n a n c e 1 p a y r o l l 1 p e r s o n n e l and t r a i n i n g

1 3 c l e r k / t y p i s t s , word p r o c e s s o r s e t c .

a s s i s t a n t r e g i o n a l d i r e c t o r - o p e r a t i o n s 1 hydro logy 1 c rop r e c o r d s and a s s e s s m e n t s 1 c i v i l e n g i n e e r . . . . .

2 c l e r k / t y p i s t s

a s s i s t a n t r e g i o n a l d i r e c t o r - main tenance and c o n s t r u c t i o n 1 c i v i l e n g i n e e r 1 m e c h a n i c a l / e l e c t r i c a l e n g i n e e r 2 c l e r k / t y p i s t s

a s s i s t a n t r e g i o n a l d i r e c t o r - e v a l u a t i o n , p l a n n i n g and budget S t a f f a c t i o n and p a r t i c i p a t i o n would be p rov ided by o t h e r a s s i s t a n t r e g i o n a l d i r e c t o r s .

( i i ) F a c i l i t i e s

O f f i c e space f o r s t a f f and s u p p o r t equipment and s u p p l i e s .

( i i i ) Equipment

o f f i c e equipment 4 a u t o m o b i l e s

P r o j e c t O f f i c e

( i ) S t a f f i n g

a d m i n i s t r a t o r 2 s e c r e t a r i e s - r e c e p t i o n i s t 1 c l e r k t y p i s t 1 computer o p e r a t o r / w o r d p r o c e s s o r

ANNEX 8 Page 18

assistant administrator - administration 1 secretary 4 computer operators/word processors 5 reports and publications (clerk/typists, writers, artists, draftsmen)

assistant administrator .- training and personnel

Training Institute Note: Facility is to be located faculty and function is to be staff carried out at the division

3 personnel level initially.

assistant administrator - operations and maintenance 1 water supply forecasting 1 water operations 1 power operations 1 project maintenance and dam safety

(ii) Facilities . .

office space-for staff and .support equipment and supplies conference room for 20 people is adequate

(iii) Equipment

office equipment 4 automobiles

43. Additional Proiectwide Needs. Equipment and tools for repair shops, hand tools for field staff, spare parts for equipment, and an inventory of supplies (i.e., tires, lubricants, cables, engine parts) have not been listed. These quantities must be developed.

44. Buildings. Buildings would be designed to utilize standard plans for the project with modifications where unit requirements differ from the norm.

45. Communications Equipment. Communications equipment has not been specifically designated. However, a very complete modern system is essen- tial. The system must transmit information among off ices (including the farmer entities and representatives involved), and field vehicles, and vice versa. It must also provide for monitoring of the physical facilities and conditions in the project. The system must permit remote operation of facilities as provided in the design.

46. Computer Equipment. Computer equipment of two levels of capability would be needed. Small computers now coming on the market would be adequate for office accounting, inventory control, and many computational problems. At the division level, greater capability would be needed for scheduling and analysis of hourly, daily, and weekly system operations. Capability to interface with remote monitoring and control equipment would be necessary. Established programs to direct system response and each facility's operations

ANNEX 8 Page 19

under v a r i o u s types of emergencies must be i n p l a c e and ready f o r a c t i v a t i o n when needed. S to rage , r e t r i e v a l , and manipu la t ion of d a t a on water d e l i v e r i e s , c ropping p a t t e r n s , c l i m a t e , and o t h e r f a c t o r s must be p o s s i b l e a t t h e d i v i s i o n l e v e l wi th a p p r o p r i a t e v i s u a l d i s p l a y s f o r o p e r a t o r s and p r i n t o u t f o r use i n r e p o r t s . Much of t h e d a t a would be logged and a v a i l a b l e

* ' f o r d i s p l a y o r maps. An e a r l y a n a l y s i s by people exper ienced. i n t h e type of c a n a l o p e r a t i o n s e l e c t e d f o r t h i s project - -both p h y s i c a l and accounting--aided by people knowledgeable i n computers and communications would be needed t o f o r m u l a t e t h e combination of equipment t o b e s t meet t h e o v e r a l l

+ . requ i rements . A l t e r n a t i v e means of s p e c i f y i n g procurement, i n s t a l l a t i o n , and development of so f tware must be considered i n t h e course of t h i s e f f o r t . Computer equipment and most programs, would be i d e n t i c a l i n a l l p a r a l l e l o f f i c e s excep t t h e power and dam d i v i s i o n . Some f u n c t i o n s a t t h e v a r i o u s o f f i c e s a r e l i s t e d t o permit focus ing on t h i s s u b j e c t . But a l l should be examined f u r t h e r .

47. D i v i s i o n a l c e n t e r s would be r e s p o n s i b l e f o r water o p e r a t i o n s and maintenance of f a c i l i t i e s of a l l subsystems w i t h i n t h e i r j u r i s d i c t i o n s . Included may be one o r more branches and a l l subbranches , d i s t r i b u t a r i e s , and d e l i v e r y systems served by t h e s e branches . The computer f u n c t i o n s t o be performed a t t h e d i v i s i o n a l c e n t e r inc lude :

( a ) Data S t o r a g e :

( i ) Informat ion i d e n t i f y i n g every s t r u c t u r e , r each of c a n a l , agency water supply w e l l , agency groundwater w e l l d i s c h a r g i n g t o waste and SAs i n t h e a r e a ;

( i i ) H i s t o r i c a l and c u r r e n t annual and s e a s o n a l d e l i v e r i e s ; t o t a l volume, weekly peak d i s c h a r g e , and d a t e through each reach of c a n a l and t o each SA;

( i i i ) H i s t o r i c a l pumping of each agency w e l l ;

( i v ) H i s t o r i c a l d a t a on water supply t o each SA der ived from agency w e l l s and from r i v e r supp ly ;

(v ) P r e c i p i t a t i o n : l o c a t i o n , amount, and d a t e :

( v i ) Storm pat terns-- f requency, e x t e n t , and d i r e c t i o n of t r a v e l ;

( v i i ) H i s t o r i c a l and c u r r e n t cropping and h a r v e s t i n each SA;

( v i i i ) Current annual and seasona l wa te r a l l o c a t i o n s t o each SA;

( i x ) Seasonal p r o j e c t i o n of source of water t o be supp l i ed t o each SA;

(x ) Current i r r i g a t i o n s i z e and schedule reques ted by SA and amount d e l i v e r e d t o d a t e ;

( x i ) Schedule of o p e r a t i o n of agency w e l l supply by days through season ;

ANNEX 8 Page 20

( x i i ) Schedule of d i s c h a r g e by d a t e through t h e season through each r e a c h and s t r u c t u r e ; and

( x i i i ) P r o j e c t e d pumping plant /power p l a n t o p e r a t i o n s and c ross - r e g u l a t o r g a t e p o s i t i o n s and o p e r a t i o n s (day, hour , minute) f o r next 10 days .

(b ) Display on l a r g e , v i s u a l schematic of system

( i ) Opera t iona l s t a t u s of a l l f a c i l i t i e s ; and

( i i ) Discharge through a l l s t r u c t u r e s .

( c ) D i g i t a l d i s p l a y ' o f s p e c i f i c s of a l l f e a t u r e s a t each f low c o n t r o l s t r u c t u r e

( d l Display on l a r g e map f o r p r o j e c t i o n on sc reen i tem ( a ) ( i ) through ( x i i i ) ;

( e l D i g i t a l d i s p l a y by s i t e o r subarea i tem ( a ) ( i i ) through ( x i i i )

( f ) Visua l d i s p l a y i n t a b u l a r form

( i ) Maintenance outages of f a c i l i t i e s ;

( i i ) Maintenance schedule and a c t i v i t y a t each s t r u c t u r e ;

( i i i ) Maintenance schedule and a c t i v i t y on equipment;

( i v ) Assignment of pe r sonne l ;

( v ) S t a t u s and assignment of v e h i c l e s ;

( v i ) S t a t u s and assignment of equipment; and

( v i i ) Cons t ruc t ion a c t i v i t i e s .

(g ) Programs o p e r a t i o n a l f o r :

( i ) Defining g a t e p o s i t i o n s and p l a n t o p e r a t i o n f o r each s t eady s t a t e f low cond i t ion ;

( i i ) Descr ib ing c o n d i t i o n s a t each s t r u c t u r e and t h e s e l e c t e d s i t e s under c o n d i t i o n s of any s e l e c t e d f low change and g a t e and p l a n t o p e r a t i o n ;

( i i i ) Descr ib ing d e s i r e d s e t t i n g s and o p e r a t i o n a l sequence of s t r u c t u r e s t o comply wi th c r i t e r i a f o r any s e l e c t e d change i n f low--discharge and time pe r iod ; and

( i v ) Descr ib ing o p e r a t i o n s of f a c i l i t i e s under any of a number of predef ined emergencies.

ANNEX 8 Page 21

48. The program o f f i c e w i l l r e q u i r e c a p a b i l i t y t o s t o r e and m a n i p u l a t e i n f o r m a t i o n g a i n e d f rom t h e d i v i s i o n a l o f f i c e s c o n c e r n i n g c ropp ing and w a t e r d e l i v e r i e s . A d d i t i o n a l l y , i n f o r m a t i o n on r i v e r i l o w s , b a s i n c l i m a t e , and power and r e s e r v o i r r e l e a s e s w i l l be s e c u r e d , s t o r e d , and u s e a i n a n a l y s i s . The p r imary computer programs (and c a p a b i l i t y ) a t t h e p r o j e c t o f f i c e w i l l be s u f f i c i e n t t o mon i to r and p r e d i c t h o u r l y , d a i l y , mon th ly , s e a s o n a l , and a n n u a l w a t e r c o n d i t i o n s . T h i s w i l l b e u sed t o d e t e r m i n e o p e r a t i o n s f o r purpose of w a t e r a l l o c a t i o n s and d e l i v e r i e s , power o p e r a t i o n s , and f l o o d r e g u l a t i o n . As e l s e w h e r e , s m a l l computers can be u sed f o r o t h e r o f f i c e f u n c t i o n s .

49 . The h i g h e r c a p a c i t y computer u sed by t h e GOG f o r d e s i g n a n a l y s i s i n Gandhinagar s h o u l d b e used f o r a n a l y s i s of c a n a l t r a n s i e n t s and complex sys tem o p e r a t i o n s . At t h i s t i m e , t h e 06M s t a f f shou ld have f u l l a c c e s s t o t h a t equipment f o r t h e i r needs and no s e p a r a t e equipment s h o u l d be pu rchased .

50. At some t ime i n t h e f u t u r e , i f a f u l l y c lo sea - loop computer o p e r a t i o n of t h e sys tem i s d e s i r e d , t h e n l i n k a g e of t h e d i v i s i o n a l c e n t e r s can be i n s t a l l e d and t h e l a r g e r computer c a p a c i t y s e c u r e d and l o c a t e d a s a p p r o p r i a t e f o r o p e r a t i n g t h e ma jo r p r o j e c t a r e a s t h e n d e l i n e a t e d . But no s p e c i a l a t t e r - t i o n i s r e q u i r e d now, s i n c e t h i s i s many y e a r s i n t h e f u t u r e a t t h e e a r l i e s t .

51. One o t h e r f u n c t i o n t h a t would be p rov ided i n c o n j u n c t i o n w i t h t h e t r a i n i n g c e n t e r would be t h e r e a l - t i m e s i m u l a t o r f o r t r a i n i n g o p e r a t o r s .

G e n e r a l Comments

5 2 . . The impor tance of e x c e l l e n t p e r s o n a l communicat ions w i t h i n t h e o r g a n i z a t i o n , o r a c o n t i n u i n g , two-way b a s i s has a l r e a d y been r e f e r r e d t o i n t h i s pape r . M a t t e r s such a s a v a i l a b i l i t y and a l l o c a t i o n of w a t e r , i r r i g a t i o n s c h e d u l e s , c r o p p i n g p l a n s , a c t u a l c r o p p i n g , w a t e r a s s e s s m e n t s , o p e r a t i n g p r o c e d u r e s , ma in t enance a c t i v i t i e s , and l i k e i t ems w i l l b e hand led i n t h i s manner. F i g u r e 4 d iagrams t h i s f u n c t i o n of p r o j e c t o p e r a t i o n s .

53 . J o b d e s c r i p t i o n s and promot ion would r e f l e c t t r a i n i n g and e x p e r i e n c e . These would r e q u i r e e a r l y a t t e n t i o n . Drawing up p o s i t i o n q u a l i f i c a t i o n s and sequences of advancement f o r p r o j e c t p e r s o n n e l would be an e a r l y respon- s i b i l i t y of t h e r e q u i r e d Ohh o r g a n i z a t i o n . An example of p o s i t i o n q u a l i f i c a - t i o n s and t y p i c a l sequence of advancements i s g i v e n on F i g u r e 5 .

54. During t h e i n i t i a l s t a g e s of p r o j e c t deve lopment , t h e r e would no t be a need f o r s t a f f i n g o r f a c i l i t i e s above t h e d i v i s i o n l e v e l e x c e p t a l i m i t e d p r o j e c t o f f i c e s t a f f t o e v a l u a t e w a t e r s u p p l y c o n d i t i o n s , c o o r d i n a t e w a t e r a l l o c a t i o n s , s c h e d u l e w a t e r and power o p e r a t i o n s a t t h e r e s e r v o i r , and p r e p a r e b a s i c p o l i c i e s and g u i d e l i n e s . The r e g i o n a l s t a f f would be assembled o n l y a f t e r s e v e r a l d i v i s i o n s a r e p l a c e d i n o p e r a t i o n .

5 5 . P r e p a r a t i o n of manuals and p r o c e d u r e s would be a ma jo r emphasis p r i o r t o commencing o p e r a t i o n s on t h e p r o j e c t . T h i s would r e q u i r e e a r l y h i r i n g of s t a f f and u s e of o u t s i d e a s s i s t a n c e . S t a r t - u p i n subsequen t a r e a s s h o u l d r e q u i r e a much reduced l e v e l of e f f o r t .

SARDAR SAROVAR PROJECT - GUJARAT Agency Organization Chart

Notes (1) Only one line of repotting shown lo exempltly ~ganlzafional st~ctwe (2) Divisions A through E ore lnigulim Divisions.

World Bank-26923

Annex 8 Figure 2

Composition of Each Unit and Area Under Its Jurisdiction for the lnlgation Service

PROJECT

>Z.MO.MO h a

REGION l

+m.m h a

NUMBER OF TAKEOFFS

EACH (4 Reg~ons)

Dist. Dirt. ( 5 Districts)

DISTRICT 4

+z5,m h a

BLOCK a

r5.000 n o

SERVlCE AREA 4

=m ha

World Bank-2691 7

(10 c h o k s mch w ~ t h 1 5 subchaksof 210 h a )

Ck

Ck

t

Ck

Ck

Ck

Ck

Ck

Ck

Ck

Ck

Annex. 8 F i g u r e 3

E? -7 0 0' = 2 a .- (Y a 68 (Y

a 2 '"d

2 2 52 O a z '" .;: 0 P

Annex 8 Figure 4

SARDAQ SAROVAR PROJECT - GUJARAT Unes of Communications Farmer and Agency Units

A G € W UNITS . Connol Aumonv

Notes (1) hostant D!rrncr MoncQer - Malnrance & 31m~

faeman meerlngsu~ll be rlmllar to+OM - Omfoflons & Cam1 o w o r a

(2 ) kepuehy of meerlngr notea cre mlnlmurn wtm O d d ~ O ~ n a l as n r e w r v l a enecrw3 - lm¶.

Example Position Qualifications and Typical Sequence of Advancement

POSITION - QUALIFICATIONS

Labocer Unskilled - Unhalned

t La~orerISmall Equipment Operator Skilled wlth Cimlted Educat10n

& Tralnlng

Ca;lal Operator Soeclallzed Tralnlna & Further

District h lstant Watermaster - Operations

District h lstant Watemwster - / Maintance & Const~ction

Divls~an Management & EPBU

Reglono1 Management & EPBU

Project Management

Speclollzed Traln~ng & Fvrther Education

S-~al~zed Traln~ng & Further Education

S-~alized Training & Fvrtner Education

Spxlalized Tralnlng. Higher Education. & Experience

Spec~alized Tralnlng. H~gher Education. & Exwrlence

Annex 8 Figure 5

Higher Education h Extensive Experience

Hlgner Educaton h FWenslve Exwr~encs

Higher Education & Extenswe Experience

Note: Management stcff at distnct & divisional level rnw achance to higher apprcpnate positions In cny un~t

World Punk-26921

Annex 9

NAWDA R I V E R DEVELOPPaNT - GUJARAT

S a r d a r S a r o v a r Dam and Power Complex

Tab le of Con ten t s

I . I n t r o d u c t i o n H i s t o r i c P e r s p e c t i v e

11. The Dam and Power Complex

111. Flood Hyaro logy S t u d i e s

I V . Dam S p i l l w a y and O u t l e t h o r k s Design of t h e Dam, S p i l l w a y , and O u t l e t Works

V . A n c i l l a r y Works

V I . Hyaropower Component Economic J u s t i f i c a t i o n of Power Component Hydropower F a c i l i t i e s Layout and Des ign Ownership and F i n a n c i a l Arrangements R e l a t i n g t o Power F a c i l i t i e s

V I I . O p e r a t i o n and Main tenance ,

VIII. Implemen ta t ion

I X . P r o j e c t P r e p a r a t i o n and A p p r a i s a l

Flood Hyarology S t u d i e s f o r S a r a a r Sa rova r Dam and R e s e r v o i r

T a b l e s

S i m u l s t e d F lood Peaks by Bas in Compara t ive Summary of Routed Flood Peaks E s t i m a t e d Overbank Flow S t o r a g e Volumes PMF I n f l o w Flood Bydrographs , S a r d a r Sa rova r Uamsite f o r Storms A and 6

(K inema t i c R o u t i n g ) PllF Outf low Flood Hydrographs a t S a r d a r S a r o v a r Damsite f o r Storms

A and B (K inema t i c Kou t ing ) 1000-Year F lood Hyarograph a t S a r d a r S a r o v a r Gamsi te

(K inema t i c R o u t i n g ) A l l I n d i a - Energy G e n e r a t i o n , S a l e ana P a t t e r n of Energy Consumption P r o j e c t i o n s of Energy Requirement and Peak Demand on U t i l i t y Systems - A l l Ind i t i Western Region - Energy G e n e r a t i o n , S a l e , and P a t t e r n of Energy Consumption

1 7 . l b . 19.

Western Region - I n s t a l l e d Capacity a s of March 31, 1983 Western Regional E l e c t r i c i t y Boards - haximum Power and t h e T o t a l Energy

Transmit ted Over t h e Inter-StateIInter-Regional Lines Uuring 1962-83 Western Region - Power Supply P a s t and P r e s e n t Western Region - Commissioning Program of Ongoing Schemes k e s t e r n Region - New Schemes t o be Corumissionea During 1485-95 Leas t Cost Power System Expansion P lan f o r Western Region: Sa rdar

Sarovar Hydropower P r o j e c t v e r s u s Thermal A l t e r n a t i v e Comparison of P r o j e c t i o n s of Energy Genera t ion Power S i z i n g S t u d i e s

v s . Appra i sa l Es t ima tes Energy Generat ion a t Canal and Riverbea Powerhouses . . System Cost w i t h A l t e r n a t i v e RBPh C a p a c i t i e s System Cost w i t h A l t e r n a t i v e CHPH C a p a c i t i e s

F igures

1. Probable Maximum Flood of Narmada River a t S a r a a r Sarovar Rese rvo i r 2 . Typica l P a t t e r n of Bimonthly Main Canal Divers ions 3 . Average Dai ly Load Durat ion Curve f o r Plarch 1943 4 . Average Dai ly Load Durat ion Curve f o r March 1944

ANNEX 9 Page 1

NARMADA R I V E R DEVELOPMENT - GUJARAT

SARDAR SAROVAR DAM AND POWER COMPLEX

I. I n t r o d u c t i o n

1 .01 Gene ra l . The S a r d a r S a r o v a r D a m i s l o c a t e d a t t h e l a s t p o s s i b l e p h y s i c a l s i t e i n t h e lower Narmada R i v e r b a s i n t h a t can p r o v i d e r e s e r v o i r s t o r a g e and h y d r a u l i c p o t e n t i a l f o r t h e c r e a t i o n of .one of t h e wor ld ' s l a r g e s t i r r i g a t i o n and M & I w a t e r supp ly p r o j e c t s and f o r l a r g e s c a l e produc- t i o n of h y d r o e l e c t r i c power. T o g e t h e r , t h o s e f e a t u r e s make up t h e Narmada R i v e r Development (NRD) o r t h e S a r d a r S a r o v a r P r o j e c t (SSP) i n t h e s t a t e of G u j a r a t . F u l l d e s c r i p t i o n s of o t h e r Narmada Bas in w a t e r r e s o u r c e p r o j e c t p o t e n t i a l s , and d e f i n i t i o n of t h e SSP, t h e proposed c r e d i t o p e r a t i o n s , r e l a t e d p l a n n i n g , d e s i g n , c o n s t r u c t i o n , and o p e r a t i n g c r i t e r i o n , a s w e l l a s economic and f i n a n c i a l j u s t i f i c a t i o n s , a r e found i n SAR Nos. 5107-IN and 5108-IN and annexes 1 th rough 10 of t h i s Supplementary Data Volume (SDV).

1 .02 Narmada G u j a r a t P r o j e c t F e a t u r e s . The SSP w i l l s e r v e t h e p r imary f u n c t i o n s of i r r i g a t i o n , hydropower g e n e r a t i o n and domes t i c and i n d u s t r i a l

. w a t e r s u p p l y . The s t a t ew ' ide b r e a d t h and l a y o u t of p r i n c i p a l p r o j e c t f e a t u r e s a r e shown i n map IBRD 17691 (SAR 5107-IN). The dam and r e l a t e d f e a t u r e s w i l l be l o c a t e d n e a r Navagam v i l l a g e abou t 95 k i l o m e t e r s ups t ream from t h e Gulf of Cambay a s shown i n map I B R D 176 2. The s t r u c t u r e w i l l c r e a t e a r e s e r v o i r w i t h a c t i v e s t o r a g e of 5 ,800 Mm (4 .72 MAF) t h a t w i l l ex t end abou t 210 km up t h e Narmada v a l l e y and w i l l submerge an a r e a of 37,000 ha a t FRL. The p r o j e c t w i l l c r e a t e a n e t CCA f o r i r r i g a t i o n of abou t 1 . 9 M ha w i t h i n G u j a r a t . The power f a c i l i t i e s , s e r v i n g G u j a r a t , MP, and Maharash t r a , w i l l have a t o t a l i n s t a l l e d c a p a c i t y of 1450 MW. The c a n a l sys tem w i l l convey Ra ja s than ' s s h a r e of Narmada w a t e r t o t h e S t a t e b o r d e r and d i s t r i b u t e a b o u t 1 , 3 0 0 Mm3 of M & I w a t e r w i t h i n G u j a r a t . B e n e f i t s of t h e SSP w i l l be s h a r e d by t h e s t a t e s of Madhya P r a d e s h (MP), Maha rash t r a , and G u j a r a t t h rough which t h e Narmada f lows on i t s c o u r s e t o t h e s e a and by t h e d e s e r t s t a t e of R a j a s t h a n l y i n g a b o u t 440 km t o t h e n o r t h .

H i s t o r i c P e r s p e c t i v e

1 .03 Narmada Water D i s p u t e s - T r i b u n a l (NWDT) . Fo l lowing commencement of i n v e s t i g a t i o n s of Narmada R i v e r sys tem i n 1946, numerous m u l t i p u r p o s e development p l a n s were proposed i n v o l v i n g i r r i g a t i o n , f l o o d c o n t r o l , hydropower, and n a v i g a t i o n . D e c i s i o n s f o r i n s t i g a t i n g development were compl i ca t ed and d e l a y e d by t h e r e f o r m u l a t i o n of s t a t e b o u n d a r i e s and a d m i n i s t r a t i o n s and i n d e b a t i n g s t a t e s e l f - i n t e r e s t s , when i t became c l e a r t h e r e s e r v o i r would l i e w i t h i n t h e t h r e e s t a t e s of G u j a r a t , MP, and

ANhEX 9 Page 2

Maha rash t r a . The Koshla committee was formed t o p ropose a r e s o l u t i o n of t h e i s s u e s , bu t i t s recommended h i g h dam w i t h a FRL of 152 .4 m was u n a c c e p t a b l e o u t s i d e G u j a r a t . T h i s was ma in ly due t o competing i n t e r e s t s i n a v a i l a b l e a l t e r n a t i v e s f o r hydropower-s i te development i n t h e lower b a s i n . I n 1369, a f t e r s e v e r a l y e a r s and many a t t e m p t s a t r e c o n c i l i a t i o n , t h e NWDT was a p p o i n t e d . I t s d e c i s i o n s were f i n a l l y o r d e r e d i n December 1974 e s t a b l i s h i n g t h e s a l i e n t f e a t u r e s of t h e p r o j e c t . P r i n c i p a l l i m i t s i s s u e d by t h e hWDT on t h e d e s i g n of f e a t u r e s of t h e p r o j e c t were a s f o l l o w s :

( a ) F u l l s u p p l y l e v e l (FSL) of t h e main c a n a l a t t h e head r e g u l a t o r was f i x e d a t EL 91.44 m; and

( b ) F u l l r e s e r v o i r (FRL) and maximum w a t e r l e v e l s (EIWL) i n t h e r e s e r v o i r were f i x e d a t EL 138.68 and 140.21 m , r e s p e c t i v e l y .

I . The Dam and Power Complex

2.U1 P h y s i c a l F e a t u r e s . The dam complex ( s e e map IBRD 17692) i n c l u d e s s a l i e n t f e a t u r e s l i s t e d on' t a b l e 2 , SAR 5107-IN. A b r i e f d e s c r i p t i o n of p h y s i c a l f a c i l i t i e s f o l l o w :

. ( a ) A 124 m h igh by 1 ,219 m long c o n c r e t e g r a v i t y dam w i t h a l a r g e g a t e d s p i l l w a y t h a t p r o v i d e s t h e headworks f o r an underground powerhouse i n t h e r i g h t abutment a t r i v e r b e d ;

( b ) A RBPH, which i s underground i n t h e r i g h t abutment of t h e main dam, equipped w i t h 6 r e v e r s i b l e t u r b i n e - g e n e r a t o r u n i t s , e a c h w i t h an i n s t a l l e d c a p a c i t y of 200 MW --the proposed pump-back o p e r a t i o n h a s a g e n e r a t i n g c y c l e of 5 h o u r s and a pumping c y c l e of 7 h o u r s ;

( c ) A c o n c r e t e w e i r (Garudeshwar Weir ) i i t t e d w i t h g a t e s , a b o u t l b hi downstream of t h e main dam t h a t w i l l p r o v i d e t h e s h o r t - t e r m s t o r a g e r e q u i r e d f o r t h e pump-back o p e r a t i o n ;

( d ) A CHPH w i t h i t s heaaworks i n c o r p o r a t e d i n a c o n c r e t e masonry s a a d l e dam (Vadgam S a d d l e Dam)--the i n s t a l l e d c a p a c i t y of t h e power s t a t i o n i s 250 MW o r f i ve -50 MW c o n v e n t i o n a l t u r b i n e - g e n e r a t o r u n i t s ;

( e ) An i r r i g a t i o n bypass t u n n e l t h a t i n c l u d e s two p a r a l l e l 6 .0 m a i a m e t e r t u b e s t h a t w i l l s u p p l y i r r i g a t i o n r e q u i r e m e n t s i n t h e e v e n t t h e CHPH i s n o t o p e r a t i n g ; and

( f ) Four s m a l l r o c k f i l l dams t h a t form f o u r s m a l l r e s e r v o i r s (ponds ) between t h e CHPH and t h e aownstream headworks t o t h e i r r i g a t i o n cana l - - these ponds a r e i n t e r c o n n e c t e a by open c h a n n e l s and w i l l p r o v i d e b a l a n c i n g s t o r a g e between t h e CBPH d i s c h a r g e s ana i r r i g a t i o n r e l e a s e s i n t o t h e 440 km l ong , 1133 cumec main c a n a l .

2 .02 Damsite Topography. The S a r d a r S a r o v a r dam and r e s e r v o i r w i l l be t h e t e r m i n a l s t o r a g e f a c i l i t y f o r t h e development of t h e harmaaa R i v e r r e s o u r c e s ;

ANNEX 9 Page 3

t h u s , t h e most s u i t a b l e s i t e was t h e deeply i n c i s e d v a l l e y i n t h e l a s t h i l l y range through which t h e r i v e r t r a v e r s e s l o c a t e d some 95 km upstream of t h e r i v e r ' s o u t l e t i n t o t h e Gulf of Cambay. The topography a t t h e damsi te i s ve ry rugged and h i l l y wi th many sharp r i d g e s formed by deep t r i b u t a r y n a l l a s t h a t l i e t r a n s v e r s e t o t h e r i v e r ' s w e s t e r l y course . '

2.03 Regional Geology. Cretaceous t o Eocene l ava f lows spread over India ' s wes te rn and s o u t h - c e n t r a l c r e t a c e o u s sedimentary sequence known a s t h e Bagh S e r i e s , which a r e predominantly l imestone and sandstone. The flows a r e h o r i z o n t a l and form a prominent p l a t e a u which e x h i b i t s weather ing. Th i s i s c a l l e d t h e Deccan Trap fo rmat ion . I n many c a s e s i n d i v i d u a l f lows a r e s e p a r a t e d by weak l a y e r s of agglomerate o r a c l a y r e f e r r e d t o a s "Red Bole," a f a c t t h a t i n f l u e n c e s eng ineer ing requirements of t h e Sardar Sarovar dam- s i t e .

2.04 The Basin. The r e s e r v o i r , formed by c o n s t r u c t i o n of Sardar Sarovar Da w i l l c r e a t e a 210 km long r e s e r v o i r w i t h a g r o s s s t o r a g e of about 9 , 5 0 9 Mm . The b a s i n watershed a r e a above t h e damsi te c o n t a i n s about 89,300 km . It i s about 850 km long and 105 km wide. The r i v e r f lows westward i n t o t h e Arabian Sea through a long, narrow bas in - t h a t was-~d'vided f o r hydrologic ' $ a n a l y s i s i n t o 21 s u b b a s i n s , averaging about 4500 km i n s i z e . The t o t a l b a s i n from e a s t t o west comprises f o u r geomorphological provinces c a l l e d : upper h i l l s , upper p l a i n s , middle p l a i n , and lower h i l l s . The Narmada River flows i n a deep gorge i n t h e upper h i l l s and then meanders a t r e l a t i v e l y mild s l o p e s through t h e wide upper p l a i n where t h e wa te r can spread o u t over a l a r g e a r e a dur ing major f l o o d s . The r i v e r then f lows , w i t h l i t t l e pos- s i b i l i t y of overf low, even dur ing a PMF, through a s t e e p l y s l o p i n g canyon and then t r a v e r s e s t h e middle p l a i n and con t inues through a deeper canyon i n t o and through t h e lower h i l l s t o t h e damsi te . The t r i b u t a r i e s from t h e nor th- s i d e a r e r e l a t i v e l y s h o r t e r and s t e e p e r , d r a i n i n g s m a l l e r subbas ins than those e n t e r i n g from t h e sou th . The land use i s p r i m a r i l y a g r i c u l t u r a l . Fores ted a r e a s were e x t e n s i v e 50 y e a r s ago, bu t now appear q u i t e s p a r s e o v e r a l l . The h i l l s a r e r e l a t i v e l y low and r o l l i n g , r each ing e l e v a t i o n s above 1000 m i n on ly l i m i t e d a r e a s a long t h e n o r t h and sou th borders of t h e ca tch- men t . 2.06 Basin ~limate/Rainfall/Runoff. The c l i m a t e of t h e b a s i n i s humid and t r o p i c a l wi th t empera tu res t h a t have ranged between 4 3 ' ~ and 7 ' ~ . Basin r a i n f a l l d a t a i s a v a i l a b l e from 1891 a t which t ime 21 rain-gauge s t a t i o n s were i n o p e r a t i o n and by 1974 t h i s had inc reased t o 108 s t a t i o n s . Regular hydro log ic gauging i n t h e Narmada River commenced i n 1942, but i t was no t u n t i l 1948 t h a t s i g n i f i c a n t hydrographic record ing was e s t a b l i s h e d . There a r e now n i n e gauging s t a t i o n s o p e r a t i n g on t h e Narmada River and an addi- t i o n a l 19 o p e r a t i n g on i t s t r i b u t a r i e s . Runoff a t t h e gauge a t Garudeshwar, about 14 km below t h e dams i te , has been recorded f o r 33 y e a r s from 1950. The r a i n f a l l and runof f r e c o r d s have been c o r r e l a t e d t o e s t i m a t e runof f f o r t h e pe r iod p r i o r t o 1948. The es t ima ted mean annual r a i n f a l l of t h e catchment i s 1 ,214 mm and v a r i e s from about 500 mm t o 2500 mm, g e n e r a l l y dec reas ing a long t h e r i v e r i n t h e downstream d i r e c t i o n . Of t h e t o t a l , 60% f a l l s i n J u l y and August and over 90% f a l l s dur ing t h e June t o October monsoon. From a r e c e n t s t a t i s t i c a l a n a l y s i s t h e f requency d i s t r i b u t i o n of e s t ima ted runoff a t Garudeshwar f o r t h e pe r iod 1925-1978 (ca endar y e a r s ) , t h e mean annual runoff 3 a t t h e damsite i s e s t ima ted a t 45,000 Mm and t h e 75% dependable runoff i s

ANNEX 9 Page 4

3 es t ima ted a t 35,200 Mm . This compares wi th t h e NWDT's e s t i m a t e of 75% 3 dependable runoff gf 33,570 Mm upon which i t based i t s award of " u t i l i z a b l e

flow" of 34,500 Mm . U t i l i z a b l e f low was determined t o be t h e observed n a t u r a l f low a t Garudeshwar gauge from 1948-70 and t h e h i n d c a s t s e r i e s of r a i n f a l l / r u n o f f from 1891-1948 p l u s ca r ryover s t o r a g e p l u s r e t u r n f lows minus r e s e r v o i r evapora t ion . I n t h e d r i e s t months of t h e yea r (March t o May), t h e d i s c h a r g e a t t h e damsi te f a l l s t o about 30 cumecs. Monsoon flows exceeding 2,000 cumecs a r e exper ienced f o r extended p e r i o d s , and t h e annual maximum u s u a l l y exceeds 20,000 cumecs. Since 1967, f lood d i s c h a r g e s have exceeded 48,000 cumecs on f i v e o c c a s i o n s , w i t h a maximum e s t i m a t e d a t 69,000 cumecs i n 1970. The l a r g e r monsoon storms t h a t r e s u l t i n t h e major f l o o d s , because of g r e a t e r an teceden t m o i s t u r e , tend t o occur i n t h e l a t t e r p a r t of t h e monsoon season. The major storms g e n e r a l l y move westward from t h e Bay of Bengal toward t h e Arabian Sea, c r e a t i n g t h e l a r g e s t f lows by moving on a pa th p a r a l - l e l t o o r a l i t t l e n o r t h of t h e r i v e r a t a r a t e approximate ly equa l t o t h e r i v e r ' s v e l o c i t y . Also , a s i t n e a r s t h e Arabian Sea , t h e storm may p ick up new mois tu re from t h a t source . Maximum recorded d a i l y p r e c i p i t a t i o n e v e n t s i n t h i s a r e a a r e among t h e h i g h e s t i n t h e world.

111. Flood Hydrolony S t u d i e s

3.01 General . The f lood hydrology of t h e Narmada River was comprehen- s i v e l y s t u d i e d dur ing p r e p a r a t i o n f o r t h e Sardar Sarovar Dam and Rese rvo i r s i t e t o : ( a ) e s t a b l i s h a probable maximum f lood (PMF) f o r o b t a i n i n g t h e maximum c a p a c i t y of t h e sp i l lway and v e r i f y i n g t h e top of dam e l e v a t i o n needed t o ensure s a f e t y a g a i n s t over topping and p o s s i b l e dam f a i l u r e which would l i k e l y r e s u l t i n l o s s of l i f e ; and ( b ) e s t a b l i s h a "1000-year f lood" a s a b a s i s f o r checking t h e d e s i g n s p i l l w a y c r e s t ( e l e v a t i o n and l e n g t h ) f o r compliance wi th t h e maximum water l e v e l (MWL) pe rmi t t ed by t h e d e c i s i o n of t h e NWDT. The d a t a , models, and methodologies developed f o r t h e s e f l o o d s t u d i e s w i l l a l s o g r e a t l y f a c i l i t a t e des ign f l o o d de te rmina t ions f o r t h e many proposed dams and sp i l lways being considered upstream and provide a b a s i s f o r o t h e r basinwide wa te r r e s o u r c e planning s t u d i e s and r i v e r system o p e r a t i o n s . The s t u d i e s have a l r e a d y produced t h e b e s t and most a c c e s s i b l e p h y s i c a l , c l i m a t o l o g i c a l , and hydrometeorological d a t a bank a v a i l a b l e f o r f u t u r e use i n hydro log ic modeling of t h e b a s i n . Because of t h e importance of t h e f lood s t u d i e s , Appendix A i s added t o t h i s annex t o f u l l y r ecord t h e even t s l e a d i n g t o f i n a l i z a t i o n of t h e f lood a n a l y s e s . Moreover, t h e purpose of Appendix A i s t o p rov ide an overview of f lood s t u d i e s completed through t h e end of 1983, a s s e s s t h e i r s t r e n g t h s and weaknesses, and d e s c r i b e how t h e work done l a y s a founda t ion f o r basinwide water r e s o u r c e planning f o r t h e f u t u r e .

3.02 P r i o r t o 1979, t h e d e t e r m i n a t i o n of f l o o d s f o r des ign purposes i n I n d i a was p r i m a r i l y based on f lood f requency s t u d i e s , but a f t e r 1979, s t u d i e s included hydrometeorological a n a l y s e s . Because of t h e unusua l ly l a r g e meteoro log ica l and p h y s i c a l p o t e n t i a l f o r r ecord f lood ing i n t h e Narmada v a l l e y , t h e de te rmina t ion of t h e PMF has been i n t e n s i v e l y pursued by t h e NPDDC, DRP, CWPRS, and t h e IMD. I n a d d i t i o n , s e v e r a l e x p e r t s i n t h e f i e l d of f lood hydrology and meteorology were r e t a i n e d t o a d v i s e on t h e m a t t e r . There - i s now g e n e r a l agreement on t h e c o n d i t i o n s t h a t produce t h e t h e o r e t i c a l probable maximum p r e c i p i t a t i o n (PMP) from which t h e PMF has been d e r i v e d by CWPRS .

ANNEX 9 Page 5

3 .03 Fol lowing numerous s t u d i e s w i t h v a r i o u s r e s u l t s by s t a t e and c e n t r a l a u t h o r i t i e s , 1/ an approach u t i l i z i n g an improved d a t a b a s e , computer modell- i n g o f f l o o d v a l u e s , and f l o o d r o u t i n g p rocedures was chosen . It was dec ided

s t h a t a s a t i s f a c t o r y s o l u t i o n , u s i n g a computer based s i m u l a t i o n model a s a means of a n a l y z i n g r a i n f a l l / r u n o f f r e l a t i o n s h i p s i n d e t e r m i n i n g t h e PMF, would have be t o suppor t ed by i n t e n s i v e i n t e r - s t a t e and G O 1 e f f o r t s i n assem- b l i n g t h e b e s t a v a i l a b l e d a t a b a s e s . The s e l e c t e d model i s t h e Kentucky

. . v e r s i o n of t h e S t a n f o r d Watershed Model w i t h c a l i b r a t i o n by OPSET, a model having c a p a b i l i t y t o a s s i s t t h e s e l e c t i o n of t h e p r i n c i p a l h y d r o l o g i c pa rame te r s used i n d e t e r m i n i n g t h e PMF i n f l o w hydrograph. An in t e r - agency d a t a c o l l e c t i o n and e v a l u a t i o n e f f o r t was s u c c e s s f u l e n a b l i n g e s t a b l i s h m e n t

.a of r e a l i s t i c r a i n f a l l l r u n o f f r e l a t i o n s h i p s , f o r 21 s i m u l a t e d s u b b a s i n s t h a t f e e d t h e S a r d a r Sa rova r r e s e r v o i r . I n a d d i t i o n , s i x f l o o d r o u t i n g s i t u a t i o n s were encoun te red a l l of which had v a r y i n g i m p l i c a t i o n s a s t o t h e amount of b a s i n s t o r a g e a v a i l a b l e w i t h i n b a s i n r e s e r v o i r s and a s a r e s u l t of channe l s t o r a g e , i n c l u d i n g overbank f low. 2/

3 .04 Design Storms f o r P r o b a b l e Maximum P r e c i p i t a t i o n (PMP) . Fol lowing an e x t e n s i v e s e a r c h of a v a i l a b l e s e v e r e s to rm d a t a w i t h which t o e ' s t a b l i s h t h e PMP, t h r e e s to rms were de t e rmined t o be c r i t i c a l i n g e n e r a t i n g maximum prob- a b l e r u n o f f i n t h e b a s i n . They were examined by s y n t h e s i z i n g s u b b a s i n r u n o f f and combining them i n t o mainstem f l o o d hydrographs . It was dec ided t o simu- l a t e r u n o f f from a l l t h r e e s to rms and r o u t e t h o s e f lows th rough S a r d a r Sa rova r R e s e r v o i r t o o b t a i n t h e l a r g e s t o u t f l o w f o r s p i l l w a y d e s i g n and dam s a f e t y pu rposes . A l l t h r e e s to rms were p l a c e d between August 28 and Septem- b e r 1, 1983, f o r pu rposes of e s t a b l i s h i n g a n t e c e d e n t and subsequent condi- t i o n s . These s to rms were:

( a ) Storm A - The J u l y 1927 s to rm t r a n s f e r r e d , downstream p r o g r e s s e d , and maximized by a f a c t o r o f 1 .13 ;

( b ) Storm B - The August 28-30, 1973, s to rm fo l lowed immedia te ly by t h e September 5-6, 1970, s to rm and b o t h m u l t i p l i e d by a f a c t o r of 1 . 5 9 , which was used t o o b t a i n t h e same r a i n f a l l volume a s t h e s to rm i n ( a ) above ;

11 Flood s t u d i e s and r e s u l t s a r e a l s o summarized i n a r e p o r t t i t l e d "Summary ' - and Updated Note o f Flood S t u d i e s f o r Sa rda r Sa rova r" A p r i l 1982 by G O G , I r r i g a t i o n Depar tment , Narmada P r o j e c t Dam Designs C i r c l e , Vadodara (Mainta ined i n t h e p r o j e c t f i l e ) and Appendix A .

21 D e t a i l e d d e s c r i p t i o n s of t h e f l o o d and r o u t i n g a n a l y s e s i n c l u d i n g d a t a - and c r i t e r i a u s e d , me thodo log ie s and r a t i o n a l e a p p l i e d a s w e l l a s r e s u l t s a r e r e p o r t e d i n "Report t o t h e World Bank on S a r d a r Sarovar Flood Hydrol- ogy, December 1983 by L . Douglas James, Hydrologic C o n s u l t a n t . T h i s r e p o r t a s w e l l a s a l l o t h e r m i s s i o n r e p o r t s on f l o o d hydrology by D r . James a r e ma in ta ined i n t h e p r o j e c t f i l e s f o r r e f e r e n c e of i n t e r e s t e d p a r t i e s .

ANNEX 9 Page 6

( c ) Storm C - A h i g h l y i n t e n s i v e 1926 s to rm l i m i t e d i n scope t o t h e two uppermost s u b b a s i n s combined w i t h t h e J u l y 27 s t o r m t r a n s p o s e d o v e r t h e lower 1 8 s u b b a s i n s w i t h m o i s t u r e max imiza t ion f a c t o r s of 1 . 3 5 and 1 .13 a p p l i e d r e s p e c t i v e l y , b u t , s e p a r a t e d by a n i n t e r v a l of two d r y days ( a 2-day i n t e r v a l was s e l e c t e d a s t h e minimum i n t e r v a l p o s s i b l e from a m e t e o r o l o g i c a l v i e w p o i n t ) .

Hydrographs were deve loped f o r t h e s u b b a s i n and combined f o r s t o m s A and B and r o u t e d down t h e Narmada w i t h r e s u l t s t h a t were a p p r o x i m a t e l y of t h e same magni tude a s o b t a i n e d by t h e GOG w i t h i t s v a r i a t i o n of t h e Hydro log ic E n g i n e e r i n g Cen te r (HEC) l-/ Model. I n view of t h e f a c t t h a t GOG e s t i m a t e d a

. f l o o d peak 15% lower f o r s t o r m C u s ing a h i g h e r (1 .35 ) max imiza t ion f a c t o r w i t h no t ime s e p a r a t i o n between t h e upper and lower b a s i n s to rms and 33% lower w i t h a 2-day s e p a r a t i o n and t h a t D r . Dhar 2/ recommends a s m a l l e r max imiza t ion f a c t o r and l o n g e r s e p a r a t i o n , no f u r t h e r h y d r o l o g i c e v a l u a t i o n was made of s t o m C. S i m i l a r l y , o t h e r s to rms proposed f o r e a r l i e r c o n s i d e r a - t i o n were e l i m i n a t e d from t h e l i s t of c r i t i c a l p o t e n t i a l s .

3 .05 The P r o b a b l e Maximum F lood . The PMF d e s c r i b e d i n p a r a 3.08 i s recommended f o r u se i n d e s i g n i n g a s a f e s p i l l w a y . 'The PMF i s based on a 7 - s t ep app roach and a s s o c i a t e d c r i t e r i a a s summarized below:

( a ) A PMP d e r i v e d from t h e J u l y 1927 s to rm t r a n s p o s e d , downstream p r o g r e s s e d and maximized by a f a c t o r of 1 .13 ; .

( b ) An.tecedent f l ow c o h d i t i o n s a s e x i s t e d i n t h e Narmada B a s i n on August 27, 1983;

( c ) A p p l i c a t i o n of OPSET, g e n e r a l l y t o 2 o r 3 c o n s e c u t i v e y e a r s , t o c a l i b r a t e t h e Kentucky Watershed Model f o r 1 5 gauged subwa te r sheds ;

( d l Approximat ion of pa rame te r v a l u e s t o e s t i m a t e r u n o f f from ungauged a r e a s by t a k i n g t h o s e f o r a d j a c e n t , h y d r o l o g i c a l l y s i m i l a r ca t chmen t s ;

( e l Cont inuous s i m u l a t i o n of r u n o f f w i t h t h e c a l i b r a t e d Kentucky Watershed Model f o r 1973, w i t h t h e J u l y 1927, s t o r m i n t e r p o s e d o v e r t h e 5-day p e r i o d f rom August 28 th rough September 1, f o r t h e 21 s u b b a s i n s i n t o which t h e t o t a l b a s i n was s u b d i v i d e d by t h e Government of G u j a r a t ;

1/ Hydro log ic E n g i n e e r i n g C e n t e r , U.S. Corps of E n g i n e e r s , Dav i s , CA., USA. -

2/ A s e a r c h of d a t a performed by D r . 0. N . Dhar , I n d i a n I n s t i t u t e of T rop i - - c a l Meteoro logy, Puna on September 1983 r e s u l t e d i n a minimum s e p a r a t i o n of a b o u t 4 days f o r s to rms of t h i s magni tude .

ANNEX 9 Page 7

(f) Combination of subbasin hydrographs by kinematic channel routing, with provision for the dynamic effects of overbank storage, through four types of reaches on the mainstem Narmada from Jamtara to Garudeshwar; and

0

(g) storage routing through the Sardar Sarovar Reservoir.

3.06 A number of supplemental studies were completed in selecting the - . critical combinations of conditions for formulating the above 7-step proce-

dure. Background for selection of the critical conditions which correspond to the seven sequential steps in para 3.05 follow:

(a) The design PMF for the spillway should be based on the probable combination of conditions generating the largest outflow from the reservoir. Since the various storms to be considered fall in various spatial and time patterns over the basin, tests and comparisons were made of storms that would provide the higher PMP and runoff values. The critical volume proved to be that for the July 1927 storm tran- sposed, downstream progressed, and maximized by a factor of 1.13 as quantified by the Government of Gujarat (GOG) with the assistance of a consult'ing meteorologist.l/ A flow simulation was also done for a combined 1973-70 storm, then multiplied by 1.59 to guarantee the same volume as the 1927 storm, in order to examine the sensitivity to the spatial and temporal rainfall patterns that actually occurred. The simulated flows from the latter storm were slightly smaller and thus not used.

(b) Since the initial simulations were based on the 1973 storm, it was reasonable to use 1973 antecedent conditions as a starting point for generating flows from that storm. The antecedent conditions on August 27, 1973, were in fact quite wet in the upper Narmada Basin and progressively less extreme as one travelled westward in the basin. Overall, the baseflows and antecedent soil moisture levels throughout the basin represented a reasonably wet condition for use for this purpose. They, in fact, represent realistic measured conditions at an actual point in time after which a PMP event could occur. Thereby the flow magnitudes in the Narmada upper basin on midnight August 27, 1973, were examined and found to be of the same order of magnitude as baseflow conditions that would exist 5 days after a 25-year flood. This matches Indian practice for estimating PMF, but it is also recommended that this criterion be translated into a form amenable to application with continuous flow records.

(c) The OPSET calibrations which were performed proved reasonable in terms of comparison of hydrologic parameter values among subbasins, matching of simulated against recorded annual flow volumes and annual

1/ Mr. J. T. Riedel, hydrometeorology consultant and former chief of the - hydrometeorological branch of the U.S. Weather Bureau. All mission reports of Mr. Riedel ertinent to the Sardar Sarovar flood studies are maintained in the project files.

ANNEX 9 Page 8

f l o o d peaks by gauged s u b b a s i n , and matching of s imula ted w i t h recorded f l o o d hydrographs f o r s e l e c t e d s torms on t h e Narmada mainstem i t s e l f . An a l t e r n a t e model was programmed and c a l i b r a t e d t o s i m u l a t e subbas in f lows u s i n g d i f f e r e n t r a i n f a l l s f o r subbas in por- t i o n s r e p r e s e n t e d by d i f f e r e n t o r d i n a r y ( s t o r a g e ) r a i n gauges . A f t e r t e s t i n g t o compare r e s u l t s w i t h t h e two methods, t h i s e x t r a r e f i n e - ment became unnecessary because t h e f lows s imula ted w i t h t h e c a l i b r a t e d model were about t h e same o r a l i t t l e lower and more t ime and expense would be r e q u i r e d . T h e o r e t i c a l j u s t i f i c a t i o n s f o r u s i n g t h e s imple r model a r e t h a t t h e d i v i s i o n of t h e t o t a l Narmada b a s i n i n t o 21 subbas ins p rov ides enough temporal and s p a t i a l d i v e r s i t y f o r t h e modeling f o r a catchment of i t s s i z e and t h e PMP even t t e n d s t o be a g e n e r a l s torm r a t h e r t h a n being composed of l o c a l l y i n t e n s e b u r s t s of r a i n f a l l . S imula ted and recorded f lows matched w e l l i n t h e y e a r s used f o r c a l i b r a t i o n , and v a l i d a t i o n of t h e c a l i b r a t i o n by comparing s imula ted w i t h r ecorded f lows f o r two d i f f e r e n t y e a r s on t h e mainstem of t h e Narmada River a l s o gave good r e s u l t s .

( d ) Each subbas in c o n t a i n s some a r e a between i t s gauge s i t e and t h e conf luence of t h e gauged r i v e r w i t h t h e Narmada- and a l s o c o n t a i n s p o r t i o n s t h a t d r a i n d i r e c t l y i n t o t h e Narmada r a t h e r t h a n i n t o t h e t r i b u t a r y r i v e r . Two subbas ins had a s h o r t p e r i o d of gauged stream- f low, bu t t h e - r e c o r d proved u n s a t i s f a c t o r y f o r c a l i b r a t i o n . Four ,

subbas ins had no gauged s t r eams a t a l l . For t h e p a r t i a l l y gauged s u b b a s i n s , t h e parameter v a l u e s e s t a b l i s h e d f o r t h e gauged p o r t i o n were assumed t o app ly t o t h e e n t i r e a r e a . For t h e subbas ins t h a t were ungauged o r could n o t be s a t i s f a c t o r i l y c a l i b r a t e d , t h e parameter v a l u e s were t aken from a d j a c e n t , h y d r o l o g i c a l l y s i m i l a r b a s i n s . S i m i l a r i t y was based on r e g i o n a l homogeneity i n parameter v a l u e s f o r t h e l a r g e r t r i b u t a r i e s . A more d e t a i l e d e f f o r t t o c a l i b r a t e t h e smal l catchments d r a i n i n g d i r e c t l y i n t o t h e Narmada River was no t cons ide red s i g n i f i c a n t i n view of t h e absence of gauged r e c o r d s and t h e f a c t t h a t l o c a l runoff from t h e Narmada f l o o d p l a i n i s a sma l l p o r t i o n of t h e t o t a l .

( e ) A problem t h a t had t o be overcome i n app ly ing t h e c a l i b r a t e d model t o e s t i m a t e f lows f o r t h e v a l i d a t i o n y e a r s of 1973 and 1977 was t h a t of a r e a l gaps i n t h e gauged p r e c i p i t a t i o n r e c o r d . Some b a s i n s were poor ly r e p r e s e n t e d by o r d i n a r y ( s t o r a g e ) gauges , and o t h e r s were a t some d i s t a n c e from t h e n e a r e s t r ecord ing r a i n gauge. I n a few of t h e l a t t e r c a s e s , no record ing gauge e x i s t e d anywhere n e a r t h e s u b b a s i n , and developed r e g i o n a l d a t a had t o be used t o d i s t r i b u t e r a i n f a l l o v e r ' t h e day. Since t h i s method gave good r e s u l t s f o r t h e two f l o o d hydrographs on t h e mainstem Narmada when compared w i t h v a l i d a t i o n of t h e o v e r a l l modeling e f f o r t , any e f f e c t on t h e e s t i m a t e of t h e PMF would be r e l a t i v e l y s m a l l .

( f ) The k inemat i c r o u t i n g was c a l i b r a t e d a g a i n s t recorded hydrographs on t h e mainstem Narmada wi th good r e s u l t s and i t a l s o compared we l l

APiNEX 9 Page 9

w i t h r e s u l t s u s i n g Muskingum r o u t i n g . l / The major a r e a of conce rn w i t h r e s p e c t t o t h e r o u t i n g i s t h e v a l i d i t y of e x t r a p o l a t i o n t o a f l o o d t h a t would be much l a r g e r t han any r e c o r d e d and t h a t would s p i l l a l a r g e volume of w a t e r o n t o t h e f l o o d p l a i n . However, t h e f a c t t h a t t h e magni tude of t h e a d j u s t m e n t proved t o be no more t h a n '3 p e r c e n t f o r a n overbank s t o r a g e volume t h a t c o u l d r e a c h s e v e r a l b i l l i o n c u b i c m e t e r s o r m i l l i o n s of a c r e - f e e t i n d i c a t e s t h a t t h e model i s r e a s o n a b l e and c o n s e r v a t i v e . A l s o , a l a r g e p o r t i o n of t h e f l o o d hydrograph on t h e Narmada comes from r u n o f f e n t e r i n g below t h e ove r f low a r e a .

( g ) The r e s e r v o i r s t o r a g e r o u t i n g p rocedure used d a t a s u p p l i e d by t h e GOG and s t a n d a r d in f low-ou t f low p r o c e d u r e s . The s m a l l d i s c h a r g e s down t h e c a n a l and th rough t h e powerhouse were n e g l e c t e d .

3.07 Flood Rou t inq . The s i x f l o o d r o u t i n g s i t u a t i o n s which a f f e c t t h e o u t f l o w from S a r d a r S a r o v a r r e s e r v o i r a r e a s f o l l o w s :

( a ) The p r e s e n c e of s t o r a g e s i t e s which w i l l be comple ted- b e f o r e S a r d a r S a r o v a r , two of t h e l a r g e s t of which a r e Bar a and B a r g i ( e e m p 3 3 IBRD 17644, SAR 5107-Ih) w i t h volumes 540 Mm and 3 ,900 him r e s p e c - t i v e l y , and t h e p r e s e n c e of t h e l a r g e s 8 e x i s t i n g r e s e r v o i r (Tawa) on t h e t r i b u t a r y Tawa r i v e r w i t h 2 ,300 Mm and a s p i l l w a y c a p a c i t y of

, 17,280 cumecs;

. ( b ) T r i b u t a r y c h a n n e l r o u t i n g th rough a 27 km r e a c h of t h e Tawa r i v e r from t h e Tawa dam t o i t s c o n f l u e n c e w i t h t h e Narmada;

( c ) Narmada R i v e r c h a n n e l r o u t i n g f o r t h e 147 km r e a c h from J a m t a r a t o t h e Sakkar r i v e r c o n f l u e n c e ;

( d l Narmada R i v e r channe l r o u t i n g f o r t h e 250 km r e a c h from t h e Sakkar c o n f l u e n c e t o t h e head of Chhota Tawa Rapids f o r which t h e upper p o r t i o n of t h e r e a c h i s t o o s m a l l t o accommodate a f l ow of t h e sag- n i t u d e of a YMF t h r e b y c r e a t i n g v a s t p o t e n t i a l f o r ove rbank s t o r a g e of n e a r l y '3,730 Mmg i n t h e r e a c h above t h e c o n s t r i c t i o n ;

( e ) Narmada R i v e r c h a n n e l r o u t i n g f o r a 154 km r e a c h from t h e head o f Chhota Tawa Rapids t o a p o i n t hav ing backwater e f f e c t s from S a r d a r S a r o v a r ; and ,

( £ 1 S a r d a r Sa rova r r e s e r v o i r r o u t i n g which c o v e r s a 210 km r e a c h from t h e p o i n t of i n i t i a l backwater e f f e c t s t o t h e d a m s i t e . For t h i s r e a c h t h e Narmada i s s t i l l i n a g o r g e and t h e f l o o d r i d e s a s a c e l e r i t y wave on t o p of a r e s e r v o i r assumed t o be f u l l when t h e PYIP s t o r m o c c u r s . The wave v e l o c i t y would be somewhat h i g h e r on t h e w a t e r s u r f a c e t han i t would be on t h e canyon f l o o r .

11 Muskingum r o u t i n g r e f e r s t o an o f t e n u sea l i n e a r method i n which o u t f l o w - i s l i n e a r l y r e l a t e d t o r e s e r v o i r s t o r a g e and v i c e - v e r s a .

ANNEX 9 Page 10

3.08 Results of PMF Studies. Peak discharges are shown on table 1 for the 21 simulated subbasin hydrographs for storms A and B which were routed and joined at various sites on the Narmada with the results, using both Muskingum and inematic routing procedures, shown on table 2. Peaks on table 2 are given both with and without flood plain spillage attenuation in order to show the magnitude of this effect as the flood wave moves downstream. However, the flows do spill onto the flood plain, and the attenuated flows are thus the ones recommended for use. Estimated overbank storage volumes are given in table 3. The flood peaks in table 2 show: (a) storm A to result in higher peak flows than storm B, (b) the floodplain storage to have the effect of reducing by about 15% the flood peaks at Sardar Sarovar, and(c) insignificant differences (in comparison with the overall accuracy of the study) in the results between the kinematic and the Muskingum routing. The recommended PMF inflow and outflow hydrographs for the Sardar Sarovar site for use during final designs and shown for both storms A and B in tables 4 and 5. Both Muskingum and kinematic routing procedures were used. However, results from the kinematic procedure were preferred for application because of its more sound theoretical basis. The hydrographs in tables 4 and 5 show storm B to have the greater volume, but the lower peak causes it to produce the smaller outflow peak discharge when routed through reservoir storage. ' One can trade peak discharge off against volume for the various inflows and get about the same ~ e a k outflow. The design PMF inflow and outflow hydrographs for storm A based on kinematic routing procedures, with a peak '

inflow of 171,000 cumecs (6.04 M cusecs) and peak outflow of 132,000 cumecs (4.66 M cusecs) are shown in figure 1. The reservoir inflow is attenuated for ustream flood plain spillage and channel storage and is translated to the damsite over the length of the reservoir based on the celerity of the flood area.

3.09 Estimate of 1000-Year Flood. The NWDT required that the dam and spillway be sized to pass the 1000-year flood without the water surface exceeding a prescribed maximum water level (140.2 m). For making this deter- mination, CWPRS fit the historical record of annual flood peaks at Garudesh- war gauge with a number of statistical distributions and extrapolated the curves to estimate the magnitude of the 1000-year event. The results are published in the Proceedings of the 51st Annual Research and Development Session, Control Board of Irrigation and Power, 2-5 January 1984, Baroda, c

Vol. I1 Hydraulics, Publication 169, 1983. The estimate was made by fitting -

an exponential distribution to a partial series of the 13 largest floods recorded at Garudeshwar since 1948 and resulted in a 1000-year flood peak of 101,700 cumecs (3.59 M cusecs). The unit hydrograph principle was used to reduce the larger simulated PMF at Garudeshwar (Sardar Sarovar) by the ratio of the peaks of 3.59 to 7.04 M cusecs (see table 2, storm A, kinematic for latter value) or 0.510 with the results given in table 6 for the kinematic method only.

3.10 Summary of Results. Using the Kentucky Watershed Model and Muskingam and kinematic channel and reservoir storage routing procedures, the PMF peak inflow to Sardar Sarovar reservoir was determined to be 171,000 cumecs, and the peak outflow at the dam, used to verify spillway designs for safety purposes, was estimate$ at 132,000 cumecs. The 7-day PMF inflow volume was estimated at 33,600 Mm . The estimated 1000-year inflow peak discharge was 101,700 cumecs with an outflow at the dam of 87,300 cumecs. The inflow

AbiNEX 9 Page 11

3 volume was 16 ,4b0 Mm . Rout ing of t h e PMF t h r o u g h ' t h e r e s e r v o i r was accom- pan ied by a r i s e i n t h e r e s e r v o i r t o a maximum e l e v a t i o n of 144.3 m. Thus, t h e s t u d i e s con f i rm t h a t t h e e x i s t i n g h e i g h t of dam ( t o p e l e v a t i o n of 146 .5 m) and p r e s e n t a e s i g n o r t h e s p i l l w a y w i l l be s a t i s f a c t o r y . Rou t ing of t h e 1000-year f l o o d th rough t h e r e s e r v o i r r e s u l t e d i n a maximum r e s e r v o l r e l e v a t i o n of 134.7 which i s w e l l w i t h i n t h e FNL (140.2 m) p r e s c r i b e d by t h e NWDT. A s e t of hyd rog raph ic d a t a f o r t h e S a r d a r Sa rova r ( ~ a r u d e s h w a r ) s i t e t o r t h e r o u t i n g o p t i o n s ana peak a i s c h a r g e s p r e s e n t e a i n t a b l e 2 a r e main- t a i n e a i n t h e p r o j e c t t i l e .

3.11 R e s e r v o i r Sed imenra t ion . The I r r i g a t i o n Depar tment ' s NPDCC r e p o r t e u i r s f i n d i n g s on r e s e r v o i r s e d i m e n t a t i o n i n a document t i t l e d " b a r d a r Sa rova r P r o j e c t (ERL 455 f t . ) , S e d i m e n t a t i o n S t u d i e s and L i f e o t R e s e r v o i r " d a t e d June 1982 ( p r o j e c t f i l e s ) . They conc lude , based on a v a i l a b l e dead s t o r a g e , suspendeu sediment measurements and bea l o a a p r o j e c t i o n s , t h a t t h e S a r a a r S a r o v a r r e s e r v o l r ha s a n e s t i m a t e d l i f e of between 180 t o 34b y e a r s . The a p p r a i s a l u i i s s ion c o n s i d e r e d t h e s e s t u a i e s t o be a n a p p r o p r i a t e e s t i m a t e of t h e l i f e of t h e r e s e r v o i r .

3 .12 K e s e r v o i r O p e r a t i o n S t u d i e s . Assessment o r t h e o p e r a t i o n of t h e S a r d a r S a r o v a r r e s e r v o i r depenas on model s i m u l a t i o n of r i v e r f l o w s a s regu- l a t e d by u p s t r e a m - r e s e r v o i r s and ups t r eam a b s t r a c t i o n s and c o r r e s p o n d i n g r e t u r n f l ows . 1/ hap I B R D 17644 (SAK, 3107-IN) shows t h e l o c a t i o n of p r i n - , c i p a l ups t r eam developments . The s i m u l a t i o n t a k e s i n t o accoun t t h e ' ~ W D T r u l e s conce rn ing s h a r i n g of u t i l i z a b l e f l o w s , c a r r y - o v e r s t o r a g e t o be p r o v i a e a i n c e r t a i n y e a r s and mandatory downstream r e l e a s e s from Karmaaa Saga r Dam, which i s y e t t o be b u i l t i n P@. A s i m u l a t i o n o r ~ P ' s and Maharash t r a a b s t r a c t i o n s , and t h e i r r e s e r v o i r o p e r a t i o n s , G u j a r a t ' s and R a j a s t h a n ' s w a t e r demana f rom S h r d a r S a r o v a r R e s e r v o i r and of r e l e a s e s tkircugh t h e RBPB has been u n d e r t a k e n f o r a s e r i e s of 30 y e a r s (1948-78) of n a t u r a l r u n o ~ f r e c o r d s . The s i m u l a t i o n was c a r r i e d o u t f o r a number of d i s t i n c t s t a g e s of aevelopment i n t h e ups t ream b a s i n ana i n G u j a r a t . The s i m u l a t i o n s were s u b s e q u e n t l y a a j u s t e d t o r e f l e c t a l o n g e r s e r i e s of r a i n f a l l and r u n o f f i n t h e b a s i n (59 y e a r s ) , which a p p e a r s t o r e p r e s e n t t h e f u t u r e l o g r u n hydro logy more t r u l y , r e s u l t i n g i n a mean a n n u a l r u n o f f of 4 5 , ~ b 0 . The simulation s t u d i e s g i v e i r d i c a t i v e e s t i m a t e s o r mean p o t e n t i a l and p r o j e c t e a a c t u a l a b s t r a c t i o n from S a r d a r Sa rova r R e s e r v o i r f o r i r r i g a t i o n ana o t h e r w a t e r u s e s , a s w e l l a s f o r a v e r a g e r e l e a s e s t h rough t h e RBPH and s p l l l s f o r s e l e c t e d s t a g e s of development a s f o i l o w :

1/ A f u l l d i s c u s s i o n of r i v e r sys tem ana S a r a a r S a r o v a r r e s e r v o i r s imula- - t i o n s and t h e w a t e r supp ly r e s o u r c e of t h e harmada i s g i v e n i n SDV, annex 3 .

ANlvEX 4,

Page 1 2

Development S t a g e E a r l y I n t e r m e d i a t e a/ F u l l b / --------------- ~h'/ year -----------

1. A l l o c a t e d s h a r e 10,8UU (4 ,000) 11 ,200 (1UY70U) 11 ,800 (10 ,300) 2. P o t e n t i a l a b s t r a c t i o n

by G u j a r a t 12 ,800 ( ~ ~ 4 0 0 ) 12 ,600 (10 ,100) 1 2 , 7 0 ~ (1U,600) 3 . P r o j e c t e d a b s t r a c t i o n

by G u j a r a t 2 ,200 11 ,500 12 , luO B. R a i a s t h a n 3 U0 6 uu 6 3U C. Power r e l e a s e s (RBPH) 27,500 16 ,900 2 ,650

Note: A l l f i g u r e s r e f e r t o e s t i m a t e d mean klows e x c e p t f i g u r e s i n b r a c k e t s which i n d i c a t e i l o w s a t 75% d e p e n d a b i l i t y .

a/ Assumes G u j a r a t t o be a t f u l l development w h i l e Madhya P r a d e s h and H a h a r a s h t r a remain a t a n e a r l y s t a g e of b o t h r e s e r v o i r c a p a c i t y ana a b s t r a c t i o n s . Assumes b a s i n f u l l y deve loped .

I V . The S a r d a r S a r o v a r Dam a n a S p i l l w a y and O u t l e t Morks

4 . Gene ra l . 'l'he topography of t h e d a m s i t e i s v e r y rugged and h i l l y and i s w e l l s u i t e d t o t h e h e i g h t o i t h e aam p r e s c r i b e d by WDT. The geo logy has been t h o r o u g h l y i n v e s t i g a t e d and ana lyzed . The d a m f o u n d a t i o n e x c a v a t i o n s have been e s s e n t i a l l y cornpletea t o f i n a l l e v e l s and c o n i i g u r a t i o n . E a r l y e x c a v a t i o n s h e l p e d d e t e r m i n e t h e weaknesses i n t h e f o u n d a t i o n ana e u a b l e a c o r r e c t i v e measu re s t o be d e s i g n e a w i t h o u t a e l a y i n g main dam c o n s t r u c t i o n and have a l s o conf i rmed major q u a n t i t y e s t i m a t e s of t h e t e n d e r aocuments . Weak m i t e r i a l s i n t h e f a u l t zone in t h e r i v e r channe l have been e x c a v a t e u t o abou t EL 11.0 m below s e a l e v e l and b a c k f i l l i n g w i t h r e i n f o r c e d c o n c r e t e t o t h e normal f o u n d a t i o n l e v e l a t EL 18 .0 m e t e r s w i l l be comple tea by end of 19b3-84 c o n s t r u c t i o n s e a s o n .

4.02 S i t e S e l e c t i o n . Nine s i t e s have been investigates s i n c e 1447 i n t h e s e a r c h f o r a p o s s i b l e d a m s i t e a l o n g t h e lower harmaaa k i v e r . Your of t h e s e .. s i t e s were a i s c a r d e d wnen i t was a e c i a e d t h a t a h i g h e r aam was p r e f e r a b l e t o t h e one o r i g i n a l l y e n v i s a g e a . T h i s r e q u i r e d moving t h e a x i s ups t r eam where t h e topography p rov ided h i g h e r abutments f o r t h e aam. The most r a v o r a b l e d a m s i t e s were f i n a l l y narrowed down t o Navagam Damsi tes no . 1, 2 , ana 3 i n t h e v i c i n i t y of Mavagam v i l l a g e . Of t h e s e , S i t e no. 1 was r e j e c t e a e a r l y because i t s topography was l e a s t f a v o r a b l e f o r a h i g h dam, and t h e r e were no g e o l o g i c a l a d v a n t a g e s over t h e o t h e r two s i t e s .

4.03 S u b s u r f a c e c o n a i t i o n s f o r Navagam d a m s i t e no . 2 were e x p l o r e d by 22 diamonacore d r i l l h o l e s ana 1 ,425 m of d r i l l i n g , and a a m s i t e no. 3 by 124 d r i l l h o l e s and some b,bUO n of d r i l l i n g p r i o r t o making t h e d e c i s i o n on t h e

AhNLX 9 Page 13

d a m s i t e . Damsite no. 2 a i s c l o s e d two f a u l t s i n t h e r i v e r b e a w h i l e d a m s i t e no. 3 d i s c l o s e a o n l y one f a u l t . Thus, d a m s i t e no. 3 was s e l e c t e d a s t h e most f a v o r a b l e s i t e . The g e o l o g i c a l and t e c h n i c a l b a s e s f o r t h e s i t e s e l e c t i o n a r e summarizes below:

( a ) The s i t e c o n t a i n e d o n l y one r i v e r b e a f a u l t ; - ( b ) The dam would be foundea on b a s a l t f o r i t s e n t i r e l e n g t h ;

- - ( c ) S u i t a b l e r o c k f o r t h e dam f o u n d a t i o n was a v a i l a b l e a t r e a s o n a b l e d e p t h ;

( d ) Sed imen ta ry rock i n c l o s e p rox imi ty t o t h e dam f o u n d a t i o n was l i m i t e d 4 t o a b o u t 200 m on t h e r i g h t s i d e of t h e f a u l t ;

( e ) High abutments on bo th banks of t h e r i v e r s u i t e u t h e b u i l d i n g of a dam t o a b o u t EL 500 m ;

( £ 1 Ample s p a c e was a v a i l a b l e t o p r o v i d e f o r a l a r g e s p i l l w a y c a p a c i t y ana a p o w e r s c a t i o n ;

( g ) The s l t e r e s u l t s i n t h e s h o r t e s t l e n g t h o r aam p o s s i b l e commensurate w i t h t h e above; ana

( h ) Topography was s u i t a b l e f o r a h i g h - l e v e l i r r i g a t i o n c a n a l on t h e r i g h t bank. .

4.04 Type of Dam. Pour a l t e r n a t i v e t y p e s or aams were e v a l u a t e a f o r t h e s i t e . They i n c l u d e d ; ( a ) f u l l - l e n g t h g r a v i t y aam; ( b ) b u t t r e s s dam f o i l o w e a by a l e f t - f l a n k nonoverf low s e c t i o n , g r a v i t y dam i n t h e s p i l l w a y s e c t i o n and g r a v i t y nonoverf low s e c t i o n on t h e r i g h t t l a n k ; ( c ) a l e f t - t l a n k c h u t e s p i l l w a y s e c t i o n f o l l o w e a by a g r a v i t y nonoverf low dam, r o c k f i l l i n t h e r i v e r p o r t i o n w i t h g r a v i t y power dam f o l l o w e d by a r i g h t - i l a n k g r a v i t y non-overi low s e c t i o n ; and ( a ) r u l l - l e n g t h hol low dam. A l t e r n a t i v e ( a ) was chosen on t h e b a s i s . of t e c h n i c a l and l e a s t c o s t c o n s i d e r a t i o n s . Al though t h e comparisorl i n d i c a t e d the' l owes t and a p p r o x i m a t e l y e q u a l c o s t s f o r a 1 c e r n a t i v e s ( a ) and ( b ) , t h e t e c h n i c a l a i f f i c u l t i e s of c o n s t r u c t i o n ana l a c k of e x p e r i e n c e w i t h l a r g e b u t t r e s s dams i n I n d i a promptea t h e g r a v i t y dam c h o i c e . S e l e c t i o n of a l t e r n a t i v e ( a ) i s enhancea by t h e r eady a v a i l a b i l i t y of v e r y l a r g e quan- t i t i e s of h i g h - q u a l i t y n a t u r a l a g g r e g a t e s ( s e e p a r a 4 . 1 ~ ) .

4 .05 The R e s e r v o i r . The r e s e r v o i r e x t e n a s some 210 km ups t r eam of t h e a a m s i t e i n a r e l a t i v e l y long narrow v a l l e y t h a t e x h i b i t s g e o l o g i c f e a t u r e s s i m i l a r t o t h o s e found a t t h e d a m s i t e . The r e s e r v o i r c a p a c i t y a t t h e FRL of 138.7 m i s 9 ,500 P h d w i t h a s u r f a c e a r e a of 37 ,030 ha . A c t i v e s t o r a g e i s 5 ,8b0 Mm3 between E'RL and Pi1)L of 110.6 m f o r power o p e r a t i o n s . For ~ r r i g a - t i o n d i v e r s i o n s t h e PODL i s about EL 93.6 m aclaing abou t 1 ,64b Fhr13 of a c t i v e w a t e r supp ly s t o r a g e below t h e normal power o p e r a t i o n p o o l . There a p p e a r s t o be no p o t e n t i a l f o r l eakage i n t o a n o t h e r ca tchment and l eakage around t h e uam w i l l be c o n t r o l l e d by t h e p l a n r e d g r o u t i n g program. There i s no h i s t o r i c a l ev idence of l a r g e - s c a l e l ands l i a e s hav ing o c c u r r e d w i t h i n t h e r e s e r v o i r a r e a o r a d j a c e n t t o i t , no r does a p r e s e n t su rvey of p o t e n t i a l s p r o v i d e any ev idence of r e s e r v o i r t h r e a t e n i n g l a n d s l i a e s . . N e v e r t h e l e s s , a s e i s m i c

ANNEX Y Page 1 4

m o n i t o r i n g ne twork i s p l anned t o e v a l u a t e p o s s l b l e f u t u r e r e s r r v o l r - i n a u c e d s e i s m i c i t y . S e d i m e n t a t i o n ( s i l t a t i o n ) s t u d i e s have been c a r r i e a ou t a s g i v e n i n p a r a 3.11. A d d i t i o n a l l y , e a r l y e s t i m a t e s i n d i c a t e t h a t t h e r e a r e some 235 v i l l a g e s and 10 ,760 f a m i l i e s t h a t w i l l r e q u i r e r e s e t t l i n g p r i o r t o f i l l i n g t h e r e s e r v o i r . The b a s i c p r i n c i p l e s t o be a d o p t e d f o r t h e r e s e t t l e m e n t o f f a m i l i e s were e s t a b l i s h e d by t h e hiDT and a u r i n g p r o j e c t a p p r a i s a l ( s e e SAR 5107-IN, S c h e d u l e s A and B). T h i s work would be implemented b e f o r e s t o r a g e commences a c c o r a i n g t o a g r e e d p l a n s and s c h e a u l e s of t h e a p p r a i s a l . l / Because t h e r e s e r v o i r a r e a has some m a r k e t a b l e t i m b e r , p l a n s w i t h t h e F o r e s t r y Department a r e underway t o r t h i s t o be s a l v a g e d p r i o r t o i n u n d a t i o n .

4.b6 Damsi te Geolonv. The v i c i n i t y of t h e d a m s i t e i s c r o s s e d by e i g h t f a u l t s , a l l of which have a g e n e r a l t r e n d i n t h e h60° E t o s60° W d i r e c t i o n . The l e n g t h of t h e s e f a u l t s v a r y f rom 1 km t o o v e r 1 5 km, and t h e a i p v a r i e s from abou t 60' t o a lmos t v e r t i c a l . The main Narmaaa-Son l i neamen t i s a: r e g i o n a l f a u l t l o c a t e d a b o u t 1 7 km n o r t h of t h e d a m s i t e and t r e n d s ENE-WSk i n d i r e c t i o n . The s t e e p r i g h t abutment of t h e s e l e c t e d d a m s i t e i s s l o p i n g a t a b o u t 26' t o h o r i z o n t a l w h i l e t h e l e f t abutment s l o p e s a t a b o u t 11 d e g r e e s . Both t h e abu tmen t s , above EL 160 m a r e c o v e r e a w i t h r e s i a u a l s o i l s . B a s a l t i c f l ows o c c u r a t d e p t h on t h e l e f t abu tmen t , b u t i n c l u d e one l a y e r of i ' r e a bole," t h a t r e q u i r e s s p e c i a l t r e a t m e n t . On t h e r i g h t abu tmen t , t h e b a s a l t i c f l o w s a r e u n d e r l a i n by s a n d s t o n e and l i m e s t o n e . The betis o f t h i s Bagh S e r i e s a r e competen t r o c k , b u t i n c l u d e two l a y e r s of weaK a r g i l l a c e o u s s a n d s t o n e , which a r e u n s a t i s f a c t o r y f o r t h e dam f o u n a a t i o n r e q u i r i n g e x t e n s i v e t r e a t m e n t . At t h e uam a x i s , a 1 2 m wide f a u l t zone r u n s t h rough t h e r i v e r c h a n n e l c a u s i n g a b o u t 210 m o f v e r t i c a l u p l i f t of t h e b a s a l t f l o w s and t h e u n d e r l y i n g Bagh beds a c c o u n t i n g f o r t h e l e s s e r a e p t h of b a s a l t on t n e r i g h t abu tmen t . The f a u l t zonz of h i g h l y f r a c t u r e d b a s a l t h a s r e q u i r e d t r e a t m e n t which compr ised removal o t f r a c t u r e d m a t e r i a l s and p l a c e - ment of a r e i n f o r c e d c o n c r e t e p l u g i n t h e zone t o rcake i t s a t i s f a c t o r y f o r t h e f o u n a a t i o n .

4.07 F i e l d i n v e s t i g a t i o n s of t h e geo logy were c a r r i e d o u t u s i n g t h e f o l - lowing methods ;

( a ) G e o l o g i c a l s u r f a c e s u r v e y s ;

( b ) Diamondcore d r i l l i n g (hK) and c a l y x a r i l l i n g (410 mm a i a m e t e r ) ;

( c ) T e s t p i t s and t r e n c h e s ;

( d l Geophys i ca l i n v e s t i g a t i o n s ( s e i s m i c and m a g n e t i c ) t o r a e l l n e a t i o n of t h e r l v e r f a u l t ; '

( e l S o n i c l o g g i n g of c a l y x h o l e s ;

L/ Comprehensive d i s c u s s i o n s of t h e r e s e r v o i r l a n d a c q u i s i t i o n snd r e s e t t l e - ment program a s w e l l a s e n v i r o n m e n t a l e f f e c t s and r e l a t e d recommendat ions a r e g i v e n i n SDV, annex 1 w i t h r e l a t e d summaries i n SAR 5107-Ih.

ANNEX 4 Page 1 5

) T r a c e r s t u d i e s t o de t e rmine t h e p r o b a b i l i t y of k a r s t i c f o r m a t i o n s i n t h e l i m e s t o n e ;

( g ) b l a s t t e s t s t o e v a l u a t e s e i s m i c c o e f f i c i e n t s ; and ,

( h ) Mic rose i smic s u r v e y s of t h e a r e a .

4.U8 P e r m e a b i l i t y ( l e a k a g e ) . Water t e s t i n g ok d r i l l h o l e s i n t i g h t b a s a l t and i n t h e more f r a c t u r e d s a n d s t o n e and l i m e s t o n e f o r m a t i o n s a t t h e s i t e i n d i c a t e t h a t normal g r o u t i n g p r o c e a u r e s w i l l s a t i s r a c t o r i l y s e a l t h e iounda- t i o n . b i s c o n t i n u i t i e s p rov ided by f a u l t s and d i k e s w i l l a c t a s b a r r i e r s t o improve w a t e r t i g h t n e s s or t h e s l t e .

4 .04 S e i s m i c i t y . The a a m s i t e i s l o c a t e d i n a r e g i o n i n which t h e l a r g e s t r e p o r t e d eb r thquake was i n 1938 w i t h a p r o b a b l e magni tude of b.25 of t h e R i c h t e r s c a l e . Se i smic a e s i g n p a r a m e t e r s , f o l l o w i n g r ev iew by t h e DRP, were r e v i s e a ana an e f f e c t i v e peak a c c e l e r a t i o n of 0.25 g was a d o p t e a f o r t h e Maximum C r e d i b l e Ea r thquake .

4.10 C o n s t r u c t i o n M a t e r i a l s . The c o n s t r u c t i o n o t S a r d a r Sa rova r aam i r v o l v e s t h e placement of a b o u t 6 .5 hm3 of mass and 0 . 5 Mm3 of s t r u c t u r a l conc re t e t h a t w i l l r e q u i r e t h e r o l l o w i n g approx ima te q u a n t i t i e s ok c o n s t r u c - t i o n m a t e r i a l s :

n a t u r a l a g g r e g a t e s ( c o a r s e ana r i n e )

c rushed a g g r e g a t e s U.5 h'

cement (dam and power houses ) 1 . 5 m t

f l y a s h o r pozzolana Ci .2 blm 3

C o n s t r u c t i o n m a t e r i a l requi remer i t s f o r t h e o t h e r p a r t s of t h e complex a r e s m a l l compared t o t h e main a m . Ample s u p p l i e s w i l l be a v a i l a b l e o r a l l 5 c o n s t r u c t i o n work from t h e f o l l o w i n g s o u r c e s : i n e x c e s s of 1bU Ilm of e x c e l - l e n t q u a l i t y g r a v e l ana sands a r e a v a i l a b l e i n t h e r i v e r b e d i n c l o s e p rox imi ty t o t n e d a m s i t e ; s u i t a b l e c r u s h e a a g g r e g a t e f o r works such a s ~ r i u g e g i r d e r s and s u r f a c e s of t h e s p i l l w a y ap rons and c h u t e s w i l l be o b t a i n e a from s p i l l w a y ap ron and c h u t e e x c a v a t i o n s o r from b a s a l t d e p o s i t s n e a r t h e d m ; and cement w i l l be o b t a i n e d from a newly commissionea f a c t o r y nea r S u r a t some 150 km from t h e d a m s i t e . A a d i t i o n a l l y , ttie f a c t o r y u l t i m a t e l y w i l l have a c a p a c i t y of abou t 2 ,000 t o n s a day w h i l e t h e peak r equ i r emen t f o r t h e uam i s e s t i m a t e d a t 1 , 3 0 0 t o n s a day. The cement proposed f o r t h e dam i s a p o r t l a n d cement-pozzolana m i x t u r e w i t h t h e pozzolana added a t t h e r a c t o r y o r by t h e aam c o n t r a c t o r a t t h e a a m s i t e . Pozzolana w i l l be o b t a i n e d f rom kiy a s h from Ukai Thermal Power S t a t i o n sbou t 250 km trom t h e a a m s i t e o r b u r n t c l a y o b t a i n e a from s h a l e d e p o s i t s i n t h e v i c i n i t y of t h e d a m s i t e .

ANNEX 9 Page 16

S t a t u s of I n v e s t i g a t i o n s , Design, and Cons t ruc t ion

4.11 The Main Dam and Spil-lways. A l l e x p l o r a t i o n f o r c o n s t r u c t i o n m a t e r i a l s and founda t ion c o n d i t i o n s has been completed. I n v e s t i g a t i o n s t o determine the s t r e n g t h of weak seams i n t h e founda t ions were completed i n 1983 f o r use i n the t r ea tment of t h e founda t ions .

4.12 Cons t ruc t ion of the fo l lowing works have been completed: i n i t i a l f a c i l i t i e s f o r d i v e r t i n g t h e r i v e r , inc lud ing upstream and downstream c o f f e r dams and submers ible b r i d g e s ; excava t ion of the dam founda t ions , i n c l u d i n g the excava t ion of weak m a t e r i a l i n the r i v e r b e d f a u l t zone; a c c e s s roads and camp f a c i l i t i e s and i n i t i a l ba tch ing p l a n t f o r precooled concre te on the r i g h t bank; b a c k f i l l i n g of the r i v e r b e d f a u l t zone; and, a c c e s s roads and camp f a c i l i t i e s on t h e l e f t bank ( e s s e n t i a l l y completed i n 1984) .

4 .13 Cont rac t s f o r the t r ea tment of weak seams under the founda t ion of t h e dam a r e i n p rogress and a r e scheduled f o r completion by May 1985. Contrac- t o r s have been p r e - q u a l i f i e d and b i d s were reques ted i n December 1984 f o r t h e main dam and f o r the c i v i l works of the underground r i v e r b e d powerhouse.

4.14 Garudeshwar Weir. The des ign of the we i r i s a s y e t incomplete because the des ign of the RBPH was delayed by the d e c i s i o n t o inc lude a pumped-s-torage o p e r a t i o n . The f i n a l d e s i g n of the weir w i l l be keyed t o t h e o p e r a t i o n a l requirements of t h e powers ta t ion , p a r t i c u l a r l y i n t h e e a r l y yea r s of the development when water a v a i l a b i l i t y would be i n excess of i r r i g a t i o n requ i rements . Appra i sa l r evea led t h a t t h e we i r should not p r e s e n t any unusual problems i n des ign . S i t e i n v e s t i g a t i o n s have been c a r r i e d ou t f o r s e v e r a l weir l o c a t i o n s . D e t a i l e d g e o l o g i c a l i n v e s t i g a t i o n s a r e underway a t the s e l e c t e d s i t e :

4.15 Vadgam-Saddle-Dam. The dam and CHPH headworks a r e e n t e r i n g f i n a l s t a g e s of des ign . Considerable e x p l o r a t i o n has been done on the geology of t h e s i t e , inc lud ing 19 d r i l l ho les t o e s t a b l i s h founda t ion rock and t h r e e t r enches t o t r a c e the c o n t a c t of d o l e r i t e d i k e s t h a t i n t e r s e c t the a r e a . I n a d d i t i o n , water t e s t i n g was c a r r i e d out a t a l l d r i l l ho les i n d i c a t i n g the founda t ion rock was t i g h t . A d e c i s i o n was made t o adopt a s t o n e masonry dam a t the s a d d l e s i t e a f t e r i n v e s t i g a t i n g the most a p p r o p r i a t e layout and des ign . among f o u r a l t e r n a t i v e canalhead power s t a t i o n arrangements a s r eques ted by t h e DRP. The a p p r a i s a l miss ion considered t h i s an a p p r o p r i a t e d e c i s i o n f o r c o n d i t i o n s p r e v a i l i n g a t the s i t e .

4.16 I r r i g a t i o n Bypass Tunnel. The des ign of the i r r i g a t i o n bypass tunne l has been chosen. General g e o l o g i c a l c o n d i t i o n s a t the s i t e a r e f a v o r a b l e f o r c o n s t r u c t i o n of l a r g e diameter twin tunne l s and geo log ic e x p l o r a t i o n a r e being continued along the proposed tunne l c e n t e r l i n e . A prudent d e c i s i o n has been made t o lower t h e i n v e r t of the tunne l i n t a k e i n o rde r t o i n c r e a s e u t i l i z a b l e water supply s t o r a g e c a p a c i t y i n t h e main r e s e r v o i r . Ample t ime remains so t h a t completion of the d e s i g n , a d m i n i s t r a t i o n , and c o n s t r u c t i o n of t h i s f a c i l i t y should not be c r i t i c a l i n implementing the p r o j e c t . A t a p p r a i s a l no unusual problems of a t e c h n i c a l n a t u r e were a n t i c i p a t e d of the

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s i t e or i n f i n a l i z i n g the d e s i g n . Award i s scheduled f o r June 1986.

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4.17 Canalhead Dams and R e s e r v o i r s . The d e s i g n s of t h e r o c k f i l l dams a r e comple te and i n acco rdance w i t h I n d i a n d e s i g n s t a n d a r d s . The c o n s t r u c t i o n of dams and c h a n n e l s which i n t e r c o n n e c t t h e s m a l l r e s e r v o i r s commenced i n 1980 and a r e s chedu led f o r comple t ion a t t h e end of 1985. Due t o t h e s t e e p n e s s of t h e channe l s i d e s l o p e s , s u r v e i l l a n c e of t h e i r s t a b i l i t y a g a i n s t s l i d i n g - shou ld c o n t i n u e and r e m e d i a l s t a b i l i z a t i o n measures t a k e n a s r e q u i r e d t o a v e r t r o c k f a l l s d u r i n g o p e r a t i o n .

- . 4 .18 R ive rbed Powerhouse- (RBPH) . s u r f a c e and s u b s u r f a c e g e o l o g i c inves- t i g a t i o n s of t h e underground RBPH s i t e i n t h e r i g h t abutment a r e w e l l advanced . T h i s i n c l u d e s a 3 m wide by 3 .5 m h i g h by 200 m long a d i t a long t h e a x i s n e a r t h e t o p of t h e proposed c a v e r n . I n s i t u s t r e s s t e s t s were

4 conducted and j o i n t - f r a c t u r e mapping comple ted a s a b a s i s f o r d e s i g n i n g r o o f and w a l l s u p p o r t sys tems such a s r o c k b o l t s p a c i n g s and c o n f i g u r a t i o n s and f o r f i n a l i z i n g t h e e x c a v a t i o n d e s i g n s p e c i f i c a t i o n s . Bids were r e q u e s t e d from p r e q u a l i f i e d c o n t r a c t o r s i n December 1984.

4.19 Canalhead Power.house-(CHPH) . S u r f a c e and s u b s u r f a c e g e o l o g i c i nves - t i g a t i o n s a r e e s s e n t i a l l y comple ted . The powerhouse and pens tock ar rangement i s i n c l o s e p r o x i m i t y w i t h t h e Vadgam S a d d l e Dam, which has been e x t e n s i v e l y e x p l o r e d . Design work c o n t i n u e s f o l l o w i n g r e c e n t d e c i s i o n s bn f i n a l s i z e of t h e p l a n t and t h e i n s t a l l e d u n i t s . The c o n v e n t i o n a l s u r f a c e p l a n t d e s i g n . shou ld pose few problems and s h o u l d n o t p r e s e n t a c o n s t r a i n t t o t i m e l y com- p l e t i o n of o t h e r p r o j e c t f e a t u r e s a s t h e r e i s ample t ime f o r d e s i g n and c o n s t r u c t i o n of c i v i l works and f o r procurement of t h e t u r b i n e s and .gener - a t o r s . As p r e s e n t l y s c h e d u l e d , c o n t r a c t s f o r t h e powerplan t s t r u c t u r e and Vadgam Sadd le Dams would be awarded by A p r i l 1986.

Design o f - t he - Dam-, Spi-llway; and- O u t l e t - Works

4.20 The D a r a n d S p i l l w a y . The main dam w i l l be a 1 ,210 m long c o n c r e t e g r a v i t y dam. It w i l l r i s e 1 2 9 m above t h e f a u l t zone p lug and 157.5 m above t h e l owes t p o i n t of e x c a v a t i o n i n t h e r i v e r b e d f a u l t zone . The FRL was f i x e d a t EL 138.68 and MWL was f i x e d a t EL 140.21 by t h e IWDT which , w i t h a l l owance f o r a f r e e b o a r d of 6.29 m , s e t s t h e t o p of dam a t EL 146.5 m. The main dam w i l l r e q u i r e placement of 6 .0 Mm3 of c o n c r e t e of which 5 .5 Flm3 w i l l be of p r e c o o l e d c o n c r e t e d e s i g n and 0.5 Mm3 w i l l be of s t r u c t u r a l s t r e n g t h and d e s i g n ( p a r a 4 . 1 0 ) .

4 .21 Of t h e t op of t h e dam's t o t a l l e n g t h , 750 m n e a r t h e c e n t e r i s d e s i g n e d t o s u p p o r t g a t e d s e r v i c e and a u x i l l a r y s p i l l w a y s , w h i l e 460 m com- p r i s e s nonoverf low s e c t i o n s on t h e f l a n k s . I n t h e c e n t e r of t h e dam, t h e 524 m l ong s e r v i c e s p i l l w a y w i l l be f i t t e d w i t h 23-18.3 m by 16.7 m r a d i a l g a t e s . The s e r v i c e s p i l l w a y has an ogee s e c t i o n t h a t i s d i v i d e d by f o u r t r a i n i n g w a l l s i n t o a f i ve -bay ar rangement . Energy d i s s i p a t i o n w i l l be by s l o p i n g ap ron and h y d r a u l i c jump. The s l o p i n g a p r o n e x t e n d s 297 m below t h e a x i s of t h e dam. The s e r v i c e s p i l l w a y has s i d e w a l l s of mass and r e i n f o r c e d c o n c r e t e up t o 56 Q h igh and f o u r d i v i d i n g w a l l s of r e i n f o r c e d c o n c r e t e up t o 45 m h i g h t h a t c r e a t e f i v e s e p a r a t e o p e r a t i n g b a y s .

4 .22 A '161 m long a u x i l l a r y s p i l l w a y on t h e l e f t f l a n k w i l l b e f i t t e d w i t h 7-18.3 m by 1 8 . 3 m r a d i a l g a t e s a r r a n g e d i n t o 4-ga te and 3 -ga t e bays t h a t d i s c h a r g e i n t o p a r a l l e l c h u t e s . The h i g h e x i t l i p s of t h e c h u t e s a r e a t

ANNEX- 9 Page 1 8

d i f f e r e n t e l e v a t i o n s and a r e f i x e d w i t h ene rgy d i s s a p a t i o n d e f l e c t o r b u c k e t s t h a t j e t s p i l l s back t o t h e s t r eam. The c h u t e w a l l s w i l l b e of r e i n f o r c e d c o n c r e t e and be up t o 1 8 m h igh .

4.23 The s e r v i c e s p i l l w a y and t h e a u x i l l a r y s p i l l w a y combined w i l l p r o v i d e p r o t e c t i o n a g a i n s t maximum p r o b a b l e c o n d i t i o n s of o v e r t o p p i n g and p o s s i b l e f a i l u r e of t h e dam f o r f l o o d peaks up t o 171 ,000 cumecs ( p a r a 3 .01-3 .10) . The e n t i r e r i v e r c h a n n e l w i l l be excava t ed f o r a b o u t 200 m below t h e s l o p i n g a p r o n t o improve d i s c h a r g e e v a c u a t i o n c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of t h e channe 1.

4.24 H y d r a u l i c Models. H y d r a u l i c models have been u t i l i z e d f rom t h e o u t s e t t o v e r i f y t h e o v e r a l l l a y o u t and c o n f i g u r a t i o n of t h e dam and s p i l l w a y s r e s u l t i n g i n d e s i g n s a s d e s c r i b e d above ( p a r a s 4 .21 and 4 .24 ) . E x t e n s i v e h y d r a u l i c m o d e l l i n g has been accompl ished a t t h e CWPRS, Pune , and a t t h e G u j a r a t E n g i n e e r i n g Resea rch I n s t i t u t e ( G E R ~ ) , Vadodara. These t e s t s r e s u l t s have been rev iewed by t h e DRP d u r i n g d e s i g n p r e p a r a t i o n and by t h e Snowy Mountains E n g i n e e r i n g C o r p o r a t i o n (SMEC) f o r t h e Bank d u r i n g a p p r a i s a l . Among o t h e r r e s u l t s , t e s t s have v e r i f i e d t h a t t h e s e r v i c e and a u x i l l a r y s p i l l w a y s a s p r e s e n t l y d e s i g n e d c o u l d s a f e l y p a s s f l o o d d i s c h a r g e s up t o 171 ,000 cumecs. A d d i t i o n a l mode l l i ng e f f o r t s have been recommended by t h e DRP and SMEC b o t h a s a means of f i n a l i z i n g t h e d e s i g n and of a s s u r i n g t h a t s a f e s t a n d a r d s a r e adop ted d u r i n g o p e r a t i o n . However, i t was d e c i d e d t h a t t h e e f f e c t s of such m o d e l l i n g on t h e dam d e s i g n s (and c o s t e s t i m a t e s ) would n o t be s i g n i f i c a n t enough t o r e s u l t i n b i d document changes . Recommendations of t h e DPR and SMEC e i t h e r have been o r a r e b e i n g a c t e d upon and i n v o l v e p h y s i c a l mode l l i ng a s f o l l o w s :

( a ) Three-d imens ional s t u d i e s of v a r i o u s combina t ions and sequences of g a t e o p e r a t i o n s needed t o deve lop . f i n a l r u l e s f o r p r o p e r and s a f e o p e r a t i o n of t h e s p i l l w a y s and dam.

( b ) Three-d imens ional s t u d i e s of new channe l e x c a v a t i o n s p l anned downstream of t h e s t i l l i n g b a s i n s i l l and t e s t s of such m o d i f i c a t i o n i n c l u d i n g e x c a v a t i o n s and changes i n h e i g h t of s i l l t o a s c e r t a i n whe the r o r no t a r e d u c t i o n i n t h e h e i g h t (and c o s t ) o f t h e s p i l l w a y d i v i d i n g w a l l s would be p o s s i b l e .

( c ) S t u d i e s t o t e s t and v e r i f y l o c a t i o n of a e r a t i o n d e v i c e s f o r t h e p r e v e n t i o n of c a v i t a t i o n on t h e s p i l l w a y f a c e by a two d i m e n s i o n a l mode 1.

( d ) S t u d i e s t o d e t e r m i n e i f d e t r i m e n t a l n e g a t i v e p r e s s u r e s e x i s t on f low s u r f a c e s of b o t h t h e s e r v i c e and a u x i l l a r y ~ s p i l l w a y s f o r f l o w s i n t h e o r d e r of 140 ,000 cumecs.

( e l S t u d i e s t o d e t e r m i n e t h e p r o p e r l a y o u t and a l i gnmen t f o r i n t e r c o n n e c t i n g t h e RBPH t a i l r a c e c h a n n e l w i t h t h e main r i v e r c h a n n e l below t h e s p i l l w a y .

( £ 1 S t u d i e s t o e v a l u a t e t h e per formance of t h e s p i l l w a y s w i t h Garudeshwar Weir i n p l a c e and a v a i l a b l e d e s i g n o p t i o n s i n t h i s r e g a r d .

ANNEX- 9 Page 19

4.25 O u t l e t - Works. Cons t ruc t ion which i s n e a r i n g completion i n the dam foundat ion has been f a c i l i t a t e d by e a r l y placement of works f o r c a r e and d i v e r s i o n of the r i v e r dur ing c o n s t r u c t i o n . These works included upstream and downstream c o f f e r dams and a d i v e r s i o n channel and a c o n s t r u c t i o n s l u i c e a t s treambed. The streambed s l u i c e has an i n v e r t of EL 18.0 m and c o n s i s t s

I

of 10 r e c t a n g u l a r condu i t s 2.75 m by 2.15 m. This lower s l u i c e w i l l be pluged wi th c o n c r e t e and rep laced by 8 s i m i l a r s i z e d condu i t s a t EL 35 m t h a t - w i l l d i s c h a r g e i n t o the s e r v i c e sp i l lway s t i l l i n g b a s i n fo l lowing i t s comple- t i o n . - - 4.26 I n a d d i t i o n t o the s lu iceways o t h e r o u t l e t works provided i n the des ign of Sa rdar Sarovar Dam and Rese rvo i r i n c l u d e :

I

( a ) The nonoverflow s e c t i o n of the dam on the r i g h t abutment t h a t sup- p o r t s the i n t a k e f a c i l i t i e s f o r t h e RBPH a t ' EL 97.5 m. The power i n t a k e s e c t i o n of the dam c o n s i s t s of s i x monol i th ic b locks , each of which c o n t a i n s a 7.62 m d iameter s t e e l penstock, guard g a t e , s t o p l o g s , and t r a s h r a c k s . The i n t a k e s and penstocks have an es t ima ted combined d i s c h a r g e of 1000 cumecs t o t h e RBPH.

( b ) F0u.r emergency o u t l e t s , wi th a combined c a p a c i t y a t FRL of 1200 cumecs, a r e p laced wi th an i n v e r t EL 61.5 m f o r the purpose of pass- ing t h e lower r i v e r f l o w s i n the l a t t e r s t a g e s of c o n s t r u c t i o n following c l o s u r e of the lower l e v e l temporary o u t l e t s , and a l s o t o c o n t r o l t h e r e s e r v o i r l e v e l when i n i t i a l i r r i g a t i o n r e l e a s e s a r e made be fore completion of the dam.

( c ) I n t a k e works f o r f i v e 6.7 m d iameter penstocks l o c a t e d a t Vadgam Saddle Dam.about 800 m upstream of t h e main dam's r i g h t abutment, not p a r t of t h e main dam, w i l l d i r e c t water under p r e s s u r e t o t h e 250 MW CHPH. Penstocks w i l l have an i n t a k e i n v e r t EL of 90.0 m.

( d ) An i r r i g a t i o n bypass t u n n e l , l o c a t e d between Vadgam Saddle Dam and t h e main dam a x i s on the r i g h t abutment, i s designed t o r e l e a s e up t o 1,133 cumecs (main cana l des ign d i s c h a r g e ) wi th a minimum head of 15.5 m through an independent ly opera ted t u n n e l . The tunne l has twin tubes of 6.0 m a d iameter and an i n t a k e i n v e r t EL of 86.9 m.

. 4.27 Dam Des ign-S tandards . The dam des ign has been c a r r i e d out by GOG's I r r i g a t i o n Department (ID) wi th the overview of the DRP. It i s concluded t h a t the d e s i g n d a t a , c r i t e r i a and r e s u l t i n g s a f e t y f a c t o r s a r e i n accordance wi th t h e s t a n d a r d s l a i d down by Ind ian Standard 15-6512-1973 which, i n t u r n , i s i n accordance wi th t h e s t andards of o t h e r major dam-building a u t h o r i t i e s i n t h e world. Also , des igns and the layout of t h e dam as f i n a l l y adopted i s considered most a p p r o p r i a t e f o r the c o n d i t i o n s a t t h e s i t e . The layout was p r i m a r i l y in f luenced by requirements f o r handl ing of f l o o d s dur ing const ruc- t i o n and the magnitude of sp i l lway f a c i l i t i e s r e q u i r e d t o handle ext remely l a r g e f loods l i k e l y t o occur dur ing t h e o p e r a t i o n of the r e s e r v o i r .

ANNEX- 9 Page 20

V. A n c i l l a r y Works

5.01 Gene ra l . T h i s c h a p t e r p r e s e n t s d e s c r i p t i v e d a t a on t h e i r r i g a t i o n bypass t u n n e l , c ana lhead dams and r e s e r v o i r s and f l o o d e a r n i n g ( h y d r o m e t e o r o l o g i c a l ) ne twork which a r e a d d i t i o n a l f e a t u r e s o f t h e S a r d a r S a r o v a r Dam Complex. The Garudeshwar Weir , n e c e s s a r y f o r pumped s t o r a g e o p e r a t i o n of t h e RBPH, and Vadgam Sadd le Dam, which s u p p o r t s t h e i n t a k e and pens tock ar rangement f o r t h e CHPH a s w e l l a s damming a low s a d d l e on t h e r i g h t r i m of t h e main r e s e r v o i r , a r e d i s c u s s e d w i t h t h e power component f a c i l i t i e s i n Chap te r V I .

5.02 I r r i aa t i o n Bypass- 'funnel. The i r r i g a t i o n bypass t u n n e l would be d e s i g n e d t o r e l e a s e t h e t o t a l peak i r r i g a t i o n d i s c h a r g e o f 1 , 1 3 3 cumecs s o t h a t t h e i r r i g a t i o n and m u n i c i p a l and i n d u s t r i a l demands can be met i f t h e CHPH i s no t o p e r a t i n g o r has n o t y e t been commissioned. The i r r i g a t i o n bypass t u n n e l i s l o c a t e d on t h e r i g h t abutment w i t h i t s i n t a k e about 75 m ups t r eam of t h e main dam a x i s ( g e n e r a l l o c a t i o n i s shown on map IBRD 17692) . P r e s e n t d e s i g n , which i s ongoing , e n v i s a g e s two p a r a l l e l t u b e s , abou t 6 . 4 m d i a m e t e r . C o n t r o l of t h e f l ow i s proposed a t t h e downstream end of t h e t u n n e l , which means t h a t t h e t u n n e l would be p r e s s u r i z e d by t h e r e s e r v o i r head. The i n t a k e t o t h e t u n n e l would be a c o n c r e t e s t r u c t u r e w i t h two open- i n g s about 7.8 m wide by 7.8 m h igh and would i n c o r p o r a t e two ups t r eam f ixed-wheel s t o p l o g g a t e s t o pe rmi t i n s p e c t i o n of t h e t u n n e l . A t t h e down- s t r eam end of t h e t u n n e l t h e o u t l e t works w i l l b i f u r c a t e i n t o two t h r o a t s e c t i o n s each f i t t e d w i t h a h igh p r e s s u r e 3 by 3 m s e r v i c e g a t e and ups t r eam emergency s l i d e g a t e c o n t r o l l e d by h y d r a u l i c h o i s t s . The g a t e d s e c t i o n s a r e fo l l owed downstream by s t o p l o g s l o t s f o r ma in t enance . Energy d i s s i p a t i o n w i l l be o b t a i n e d th rough a s t i l l i n g b a s i n t ype dissipater a t t h e e n t r a n c e t o t h e f i r s t o f f o u r i n t e r l i n k e d ponds.

5.03 F u r t h e r e x p l o r a t i o n i s r e q u i r e d t o con f i rm t h e rock c o n d i t i o n s a s t h e d e s i g n c o n t i n u e s . Be fo re f i n a l i z i n g t h e d e s i g n , i t i s p lanned t o s t u d y f u r t h e r p o s s i b l e a d v e r s e h y d r a u l i c c o n d i t i o n s a t t h e i n t a k e i n c l u d i n g t h o s e c r e a t e d by i t s c l o s e p r o x i m i t y t o t h e RBPH i n t a k e a r r angemen t , by p h y s i c a l mode l l i ng a t GERI. A l s o , i t has been recommended t h a t t h e i n v e r t e l e v a t i o n of t h e t u n n e l be lowered t o 86.9 m i n o r d e r t o i n c r e a s e t h e u t i l i z a t ' o n of 3 r e s e r v o i r s t o r a g e d u r i n g emergency d rough t p e r i o d s by about 1 ,600 Mm . No unusua l f i n a l d e s i g n problems a r e e x p e c t e d . '

5 .04 Canalhead- D a m s and Rese rvo - i r s . Four i n t e r 1 inked r e s e r v o i r s (ponds ) and s m a l l dams have been l o c a t e d between t h e CHPH d i s c h a r g e channe l a n d / o r i r r i g a t i o n bypass t u n n e l o u t l e t and t h e main cana lhead r e g u l a t o r . The f o u r s m a l l r e s e r v o i r s have a r e p o r t e d g r o s s combined s t o r a g e of abou t 63 ?h3 t h a t p r o v i d e s a n o p p o r t u n i t y t o c o n t r o l d a i l y o p e r a t i o n a l mismatches between power r e l e a s e s and i r r i g a t i o n demands and t o r e g u l a t e l o c a l f l o o d r u n o f f and s e d i m e n t a t i o n from t h e l o c a l d r a i n a g e s .

5.05 The l o c a t i o n of t h e f o u r dams and r e s e r v o i r s a r e shown on map I B R D 17692. The f o u r dams a r e a l l e a r t h and r o c k f i l l t ype s t r u c t u r e s t h a t have been des igned i n acco rdance w i t h r e c o g n i z e d I n d i a n d e s i g n p r a c t i c e s . The c o n s t r u c t i o n of t h e dams and i n t e r l i n k e d c h a n n e l s commenced i n 1980 . The dams a r e c o n s t r u c t e d of e a r t h and r o c k f i l l embankments w i t h c e n t r a l c o r e and

ANNEX 4 Page 21

f i l t e r zones and a r e l o c a t e d i n e a c h of f o u r s m a l l w a t e r c o u r s e s . The ponds w i l l p r o v i d e f o r r e g u l a t e d f l o w i n t o t h e m a i r i r r i g a t i o n c a n a l of w a t e r r e l e a s e s t h rough t h e CHPH o r t h e . i r r i g a t i o n bypas s t u n n e l . Normal o p e r a t i n g l e v e l s w i l l v a r y be tween 45.12 m (312 f t ) and 92.07 m (302 f t ) i n t h e ponds t o p r o v i d e o p e r a t i n g f l e x i b i l i t y and minimum d r i v i n g heao when t h e main c a n a l

3 i s a t FSL 91.46 m ( o r 300 f t . ) . The re i s an e s t i m a t e d minimum of 1 3 h m of a c t i v e o p e r a t i o n a l s t o r a g e be tween t h e s e e l e v a t i o n s . The ponds a r e i n t e r - l i n k e d w l t h one a n o t h e r by deep c h a n n e l s e x c a v a t e d t h r o u g h t h e r i d g e s between t h e w a t e r c o u r s e s . These c h a n n e l s a r e of c o n s i d e r a b l e d e p t h ( u p t o 100 m) and have o v e r a l l s i d e s l o p e s of 0 .5 h o r i z o n t a l t o 1 .0 v e r t i c a l . A s t o n e - m s o n r y s p i l l w a y s t r u c t u r e hav ing a d e s i g n d i s c h a r g e o f 640 cumecs i s p rov ided n e a r t h e r i g h t abutment on dam no . 3 i n t o t h e e x i s t i n g Suryakund l i a l l a .

5.b6 The b e h a v i o r o f t h e s t e e p s i d e s l o p e s o i t h e i n t e r l i n k e d c h a n n e l s s h o u l a be m o n i t o r e a d u r i n g t h e p e r i o d p r i o r t o t h e commencement of irrigation t o a s c e r t a i n i f any a d d i t i o n a l p r o t e c t i o n s h o u l d be g i v e n t o t h e s l o p e s . T h i s measu re s h o u l d be t a k e n t o a v o i d l a r g e r o c k f a l l s i n t o t h e c h a n n e l s t h a t would s e r i o u s l y a f f e c t t h e o p e r a t i o n of t h e p r o j e c t .

5 .07 F lood Warning ( ~ y d r o m e t e o r o l o g i c a l ) Network. A f e a t u r e of t h e p r o j e c t c o s t i n g a n e s t i m a t e d USS18 M w i l l be i n c l u d e d t o e s t a b l i s h a n e a r l y f l o o d warn ing sys tem i n t h e Narmaaa B a s i n . T h i s f e a t u r e i s f u l l y j u s t i i i e d by u n i q u e b a s i n c l i m a t i c and p h y s i c a l c o n d i t i o n s , which have n e c e s s i t a t e d t h e a e s i g n of one of t h e wor ld ' s l a r g e s t s p i l l w a y s a t S a r a a r S a r o v a r Dam. I n a d d i t i o n , f u t u r e p l a n s i n ~LI? c a l l f o r iruniediate deve lopment of harmada Saga r Dam, t h e b a s i n ' s l a r g e s t p o t e n t i a l s t o r a g e u n i t , a s w e l l a s t h e u l t i m a t e deve lopment of some 29 a a a i t i o n a l ma jo r s t o r a g e and d i v e r s i o n p r o j e c t s ( s e e nap IBRD 17694, SDV, P a r t I ) . Thus , p r e p a r a t i o n , d e s i g n , and imp lemen ta t i on of ups t r eam p r o j e c t s would a l s o b e n e f i t f rom d a t a c o l l e c t e d by a n e a r l y t l o o d warn ing sys tem and r e s u l t i n enhanced o p e r a t i o n a l e f f i c i e n c i e s and r e d u c t i o n of b a s i n f l o o d damages and a v e r t p o s s i b l e l o s s of l i f e .

5 .08 The hyaromet ne twork f o r barmaaa Bas in w i l l b e p l a n n e a , d e s i g n e a , and a d m i n i s t e r e d unde r t h e NWDT-created ba rnada C o n t r o l A u t h o r i t y i n coopera- t i o n w i t h t h e GOG, GOMP and GOM. P r i n c i p a l e l e m e n t s o r t h e ne twork and i t s s t a t u s a r e d i s c u s s e d i n SAR 5107-IN, p a r a 4 .25 and 4.26 and i n two s t u d y r e p o r t s which have been comple t ed by t h e c o n s u l t a n t f i r m s of Telecommunica- t i o n C o n s u l t a n t s I n d i a , L t d . , a n a Computer N a i n t e n a n c e C o r p o r a t i o n , L t a . The l a t t e r two s t u d i e s a r e summarizes i n KCA's J u n e 1984 r e p o r t t i t i e a "Hydrome teo ro log i ca l Network f o r R e a l Time S t r eamf low and Ylooa F o r e c a s t i n g i n Narmada Basin.." A l l of t h e s e r e p o r t s a r e m a i n t a i n e d i n t h e p r o j e c t f i l e s . It i s i n t e n d e d t h a t a a d i t i o n a l a n a l y s i s of t h e ne twork be made b e f o r e t h e f i n a l d e s i g n and l a y o u t i s s e l e c t e d .

ANNEX 9 Page 22

V I . The Hydropower Component

6.01 Power Supply and Demand - A l l I n d i a . A t a p p r a i s a l , i t was de t e rmined . t h a t b o t h i n s t a l l e d c a p a c i t y and power g e n e r a t i o n grew a t a n a v e r a g e a n n u a l r a t e of abou t 11 p e r c e n t i n t h e 1 9 5 0 s J a n d 60s . Growth ave raged o n l y 5 p e r c e n t -

a n n u a l l y f o r c a p a c i t y and g e n e r a t i o n d u r i n g t h e f i r s t h a l f of t h e 1970s i n c r e a s i n g t o a n 8 p e r c e n t r a t e d u r i n g t h e l a s t h a l f . The 1580s openea w i t h two y e a r s hav ing a n a v e r a g e growth r a t e i n g e n e r a t i o n of a b o u t 8 p e r c e n t exceed ing a growth r a t e of 6 .5 p e r c e n t i n i n s t a l l e d c a p a c i t y , i n d i c a t i n g improved u t i l i z a t i o n of r e s o u r c e s . However power s h o r t a g e s c o n t i n u e t o e x i s t s

i n many p a r t s of t h e c o u n t f y . T o t a l i n s t a l l e d c a p a c i t y a s of March 14b3 was a b o u t 35,4UU hW ( b 3 p e r c e n t c o n v e n t i o n a l , 35 p e r c e n t hydro and 2 p e r c e n t n u c l e a r ) . I n d u s t r y consumes abou t 60 p e r c e n t , a g r i c u l t u r e (main ly i r r i g a - t i o n ) abou t 1 8 domes t i c u s e abou t 1 2 p e r c e n t and o t h e r u s e s abou t 1 0 p e r c e n t of a l l e l e c t r i c i t y s o l d . Tremendous growth ( a b o u t 1000 f o l d ) h a s been e x p e r i e n c e d from 1450 th rough 1480 i n v i l l a g e e l e c t r i f i c a t i o n i n I n a i a . R e c e n t l y , t h e CEA has p r o j e c t e d n a t i o n w i d e demand growth a t an a n n u a l r a t e of a b o u t 9.5 p e r c e n t t o a l e v e l of 1b6,bUO Hk, of which 56 p e r c e n t would be t h e r m a l , 41 p e r c e n t hydro and 3 p e r c e n t n u c l e a r . Energy g e n e r a t i o n and t h e s a l e and p a t t e r n of energy consumption f o r I n d i a i s shown i n t a b l e 7 w h i l e p r o j e c t i o n of energy r e q u i r e m e n t s and peak demands on u t i l i t y sys t ems .-

t h roughou t I n a i a a r e g i v e n i n t a b l e 8 .

6.U2 Power Supply and Demand - Western Region. The w e s t e r n r e g i o n com- p r i s e s t h e s t a t e s of G u j a r a t , &IP, and h a h a r a s h t r a and t h e u n i o n territories of GOA, Daman and Diu, and Dadra and Nagar H a v e l i . I t c o v e r s abou t 292 of t h e coun t ry ' s a r e a and has a n e s t i m a t e d p o p u l a t i o n of 144 k. The major r e g i o n a l l o a d c e n t e r s a r e t h e g r e a t e r Bombay a r e a i n M a h a r a s h t r a , t h e Vadodara a r e a i n G u j a r a t and a few a r e a s i n P*. I n 1581-82, i n a u s t r i a l e l e c t r i c i t y consumption r e p r e s e n t s abou t 62% of t h e r e g i o n ' s t o t a l , comparea w i t h 57% n a t i o n w i d e , w h i l e a g r i c u l t u r a l u s e s a c c o u n t f o r 13X ( a g a i n s t 18% f o r I n d i a ) , and t h e r e s t i s consumea by r e s i d e n t i a l and commercial u s e r s ( t a b l e 9 ) . E l e c t r i c i t y s a l e s have been growing a t a s t e a d y r a t e of 8% p.a. between 1475 and 1463. I n d u s t r i a l consumption has been growing a t a n annua l r a t e of 6 .2%, a g r i c u l t u r a l a t 142 , and domes t i c a t 12%. h a h a r a s h t r a i s t h e dominant s t a t e i n t h e r e g i o n , w i t h about 54% of t o t a l s a l e s , t o l l o w e d by G u j a r a t . ( 2 8 % ) , ana b9 ( 1 8 % ) . The p e r c a p i t a consumption i n hY82 was a b o u t 245 kWh i n bo th h a h a r a s h t r a and G u j a r a t and on ly 107 kWh i n kip.

6 .03 As of March 1983, t h e t o t a l i n s t a l l e d u t i l i t y c a p a c i t y i n t h e r e g i o n was about 10 ,045 hW, c o n s i s t i n g of 78% t h e r m a l , 18% hydro , and 4% n u c l e a r ( t a b l e 1 0 ) . T h i s g e n e r a t i n g c a p a c i t y i s owned by t h e SEB's w i t h t h e excep- t i o n of 210 IiW owned and o p e r a t e d by t h e N a t i o n a l Thermal Power C o r p o r a t i o n (NTPC) and 420 hW owned and o p e r a t e d by t h e Department of A t o n i c Energy .

I / I n 1475 t h e G O 1 i n c o r p o r a t e d t h e hYPC and t h e N a t i o n a l Xydropower Cor- - p o r a t i o n (11nrC) whose main purpose i s t o c o n s t r u c t , own, and o p e r a t e l a r g e c e n t r a l power s t a t i o n s a s w e l l a s h igh -vo l t age power t r a n s m i s s i o n . l i n e s and a s s o c i a t e d s u b s t a t i o n s . A t p r e s e n t NTPC i s b u i l d i n g s i x l z r g e t he rma l power s t a t i o n s ad t h e hHPC i s b u i l d i n g t h r e e hydro s t a t i o n s i n I n a i a .

AbNEX 4 Page 23

I n a d a i t i o n a b o u t 660 blW of c a p t i v e i n d u s t r i a l g e n e r a t i n g p l a n t s (above 600 kW p e r s e t ) e x i s t s i n t h e r e g i o n . About 51% of t o t a l r e g i o n a l c a p a c i t y i s l o c a t e d i n M a h a r a s h t r a , 28% i n G u j a r a t , and 21% i n ~IP: While i n s t a l l e d c a p a c i t y has grown a t abou t 10.4% p . a . d u r i n g 1975-83 t h e a v a i l a b l e c a p a c i t y grew o n l y a t abou t 8 .3%, which i n d i c a t e s s i g n i f i c a n t d e t e r i o r a t i o n i n p l a n t a v a i l a b i l i t y ( o n l y abou t 62% of i n s t a l l e d c a p a c i t y i n FYb3). Al though i n t e r - c o n n e c t i o n of t h e r e g i o n ' s s t a t e s i s e s t a b l i s h e d t o some e x t e n t , o p e r a t i o n s a r e n o t y e t f u l l y i n t e g r a t e d . Maha rash t r a and G u j a r a t sy s t ems o p e r a t e con- t i n u o u s l y i n p a r a l l e l w h i l e ire o p e r a t e s only on a p a r t - t i m e b a s i s (39% of t h e t ime i n FY82) due t o o p e r a t i o n a l c o n s t r a i n t s . The re i s a l s o minor power i n t e r c h a n g e w i t h t h e s o u t h e r n r e g i o n ( t a b l e 1 1 ) . The p o o l i n g and d i s p a t c h i n g a r r anzemen t s a r e c o o r d i n a t e d th rough t h e REB and a r e e x p e c t e a t o subs t an - t i a l l y improve w i t h a new l o a d d i s p a t c h f a c i l i t y (based on a r e a l t ime com- p u t e r ) c u r r e n t l y u n a e r i n s t a l l a t i o n .

6.U4 T a b l e 1 2 shows t h e p a s t and p r o j e c t e a e l e c t r i c power s u p p l y p o s i t i o n f o r t h e w e s t e r n r e g i o n , t a b l e 1 3 shows t h e commissioning program of ongoing schemes and t a b l e 1 4 shows new p r o j e c t s a u r i n g 19b5-95. AS i n p r e v l o u s y e a r s t h e power supply p o s i t i o n i n FY83 was v e r y c r i t i c a l r e s u l t i n g i n s e v e r e - .

s u p p l y r e s t r i c t i o n s i n a l l t h e t h r e e s t a t e s , e s p e c i a l l y i n . M a h a r a s h t r a and . R e g u l a t o r y measures f o r power c u t s and r e s t r i c t i o n s ana l o a n s h e a a i n g were imposed f rom t ime t o t ime d u r i n g t h e y e a r w h i c h . a f f e c t rcainly t h e i n a u s t r i a l ad a g r i c u l t u r a l consumption a s w e l l a s domes t i c u s e r s above a min imum' l eve l . Due t o t h e e x i s t i n g s h o r t a g e of peaking c a p a c i t y , t h e con- s t r a i n e d peak demand h a s grown a t an a v e r a g e r a c e of o n l y 7.4% p . a . d u r i n g t h e l a s t f i v e y e a r s . P o t e n t i a l u n c o n s t r a i n e d demand f o r peak c a p a c i t y i s e x p e c t e d t o grow a t a b o u t 1U.2% p . a . u n t i l 1Y42. A s t o t a l i n s t a l l e d c a p a c i t y i s expec t ed t o grow a t abou t 10.42 p . a . and a v a i l a b l e c a p a c i t y a t 1 0 . 7 % , t h e p r e s e n t e s t i m a t e d o v e r a l l c a p a c i t y s h o r t a g e of a b o u t 1 7 % of p o t e n t i a l demand would be r eaucea o n l y t o 13.bX i n FY92. However, t h e a b s o l u t e a e f i c i t which was a b o u t 1 , 2 8 1 MW i n FY83 i s e x p e c t e d K O r e a c h 2 ,437 hk i n FY42. I h e evolu- t i o n of t h e sys tem i n d i c a t e s t h a t t h e l o a d f a c t o r w i l l d e c r e a s e from 73% i n 1983 t o a b o u t 66% i n 1992 a s t h e peak ing c o n s t r a i n t i s l e s s s e v e r e . S ig- ~ i f i c a n t improvement i n p l a n t a v a i l a b i l i t y i s n o t e x p e c t e a u n t i l 1492. New a d d i t i o n s t o c a p a c i t y d u r i n g t h e 198Us would be p r e d o n i n a n t l y t h e r m a l , ou t i n FY 85-93 a a d i t i o n a l hydro c a p a c i t y of 2 ,3b6 blW i s expec t ed t o be i n opera- t i o n .

Economic J u s t i f i c a t i o n of Power Component

6 .b5 The power s t a t i o n s proposed a t S a r d a r S a r o v a r a r e a n i n t e g r a l p a r t of t h e m u l t i p u r p o s e SSP. They s h a r e a j o i n t s t o r a g e f a c i l i t y w i t h t h e o t h e r consumpt ive u s e r s of Narmada w a t e r , a s w e l l a s t h e w a t e r r e s o u r c e i t s e l f . I n a d d i t i o n , t h e CHPH w o u l d . e x i s t o n l y because of t h e s u b s t a n t i v e f l ows t o be a i v e r t e d i n t o t h e main c a n a l . Given t h e f l ows a v a i l a b l e t o RBPh ana CHPH ove r t ime a f t e r o t h e r u s e s a r e s e r v e d , and a l l o c a t i n g t h e e n t i r e c o s t of t h e s t o r a g e f a c i l i t y t o t h e power f u n c t i o n , two d i f f e r e n t app roaches t o j u s - t i f i c a t i o n of t h e power s t a t i o n can be t a k e n : f i r s t l y , i t can be shown t h a t t h e s e s t a t i o n s form p a r t of t h e " l e a s c - c o s t expans ion plan:' ( i n economic t e r m s ) t h a t s a t i s f i e s t h e p r o j e c t e d aemand i n t h e w e s t e r n r e g i o n . T h i s aoes n o t r e q u i r e a n a s sumpt ion a b o u t t n e econon ic v a l u e of b e n e f i t s t o be gene r - a t e d . S e c o n a l y , c o s t s can be compared t o b e n e f i t s e x p r e s s e d ir t e rms of some

ANNEX 9 Page 24

e s t i m a t e of t h e i r s o c i a l and economic v a l u e . Both app roaches a r e d i s c u s s e d be low.

6.06 L e a s t Cos t Approach. I n September 1982, CEA comple ted a 15-year l e a s t c o s t e x p a n s i o n p l a n f o r e a c h one of t h e f i v e r e g i o n a l power sys t ems i n I n a i a . The model t a k e s t h e committed p r o j e c t s a s f i x e d rnpu t and a l i s t or new hyaro and the rma l p r o j e c t s , w i t h t h e i r a s s o c i a t e d c a p i t a l and o p e r a t i n g c o s t s , a s v a r i a b l e s t o d e t e r m i n e t h e optimum expans ion sequence t o meet t h e f o r e c a s t demand. G e n e r a l l y , t h e r e s u l t s of t h e p l a n i n d i c a t e t h a t among t h e d i f f e r e n t o p t i o n s t h e one emphas iz ing hydropower aevelopment i s t h e l e a s t c o s t o n e , and a l s o , h i g h f o r c e d o u t a g e r a t e s i n c r e a s e t h e c o s t s s i g - n i f i c a n t l y . The p l a n a l s o i n d i c a t e s t h a t minemoutki c o a l f i r e a p l a n t s shou ld be g e n e r a l l y f a v o r e d a g a i n s t t h o s e l o c a t e d a t l o a d c e n t e r s . I n t h e w e s t e r n r e g i o n expans ion program, S a r a a r S a r o v a r was c o n s i d e r e d a s a c o m i t t e a p r o j e c t w i t h a t o t a l c a p a c i t y of 1430 hb ana w i t h c o n v e n t i o n a l u n i t s . To con f i rm t h a t t h e p r o j e c t be longs t o t h e l e a s t c o s t e x p a n s i o n , t h e w e s t e r n r e g i o n program was upda ted d u r i n g a p p r a i s a l t o : ( a ) t r e a t t h e p r o j e c t a s v a r i a b l e , ( b ) t a k e i n t o c o n s i d e r a t i o n s l i p p a g e s t h a t have o c c u r r e a i n ongoing and f u t u r e p r o j e c t s s i n c e t h e p l a n was p r e p a r e d , ( c ) upda te denana f o r e c a s t s , ( a ) u s e economic c o s t s , and ( e ) i n t r o a u c e t h e r e v e r s i b l e u n i t s o p t i o n .

6.07 The p r e s e n t w o r t h of t h e u p a a t e d , op t imized expans ion program ( i n v e s t - ment , f u e l , ana O&h c o s t s ) w i t h S a r d a r S a r o v a ~ was cornparea w i t h t h e most r e a l i s t i c alternative p l a n w i t h o u t t h e proposed p r o j e c t . The p r a c t i c a l a l t e r n a t i v e t o S a r d a r Sa rova r would be a minemouth the rma l s t a t i o n i n t h e Vinahyachal t h a t would be aaded a s base c a p a c i t y d i s p l a c i n g t h e l e s s e r f i - c i e n t and o l d t h e r m a l u n i t s towaras t h e peak o p e r a t i o n . Gas t u r b i n e o p t i o n , a s a peaking a l t e r n a t i v e , was found t o be more e x p e n s i v e t h a n t h e mode of o p e r a t i o n ment ionea above . The the rma l e q u i v a l e n t c a p a c i t y r o r S a r a a r t a s been t a k e n a s 2bb0 Mb, based on c u r r e n t s t a t i s t i c s f o r I n d i a r e g a r d i n g t h e a v a i l a b i l i t y of t he rma l u n i t s a s comparea t o hydro u n i t s . Al lowances f o r t h e a s s o c i a t e d . t r a n s m i s s i o n have been i n c l u d e d i n b o t h c a s e s i n acco rdance w i t h t h e ave rage l o s s e s i n t h e r e g i o n ( l b % ) .

6 .0b C o s t s of t h e a l t e r n a t i v e sys t em expans ion s e r i e s ( w i t h ana w i t h o u t t h e p r o j e c t ) have been e x p r e s s e d i n economic p r i c e s . CIF p r i c e s have been a p p l i e d where p o s s i b l e , o t h e r w i s e a s t a n d a r d c o n v e r s i o n f a c t o r of 0.8 h a s been a p p l i e d . The economic c o s t of c o a l was e s t i m a t e d a s i t s long-run mar- g i n a l c o s t of e x t r a c t i o n due t o i t s n o n t r a a a b l e n a t u r e (Rs 1 9 7 / t o n ) . l/ The economic c o s t of t r a n s p o r t a t i o n f o r a n hverage hau lage o r 1500 km (Rs200 / ton ) has been aaded t o c a l c u l a t e t h e f u e l c o s t a t l o a d c e n t e r p l a n t s . 0&Fi £0-r t he rma l i n s t a l l a t i o n has been i n c l u d e a a t 2.5% f o r t h e r m a l ana 1% f o r t h e hyaro . S i n c e g e n e r a t i o n a t t h e RBYH d e c r e a s e s o v e r t i m e , t h e n e t e f f e c t i s a r e a u c t i o n i n t h e energy c o n t e n t of S a r d a r S a r o v a r , wnich i s compensated i n t h e sequence i n c l u d i n g t h e p r o j e c t by a a a i t i o n a l g e n e r a t i o n i n t h e t h e r m a l sys t em. The f u l l c o s t of dam and r e s e r v o i r ha s been i n c l u d e d i n t h e c o s t of t h e expans ion p l a n w i t h S a r d a r S a r o v a r .

1/ I n d i a n c o a l s have g e n e r a l l y low c a l o r i f i c v a l u e (4500 k c a l l k g 1 and h i g h - a s h c o n t e n t (40-45%) which r e n d e r them noncompe t i t i ve f o r e x p o r t m a r k e t s .

AhhEX 9 Page 25

6.04 The compu ta t ion of t h e l e a s t - c o s t expans ion p l a n by CEA was based on t h e a s sumpt ion o i c o n v e n t i o n a l ( n o n - r e v e r s i b l e ) t u r b i n e - g e n e r a t o r s a t RBPB. The d e c i s i o n f o r r e v e r s i b l e u n i t s was t a k e n i n a second s t e p a f t e r t h e s i z i n g a e c i s l o n a s d e s c r i b e d above ( p a r a s 6.10-6.12). The m i s s i o n t h e r e f o r e maae some modifications t o t h e o r i g i n a l e x p a n s i o n c o s t r e q u i r e a ( c o n v e n t i o n a l u n i t s ) t o a l l ow f o r t h e i n c r e m e n t a l i nves tmen t c o s t s ana sys tem c o s t s a v i n g s of r e v e r s i b l e u n i t s . It was assumed t h a t t h e s e u n i t s would r e p l a c e 4x110 hW of t he rma l u n i t s ( e q u i v a l e n t t o 300 hW f i r m power ) , t o be o p e r s t e u a s base load s t a t i o n s , and t h a t t h e s e b a s e s t a t i o n s would a i s p l a c e l e s s e t t i c i e u t t he rma l s t a t i o n s i n t h e upper p a r t of t h e l o a u c u r v e i n t o peak ing moae. The n e t f u e l c o s t e f f e c t f rom such r ep l acemen t and d i s p l a c e m e n t was c r e d i t e d a s s a v i n g s t o t h e l e a s t c o s t expans ion sequence i n c l u d i n g S a r d a r Sa rova r w i t h r e v e r s i b l e u n i t s .

6 .10 The economic c o s t s t r e a m s f o r t h r e e a l t e r n a t i v e expans ion sequences ( w i t h S a r a a r Sa rova r - c o n v e n t i o n a l , w i t h S a r d a r S a r o v a r - r e v e r s i b l e , w i t h t h e r m a l a l t e r n a t i o n t o S a r d a r S a r o v a r ) a r e g i v e n i n t a b l e 1 5 and t h e i r p r e s e n t v a l u e s a r e summarized i n t h e f o l l o w i n g t a b l e :

. . . .. - . - . -

SSP SSP Therma 1 Conven t iona l R e v e r s i b l e A l t e r n a t i v e ------------------ Rs h-----------------

P r e s e n t v a l u e a t 8% d i s c o u n t r a t e 77, bu0 75 ,7u0 87,70G P r e s e n t v a l u e a t 10% d i s c o u n t r a t e 63 ,300 61 ,700 71,100 P r e s e n t v a l u e a t 12% d i s c o u n t r a t e 52,9C10 51,500 54, U U ~

The sequence which i n c l u d e s SSP i s c l e a r l y l e s s c o s t l y t h a n w i t h t h e t h e r m a l a l t e r n a t i v e , and a a d i n g t h e r e v e r s i b l e c a p a b i l i t y t o t h e RBPH r e a u c e s t h e c o s t even f u r t h e r . Moreover , t h e a s sumpt ions made by CFA i n e v a l u a t i n g t h e pumpback o p t i o n were v e r y c o n s e r v a t i v e i n t h a t r e v e r s i b l e o p e r a t i o n would n o t s t a r t b e f o r e t h e p l a n t f a c t o r ( f o r f i r m e n e r g y ) of t h e RBPh d r o p s below 25% (3U0 hW o r 2628 GWhIyear). The pumpback f a c i l i t y would s u b s e q u e n t l y be used t o m a i n t a i n e x a c t l y t h a t p l a n t f a c t o r ( f i r m e n e r g y ) of 25%. I n t h e economic a n a l y s i s of t h e SSP ( s e e annex l b ) , i t was assumea t h a t t h e pumpback f a c i l i t y woula be u s e a , t o a v e r y l i m i t e d d e g r e e , a l r e a d y one y e a r a f t e r s t a r t o f power o p e r a t i o n s ( a t 1 .7% p l a n t f a c t o r o n l y ) and would g r a a u a l l y i n c r e a s e , ove r a p e r i o d of 1 5 y e a r s . Obv ious ly , e a r l i e r u s e of t h e f a c i l i t y w i l l s t r e n g t h e n t h e j u s t i f i c a t i o n f o r i t . The ene rgy g e n e r a t i o n p r o j e c t i o n s of CM and t h o s e of t h e m i s s i o n ( f o r economic a p p r a i s a l ) a r e comparea i n t a b l e 1 6 .

6 .11 Cos t -Bene f i t Approach. I n t h i s app roach , t h e t o t a l ene rgy ( f i r m anG s p i l l ene rgy ) t o be g e n e r a t e d a t RBPH ana CHPh was v a l u e d a t t h e e s t i m a t e a ave rage w i l l i n g n e s s t o pay of consumers, a d j u s t e a t o t h e p o i n t o t g e n e r a t i o n (Rs 0.821kwh) and by t h e s t a n d a r d c o n v e r s i o n f a c t o r (Rs 0 .b2 x 0 .8 = U.66). However, t h e p r o j e c t e d ene rgy g e n e r a t i o n i s somewhat a i f t e r e n t t rom t h a t assumea by CFA. T h e i r s i z i n g and l e a s t - c o s t expans ion s t u a i e s ( s e e con- p a r i s o n i n t a b l e 1 6 1 , s i n c e t h e y a r e a r e s u l t of t h e s i m u l a t i o n moael b u i l t f o r e c o n o ~ i c a n a l y s i s pu rposes ( s e e annex 1 0 ) . The r e s u l t of t h e economic a n a l y s i s f o r t h e power component a l o n e ( i . e . , i g n o r i n g c o s t s ana b e n e f l t s of

i r r i g a t i o n ) i s a n EKR of 134. T h i s would i n c l u d e t h e f u l l c o s t o f t h e dam and r e s e r v o i r . I n a a d i t i o n , a h y p o t h e t i c a l ,"power-only,'' s c e n a r i o was con- s i d e r e d ( w i t h o u t CHPH ana w i t h o u t r e v e r s i b l e t u r b i n e - g e n e r a t o r s ) , which r e s u l t s i n much h i g h e r g e n e r a t i o n f i g u r e s , s i n c e no wi thd rawa l would be macie f o r i r r i g a t i o n from S a r d a r Sa rova r R e s e r v o i r . Such h y p o t h e t i c a l p r o j e c t would y i e l d a n ERR of 154.

6.12 S i z i n g of t h e Power P l a n t and t h e U n i t s . The RBPB would be l o c a t e a immedia te ly downstream of t h e main dam, whereas t h e CHPIi i s proposed above t h e head works of t h e main i r r i g a t i o n c a n a l a t t h e o t f - t a k e from t h e r e s e r - v o i r , ups t r eam of t h e main dam. The a n a l y s i s of optimum c a p a c i t i e s was basea on t h e f o l l o w i n g c o n s i d e r a t i o n s :

( a ) t h e power s t a t i o n s were c o n s i d e r e d i n t h e c o n t e x t of t h e i r l n t e g r a t e a o p e r a t i o n w i t h i n t h e w e s t e r n r e g i o n g r i d , t o which t h e p r o j e c t w i l l be connec t ed ;

( b ) t h e s i z e of t h e u n i t s was based on e c o n o i c ana t e c h n i c a l c r i t e r i a , bu t was n o t r e s t r i c t e d t o t h e maximum s i z e b e i n g manufac tu red w i t h i n I n d i a ;

( c ) a e t a i l e d long-term r e s e r v o i r o p e r a t i o n s t u d i e s haa been c a r r i e u o u t ;

( d ) t h e development of i r r i g a t i o n i n t h e b a s i n , t h e t h i n g of wnich a f f e c t s t h e a v a i l a b i l i t y of w a t e r f o r g e n e r a t i o n , was t a k e n a s v a r i - a b l e and t e s t s were made of t h e s e n s i t i v i t y of t h e optimum c a p a c i t y t o d i f f e r e n t r a t e s of i r r i g a t i o n expans ion ;

( e l s i n c e t h e s i t e c o n d i t i o n s f a v o r e d a p o s s i b l e pump-back o p e r a t i o n , r e v e r s i b l e u n i t s were c o n s i d e r e a ; and

(t) t h e e s t i m a t e s f o r power g e q e r a t i o n were based on 4UZ dependab le f l ows .

6 .13 The g e n e r a t i o n s e r i e s f o r S a r d a r Sa rova r were o b t a i n e a from t h e a v a i l a b l e h y d r o l o g i c i n f o r m a t i o n (30 y e a r s ) . l / The i n t l o w s t o and d i v e r s i o n s from t h e r e s e r v o i r were calculates a f t e r s i m u l a t i o n of t h e whole b a s i n opera- t i o n by a computer model p r e p a r e d by GOG w i t h t h e a s s i s t a n c e of c o n s u l t a n t s

(ORG). The moael i n c l u d e s a l l t h e e x i s t i n g and p l annea major w a t e r r e s o u r c e p r o j e c t s i n t h e b a s i n ups t ream of S a r a a r S a r o v a r ana assumes f o r s i m u l a t i o n pu rposes t h a t t h e bas in ' s t o t a l p o t e n t i a l s t o r a g e i s combinea i n t o f o u r r e s e r v o i r s a p p r o p r i a t e l y l o c a t e d a t main s tem s i t e s on t h e harmada o r t r i b u t a r i e s . The model g e n e r a t e s t h e l n f l o w s t o S a r a a r Sa rova r K e s e r v o i r snd d e t e r m i n e s t h e a v a i l a b i l i t y of w a t e r f o r i r r i g a t i o n and power g e n e r a t i o n a c c o r d i n g t o a s e t of r e s e r v o i r o p e r a t i o n r u l e s . The o p e r a t i o n r u l e s g i v e f i r s t p r i o r i t y t o i r r i g a t i o n a s r e q u i r e d by t h e WDT. The r e s u l t s of t h e GOG model were conf i rmed by an independent s i m u l a t i o n p r e p a r e a by CEA i n which a l l i n d i v i d u a l r e s e r v o i r s ups t r eam of S a r d a r Sa rova r were o p e r a t e a i n s i t u

1/ Cont inuous r u n o f f r e c o r a s a r e a v a i l a o l e from 1448 t o 147b a t t h r e e gaug- - i n g s i t e s on t h e mains t ream of t h e r i v e r .

ANhEX 9 Page 27

i n d e p e n d e n t l y i n s t e a d of b e i n g lumped t o g e t h e r . The a v e r a g e a n n u a l gener - a t i o n f i g u r e s of bo th e x e r c i s e s d i f f e r e d by l e s s t h a n 52. The f o u r r e s e r v o i r model s i m u l a t i o n was f i n a l i y adop ted i n view of t h e much lower c o m p u t a t i o n a l e f f o r t i nvo lved . T a b l e 17 ( 3 p a g e s ) shows t h e ene rgy g e n e r a t i o n s e r i e s o b t a i n e a f o r t h e 30-year p e r i o d f o r d i f f e r e n t i n s t a l l e d c a p a c i t i e s i n b o t h powerhouses f o r t h e two i n i t i a l s t a g e s of ups t r eam i r r i g a t i o n development e n v i s a g e d by t h e NWDT.

6 .14 The u n i t s i z e p roposea by t h e NWDT was r e v i s e d t o c o n s i a e r , among o t h e r a s p e c t s , t h e f o l l o w i n g :

( a ) The c o s t p e r k i l o w a t t o f d i f f e r e n t u n i t s i z e s ;

( b ) The e f f e c t of d i t f e r e n t u n i t s i z e s on t h e c o s t of c i v l l works ;

( c ) The s i z e of u n i t s w i t h s i m i l a r p a r s m e t e r s c u r r e n t l y i n o p e r a t i o n o r unde r m a n u f a c t u r i n g ;

. - - .

( d ) Space l i m i t a t i o n s a t t h e s i t e ;

( e ) Equipment t r a n s p o r t a t i o n l i m i t a t i o n s ; and

( £ 1 The w e s t e r n g r i d r e g u l a t i o n neeus .

Based on t h e s e a n a l y s e s a 200 hk u n i t s i z e was s e l e c t e d a s t h e optLmum f o r t h e RBPH. Al though l a r g e r u n i t s may have a s l i g h t l y lower per kk c o s t , t h i s would be o t f s e t by t h e h i g h e r c o s t s of a l a r g e r underground e x c a v a t i o n f o r t h e powerhouse, which would r e q u i r e s p e c i a l s u p p o r t i n g sys t ems . A s i m r l a r p r o c e d u r e was f o l l o w e d f o r t h e CHPh f o r which 50 PIN u n i t s were s e l e c t e a . If t h i s c a s e , c o n t r a r y t o t h e RBPH, it was founa t h a t u n i t s s m a l l e r t h a n t h e ones proposed by t h e hkDT were more s u i t a b l e f o r t h e o p e r a t i n g c o n a i t i o n s imposea on them by t h e i r r i g a t i o n a b s t r a c t i o n s . Sma l l e r u n i t s , a l t h o u g h having a s l i g h t l y h i g h e r u n i t c o s t , o f f e r more flexibility and b e t t e r o p e r a t - i n g e f f i c i e n c y a t low t l o w s , a c o n d i t i o n t h a t f a v o r s r eauced s i z e s i n t h e long-run o p e r a t i o n of t h e CHYH.

6 .15 I n s t a l l e d C a p a c i t y . The f i r m c a p a c i t y of t h e RBPH has been e s t i m a t e a a f t e r simulation a t 415 kk ( 3 , 6 4 5 ~ W h / y e a r ) a t 90% reliability d u r i n g s t a g e I ana 156 ~ I W ( 1 , 3 8 4 GWh/year) d u r i n g s t a g e 11. 2/ A t f u l l b a s i n aeve lcpment , t h e r e i s no firm c a p a c i t y s i n c e most of t h e w a t e r w l l l be used f o r i r r i g a t i o n ana d u r i n g a number of p e r i o d s t h e p l a n t would have t o De s h u t aown l f

1/ GOG c o n s u l t e d t h e f o l l o w i n g m a n u f a c t u r e r s : Neyrp i c ( ~ r a n c e ) , h y a r o a r t - ( I t a l y ) , H i r a c h i , F u j i, Tosh iba , b i t s u b i s h i ( J a p a n ) , b o n i n i o n ( ~ a n a d a ) , A l l i s Chalmers (USA), Boving (UK), Kvarner Brug ( ~ o r w a ~ ) , and BhEL ( I n d i a ) .

21 S t a g e I a s u sea h e r e and by hWDT i s e q u i v a l e n t t o S t a g e 2 i n annex 2 , - and S t a g e 11 t o S t a g e 4.

equ ippea o n l y w i t h c o n v e n t i o n a l u n i t s . It i s p o s s i b l e t o g e n e r a t e s u b s t a n - t i a l s econda ry power ( f rom 1200 t o 1600 GWh/year i n s t a g e I and f rom 660 t o 77U ~ ~ h / y e a r i n s t a g e 11, depending upon t h e i n s t a l l e d c a p a c i t y ) , i f s u f i i - c i e n t c a p a c i t y i s a v a i l a b l e t o u s e w a t e r t h a t o t h e r w i s e would be s p i l l e a . I n a d a i t i o n , i f t h e r e a r e d e l a y s i n t h e development of i r r i g a t i o n , t h e power g e n e r a t i o n i n t h e e a r l y o p e r a t i n g y e a r s w i l l i n c r e a s e ove r and above t h e base c a s e ( i r r i g a t i o n development a s p l anned by t h e hWDT). Based on t h e s e con- s i d e r a t i o n s , which a l s o a p p l y t o t h e CHPH, a sys tem c o s t a n a l y s i s was c a r r i e a o u t t o d e t e r m i n e t h e optimum c a p a c i t y of t h e i n s t a l l a t i o n o v e r t h e s t a t i o n l i f e . The n e t i n c r e m e n t a l sys tem c o s t s were c a l c u l a t e d f o r a i f f e r e n t a i s - c o u n t r a t e s f o r c a p a c i t i e s of 1000 hh and & U O hk. The upper l i m i t s imposed on t h e p l a n t c a p a c i t i e s a r e 1200 PlW f o r t h e RBPH and 250 ~ I W a t t h e CHPH b o t h aue t o g e o l o g i c a l and s p a c e r e s t r i c t i o n s on t h e s i z e of t h e powerhouses. The a n a l y s i s was p r e p a r e d f o r t h e b a s i c s c e n a r i o ( i r r i g a t i o n aevelopment a s f o r t h e hWDT p l a n s ) and t e s t e d f o r two a a a i t i o n a l s c e n a r i o s ( 5 and 1 U y e a r s d e l a y , r e s p e c t i v e l y i n t h e comple t ion of t h e f i r s t s t a g e of i r r i g a t i o n developuient ) . Tab le 1 8 shows a summary of t h e r e s u l t s and a s sumpt ions f o r s c e n a r i o I which i n d i c a t e s t h a t t h e 12U0 hW c a p a c i t y a t t h e RBPH is t h e one w i t h t h e h i g h e s t n e t b e n e f i t s f o r d i s c o u n t r a t e s between 8% and 12% anu f o r bo th f i r m and t o t a l ene rgy b e n e f i t s . The r e s u l t s would favcir t h e 12U0 ~ I W c a p a c i t y even more i f i r r i g a t i o n developmerrt were d e l a y e a w i t h r e s p e c t t o IWDT a s s u m p t i o n s , a s may w e l l be t h e c a s e . A summary o t t h e r e s u l t s i o l l o w s :

D i scoun t R a t e RBPH C a p a c i t y , ' I n c r e m e n t a l System Cost /a (PW) (Rs M , p r e s e n t v a l u e )

/a k i t h r e s p e c t t o 1200 biW c a p a c i t y ; c o n v e r s i o n from US$ t o Rupees a t Rs 10/US$, a s was t h e c a s e i n u n d e r l y i n g s t u a i e s .

6.16 For t h e CHPH, f i v e u n i t s of 50 BW can be justifies, but t h e a i f - f e r e n c e i n c o s t s a v i n g s between a l t e r n a t i v e s i z e s (250 kiW, 200 hW, 150 Mk) i s n o t l a r g e ( t a b l e 1 9 ) under base c a s e c o n d i t i o n s . F i v e u n i t s would i n c r e a s e t h e f l e x i b i l i t y of t h e p l a n t o p e r a t i o n . However, i f SSP i r r i g a t i o n development o c c u r s a t a pace s lower t h a n a s s u m e a by hWDT, i t seems p ruden t t o i n s t a l l p a r t of t h e u n i t s ( s a y t h r e e ) i n i t i a l l y and , depending upon t h e growth i n i r r i g a t i o n w i t h d r a w a l s , d e c i o e l a t e r on when t o i n s t a l l t h e two r ema in ing u n i t s . The c i v i l works f o r t h e f i v e u n i t s would be e x e c u t e a immea ia t e ly . Accora ing t o a t y p i c a l y e a r l y p a t t e r n of i r r i g a t i o n wi thu rawa l s ( f i g u r e 2 ) , i f che ChPh i s assumed t o work a s a ,:'run of t h e d i v e r s i o n " s t a - t i o n , i t s annua l l oad f a c t o r woula be a round 35%. However, g i v e n t h e pos- s i b i l i t y of r e r e g u l a t i o n i n t h e ponds l o c a t e d h e a i a t e l y downstream of t h e

3 CHPH (13 Mm 1, t h e d a i l y p l a n t l o a a f a c t o r can be becveen 15-30% depending

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upon t h e i r r i g a t i o n season . The p l a n t i s t h e r e f o r e c o n s i d e r e d a s a peaking f a c i l i t y f o r p u r p o s e s of sys t em o p e r a t i o n .

6.17 R e v e r s i b l e U n i t s . The S a r d a r S a r o v a r s i t e o f f e r s t h e p o s s i b i l i t y of i n s t a l l i n g r e v e r s i b l e u n i t s t h a t a p p e a r a t t r a c t i v e when c o n s i a e r i n g t h a t f l ows f o r c o n v e n t i o n a l o p e r a t i o n would d e c r e a s e o v e r t ime and t h s t t h e r e a r e p r o j e c t e d s h o r t a g e s of peak ing c a p a c i t y c o i n c i d i n g w i t h e x c e s s of f -peak ene rgy a v a i l a b i l i t y i n t h e w e s t e r n r e g i o n . Three d i f f e r e n t a n a l y s i s we re p r e p a r e d i n t h i s r e g a r d :

( a ) S tudy of i n c r e m e n t a l c o s t s o i s u b s t i t u t i n g c o n v e n t i o n a l by r e v e r s i b l e u n i t s ( i n c l u a i n g c o s t s of pump-back ene rgy and a d d i t i o n a l c i v i l works n e e a e d ) ;

( b ) Study of a v a i l a b i l i t y of s u f f i c i e n t of f -peak ene rgy i n t h e w e s t e r n sys tem f o r pump-back o p e r a t i o n ; and

( c ) A b i l i t y of t h e w e s t e r n sys t em t o a b s o r b t h e peak e n e r g y o u t p u t when o p e r a t i n g i n t h e g e n e r a t i n g mode.

6 .18 or t h e i n c r e m e n t a l c o s t - b e n e f i t ana1ysis; the c o s t s were based on budget q u o t a t i o n s from s u p p l i e r s f o r r e v e r s i b l e u n i t s w i t h t h e p a r a m e t e r s a p p r o p r i a t e t o t h e s i t e and t o t h e u n i t ' s o p e r a t i n g c o n d i t i o n s . The e f f i c i e n c y of t h e pump-back o p e r a t i o n was a l s o ' c a l c u l a t e d on t h e b a s i s 'of t y p i c a l v a l u e s g i v e n by t h e m a n u f a c t u r e r s f o r t h e power i n p u t , o u t p u t , head ana f l o w r a t e s i n t h e pumping and g e n e r a t i o n modes ( abou t 75% o v e r a l l e f f i c i e n c y ) . T r a n s m i s s i o n l o s s e s t o c a l c u l a t e pumping ene rgy consumption where assumed a t 5 2 , and t h e s o u r c e s of t h e t he rma l o f f -peak energy were t a k e n a s 50% from l o a d c e n t e r p l a n t s and 50% from minemouth p l a n t s , wc ich would g e n e r a l l y c o r r e s p o n d t o t h e r e g i o n a l s i t u a t i o n when t h e p r o j e c t i s commissioned. Cost of o f f -peak ene rgy was t a k e n a s t h e economic c o s t of f u e l (Rs U.ZO/kWh). The a d d i t i o n a l c o s t of t h e c i v i l works i n v o l v e d (downstream w e i r and a u d i t i o n a l c i v i l works i n t h e powerhouse and w a t e r conduc to r sys t em) were a l s o c o n s i d e r e a . The b e n e f i t s were t a k e n a s t h e s a v i n g s w i t h r e s p e c t t o t h e t e r m a l a l t e r n a t i v e sys tem. The r e s u l t s i n a i c a t e t h a t r e v e r s i b l e u n i t s cause h i g h i n c r e m e n t a l s a v i n g s . The e x p e c t e d a v e r a g e l o a a f a c t o r of t h e i n s t a l l a t i o n w i l l change o v e r t h e t u n e r e a c h i n g a minimum of 25% a f t e r t h e i n i t i a l 10-15 y e a r s of o p e r a t i o n . T a b l e 1 5 shows a summary of t h e c a l c u l a - t i o n s and r e s u l t s . The r e v e r s i b l e u n i t s remain j u s t i f i e d a t a pump e n e r g y c o s t a s h i g h a s R s 0 . 8 ~ / k W h .

6 .19 To a s s e s s t h e a v a i l a b i l i t y of o f f -peak energy f o r pumping t h e fo l low- i n g f a c t o r s w e r e c o n s i d e r e d :

( a ) E x i s t i n g c a p a c i t y as of March 1483;

( b ) New p r o j e c t s t o be c o m i s s i o n e d b e f o r e 1942 ( y e a r of commiss ioning of S a r a a r S a r o v a r ) ;

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( c ) P lanned ma in t enance s c h e d u l e and month ly t h e r m a l a n a hydro c a p a c i t y a v a i l a b l e a f t e r d e a u c t i n g 10% t o cove r f o r c e d o u t a g e ( t h e f i g u r e i s based on c u r r e n t r e g i o n a l s t a t i s t i c s ) ; and

( a ) Expected month ly ene rgy and peak demands.

Due t o t h e r a i n y . s e a s o n and t o t h e s c h e d u l e d ma in t enance , J u l y a n a September a r e g e n e r a l l y t h e months w i t h t h e h i g h e r hydro a v a i l a b i l i t y , w h i l e Feb rua ry and March have t h e maximum the rma l c a p a c i t y . bn t h e b a s i s of t h e above i n f o r - m a t i o n , ave rage d a i l y - l o a d d u r a t i o n c u r v e s f o r Ykirch 1993 and 1494, t h e peak month, have been p r e p a r e d ( f i g u r e s 3 and 4 ) . It can be s e e n f rom t h e s imu la - t i o n of t h e p l a n t d i s p a t c h o p e r a t i o n t h a t t h e r e i s a s h o r t a g e of peak c a p a c i t y , w h i l e t h e r e i s o f f - p e a k ene rgy a v a i l a b l e f rom t h e t he rma l sys t em f o r pumping which c o u l d be u sed t o meet t h e d e f i c i t i n peak ene rgy . The s i t u a t i o n i s s i m i l a r f o r most of t h e d r y s e a s o n between November and J u n e . S i n c e conven- t i o n a l g e n e r a t i o n a t RBYH r e d u c e s o v e r t ime , s o w i l l t h e a v a i l a ~ l e c a p a c i t y and e n e r g y , and t h e s i t u a t i o n woula worsen u n l e s s new c a p a c i t y i s aaded . The e s t i m a t e d a n n u a l o f f -peak ene rgy a v a i l a b l e t o r t h e i n i t i a l t h r e e y e a r s or p r o j e c t o p e r a t i o n i s a b o u t 1 3 GWh i n 1993, 1 U Gkh i n 1934, and 7 Gkh i n 1945; w h i l e t h e maximum pumping ene rgy r e q u i r e m e n t would be a round 3 ,700 GWh ( i n s t a g e 111). With t h e assumed e f f i c i e n c y f o r t h e pump-back o p e r a t i o n , i t can be concluded t h e r e would be enough o f f -peak ene rgy f o r pumping. D e s p i t e t h e r e l a t i v e l y h i g h d a i l y - l o a d f a c t o r of t h e s y s t e m . ( a b o u t 70%) t h e r e i s room f o r t h e ' ~ u r n ~ - b a c k o p e r a t i o n due t o t h e f a c t t h a t t h e ene rgy r e q u i r e m e n t f o r pumplng i s o n l y a b o u t 1% -of t h e sys tem's t o t a l o u t p u t when t h e p r o j e c t i s commissioriea, a f i g u r e t h a t woula d e c r e a s e ove r t ime . Supply of pumping ene rgy a s w e l l a s t h e d i s p a t c h i n g of t h e g e n e r a t i o n f rom S a r d a r S s r o v s r would be c o n a u c t e a t h rough t h e REB.

hyaropower F a c i l i t i e s Layout ana Des ign

6 .20 ' ~ e n e r a l . The l a r g e s t f e a t u r e of t h e hydropower component i s t h e 12UU hW RBPH and a n c i l l a r y f a c i l i t i e s . The a e c i s i o n t o i n s t a l l r e v e r s i b l e u n i t s r e q u i r e d a f t e r b a y s t o r a g e f o r pumping, which i s c r e a t e d by c o n s t r u c t i o n of Garudeshwar Weir a c r o s s t h e Narmaaa R i v e r c n a n n e l ' a b o u t 1 8 km below t h e t o e or t h e main dam. The 250 EN CHPh i n s t a l l a t i o n of i-ive 50 hW u n i t s i n a conven- t i o n a l s u r f a c e p l a n t i s l o c a t e d j u s t below Vadgam Sadd le Dam on t h e r i g h t r i m of t h e r e s e r v o i r a b o u t 8b0 m ups t r eam of t h e main dam a x i s . I h e CHPh i s l o c a t e d on t h e f i r s t of f o u r ponds t h a t a r e i n t e r l i n k e a by deep open c h a n n e l s t o n e g o t i a t e abou t 7 .2 km of rough h i g h s l o p i n g t e r r a i n l e a d i n g t o t h e main c a n a l headworks on t h e f o u r t h pond. The f o u r ponds c o n t a i n on ly 1 3 hm3 of a c t i v e s t o r a g e between o p e r a t i n g e l e v a t i o n s of 91.5 and 95 .1 m. T h i s s t o r a g e t e n d s t o dampen mismatches between power r e l e a s e s and i r r i g a t i o n aemands a u r i n g d a i l y o p e r a t i o n of t h e sys t em and makes d a i l y peaking p o s s i b l e .

6 .21 Riverbed Powerhouse (RBPH). The 1200 EIW RBPH compr i se s a 23 m wide by 58 m h igh by 211 m l o n g underground c a v e r n i n t h e r i g h t bank i n m e d i a t e l y downstream of t h e a x i s of t h e main aam. The c a v e r n w i l l house s i x 200 PlW r e v e r s i b l e t u r b i n e - g e n e r a t o r u n i t s . The s e q u e n t i a l l y a l i g n e d w a t e r conduc to r sys tem c o n s i s t s o f : s i x 7 . b 2 m d i a m e t e r by 210 m long s t e e l - l i n e d p r e s s u r e t u n n e l s e x t e n a i n g from r e s p e c t i v e i n t a k e s t r u c t u r e s , t r a s h r a c k s and g a t e a r r angemen t s on t h e f a c e of t h e nonoverf low s e c t i o n of t h e main aam n e a r t h e

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r i g h t abu tmen t ; s i x c i r c u l a r 10 m a i a m e t e r by 160 m l o n g d i s c h a r g e t u n n e l s f rom t h e t u r b i n e s : a s m a l l open c a s t d i s c h a r g e c o l l e c t i o n p o o l ; t h r e e c i r c u l a r t a i l r a c e a i s c h a r g e t u n n e l s 11.5 m d i a m e t e r by 430 m l ong e x t e n d e a by 150 m wide by b3U m long open t a i l r a c e r e t u r n channe l t o t h e r i v e r . - A l s o , a 851, m long t u n n e l w i l l be c o n s t r u c t e d f o r two-way a c c e s s t o t h e RBPh c a v e r n . A d d i t i o n a l f a c i l i t i e s and a c c e s s o r y equipment a r e r e q u i r e a , i n c l u d i n g c a b l e s h a f t s and a s u r f a c e t r a n s f o r m e r deck and s w i t c h y a r d s . Garudeshwar Weir and i t s a f t e r b a y s t o r a g e a r e needed below t h e main dam f o r t h e pump-back o p e r a t i o n .

6 .22 Garudeshwar Weir . The Garudeshwar Weir i s l o c a t e d abou t 1 8 Km down- s t r e a m o i t h e t a i l r a c e o u t l e t of t h e RBPH. The w e i r w i 1 be a g a t e d c o n c r e t e s t r u c t u r e a b o u t 1 5 m h i g h t h a t w i l l p r o v i d e a b o u t 26 hm' s t o r a g e and m a i o t a i n t h e minimum t a i l w a t e r l e v e l a t EL 25.9 m. The maximum l e v e l o r ponaage t o p r o v i d e t h i s s t o r a g e i s j u s t below EL 30 m when t h e power s t a t i o n i s pumping. The p r e s e n t p r o p o s a l i s f o r t h e RBPH t o o p e r a t e f o r a p e r i o d o t 5 h o u r s l d a y I n t h e g e n e r a t i n g mode and 7 h o u r s l d a y i n t h e pumping mode. 'Lhe a r rangement of t h e w e i r g a t e s ana t h e i r o p e r a t i o n f o r t h i s mode w i l l be r n c o r p o r a t e a i n t h e i i n a l d e s i g n . At a p p r a i s a l t h e proposed s i t e and ongoing d e s i g n appea red w e l l s u i t e d f o r w e i r i n s t a l l a t i o n .

-

6.23 Canalhead Powerhouse (CHPH). The 250 IIW CHPH compr i se s c o n s t r u c t i o n o i a s u r f a c e powerhouse 32 m by 141 m t o house f i v e 50 kik u n i t s (Kaplan t y p e ) , i r lc ludir lg a t r a n s f o r m e r a e c k and t h e a p p r o a c h ' r o a a t o t h e s i t e . The CHPH t r a n s f o r m e r deck w i l l be connec t ed t o a s i n g l e s w i t c h y a r d t h a t a l s o s e r v e s t h e RBPH. The w a t e r conduc to r sys tem c o n s i s t s of s i x s t e e l p e n s t o c k s 6 . 7 m a i a m e t e r by 80 m l o n g , and r e s p e c t i v e i n t a k e s t r u c t u r e s , g a t e s and t r a c k r a c k s , which a r e l o c a t e d on t h e r e s e r v o i r f a c e of Vadgam Sadd le aam; and an open c h a n n e l abou t 140 m wide by 3b0 m long t h s t d i s c h a r g e s i n t o t h e f i r s t b u f f e r s t o r a g e pond.

6 .24 Vaanam Sadd le Dam. Vadgam S a d d l e Dam i s l o c a t e d i n a s a a d l e on t h e r e s e r v o i r ' s r i g h t r i m a b o u t 8UO m ups t r eam of t h e main dam a x i s j u s t above t h e f i r s t of t h e f o u r i n t e r l i n k e d b a l a n c i n g ponds a t t h e heaa o i t h e main c a n a l sys tem. The dam has a s t r u c t u r a l h e i g h t of a b o u t 60 m. I t woula pe r fo rm t h e f u n c t i o n of CHPH i n t a k e r e g u l a t o r a s w e l l a s a r e t a i n i n g s t r u c t u r e f o r t h e n a i n r e s e r v o i r ; t h u s , t h e s a a d l e d i c t a t e s t h e l o c a t i o n ana l a y o u t of t h e power s t a t i o n . The s i t e has been investigates w i t h aiamond a r i l l h o l e s and t r e n c h e s s o t h e f o u n d a t i o n c o n d i t i o n s a r e r e a s o n a b l y w e l l known. I n v e s t i g a t i o n s have comparea a l t e r n a t i v e t y p e s of s t r u c t u r e s a t t h e s i t e r e s u l t i n g i n t h e s e l e c t i o n of a s t o n e masonry t y p e dam. The f i n a l d e s i g n c o n s i d e r a t i o n s a r e ongoing a t p r e s e n t , bu t comple ted i n v e s t i g a t i o n s p r o v i d e a h igh l e v e l o s c o n f i a e n c e i n t h e s e l e c t e d s i t e ana d e s i g n . Des igns w i l l be t a k e n t o t h e same h i g h - s t a n d s r a s of d a t a and d e t a i l a s t h e main dam.

6 5 Transmiss i on . P r e l i m i n a r y l o a a f l ow and s e c u r i t y a n a l y s e s c a r r i e a o u t by CbA i n d i c a t e t h a t a b o u t 670 km of t r a n s m i s s i o n l i n e s ( 4 ~ 0 kV) w i t h step-down equipment a t t e r m i n a l p o i n t s would be r e q u i r e d t o f u l l y connec t t h e p r o j e c t t o t h e w e s t e r n g r i d . Connec t ions a r e r e q u i r e d a s f o l l o w s :

ANNEX 9 Page 32

S a r d a r S a r o v a r - Narmada Saga r 400 kV DC

Narmada Saga r - I n d o r e 400 kV DC

S a r d a r S a r o v a r - Bableshwar 400 kV DC

S a r d a r Sa rova r - Ukai 400 kV DC

S a r d a r S a r o v a r - Asoj 400 kV DC

These t r a n s m i s s i o n l i n e s would be c o n s t r u c t e d by t h e r e s p e c t i v e b e n e f i c i a r y s t a t e s a t t h e i r c o s t w i t h t h e e x c e p t i o n of t h e l i n e segments f rom S a r d a r S a r o v a r t o Narnada Sagar and Bableshwar t h a t l i e w i t h i n G u j a r a t ' s b o u n d a r i e s . Thus, t h e c o s t - s h a r i n g fo rmula f o r t h e p r o j e c t t a k e s accoun t o n l y of t h e l i n e l e n g t h n e c e s s a r y t o t r a n s m i t power t o t h e MP and Maharash t r a b o r d e r s , a l i n e d i s t a n c e of 170 km. A l so , t h e f i n a l a l i g n m e n t s and c o n n e c t i n g p o i n t s a r e s t i l l b e i n g d i s c u s s e d among CEA and t h e b e n e f i c i a r y s t a t e s .

6.26 Ownership and F i n a n c i a l Arrangements R e l a t i n g t o t h e Power F a c i l i t i e s . Ownership and f i n a n c i a l a r r angemen t s r e l a t i n g t o t h e power f a c i l i t i e s a r e f u l l y d i s c u s s e d i n SAR 5107-IN, p a r a s 6.26-6.29. Such a r r a n - gements r e c o g n i z e t h e NWDT d e c i s i o n and r e q u i r e t h a t t h e owners ( t h e S t a t e s ) e n t e r i n t o c o n t r a c t s with, an a p p r o p r i a t e e l e c t r i c u t i l i t y o r g a n i z a t i o n f o r t h e b u l k supp ly and s a l e of e l e c t r i c i t y . The p r i c e of e l e c t r i c i t y s o l d under b u l k supp ly a r r angemen t s would r e c o v e r a l l i n v e s t m e n t s and f u l l 06M c o s t s and would r e s u l t i n a s a t i s f a c t o r y i n t e r n a l r a t e of r e t u r n t o t h e p r o j e c t .

V I I . O p e r a t i o n and Main tenance

7 . O 1 G e n e r a l . At a p p r a i s a l a d e f i n i t i v e p l a n f o r o p e r a t i o n of t h e S a r d a r S a r o v a r Dam and Power Complex was.formed under t h e a e g i s of t h e Narmada Development Depar tment , GOG. L/ A l s o , i t was a g r e e d t h a t r e s p o n s i b i l i t y would be a s s i g n e d immedia te ly f o r t h e c a r r y i n g o u t of t h e 06M p l a n n i n g and t h a t t h o s e r e s p o n s i b l e would become t h e nuc l eous of a permanent 06M o r g a n i z a - t i o n s o a s t o o b t a i n and , t h e r e a f t e r , u t i l i z e maximum knowledge of t h e s t r u c - t u r a l and mechan ica l d e t a i l s d u r i n g t h e d e s i g n and c o n s t r u c t i o n of t h e p r o j e c t . Thus, NDD's Narmada P l a n n i n g Group (NPG) was a s s i g n e d t h e respon- s i b i l i t y f o r 06M p l a n n i n g ( s e e SAR 5107-IN, p a r a 6 . 2 2 ) .

1 O v e r a l l r e s p o n s i b i l i t y f o r SSP imp lemen ta t ion and 06M was r e a s s i g n e d i n - 1984 from t h e I r r i g a t i o n Department of t h e GOG t o t h e newly d e s i g n a t e d Narmada Development Department ( s e e S a r 5107-IN, p a r a 6.07 ) .

Ah14EX 4 Page 33

7 .U2 O p e r a t i o n and Main tenance O r g a n i z a t i o n . The i n i t i a l d u t i e s of t h e proposed o r g a n i z a t i o n r e s p o n s i b l e f o r O&M of t h e aam and power f a c i l i t i e s woula i n c l u d e , b u t n o t be l i m i ~ e d t o , t h e f o l l o w i n g a c t i v i t i e s : 1 1

( a ) e s t a b l i s h o p e r a t i n g r u l e s f o r s p i l l w a y g a t e s f o r a l l c o n c e i v a b l e f l o o d s i t u a t i o n s by p h y s i c a l a n d / o r m a t h e m a t i c a l m o d e l l i n g ;

( b ) e s t a b l i s h a c e n t r a l r e p o s i t o r y f o r Narmada R i v e r h y d r o l o g i c d a t a and a s s i s t i n t e r s t a t e r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s i n e s t a b l i s h i n g a f l o o d warning sys tem f o r t h e b a s i n ;

( c ) d e v e l o p p r imary and backup f a i l - s a f e p r o c e d u r e s of i n s p e c t i o n and O&&I t o e n s u r e t h a t s p i l l w a y g a t e s w i l l i n s t a n t a n e o u s l y and c o n s t a n t l y be o p e r a b l e ;

( d l c r e a t e and recommend an o r g a n i z a t i o n and management s t r u c t u r e f o r a n e f f i c i e n t fu l l -deve lopmen t Obh o r g a n i z a t i o n , i n c l u a i n g a d m i n i s t r a t i v e p o l i c i e s ana g u i d e l i n e s , and p l a n s f o r s t a f f i n g -

ana s t a f f t r a i n i n g a t a l l l e v e l s ;

( e l r e s e a r c h e x i s t i n g s t a t e - o i - t h e - a r t O ~ M p r a c t i c e s and aeve lop f a c i l i t y - s p e c i f i c U d l u s e r manuals drawing h e a v i l y on d e s i g n e r s and e x p e r i e n c e g a i n e d au r i n g c o n s t r u c t i o n -phases b e f o r e such e x p e r i e n c e i s d i s p e r s e d ;

( f ) p r e p a r e s a f e t y of d a m . s u r v e i l l a n c e manuals and p l a n s i n view of i n s t r u m e n t a t i o n d a t a c o l l e c t i o n f e a t u r e s p r e s e n t l y i n c l u d e d i n t h e dam ana r e s e r v o i r a e s i g n s w i t h emphasis on i a e n t i f i c a t i o n cf emergency c o n d i t i o n s ; and

( g ) c o l l e c t , f i l e and u p d a t e t o ,"as bui l t :" c o n a i t i o n s a comple te s e t of d e s i g n drawings from p r o j e c t d e s i g n e r s and m a n u f a c t u r e r s and s u p p l i e r s f o r a l l c i v i l , mechan ica l and e l e c t r i c a l works of t h e e n t i r e dam and power complex a s t h e s e w l l l be r e q u i r e d d u r i n g o p e r a t i o n and ma in t enance .

1 / Under agreements w i t h GOG, t h e KDD w i l l be r e s p o n s i b l e f o r c v e r a l l - p r o j e c t O&M bu t may, i n acco rdance w i t h t h e hWDT d e c i s i o n , d e s i g n a t e a r e s p o n s i b l e agency o r e n t i t y t o c a r r y o u t 06N of t h e power conponeuts of t h e p r o j e c t .

ANhEX 9 Page 34

1 1 Implemen ta t ion

8 .01 Gene ra l . The imp lemen ta t ion o r t h e p r o j e c t w i l l be ca r r ' i e a o u t by c o n t r a c t s f o r t h e ma jo r i t e m s o f work. I n g e n e r a l , t h e packqges w i l l be l a r g e enough t o a t t r a c t i n t e r n a t i o n a l c o m p e t i t i v e b i d d i n g ( ICB) ; however, t h e p r i n c i p a l c o n t r a c t i s f o r t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n of t h e main dam aud s p i l l w a y f o r which t e n d e r documents a r e b e i n g comple ted and w i l l be s u i t a b l e f o r ICB. The a c t i v e r e s p o n s e t o b i d a i n g p r o c e d u r e s f o r t h e main dam c o n t r a c t h a s g i v e n e v e r y i n d i c a t i o n of l i v e l y i n t e r e s t i n t h e r ema in ing c o n t r a c t s . Tab le 1, SAR 5107-IN, Imp lemen ta t ion Goa l s ana O b j e c t i v e s , l i s t s key p r o j e c t w i d e t a r g e t s .

8 .02 F i g u r e 2 , SAR 5107-IN, shows t h e m a s t e r imp lemen ta t ion s c h e d u l e f o r t h e dam and power complex, w h i l e f i g u r e 4 , SAR 5107-IN, shows i t s p roposea d e t a i l e a imp lemen ta t ion s c h e d u l e . The main dam and s p i l l w a y , due t o i t s advanced s t a g e , r e p r e s e n t s t h e most l i k e l y s c h e d u l e t o be a c h i e v e d d u r i n g imp lemen ta t ion . P r o p o s a l s f o r i t s imp lemen ta t ion a r e a e s c r i b e a i n t h e f o l - lowing p a r a g r a p h s .

6 .03 Imp lemen ta t ion of t h e Main Dam. I n i t i a l l y , work on t h e f o u n d a t i o n e x c a v a t i o n , f o u n d a t i o n t r e a t m e n t , and i n i t i a l d i v e r s i o n of t h e r i v e r were u n d e r t a k e n by a s e r i e s of c o n t r a c t s . T h i s a c t i o n had two major advan tages name l y :

( a ) It e n a b l e a p o t e n t i a l problems t o be s o l v e d and r educed t h e r i s k of e r r o r by expos ing t h e f o u n d a t i o n s of t h e dam ther ' eby p e r m i t t i n g a more e x a c t e s t i m a t i o n of q u a n t i t i e s and t r e a t m e n t r e q u i r e d ; ana

( b ) It e x p e d i t e d t h e o v e r a l l c o n s t r u c t i o n program a s t h o s e works were done b e f o r e t h e dam was f i n a l l y d e s i g n e d .

8.04 The f o l l o w i n g works of t h e main aam have been completes by l o c a l c o n t r a c t s :

( a ) f i r s t - s t a g e d i v e r s i o n of t h e r i v e r ;

( b ) e x c a v a t i o n of t h e dam f o u n d a t i o n t o a l e v e l a c c e p t a b l e t o t h e d e s i g - n e r s ;

(c) e x c a v a t i o n of r i v e r channe l f a u l t ;

( d ) b a c k f i l l i n g c o n c r e t e of t h e r i v e r c h a n n e l f a u l t ;

( e l e x c a v a t i o n of s h a f t s and d r i f t s l e f t of t h e r i v e r b e d f a u l t t o e n a b l e removal of t h e r e d b o l e l a y e r and t h e c o n c r e t i n g of t h i s l a y e r under t h e dam f o u n d a t i o n ; and

( f ) c o n s t r u c t i o n of a n a c c e s s r o a d t o t h e a a m s i t e on t h e l e f t bank.

AlvhEX 9 Page 3 5

8.05 Work i n P r o g r e s s . The f o l l o w i n g work i s i n p r o g r e s s :

( a ) e x c a v a t i o n of s h a f t s and d r i f t s t o remove two weak a r g i l l a c e o u s s a n d s t o n e l a y e r s under t h e r i g h t f l a n k of t h e dam f o u n d a t i o n and t o r e p l a c e t h e s e l a y e r s w i t h conc re t e - - expec t ea c o m p l e t i o n a a t e i s J u n e 1485; and

( b ) c o n s t r u c t i o n of t h e s m a l l r o c k f i l l dams and i n t e r c o n n e c t i n g c h a n n e l s t o form t h e b a l a n c i n g ponas a t t h e head of t h e c a n a l system--expected comple t ion d a t e December 1985.

8.06 The works r e q u i r e d t o comple te t h e main dam a r e p l anned under s e v e r a l p r i n c i p a l c o n t r a c t c a t e g o r i e s a s f o l l o w s :

( a ) C o n t r a c t f o r t h e main aam and s p i l l w a y t h a t i n c l u d e s :

- RBPH headworks w i t h t h e i n s t a l l a t i o n of t h e p e n s t o c k s i n t h e nonoverf low s e c t i o n of t h e dam, i n c l u d i n g t h e i n s t a l l a t i o n of t h e pens tock g a t e s and t r a s h r a c k s ; and

- I n s t a l l a t i o n of r a d i a l g a t e s , i n s t r u m e n t a t i o n and o t h e r mechan ica l equipment a s s o c i a t e a w i t h t h e main dam and s p i l l w a y .

( b ) C o n t r a c t s f o r t h e f a b r i c a t i o n . a n d a e l i v e r y of r a d i a l g a t e s , emergency g a t e s , pens tock g a t e s and s t o p l o g s .

( c ) C o n t r a c t f o r t h e f a b r i c a t i o n and supp ly of t h e p e n s t o c k l i n e r s .

( d l C o n t r a c t s f o r i t e m s r e q u i r e d such a s g a n t r y c r a n e s , e l e v a t o r s , t u r - b i n e pumps, o u t l e t t r a s h r a c k s , and a number of o t h e r minor i t ems .

( e ) C o n t r a c t s f o r supp ly and i n s t a l l a t i o n of permanent e l e c t r i c a l and s u b s t a t i o n equipment and £ a c i l i t i e s f o r t h e supp ly of main dam power r e q u i r e m e n t s .

( f ) C o n t r a c t s f o r t h e c o n t r o l b u i l d i n g and r e l a t e d o p e r a t i n g equipment and f a c i l i t i e s f o r o p e r a t i o n of t h e dam o u t l e t s and s p i l l w a y g a t e s .

' ( g ) O the r m i s c e l l a n e o u s c o n t r a c t s .

8.07 The c o n t r a c t f o r t h e main aam c o n t r a c t p r o v i d e s f o r t h e supp ly by t h e government of a c o n s i d e r a b l e amount of m a t e r i a l s f o r which t h e c o n t r a c t o r w i l l pay a f i x e d p r i c e . These i n c l u d e cement , s t e e l r e i n f o r c e m e n t , e x p l o s i v e s , p o z z o l a n a , r u b b l e , c o n c r e t e and m i x t u r e s . I n a d d i t i o n t h e government w i l l s upp ly f r e e of c o s t t o t h e c o n t r a c t o r most of t h e metalwork t o be i n s t a l l e d i n t h e dam by t h e c o n t r a c t o r . These i t e m s of meta lwork w i l l be o b t a i n e d by t h e government t h rough c o n t r a c t s w i t h m a n u f a c t u r e r s and sup- p l i e r s of equipment and w i l l i n c l u d e r a d i a l g a t e s , r i v e r o u t l e t g a t e s , pen- s t o c k g a t e s , g a n t r y c r a n e , s t o p l o g s , and pumps. There w i l l be s e p a r a t e c o n t r a c t s f o r works such a s supp ly and i n s t a l l a t i o n of e l e v a t o r s i n t h e dam and t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n of a s u b s t a t i o n f o r permanent power supp ly t o t h e a m . I n a a d i t i o n , a s e p a r a t e ' g o o a s c o n t r a c t f o r pens tock s t e e l w i l l be t e n d e r e d .

ANNEX 9 r a g e 36

8.08 Othe r C o n t r a c t s i n t h e Dam and Power Complex. While t h e dam i s b e i n g c o n s t r u c t e d , t h e f o l l o w i n g a d d i t i o n a l works w i l l be u n d e r t a k e n i n a c c o r a a n c e w i t h t h e imp lemen ta t i on s c h e a u l e . T h i s means t h a t s e v e r a l d i f f e r e r i t c o n t r a c - t o r s would be working i n c l o s e p r o x i m i t y w i t h one a n o t h e r , a c o n d i t i o n which w i l l r e q u i r e c o n s i d e r a b l e c o o r a i n a t i o n and c o o p e r a t i o n among t h e i n v o l v e d p a r t i e s . The o t h e r major c o n t r a c t s e n v i s a g e d a t p r e s e n t i n t h e v i c i n i t y , which may r e s u l t i n c o m p e t i t i o n f o r a c c e s s , s p a c e , and s u p p o r t f a c i l i t i e s a r e :

( a ) c o n s t r u c t i o n of Vadgam S a d d l e Dam, i n c l u d i n g t h e i n t e r f a c e and i n t a k e s t r u c t u r e s f o r t h e CHPH and s u p p l y and i n s t a l l a t i o n of p e n s t o c b s a n a g a t e s ;

( b ) i r r i g a t i o n bypass t u n n e l ;

( c ) c o n s t r u c t i o n of c i v i l works and a e s i g n , s u p p l y , and i n s t a l l a t i o n of e l e c t r o m e c h a n i c a l works f o r t h e RBPh and CHPh and f u r n i s h i n g and i n s t a l l i n g a c c e s s o r y equipment and t r a n s m i s s i o n f a c i l i t i e s ;

( d l c o n s t r u c t i o n of Garudeshwar Weir l o c a t e d a b o u t 18 h downstream of t h e main dam a x i s t o f a c i l i t a t e pump-back power o p e r a t i o n s ; and

( e l s m a l l dams a n a l i n k c h a n n e l s .

C o n t r a c t s f o r . works i n ( e ) were awaraea i n 1460 and a r e e x p e c t e a t o be com- p l e t e d ' i n 14b5 .

8 .U9 . Procurement s c h e d u l e s . Procurement s c h e d u l e s and c o n t r a c t s a e s c r i b - i n g t h e imp lemen ta t i on t i m i n g of c i v l l and mechan ica l works by LCB a n a I C B r e l a t i v e t o t h e main dam and f i r s t s t a g e c i v i l works of t h e RBPH, ( e x c l u d i n g t u r b i n e s and g e n e r a t o r s and a c c e s s o r y e l e c t r o m e c h a n i c a l e q u i p m e n t ) , a r e p r e s e n t e d i n f i g u r e s 5 and 6 , SAR 5107-IN.

IX. P r o j e c t P r e p a r a t i o n and A p p r a i s a l

4.U1 World Bank Involvement . The t i r s t t e c h n i c a l r ev i ew of t h e a a m s i t e was made i n l a t e 1480 by a aam d e s i g n e r and a n e n g i n e e r i n g geo logy c o n s u l t - a n t . l / These c o n s u l t a n t s maae p r e - a p p r a i s a l recommendat ions aimea a t ensu r - i n g t h e i n t e g r i t y of t h e s t r u c t u r e and s u c c e s s f u l imp lemen ta t i on of t h e p r o j e c t . The recommendat ions i n c l u d e d t h e f o r m a t i o n of a n i n t e r n a t i o n a l i y c o n s t i t u t e d dam-rev iew p a n e l t o ove rv i ew t h e d e s i g n and c o n s t r u c t i o n of t h e p r o j e c t . I n a d d i t i o n , p r e p a r a t i o n and a p p r a i s a l of t h i s l a r g e and complex p r o j e c t has i n v o l v e d t h e c o n s u l t a n c i e s of i n t e r n a t i o n a l l y known e x p e r t s i n f i e l d s of s e i s m i c i t y , geo logy , d e s i g n s t r u c t u r a l a n a l y s e s , c o n c r e t e , f l o o d hya ro logy a n a me teo ro logy . A l s o , t h e dam complex was t e c h n i c a l l y a p p r a i s e a

1/ F l r . I v o r P i n k e r t o n , d e s i g n c o n s u l t a n t , Canbe r r a , A u s t r a l i a , and N r . - S t e v e n Markwell , e n g i n e e r i n g - g e o l o g i s t c o n s u l t a n t , U.S. Bureau o f Rec l ama t ion , Denver , Co lo raao , USA.

ANNEX- 9 Page 37

f o r t he .Bank i n J u n e 1983 by e x p e r t s of t h e Snowy Mountain E n g i n e e r i n g Cor- p o r a t i o n , A u s t r a l i a .

9.02 The-Dam-Reviewfanel-fDRP). The DRPwas formed e a r l y i n 1981 by a u t h o r i t y of t h e GOG and G O 1 w i t h t h e recommendation of t h e Bank. I t s i n i - t i a l mee t ing was h e l d i n J u n e 1981. Members c o n s i s t e d of f i v e ' I n d i a n con- s u l t a n t s and two e x p a t r i a t e s . The p a n e l met seven t i m e s t h rough October 1983 and i n each i n s t a n c e produced d e t a i l e d r e p o r t s of t h e i r a c t i v i t i e s and p r o g r e s s i v e recommendations. O b j e c t i v e s and d e t a i l e d te rms of r e f e r e n c e of t h e p a n e l r e q u i r e d i t s r ev i ew and recommendations conce rn ing t h e dam's t ech - n i c a l d a t a , a n a l y s e s , d e s i g n s , and imp lemen ta t ion p l a n s . F u r t h e r , t h e purpose was t o a s s u r e t h e adequacy of t h e o v e r a l l d e s i g n , s a f e t y , and economic e f f i c i e n c y of t h e main dam and a p p u r t e n a n c e s , i n c l u d i n g t h e r e s e r v o i r , s p i l l w a y s , r i v e r b e d and c a n a l h e a d powerhouses, and e x i s t i n g works i n t h e f o u n d a t i o n s and r i v e r d i v e r s i o n f a c i l i t i e s . 9.03 A c t i v i t i e s of t h e DRP c o n c e n t r a t e d on t h e r ev i ew of p r i n c i p a l e l e - ments of t h e e x i s t i n g d e s i g n s and a n a l y s e s t h a t might a f f e c t t h e i n t e g r i t y of t h e main dam and s p i l l w a y s t r u c t u r e s . Review e l emen t s i n c l u d e d : s i t e s e l e c - t i o n ; f o u n d a t i o n e x p l o r a t i o n s t o i d e n t i f y weaknesses and p o s s i b l e r e m e d i e s , i n c l u d i n g t r e a t m e n t a g a i n s t s l i d i n g ; l a y o u t of t h e dam complex w i t h emphas is on h y d r a u l i c models and o t h e r a n a l y s e s of t h e adequacy of s p i l l w a y energy d i s s i p a t i o n c a p a b i l i t i e s ; f l o o d hydro logy s t u d y r e s u l t s , i n c l u d i n g e f f e c t s of t h e PMF on t h e main dam and t h e s p i l l w a y s ; d e s i g n s e i s m i c i t y c o e f f i c i e n t s a p p r o p r i a t e f o r t h e s i t e ; dynamic a n a l y s e s of t h e s t r u c t u r e ; s t a b i l i t y a n a l y s e s ; d e s i g n c r i t e r i a t o be a d o p t e d ; d e s i g n of t h e underground RBPH; m i s c e l l a n e o u s e l e c t r o m e c h a n i c a l f e a t u r e s , i n c l u d i n g d e s i g n s and p l a n s f o r dam and r e s e r v o i r m o n i t o r i n g ( i n s t r u m e n t a t i o n ) s y s t e m s , s p i l l w a y a e r a t i o n , and s p i l l w a y g a t e o p e r a t i o n s ; and d e s i g n s of r e l a t e d f a c i l i t i e s such a s RBPH i n t a k e and i n t e r f a c e works , Vadgam Sadd le dam (headworks f o r t h e CHPH i n t a k e s and p e n s t o c k s ) , and t h e i r r i g a t i o n bypass t u n n e l .

9.04 The DRP reviewed t h e completed and ongoing work of p r o j e c t o f f i c i a l s and e i t h e r conf i rmed i t o r recommended a d d i t i o n a l i n v e s t i g a t i o n s and proce- d u r e s , i n c l u d i n g t h e need f o r a d d i t i o n a l e x p e r t a d v i c e . A r ev i ew of t h e DRP's r e p o r t s show t h a t , o v e r a l l , t h e i r recommendations were complied w i t h a n d / o r mu tua l agreement r eached on s p e c i f i c p o i n t s . It i s concluded t h a t r e s o l u t i o n of minor o u t s t a n d i n g i t e m s i d e n t i f i e d d u r i n g a p p r a i s a l would no t

*, - e f f e c t t h e s a f e t y of t h e dam n o r m a t e r i a l l y e f f e c t t h e q u a n t i t i e s o r t h e c o s t of t h e dam o r c o n d i t i o n s c o n t a i n e d i n t h e t e n d e r documents.

- . 9.05 Dam S a f e t y Pane-l (DSP). The S a r d a r Sarovar' Dam i s l a r g e by any

i n t e r n a t i o n a l s t a n d a r d s . I t a l s o p r e s e n t s some v e r y un ique and complex problems i n d e s i g n and c o n s t r u c t i o n . The DRP's a c t i o n s have g r e a t l y enhanced t h e competency and r e l i a b i l i t y of t h e d e s i g n and e x p e d i t e d i t s e x e c u t i o n . I t s p r e s e n c e has a l s o l e n t c o n f i d e n c e t o and b e n e f i t t e d s t a t e e n g i n e e r s and o t h e r t e c h n i c i a n s by p r o v i d i n g a c c e s s t o s t a t e - o f - t h e - a r t e x p e r i e n c e and me thodo log ie s . I n o r d e r t o c o n t i n u e t h i s h i g h - l e v e l t e c h n i c a l i n p u t and a c h i e v e e q u a l l y h igh s t a n d a r d s t h rough t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n , management, and a d m i n i s t r a t i v e p h a s e s of imp lemen ta t ion , an i ndependen t r ev i ew would c o n t i n u e th roughou t c o n s t r u c t i o n . A t a p p r a i s a l , p r o j e c t a u t h o r i t i e s m a i n t a i n e d t h e view t h a t t h e DRP was c h a r t e r e d t o be m a i n t a i n e d o n l y t h rough d e s i g n s t a g e s .

ANNEX- 9 Page 38

However, the need f o r continued independent review was agreed a t nego- t i a t i o n s . Accordingly, i t was agreed t o e s t a b l i s h a r e c o n s t i t u t e d DSP and mainta in such panel throughout cons t ruc t i on f o r purposes of review of t he main dam , sp i l lways , by-pass tunne l , we i r , powerhouse, channels and r e l a t e d s t r u c t u r e s . It was a l s o agreed t h a t a " l i s t of consu l tan t s" approved by the Bank be maintained f o r use i n r e so lv ing s p e c i f i c t e chn i ca l problems which might a r i s e a s a r e s u l t of t he DSP reviews ( s ee SAR 5107-IN, para 4 . 2 2 ) .

9.06 T e t h n i c a 3 - A ~ p r a i s a l . An a p p r a i s a l of the SSP, exc lu s ive of power component f a c i l i t i e s , was completed by t he Snowy Mountain Engineering Cor- po ra t i on of A u s t r a l i a (SMEC) f o r t he Bank. Their r epo r t of June 1983 t i t l e d "Narmada (Guja ra t ) Basin Development P r o j e c t , Sardar Sarovar Dam Complex, Appraisal of Dam Complex" and the "Executive Summary" of the f u l l r epo r t c o n s t i t u t e a comprehensive and thorough t e chn i ca l a p p r a i s a l of the p ro jec t ' s major s t o r age and r i v e r d ive r s i on f e a t u r e s . The content of t he r epo r t i s p r e c i s e and the p r e sen t a t i on t e chn i ca l . It has been fu rn i shed i n i t s e n t i r e t y t o p ro j ec t o f f i c i a l s . The complete r epo r t w i l l be maintained i n the p r o j e c t f i l e f o r f u t u r e r e f e r ence and use t o i n t e r e s t e d p a r t i e s . The SPEC r e p o r t , inc lud ing suggested changes i n var ious design d e t a i l s , i s f u l l y endorsed by the miss ion , and each should be considered and ac ted upon by the GOG and/or G O 1 i n consu l t a t i on with the DRP or DSP a s t he case may be.

9.07 P r i n c i p a l conclusions of the SMEC team a r e summarized as f o l l ows :

"The i nves t i ga t i ons c a r r i e d out t o determine the design parameters f o r t he Navagam Dam L/ have been we l l executed and a r e i n accordance with good p r a c t i c e . The f a c t o r s of s a f e t y determined from these parameters have been .obtained from recognized methods of a n a l y s i s and a r e i n accordance with i n t e r n a t i o n a l l y accepted c r i t e r i a . The only parameter t o be f i n a l l y determined i s the Probable Maximum Flood (PMF), which should be a v a i l a b l e by t he end of 1983, 2/ and i s not expected t o a f f e c t the p resen t des ign .

Some changes i n design d e t a i l s a r e suggested f o r f u r t h e r considera- t i o n , but they do not a f f e c t the o v e r a l l adequacy of the des ign .

The DRP has played an important pa r t i n t he o v e r a l l des ign of t he p r o j e c t and should cont inue through the cons t ruc t i on of the works.

The nucleus of an O & M o rgan iza t ion f o r the dam should be i n s t i g a t e d I

as soon as pos s ib l e t o o b t a i n maximum b e n e f i t from the des ign person- n e l and exper ience dur ing cons t ruc t i on .

v

/ Navagam Dam and Sang ro l i Weir a r e now t i t l e d Sadar Sarovar Dam and - Garudeshwar Weir, and d ikes and i n t e r l i n k e d ponds a r e now r e f e r r e d t o as dams and r e s e r v o i r s .

2 / Flood s t u d i e s were completed a s summarized i n paras 3.01-3.10 and in - Appendix A.

ANNEX 9 Page 3 9

The a n c i l l a r y works of t t e dam complex comprise t h e Vaagam Sadd le Dam, t h e i r r i g a t i o n bypass t u n n e l , t h e a i k e s and i n t e r l i n k e a ponds, and t h e S a n j r o l i Weir. Ij With t h e e x c e p t i o n of t h e Dikes and I n t e r - l i n k e d Ponds, l-/ which shou ld be completed i n , 1 4 8 5 , a l l t h e a n c i l l a r y works a r e a t a p r e l i m i n a r y s t a g e of d e s i g n ; however, t h e r e shou ld n o t be any major problems w i t h t h e a e s i g n o t t h e s e s t r u c t u r e s and i t can be assumed t h a t t h e approach adop ted f o r t h e d e s i g n of t h e main dam w i l l a l s o be adop ted f o r t h e a n c i l l a r y works.;'

4 .08 P r i n c i p a l recommendations by t h e SMEC team a t a p p r a i s a l i n c l u d i n g t h o s e r e l a t e d t o a e t a i l e a d e s i g n o p t i o n s t h a t r e q u i r e d a c t i o n a c e summarizes a s f o l l o w s :

( a ) T r i a l t e s t s shou ld be conducted of c o n c r e t e u s i n g a c t u a l cement t o be f u r n i s h e d by t h e p r o j e c t ' s new cement f a c t o r y a t S u r a t ;

( b ) The DRP shou ld c o n t i n u e , t h rough c o n s t r u c t i o n , w i t h a a d i t i o n of a h i g h l y e x p e r i e n c e d c o n s t r u c t i o n and c o n t r a c t a d m i n i s t r a t i o n e x p e r t ( s e e p a r a 9 .05) ;

( c ) The e x t e n t of f o u n d a t i o n t r e a t m e n t shou ld be reviewed a f t e r c u r r e n t methoas of t e s t i n g s t r e n g t h of p o t e n t i a l l y weak seams a r e completed and o v e r a l l f o u n d a t i o n t r e a t m e n t p l a n s finalizes;

( d ) The recommendation of t h e DRP requi ; ing removal of a b r u p t s t e p s i n t h e e x i s t i n g f o u n d a t i o n e x c a v a t i o n ( t h u s e l i m i n a t i n g l o c a t i o n s of p o s s i b l e s t r e s s . c o n c e n t r a t i o n s ) a s p a r t of t h e dam c o n t r a c t i s endor sed ;

( e j Improvements shou ld be made t o s i m p l i f y t h e geometry of a e r a t i o n d e v i c e s ana i n i n c r e a s i n g t h e oumber of a i r e n t r a i n m e n t l o c a t i o n s a t t h e f a c e of t h e ove r f low s e c t i o n s of t h e s p i l l w a y t o r e a u c e p o t e n t i a l f o r c a v i t a t i o n ;

( f ) Every e f f o r t shou ld be maae t o r e a u c e t h e h e i g h t of proposea s e r v i c e s p i l l w a y d i v i a i n g w a l l s i n t h e s t i l l i n g b a s i n s w i t h o u t s a c r i f i c i n g s a f e t y , i n c l u d i n g p o s s i b l y i n c r e a s i n g t h e h e i g h t of t h e aownstream s i l l and p r o v i d i n g a thorough c l eanup of t h e a r e a aownstream of t h e s t i l l i n g b a s i n ;

( g ) C o n s i d e r a t i o n shou ld be g i v e n t o having a p e r i p h e r a l d r a i n a g e g a l l e r y under t h e s t i l l i n g b a s i n a s a f u t u r e means of i n s p e c t i n g t h e d r a i n s and t a k i n g r e m e d i a l measures f o r improving t h e proposea pump a r a i n a g e system a s n e c e s s a r y ;

11 havagam D a m and S a n g r o l i Weir a r e now t i t l e a Sadar Sa rova r Dam and - Garudeshwar Weir , and d i k e s and i n t e r l i n k e d ponds a r e now r e f e r r e d t o a s dams and r e s e r v o i r s .

ANhEX 9 Page 40

( h ) Considerat ion should be given t o providing wate r s tops i n the contrac- t i o n j o i n t s of the s t i l l i n g b a s i n s t o reduce the amount of water t h a t has t o be pumped from the d ra inage system;

( i ) With regard t o t h e a u x i l l i a r y s p i l l w a y , t h e s i z e o t t h e a e r a t i o n ramps should be reviewed and c o n s i d e r a t i o n given t o removing the proposed ex tens ion w a l l and t r e a t i n g weak seams of t h e excavated s l o p e s w i t h s h o t c r e t e and d ra inage h o l e s ;

( j ) S a t i s f a c t o r y r u l e s adequa te ly t e s t e d f o r smal l t o l a r g e f l o o d s , must be e s t a b l i s h e d f o r the o p e r a t i o n of t h e sp i l lway gates-- mal func t ions could have a i s a s t r o u s consequences aownstream;

( k ) Proper procedures f o r o p e r a t i o n of sp i l lway g s t e s t o a s s u r e s a f e t y of t h e dam should be assured by es tab l i shment o f :

- a f lood warning network ( s e e pa ras 5 .G7-5 -08);

- s p e c i f i c a l l y designed OCM programs and proceaures t o ensure t h a t the g a t e s w i l l always be operab le ; and

- t r a i n i n g programs f o r personnel who w i l l be r e s p o n s i b l e ' f o r OhM of the g a t e s ; and

( 1 ) 0&M manuals f o r t h e p r o j e c t ' s c i v i l , mechanical , and e l e c t r i c a l f a c i l i t i e s should be developed a long w i t h format ion- of a nucleus of an : 'Operation and Maintenance Group," a s soon a s p o s s i b l e .

Annex 9 Table 1

INDIA


Simulated Flood Peaks by Subbasin

Storm B Storm A Subbasin Time of Peak Flow Time of Peak Flow

No. Occurrence 100,000 cusecs Occurrence 100,000 cusecs hour hour

*Storm clock begins at zero hours on August 28.

Annex 9 Table 2

INDIA


Comparative Summary of Routed Flood Peaks a/

Storm A Storm .B , Muskingum Kinematic Muskingum Kinematic

Jamtara 1.48 (42) Baramanghat 1.97 (56)h/ Hoshangabad

channel routed 3.22 (91) attenuated 2.30 (651~1

Mortakka channel routed 4.81 (136) attenuated 3.57 (101)kl

Sardar Sarovar ~ranslatedfl

channel routed 7;00 (198) attenuated 5.86 (166)

Storage routedgl channel routed 5.62 (159) attenuated 4.84 (137)

Maximum Reservoir .

Level&/ 474.3 (144.57)

a/ All flows in million cubic feet per second followed by thousand cubic . - meters per second in parentheses.

b / Muskingum channel routing considers greater flow velocities during PIG. - c/ Muskingum floodplain storage attenuation routing considers increase in -

K associated with overbank storage. Overbank storage volumes proportionally v

reduce from values shown on Table 3 as upstream attenuation reduces downstream -

flows. - Kinematic channel routing may be done by a broken line representation of the Q-A curve.

g/ Kinematic. routing incorporates dynamic storage effect. £1 Translatedover the reservoir length based on a wave celerity esti- -

mated as /gd to compute travel time as well as routed through appropriate channel storage.

g/ Storage routing through Sardar Sarovar Reservoir based on stage- volume and stage-discharge relationships furnished by the government of Gujarat .

1/ Based on storage routing of the inflow hydrograph attenuated by flood plain storage. Units are feet with meters in parentheses.

Annex. 9 Table 3

INDIA


Estimated Overbank Flow Storage Volume3

Tributary Stationing a/ Storage Volume Stream mi km bcm b/ maf c/

490.0 730.0 700.0 ------------------ ------------------ ---- - - ---- ----- ----- ----- -----

a/ Projects listed under FY83 are those which were approved in FY83 but have not become effect - b/ Approved by Mr. Stern on August 12, 1983. -

EAN Tawa

2.28 Kolar/Ganjal 112

2.09 . Chhota Tawa 155

Total 9.73 7.95

/ Stationing in kilometers below the junction of the Shakkar.

b/bcm = billion cubic meters = thousand million cubic meters. -

d m a f = million acre-feet .

Annex 9 Tab le 4 Page 1

INDIA


PMF I n f l o w Flood Hvdrographs , S a r d a r Sa rova r Damsite f o r Storms A and B (Kinemat ic Rout ing) /a

Hour Di scha rge i n m 3 / s f o r Hour Di scha rge i n m3/s f o r Storm A : Storm B Storm A : Storm B

/a Hourly f l o o d i n f l o w o f Narmada R ive r a t S a r d a r Sa rova r R e s e r v o i r f o r s to rms A and B - channe l s t o r a g e r o u t e d and a t t e n u a t e d due t o overbank s p i l l s and t r a n s l a t e d o v e r t h e l e n g t h of t h e r e s e r v o i r based on wave c e l e r i t y .


Hour Di scha rge i n m3/s f o r Storm A : Storm B

Hour Di scha rge i n m3/s f o r Storm A : Storm B

/b Design peak i n f l o w from PMF (Storm A )

Annex 9 Table 5 Page 1

I N D I A


PMF Outflow Hydrographs a t Sardar Sarovar Damsite f o r Storms A and B (Kinematic Routing) a/ bl

Hour Discharge i n u? / s f o r Hour Discharge i n d / s f o r Storm A Storm B

/a Outflow i s e s t ima ted a t t h e Sardar Sarovar Damsite. R e s u l t s i n c l u d e e f f e c t s of r o u t i n g runof f i n t h e b a s i n from storms A and B through v a r i o u s upstream reaches having d i f f e r e n t channel and overbank s p i l l a g e a t t e n u a t i o n e f f e c t s , a s w e l l a s t r a n s l a t i n g such inf low over t h e l e n g t h of t h e r e s e r v o i r based on t h e c e l e r i t y of t h e f l o o d wave p l u s r e s e r v o i r s t o r a g e r o u t i n g .

/b Inf low hydrograph i s g iven i n t a b l e 4 .

/g Design peak outf low from PMF (Storm A).

Annex. 9 Table 5 Page 2

Hour Discharge i n m3/s f o r Hour Discharge i n m3/s f o r Storm A Storm B



1000-Year F lood Hydrograph o f Narmada R i v e r a t S a r d a r S a r o v a r Damsite Kinemat ic R o u t i n g /a

Hour Di scha rge i n m3 /s f o r Hour Di scha rge i n m3 1 s f o r Storm A : Storm B S torm A : Storm B

/a Summary of r e s u l t s f o l l o w :

(i) Peak i n f l o w t r a n s l a t e d t o dam s i t e 101 ,662 m3/s ( i i ) Routed Sp i l lway Outflow Peak f o r Storm A 87,343 m3/s

Maximum R e s e r v o i r Leve l RL 139.29 m ( i i i ) Routed Sp i l lway Outflow Peak f o r Storm B 90,307 m3/s

Maximum R e s e r v o i r Leve l RL 139.29 m

Annex. 9 Table 6 Page 2

I N D I A


A l l I n d i a - Energy G e n e r a t i o n , S a l e and P a t t e r n o f Energy Consumption

D e s c r i p t i o n ------ 1951 56-57 60-61 65-66 68-69 73-74 78-79 79-80 80-81 81-82

I n s t a l l e d C a p a c i t y (MW) 1835 2886 4653 9027 12957 16664 26680 28448 30214 32344

E l e c t r i c i t y Genera ted (GWh) 5858 9662 16937 32990 47433 66689 102523 104627 110821 122010

~ l e c t r i c i t y Consumption 4793 7959 13953 26735 37352 50246 77293 78124 82473 90237 ( G W ~ ) ( U t i l i t i e s o n l y )

Pe r C a p i t a Gene ra t ion (Kwh) 20.80 30.90 43.90 73.81 97.82 126.26 159.60 160.00 166.20 182

Pe r C a p i t a Gene ra t ion ( K W ~ ) ( U t i l i t i e s o n l y ) 13 .30 20.70 31.90 53.70 70.80 87.15 1 2 0 , 4 8 119.40 123.70 132

Consurnpt i o n Pa t t e r n ( X )

Domestic Ligl i t & Small Power 12.40 11.70 10.70 8.80 8.50 9.20 9.80 10.76 11 .28 11.50

Commercial L i g h t & S~ila 11 Power 6.90 6.80 6.10 6.20 5.70 6.00 5.60 5.96 5.95 5 .98

I n d u s t r i a l Power 63.70 66.90 69.40 70.60 69 .30 64.60 61.35 58.86 58.60 58.75

~ a i l w a y / T r a c t i on 6.90 5.10 3.30 4.00 3 .30 3.00 2.83 2.95 - 2.82 2 .78

A g r i c u l t u r a l Pumps 4 .30 4 .00 6.00 7.10 9.30 12.60 15.56 17.23 17.48 16.71

P u b l i c Water Works, Sewage Pumping, P u b l i c L i g h t i n g & Othe r s 5.80 5.50 4.50 3.30 3.90 4.60 4 .86 4 .24 3.87 4 . 2 8

T o t a l %

NA - Not A v a i l a b l e

Annex 9 Table 8

INDIA


Projections of Energy Requirement and Peak Demand on Utility Systems - All India

Energy Requirement illio ion kWh)

Northern Region 49289 54850 60931 67566 74788 82631 91132 100380 110426 Western Region 49433 54493 60016 66040 '72601 79740 87495 95911 105037 Southern Reg ion 41971 45774 49907 54396 59267. 64550 70283 76498 83233 Eastern Region 25948 28558 31390 34460 37784 41378 45266 49468 54003 North-Eastern Region 1751 1958 2189 2442 2723 3034 3375 3749 4163 A. & N. Islands 2 1 2 4 2 8 3 3 3 7 42 48 54 6 1 Lakshadweep 1.98 2.33 2.72 3.17 3.68 4.25 4.89 5.59 6.38

Peak Load ( M W )

Northern Region 9551 10609 11774 13041 14421 15916 17529 19286 21185 West ern Reg ion 843 7 9302 10243 11269 12384 13595 14913 16339 17887 Southern Region 7 503 8180 8916 9716 10581 11519 12538 13641 14838 East ern Reg ion 4509 4962 '5450 5982 6557 7178 7851 8580 9363 North-Eastern Region 365 40 7 455 507 565 629 699 7 7 5 860 A. & N. Islands 6 6.8 7.8 9.1 10.1 11.3 12.7 14.2 15.8 Laks hadweep 1.03 1.19 1.36 1.56 1.78 2.02 2.29 2.58 2.91 - - TOTAL 30372 33468 36847 40526 44520 48850 53545 58638 64152

- Base: Eleventh Annual Electric Power Survey of India - 1982 . Central Electricity Authority

NARMAUA K I V E K UEVELOPkffiNT - GUJARA'L'

Description

Western Kegion - Energy Generat ion, Sa le and P a t t e r n of Enerny Consumption

I n s t a l l e d Capacity (MU) Ij 520 83< 1360 2266 2999 3552 7373 7809 8335 8875 10045

E l e c t r i c i t y Generation (GWh) 2688 3209 5016 9051. 11176 1776b 31243 32077 34953 37549 40735

E l e c t r i c i t y Consumption U t i l i t i e s (GWh) 1701 2776 4109 7548 10632 15519. 24210 24834 26437 28325 29800

Consumption P a t t e r n ( I ) I P N

Domestic Light 6 LJ I Sniall Power 9.03 8.56 9.17 8.80 8.b0 8.53 16.14 10.70 10.70 10.70 NA

Conrmercial Light h Small Power 6.23 6.29 6.10 5.82 5.52 5.51 9.91 5.70 5.10 5.70 N A

I n d u s t r i a l Power 64.98 68.54 72.04 74.02 72.21 ' 70.22 38.73 62.bb 62-61) 62.61) N A

Kailway Tract ion 16.82 13.43 9.33 6.51 4.65 4.b5 8.79 4.20 4.20 4.20 N A

Agricul ture Pumping 0.25 0.43 0.93 2.66 5.65 7.99 19.54 12.4b 12.4b 12.40

Public Water Works, Sewage Pumping , Lighting 6 Others -- 2.64 2.75 2.43 2.19 2.87 19.54 6.89 4.40 4.40 4.4U NA

Tota l -- l u 0 .00 100.00 100.00 10U -00 100 .0U 100.00 100 .OO 100.00 100 .0U 100 .OO

NA = Not Avai lable

1/ Including capac i ty of Centra l Sector (720 MW a t the end of f i s c a l year 1483). -

Annex. 9 Tab le 10

INDIA

NARMADA RImR DEVELOPMENT - GUJARAT

Western Region - I n s t a l l e d C a p a c i t y a s o f March 3 1 , 1983

L HYDRO THERMAL

Name of I n s t a l l e d Name of I n s t a l l e d Locat i o n Scheme C a p a c i t y (MW) Scheme C a p a c i t y (MW)

GUJARAT 4- Uka i

S u b - t o t a l 300 .

MADHYA PRADESH Chambal Complex 193

(MP's s h a r e )

Sub- to t a l

MAWSHTRA Koyna Complex 920 Purna 22.5 Bhatgar-Vir 2 5 Va i t a r n a 6 0 Radha Nagr i 4 .8 T a t a 285

S u b - t o t a l

CENTRAL SECTOR

Uka i 6 40 Dhuvaran 5 88 Gandhinagar 2 40 U t t r a n 67.5 A.E. Company 327.5 Wanakbori 420 Smal l The rma l /Diese l 33.6

S u b - t o t a l 2316.6

Korba 5 40

S a t p u r a (MP's s h a r e ) 807.5 Amartantak 300

Sub- to t a l 1647.5

Nas i k Korad i Bhusawal Khaparkheda P a r a s Uran Gas Turb ine Trombay P a r l i Small Thermal D i e s e l

S u b - t o t a l

Chola 9 6 Ta rapur ( N u c l e a r ) 420 Korba (S.T.P.S.) 210

S u b - t o t a l - Sub- to t a l 7 26

T o t a l ( ~ y d r o ) 1810.3 T o t a l (Thermal) 8235.1

T o t a l I n s t a l l e d Capac i ty a s on 31/3 /1983 = 10045 MW --------

Annex. 9 Table 11

INDIA

NARMADA RIVER DEVELOPMENT - GUJARAT Western Regional Electricity Boards

Maximum Power and the Total Energy Transmitted Over the Inter-State/ Inter-Regional Lines During 1982-83

Gujarat to Maharashtra

Maharashtra to Gujarat

Maharashtra to Mad.hya Pradesh

Madhya Pradesh to naharashtra

Maharashtra to Karnataka

Karnataka to Maharashtra

Rajasthan to Madhya Pradesh

Madhya Pradesh to Rajasthan

Uttar Pradesh to Madhya Pradesh

Madhya Pradesh to Uttar Pradesh:

Gujarat to Goa

Maharashtra to Goa

Karnataka to Goa

Andhra Pradesh to riadhya Pradesh

Madhya Pradesh to Andhra Pradesh

Annex 9 Table 12

u . C N1

< $ 2 a n - a

0 4

0 0 0 c 4 0

I 1 1 - 1 I I I I I N ! I I I I I - Y I I N 0 0 u

4 4 4 - 4 4 u K X N

-128-

NARMADA RIVER,DEVELOPMENT - GUJARAT Western Region - New Schemes to be Commissioned During 1985-95

Annex 9 Table 14

Hvdro Bodhghat

(4x125 MW) Sardar Sarovar RBPH

(6x200 MW) Sardar Sarovar CHPH

r (5x50 MW) Barg i

. - (2x45 MW) - Hasdeo

- (3x40 MW) - Bansagar

(3x105 + 2x15 + 3x15 MW) Bhatsa

(1x15 MW) Khadakwasla

(2x8 MW) Rajghat

(3x15 MW) Narmadasagar

(8x125 MW) Bhopalapatnam

(7x75 MW) Omkareshwar

(6x65 MW) Maheshwar

(6x40 XW)

Total Hydro

..napadkhera (3x210 MW)

Gandhi nagar (1x210 MW)

Parli Extension (1x210 MW)

Utran (1x120 MW)

Kutch Lignite (1x70 MW)

Pench (2x210 MW)

Nand Raigarh (4x210 MW)

Bandhav (3x210 MW)

Bhavanagarik . (3x500 MW) . (Coastal Thermal)

Total Thermal

- - GRAND TOTAL

-nw. i a l l o 1 3 u e u ~ 1 l o u 'JTmouoJa U T p a s s a i d x a a l e ql-;ot, 1 [ y :a]c.y

-apoln 8 u ~ y v ; l d U T Yu j j l ! i a< lo u a q n s 1 j u n a s a q l 30 1601 L s u a T ~ ~ ~ j a p u ~ m1run p a 3 e l d r ; ~ p u o i j 8 ~ 1 ~ 8 s l a n j I l u ~ p n ( s u l ' L I T I T ~ P I I C ~ a l q r f i l n n a l i c ~ n i r : ~ 1r3pi l? l : 8 u y p p e 3 0 ] s o > 1 a n j uo 1 5 a ~ ~ a l a 3

' a p o e R u ~ q r a d o l u ~ e n i n 3 pt.0: J O d o > 2~ n l T u n I l w l a q j 8 u y ~ a ~ r l s ~ p ' u o T l c i a d r , pvo (a?cq u r u O ~ l V ~ B 1WlUJ?lI> r(l.( 011X)I a 9 0 3 pPWIIRII1 ' L ~ ~ ~ I ( I c ~ P J ?1(1Tf:lDA31 10AOlVS l I !plPS 01 a A J l E U 1 3 l l l JO l E 0 3 IL'lYJIJ713Ul /q

' 1 r o A l a s a i r o ~ S O J [T I I J a q l l uTpn1>uy ' s l l u n ; ~ r q r s i n r r a > - u o u ~ c n o i r s ~ a p ~ r g q l j n Ifin.) U . * ~ S ~ ; S / P

1 BUI 1111 BU9 E B l V BlE9 EhI9 BLEI 90t9 BlEI 11t9 BlEI b:tV EL57 19t9 81S9 t BLE9 Zlt9 B l E V VItV 8159 COSI !LEI tlEV BltV K;9 BlEV ZtEV BltV L E E V eLt9 OLE9 BLE?. el<? BLEI E:i9 8LCI 81t9 8157 !LEV BLtI BlE9 BLEF BLl9 BLEI CbOV ZtlV b:bE EIOV tItS VZlE b1VE EEbE OLE9 tBbI IIZL I811 BItb tlBb 18th 11Eb LOOP 2921 scot tC@t ZbII 88I1 LIZ hlZ

BIEI bE:E 001- SBt tCCE BCE9 bbLE IPV- 191 tK5 BCS9 IIIE 027- Stt tXE 81EP lZ1E 6 IIt tKE 815' l11E LC;- EBI tOSt B1C9 I IZE- /PI tOEF 0159 SECE $61- 911 tOEE BCSP 8115 I t t - :PC IOEE PlE9 19iE 161- Z L Z t.3SE 81EP BbIE t t t - 511 I055 8159 ZltE 001- 891 )OE,S BIEI VZtE IZZ- 511 tOE5 0159 OttC EM- t t l tOEE B C E V tEtE 191- 111 tOEE B C E V BqtE I l l - 08 tOEE B C E P CBtE 81- 1t toss ECEI 6 12- II tOEE B C E l tOEE - ICE5 B i E V t@EE - t 05E BIG7 H E - tKE e r i ~ toss - ~ O E E BIEI t@EC - tK5 BCE9 tOSC - tOSC BCEI E00t - 500) IEbt 2101 - ZCOC I111 tvcz - tvcz 09LL tVEl - IPS1 ZPtl 181 - 181 181 59 5V 17

0011 I101 0011 ,101 0011 t101 GOll I101 0011 t101 0011 tlOl 0011 tLC1 0011 t101 EOll I101 OCll t!01 OOll tL0l 0011 ,101 0011 t101 0011 I101 0011 I101 0011 I101 0011 t101 0011 tL0I 0011 tLCl a011 tL01 0011 tL01 0011 tlOl 0601 ti01 0901 0501 IZui 1101 011 121 589 SEV 059 127 LOE 02) I t I t t t 5 c

!lo: 9!@! 1101 bib: 1101 2132 1l:Z 0152 b)!Z Eocl 1x2 7x1 twz tmz COG1 ZP91 IOEZ oo?! bG I Ehbl Lbbl . Ib61 Ebb1

1 LBO1 bObl 1 Cbbl lbbl I EC9Z Zbbl L C V C l C 1561 11 I l l? bbbl bI EbZl babl t1 1lLb Babl 01 IIEb 1961 L ~ E Z V 786: 1 . t o Lab1 t 0e11 te l l

612 ffbl

1 J I E U ~ N ~ l l ~ r u j l q t l u l r rg 1503

H I l A O I N [rnj ;rr h!dwnd 1fw11 HIlQH?31lW UVAOWS 3nllVN83llV rals.($ .~#J Iu [ /e!ruol; m 'WUY~HI 1 ~ 1 ~ 1 1 1 I d -utrwo) ~ I U Y ~ W I U ~ O U V S lVU113HI I'lQl h ~ r ~ ~ v d r - ~ l~rqdrpd -ulrLQl

nnouvs wows H I M HIIN HIM Hlll wnnw mctrrs HIM ---

Annex 9 Table 16

Annex 9 T a b l e 17 Page 1

INDIA


Energy G e n e r a t i o n a t Cana l and R ive rbed Powerhouses .1

RBPH C a p a c i t y = 800 MW

Un i t : NKWH

Power G e n e r a t i o n i n S t a g e I Power G e n e r a t i o n i n S t a g e I1 O p e r a t i n g Firm Secon . T o t a l power @CHPH Fi rm Secon . T o t a l power @CHPH P e r i o d power power power power No. Year @RBPH @RBPH 150 MW 200MW 250EiW @RBPH @RBPH 150 MW 200MW -250MW

Average


Energy Genera t ion a t Canal and R ive r Bed Power Houses

RBPH Capac i ty = 1000 klW

Uni t : MKWH U Power Genera t ion i n S tage I Power Genera t ion i n S tage I1

Opera t ing Firm Secon. T o t a l power @CHPH Firm Secon. T o t a l power @CHPH - P e r i o d power power Power Power

No. Year @RBPH @RBPH 150 MW 200MW 250MW @RBPH @RBPH 150 MW 200MW 250Mk'

Average 3465 1500 388 441 500 11 46 7 40 6 52 7 26 776

Annex 9 T a b l e 17 Page 3

Energy G e n e r a t i o n a t Cana l and R i v e r Bed Power Houses

RBPH C a p a c i t y = 1200 PlW

U n i t : MKWH Power G e n e r a t i o n i n S t a g e I Power G e n e r a t i o n i n S t a g e I1

O p e r a t i n g F i rm Secon . T o t a l power @CHPH F i r m Secon . T o t a l power @CHPH *

P e r i o d power power Power Power No. Year @RBPH @RBPH 150 MW 200MW 250MW @RBPH @RBPH 150 MW 200MW 250m

v

1 4 8 - 4 9 3604 23 85 43 9 488 53 7 121 8 1466 7 46 952 1013- 2 3635 2204 45 9 507 555 1138 1044 7 40 903 9-7 7 3 3608 2709 335 359 3 83 1360 6 96 7 46 976 1 06 1- 4 2942 0 7 9 7 9 7 9 1130 0 42 9 48 9 48 9 5 3091 0 6 2 6 2 6 2 11 16 0 258 213 213

Average 3464 1606 3 85 442 499 1161 776 597 7 28 779

NARHADA RIVER DEVELOPMENT - GUJARAT

OPTIMUM CAPACITY OF RIVERBED POWERHOUSE

System Cost with Alteruative RBPII Capacities a/ (US$ Mil lion)

Base Case 1200 HW Alternative Capacity 1000 MW Alternative Capacity 800

========= ===P====P====L- =I=============_====_----------- _____--_--_S===E===l=====

Investment ----- Investment Cost---- Increm. TOTAL ----- Investment Cost---- Increm. TOTAL

Cost of Thermal Addtl. System Thermal Addtl. System RHPH RBPU Complement Trans- Fuel RBPH Complement Trans- Fuel

(3x120 MW) mission .Cost (3x220 HU) mission Cost

PRESENT VALUE a t 8% 205.40 at 10% 185.77 at 12% 169.23

a/ Economic Cost -

b/ ObM Cost only -

INDIA

NARMADA RIVER DEVELOPMtiNT - GUJARAT

OPTIMUM CAPACITY OF CANALHEAD POWERHOUSE

System Cost with Alternative CllPH Capacities a/ (US$ Million)

Base Case 250 HW Alternative Capacity 200 HW Alternative Capacity 150 HW

=====E==E =E=======LS======S==S=P======-==5========L===== =======E=l========S=====-=E==E=================z

Investment ----- Investment Cost---- Increm. TOTAL - ----- Investment Cost---- Increm. TOTAL

YEAR Cost of Thermal Addtl. System Thermal Addtl. System CHPIL CHPH Complement Trans- Fuel CHPH Complement Trans- Fuel

(1x75 HW) mission Cost (2x75 MW) mission Cost

PRESENT VALUE at 81 58.03 at 101 53.00 at 12% 48.72

a / Economic Cost - b/ ObM Cost only -

Annex 9 F i g u r e 1

Annex 9 F i g u r e 2 .

Annex 9 Figure 3

INDIA WESTERN REGION

Average Daily Load Duration Cuwe for March 1994

10 15 HOURS

ANNEX 9 Appendix A Page 1

IM) I A


Flood Hydrology S t u d i e s f o r S a r d a r Sa rova r Dam and R e s e r v o i r L/

1. I n t r o d u c t i o n . T h i s appendix p r o v i d e s an overview of p r i n c i p a l f l o o d s t u d i e s accompl ished o v e r a span of 30 y e a r s f o r t h e dam and r e s e r v o i r s i t e i n t h e lower Narmada' R ive r b a s i n v a r i o u s l y r e f e r r e d t o a s Navagam, Narmada ( ~ u j a r a t ) , and more r e c e n t l y S a r d a r Sa rova r . Appendix A i s a t t a c h e d t o add

4

comple teness t o t h i s r e p o r t ' s t e c h n i c a l d i s c u s s ion . It i s a l s o i n c l u d e d because of t h e impor tance of t h e f l o o d d e s i g n t o s u c c e s s f u l r e s o l u t i o n of dam s a f e t y conce rns a s t h e y r e l a t e t o t h e p o t e n t i a l f o r u n u s u a l l y s e v e r e f l o o d g e n e r a t i o n i n t h e b a s i n and t h e fo rmidab le e f f o r t r e q u i r e d t o r e s o l v e t h i s i s s u e t o t h e s a t i s f a c t i o n of t h e DRP, GOG, G O I , and t h e a p p r a i s a l m i s s i o n . Appendix A p r o v i d e s an overview and chronology of f l o o d s t u d i e s t a k e n th rough t h e end of 1983, an a s ses smen t of t h e s t r e n g t h s and weaknesses of t h e s t u d i e s , and a d e s c r i p t i o n of how work accompl ished t o d a t e w i l l l a y a new t e c h n i c a l f o u n d a t i o n f o r bas inwide w a t e r r e s o u r c e p l ann ing i n t h e f u t u r e .

2 . Chronology o f S t u d i e s . 21 The s t u d i e s t o d e v i s e a s u i t a b l e s to rm f o r '

use a s a b a s i s f o r p r o b a b l e maximum p r e c i p i t a t i o n (PME') and t g c o n v e r t t h a t s torm i n t o a PMF f o r t h e Narmada R ive r have been r e f i n e d ove r t ime a s needed t o e n s u r e a s a f e d e s i g n f o r t h e S a r d a r Sa rova r Dam. The d e s c r i p t i o n and r e s u l t s of t h e p r i n c i p a l s t u d i e s i n d e t e r m i n i n g s p i l l w a y d e s i g n f l o o d s were a s f o 1 lows :

( a ) NWDT s t u d y . One i s s u e i n t h e d i s p u t e ove r t h e NRD between t h e s t a t e s o f G u j a r a t and MP was t h a t a h i g h dam a t S a r d a r Sa rova r would inun- d a t e l a r g e a r e a s i n c l u d i n g p o t e n t i a l hydropower s i t e s i n MP. Hence, t h e NWDT s e t an e l e v a t i o n f o r t h e f u l l r e s e r v o i r l e v e l (Fa). An e s t i m a t e from t h e C e n t r a l Water Commission (CWC) on t h e s i z e of t h e f l o o d t h a t would have t o be passed a t t h e dam formed a b a s i s f o r t h e i r d e c i s i o n r e a l i z i n g t h a t more d e t a i l e d s t u d i e s would be r e q u i r e d f o r f i n a l dam and r e s e r v o i r d e s i g n s .

1/ Based on t h e J a n u a r y 1984 r e p o r t of t h e Bank's h y d r o l o g i c c o n s u l t a n t D r . - L. Douglas James, D i r e c t o r , Utah Water Research L a b o r a t o r y , Logan, Utah.

21 Copies of r e p o r t s of a l l Bank m i s s i o n c o n s u l t a n c i e s mentioned i n Appendix - A a r e ma in ta ined i n t h e p r o j e c t f i l e .


( b ) . C e n t r a l Water Commission. The CWC i s a p r imary s o u r c e of gaged s t r eamf low d a t a . They a l s o examine t h e r e l i a b i l i t y of t h e informa- t i o n t h e y p r o c e s s , pe r fo rm g e n e r a l s t u d i e s t o f a c i l i t a t e l o c a l h y d r o l o g i c a n a l y s e s , and p r o p a g a t e n a t i o n a l q u a l i t y s t a n d a r d s f o r h y d r o l o g i c a l work i n I n d i a . CWC a p p l i e d t h e u n i t hydrograph method i n e s t i m a t i n g a PM!? f l o w i n 1952. F u r t h e r , CWC's i n f o r m a t i o n and a s s i s t a n c e was used r e p e a t e d l y i n t h e s t u d i e s d e s c r i b e d below.

( c ) I n d i a n M e t e o r o l o g i c a l Department (IMD). The IMD (New D e l h i ) pe r - formed p r e c i p i t a t i o n f r e q u e n c y s t u d i e s i n 1964,and i n March 1981, r e l e a s e d a document t i t l e d "Design Storm E s t i m a t i o n f o r Narmada Saga r and S a r d a r S a r o v a r Dams." The PMP recommended by IMD f o r S a r d a r C

S a r o v a r combined t h e s to rms of August 28-30, 1973 and September 5-6, 1970. T h i s s y n t h e s i z e d s to rm was m ~ r l t i p l i e d by a m o i s t u r e maximiza- t i o n f a c t o r of 1 .35 , and s e t i n c o n t e x t of t h e p e r i o d August 2 8 t h r o u g h September 1, 1973. S i n c e t h e s i z e of t h e PMP i s c r i t i c a l t o e s t i m a t i n g t h e PM!?, and a r ev i ew of IMD's methodology would b e s t be accompl ished by a m e t e o r o l o g i s t , t h e Bank's h y d r o l o g i c c o n s u l t a n t , D r . L . Douglas James, r e q u e s t e d i n June 1982 t h a t t h e a n a l y s i s be rev iewed. Subsequen t ly t h e Bank's c o n s u l t a n t , M r . John T. R i e d e l , ( fo rmer c h i e f of t h e h y d r o m e t e o r o l o g i c a l b r a n c h of t h e U.S. N a t i o n a l Weather S e r v i c e , Washington, D.C.) made t h e r ev i ew . He recommended d e r i v i n g t h e P W f r o g a s to rm t h a t o c c u r r e d i n ' ~ u l ~ 1927 by hav ing i t maximized and t r a n s p o s e d ( r e a l i g n e d t o maximize, w i t h i n t h e l b i t s o f known m e t e o r o l o g i c a l c o n s t r a i n t s , t h e p o r t i o n of t h e storm's t o t a l p r e c i p i t a t i o n t h a t would f a l l w i t h i n t h e b a s i n ) . A s would l i k e l y be t h e c a s e , t h e s t o r m was t h e n a l l owed t o p r o g r e s s downstream g e n e r a l l y a t t h e same r a t e a s t h e r e s u l t a n t f loodwave. A l s o , IMD was asked t o compute an a p p r o p r i a t e max imiza t ion f a c t o r . T h i s t a s k was a s s i g n e d t o D r . 0 . N. Dhar , Pune, f o r m e r l y w i t h t h e T r o p i c a l M e t e o r o l o g i c a l I n s t i t u t e (now r e t i r e d ) who concur red ( i n D e l h i a t a March mee t ing ) w i t h t h e e s t i m a t e d m o i s t u r e max imiza t ion f a c t o r o f 1 .13 . Mr. R i e d e l a l s o worked w i t h t h e GOG i n computing t h e PMP a c c o r d i n g t o t h e p r i n - c i p l e s d i s c u s s e d above. Ij

However, i t must be n o t e d t h a t I M D h a s n e v e r concu r red w i t h u s e of t h e t r a n s p o s e d s to rm and s t i l l h o l d s t h e p o s i t i o n t h a t t h e i r o r i g i n a l s t o rm i s more s u i t a b l e . A f t e r d i s c u s s i n g t h e s i t u a t i o n i n a c o n f e r e n c e phone c a l l on J u l y 8 , 1983, Messrs . R i e d e l , Dawdy, James ( c o n s u l t a n t s ) , and Fauss (Bank s t a f f ) a g r e e d t o r e q u e s t c o n s i d e r a t i o n of t h r e e s to rms i n c a l c u l a t i n g t h e PMF and t o u s e t h e one producing t h e l a r g e s t f l ow . T h i s o c c a s i o n e d a s u p p l e m e n t a l r e q u e s t f o r D r . Dhar t o pe r fo rm a d d i t i o n a l c a l c u l a t i o n s t o t r a n s p o s e a 1926 s to rm i n s u b b a s i n s 1 and 2 and c a l c u l a t e a max imiza t ion f a c t o r f o r t h a t s t o rm. T h i s work was c a r r i e d o u t o n l y t o t h e e x t e n t needed t o prove t h a t t h i s s t o r m was n o t c r i t i c a l f o r pu rposes f o r e s t i m a t i n g t h e PMF.

ANNEX 9 A ~ p e n d i x A Page 3

( d ) Government of G u i a r a t . The GOG's Narmada P r o j e c t Design and Con- s t r u c t i o n C i r c l e (NPDCC) a t Vadodara, completed a f l o o d s t u d y of t h e Narmada B a s i n , based on a number of a l t e r n a t i v e s t o r m s , by a p p l y i n g one of t h e o p t i o n s a v a i l a b l e w i t h i n t h e "Unit Hydrograph and Loss Rate Op t imiza t ion" o r HEC-1 model of t h e U.S. Army Corps of Eng inee r s . T h i s model i s adequa te f o r d e t e r m i n i n g t h e PMF, b,ut i t should . be a p p l i e d a l s o t o t h e many o t h e r pu rposes of mode l l i ng done a t t h e C e n t r a l Water and Power Research S t a t i o n (CWPRS) ( s e e p a r a 4 ( a ) ) . However, t h e l a r g e r problem was t h a t t h e model a p p l i c a t i o n s d i d n o t i n c l u d e t h e r ange of a v a i l a b l e g a g e s , t h e r e q u i r e d d a t a v a l i d i t y c h e c k s , and /o r make c a l i b r a t i o n s f o r many s u b b a s i n s where d a t a l a t e r became a v a i l a b l e .

( e ) N a t i o n a l I n s t i t u t e o f Hvdrolonv. The N a t i o n a l I n s t i t u t e of Hydrology a t Roorke s p e n t most of i t s t ime r ev iewing and a s s e s s i n g a v a i l a b l e s t r eamf low d a t a and per forming f l o o d f r equency s t u d i e s . M r . David Dawdy ( s e e p a r a 2 ( h ) ) v i s i t e d Roorke a t t h e t ime t h i s work was underway and pursued t h i s l i n e of i n v e s t i g a t i o n d u r i n g h i s two t r i p s t o I n d i a i n 1983. He found t h e d a t a and a n a l y s i s u s e f u l a s a check a g a i n s t o t h e r agency mode l l ing e f f o r t s .

(£1 L i n s l e v , Kraeger A s s o c i a t e s . M r . Bruce Kraeger (hydro logy mode l l ing . c o n s u l t a n t ) v i s i t e d I n d i a d u r i n g t h e summer of 1982 a s a c o n s u l t a n t

t o t h e DRP, t o u r e d t h e Narmada R ive r b a s i n , and d i s c u s s e d t h e me thodo log ie s be ing employed f o r t h e h y d r o l o g i c s t u d i e s w i t h most of t h e i n t e r e s t e d I n d i a n s t u d y g roups . D r . Ray L i n s l e y , s e n i o r a s s o c i a t e , a s s e s s e d t h e adequacy of t h e PMF e s t i m a t e s developed by GOG and CWPRS i n a November 1982 r e p o r t . L/ He found t h e peak f lows e s t i m a t e d a t t h a t t ime (109,000 cumecs by GOG) t o be un reasonab ly low and approximated a peak o f 200,000 cumecs a s a p r e f e r r e d upper l i m i t f o r t h e PMF peak i n f l o w . The p r i n c i p a l r e a s o n s g i v e n f o r t h e i n c r e a s e o v e r GOG's e s t i m a t e were low v a l u e s used f o r t h e PMF and f o r base f low and un reasonab le v a r i a b i l i t y among s u b b a s i n pa rame te r v a l u e s . He recommended t h a t a l l t h e a v a i l a b l e h y d r o l o g i c and c l i m a t o l o g i c d a t a f o r t h e b a s i n be c o l l e c t e d and used i n a c a r e f u l model c a l i b r a t i o n and a p p l i c a t i o n . Other recommendations were t o u s e v a r i a b l e r a t h e r t h a n uni form p r e c i p i t a t i o n o v e r t h e s u b b a s i n s and t o c a r r y o u t c a l i b r a t i o n s o v e r more y e a r s . and t o c a r r y o u t c a l i b r a - t i o n s ove r more y e a r s .

( g ) John T. R i e d e l , c o n s u l t i n g m e t e o r o l o ~ i s t . M r . John R i e d e l v i s i t e d I n d i a i n March, 1983, d i s c u s s e d t h e a v a i l a b l e m e t e o r o l o g i c a l i n f o m a - t i o n and t h e s t u d i e s underway o r completed w i t h t h e IMD, GOG, and CWC, and concur red w i t h Lins ley ' s a s ses smen t t h a t t h e p r e v i o u s l y used PMP was t o o low. He worked w i t h GOG and IMD i n deve lop ing a r e v i s e d PMP based on t h e t r a n s p o s e d and downstream p r o g r e s s e d 1927 s t o m , maximized by a f a c t o r of 1 .13 , a s d e s c r i b e d above i n p a r a 2 ( c ) . He

L i n s l e y ' s 1982 r e p o r t i s ma in ta ined i n t h e p r o j e c t f i l e .


a l s o recommended examinat ion of combining t h e 1927 s to rm w i t h a 1926 s to rm t h a t caused l a r g e r p r e c i p i t a t i o n amounts i n s u b b a s i n s 1 and 2. Th i s s t u d y was done, but t h a t combination of e v e n t s r e s u l t e d i n a lower PMF.

( h ) David Dawdy Consul tancv. M r . : David Dawdy tou red t h e p r i n c i p a l s t r eam gaging s i t e s i n t h e lower Narmada Bas in , reviewed t h e r a w d a t a t h a t had been c o l l e c t e d , and worked w i t h CWPRS i n a s s e s s i n g and a d j u s t i n g t h e d a t a i n June 1983. I n September, he r e t u r n e d t o review t h e model l ing s t u d i e s completed a t Vadodara and t o c o n t i n u e t o work w i t h CWPRS i n t h e i r d a t a review and model a p p l i c a t i o n s . H i s main con- t r i b u t i o n s were i n s r e f i n i n g t h e s t reamflow d a t a , o r g a n i z i n g topograph ic i n f o r m a t i o n f o r f l o o d hydrograph r o u t i n g , and reviewing t h e o v e r a l l adequacy of mode l l ing .

( i ) C e n t r a l Water and Power Research S t a t i o n . The CWPRS used bo th t h e SSARR 1/ and OPSET models t o e s t i m a t e PMF c o n t r i b u t i o n s t o t h e Nar- mada f lows from each of t h e 20 s u b b a s i n s . They used b o t h t h e Muskin- gum and k inemat i c r o u t i n g methods t o combine t h e f lows and r o u t e them down t h e r i v e r t o Sa rda r Sarovar R e s e r v o i r . T h e i r s t u d y was a l s o c r i t i c i z e d i n D r . L ins ley ' s November 1982 r e p o r t on t h e grounds o u t l i n e d i n pa ra 2 ( f ) . D r . James worked w i t h CWPRS i n J u n e , Septem- - b e r , and December 1983, t o overcome d i f f i c u l t i e s a s desc ibed below i n p a r a 3 .

3. Government of G u j a r a t Flood S t u d i e s . The NPDCC has c e n t r a l respon- s i b i l i t y f o r a l l a s p e c t s of t h e d e s i g n of t h e Sa rda r Sarovar Dam and Reser- v o i r p r o j e c t . I n t h e i r l e a d e r s h i p r o l e i n t h e f l o o d hydrology s t u d i e s , t hey d i v i d e d t h e t o t a l b a s i n i n t o 20 s u b b a s i n s , c o l l e c t e d i n f o r m a t i o n f o r t h e PMF s t u d i e s , and d i d much of t h e work r e q u i r e d t o e s t a b l i s h d a i l y PEP t o t a l s by subbas in a s r e q u e s t e d by M r . R i e d e l , c o l l e c t e d s t r e a m and p r e c i p i t a t i o n d a t a f o r t h e b a s i n and t r i b u t a r i e s f o r g e n e r a l u s e , and performed t h e r e s e r v o i r r o u t i n g . I n t h e i r e f f o r t s t o complete t h e h y d r o l o g i c a l s t u d i e s a s q u i c k l y a s p o s s i b l e , i t i s u n d e r s t a n d a b l e t h a t t h e thoroughness w i t h which they had a p p l i e d t h e HEC model f o r s to rm hydrograph s y n t h e s i s g e n e r a l l y d i d n o t s a t i s f y i n t e r n a t i o n a l s t a n d a r d s a s o u t l i n e d by D r . L i n s l e y . D e s p i t e t h e d i f f i c u l t i e s t h a t t hey expe r i enced i n r e t r i e v i n g t h e d a t a , t h e y used good judgement i n t h e i r a p p l i c a t i o n s of t h e model and achieved r e s u l t s v e r y c l o s e t o t h o s e g i v e n i n p a r a 5 ( d ) . The p r i n c i p a l d e l a y was n o t u s i n g r e l e v a n t in fo rma t ion t h a t had been c o l l e c t e d and was a v a i l a b l e , and i n no t be ing a b l e t o o b t a i n impor tan t m i s s i n g d a t a such a s measurements of t h e r i v e r geometry i n a r e a s w i t h f l o o d p l a i n s p i l l a g e . N e v e r t h e l e s s , t h e r e s u l t s of t h e i r h y d r o l o g i c s t u d i e s s e r v e t o r e e n f o r c e t h e adequacy and r e l i a b i l i t y of t h e f i n a l model l ing e f f o r t .

1/ Acronym f o r a f l o o d e v a l u a t i o n and r o u t i n g model developed by t h e U.S. - Army Corps of Eng inee r s .


CWPRS Model l in7 S t u d i e s - Subbas in PMF Hydrograph Genera t ion .

( a ) Approach. I n 1982 t h e CWPRS s t a f f was d i v i d e d i n t o two s t u d y g roups t o a p p l y h y d r o l o g i c models t o t h e v a r i o u s gaged s u b b a s i n s . One group employed t h e SSARR model , and t h e o t h e r employed OPSET t o s e l e c t pa rame te r v a l u e s f o r use i n con t inuous h y d r o l o g i c s i m u l a t i o n w i t h t h e Kentucky Ver s ion o f t h e S t a n f o r d Watershed Model. I n 1983, under p r e s s u r e t o comple te t h e work w i t h i n v e r y t i g h t d e a d l i n e s , CWPRS s h i f t e d t o a p p l y i n g o n l y OPSET. They pursued t h e m i s s i n g d a t a d i l i g e n t l y , w i t h a s s i s t a n c e from t h e G O I , GOG and GOMP, and o b t a i n e d s u f f i c i e n t r a i n f a l l and s t r eamf low d a t a t o a t t e m p t c a l i b r a t i o n s f o r

, 16 gaged s u b b a s i n s . They a c h i e v e d s u c c e s s f u l r e s u l t s f o r a l l b u t two of them. Of t h e s e 1 4 s u b b a s i n s ( 1 5 gages because one s u b b a s i n was gaged i n two p l a c e s ) , one c a l i b r a t i o n was f o r f o u r ' y e a r s , two were f o r one y e a r , and t h e o t h e r 11 were f o r two o r t h r e e y e a r s . Storm d i s t r i b u t i o n s w i t h i n t h e day were r e p r e s e n t e d by one s e l f - r e c o r d i n g r a i n gage p r o v i d i n g h o u r l y d a t a . D a i l y r a i n f a l l t o t a l s were e s t i m a t e d from w e i g h t i n g based on The i s son polygons . P o t e n t i a l e v a p o r a t i o n r a t e s were based on d a t a r e a d from t h e n e a r e s t evapora- t i o n pan. The combinat ion of u t i l i z e d gages v a r i e d from y e a r t o y e a r w i t h t h e a v a i l a b i l i t y of t h e r e c o r d s . The pa rame te r v a l u e s r e s u l t i n g from t h e s e c a l i b r a t i o n s were compared r e g i o n a l l y and a d j u s t e d a s needed t o have s i m i l a r v a l u e s f o r s u b b a s i n s w i t h s i m i l a r topography, s o i l s , and cove r . These r e g i o n a l comparisons were a l s o used t o s e l e c t pa rame te r v a l u e s f o r ungaged s u b b a s i n s . The c a l i b r a t e d model was v a l i d a t e d by a p p l i c a t i o n t o two w a t e r y e a r s n o t g e n e r a l l y used i n i t s c a l i b r a t i o n and comparison of t h e r e s u l t s w i t h r e c o r d e d f l o o d hydrographs on t h e mainstem of t h e Narmada. The PMP was t h e n sup- p l i e d , and t h e c a l i b r a t e d model s y n t h e s i z e d t h e PMF.

( b ) M e t e o r o l o g i c a l Bas i s . The 1982 s t u d i e s were based on t h e combined August 1973 and t h e September 1970 s t o r m , maximized by a f a c t o r of 1 .35 , and s e t i n t h e c o n t e x t of t h e p e r i o d from August 28 th rough September 1 , 1973. The 1983 s t u d i e s began by examining t h r e e s to rms t o de t e rmine which one was c r i t i c a l . These were :

( 1 ) The t r a n s p o s e d and downstream p r o g r e s s e d , Ju ly 1927 s to rm maximized by a f a c t o r of 1 .13 , computed by GOG a s a d a i l y subbas in - wide p r e c i p i t a t i o n a v e r a g e s f o r which d a t a was t r a n s m i t t e d t o CWPRS on May 30 , 1983.

(2 ) The same s to rms a s were used i n t h e 1982 s t u d i e s , e x c e p t f o r an i n c r e a s e i n t h e max imiza t ion f a c t o r from 1.35 t o 1.59 t h a t was needed t o a r r i v e a t t h e same volume a s s to rm (1 ) above. The purpose of c o n s i d e r i n g t h i s s t o r m was t o make s u r e t h a t v a r i a b l e r a i n f a l l r a t e s ove r t h e b a s i n and from hour t o hour w i t h i n t h e day would n o t l e a d t o l a r g e r f l o w s .

( 3 ) A 1926 s t o r m i n s u b b a s i n s 1 and 2 , and t h e t r a n s p o s e d and down- s t r e a m p r o g r e s s e d 1927 s to rm i n t h e o t h e r 1 8 s u b b a s i n s . The f i r s t s t o r m was maximized by a f a c t o r of 1 . 3 5 ; t h e second was


maximized by a f a c t o r of 1 .13; and t h e two were s e p a r a t e d by two d r y days .

( 4 ) Other s torms were a l s o cons ide red . However, i t was soon found t h a t s to rms ( 1 ) and ( 2 ) above dominated a l l o t h e r s torms t o t h e p o i n t t h a t t h e r e was no need t o make d e t a i l e d f low e s t i m a t e s . T h e r e f o r e , PMF v a l u e s were , s y n t h e s i z e d f o r t h o s e two s t o r m s , and (1 ) was found t o be c r i t i c a l . I n comparing ( 1 ) and ( 2 ) it was found t h a t ( 1 ) was r e l a t i v e l y l a r g e r i n t h e p o r t i o n of t h e Narmada Bas in downstream from Mortakka where no a t t e n u a t i n g e f f e c t from f l o o d p l a i n s t o r a g e e x i s t s .

( c ) Hvdrologic Data. A g r e a t d e a l of e f f o r t was s p e n t i n o b t a i n i n g needed r a i n f a l l and s t reamflow d a t a . Th i s e f f o r t de l ayed t h e s t u d y . It was f i n a l l y dec ided t h a t con t inued p u r s u i t of a d d i t i o n a l d a t a was n o t j u s t i f i e d , and t h e f l o o d mode l l ing proceeded w i t h t h e a v a i l a b l e i n f o r m a t i o n . The compiled d a t a inc luded gaged s t r eamf lows from one t o f o u r y e a r s a t 17 s i t e s i n t h e 20 subbas ins t r i b u t a r y t o t h e Nar- mada, o r d i n a r y r a i n gages a t one t o e i g h t s i t e s w i t h i n o r n e a r each subbas in , h o u r l y r a i n f a l l s from one t o t h r e e s e l f - r e c o r d i n g r a i n gages i n o r n e a r most of t h e s u b b a s i n s , and r e p r e s e n t a t i v e evapora- t i o n d a t a . The gaged s t reamflows we.re c a r e f u l l y reviewed f o r c o n s i s - t ency and r e a s o n a b l e n e s s , f o l l o w i n g p rocedures o u t l i n e d by Dawdy, and a d j u s t m e n t s were made t o e n s u r e t h a t a l l t h e a v a i l a b l e d a t a were used i n de te rmin ing d i s c h a r g e s . Some subbas ins had no nea rby gages f o r r e c o r d i n g h o u r l y p r e c i p i t a t i o n t o t a l s , and cu rves of ave rage r a i n f a l l d i s t r i b u t i o n o v e r t h e day had t o be developed from more d i s t a n t s e l f - r e c o r d i n g r a i n gages i n o r d e r t o d i s t r i b u t e measured d a i l y t o t a l s w i t h i n t h e day. The p r e c i p i t a t i o n d a t a were ana lyzed f o r o rograph ic e f f e c t s , bu t no s i g n i f i c a n t r e l a t i o n s h i p s were found. Another s t u d y showed t h a t s u b d i v i d i n g t h e subbas ins i n t o p a r t s , each r e p r e s e n t e d by a s i n g l e r a i n g a g e , revamping OPSET t o c a l i b r a t e t o match s y n t h e s i z e d f lows summed ove r t h e p a r t s a g a i n s t r eco rded f l o w s , and app ly ing t h i s c a l i b r a t i o n , d i d no t s i g n i f i c a n t l y improve t h e r e s u l t s . O v e r a l l , t h e q u a l i t y of t h e match ach ieved between syn- t h e s i z e d and r eco rded f lows showed t h e p r e c i p i t a t i o n and s t reamflow d a t a a s a whole t o be of r e l a t i v e l y good q u a l i t y . Only two subbas ins cou ld no t be c a l i b r a t e d because of u n r e c o n c i l e d d i f f e r e n c e s i n volumes and t ime p a t t e r n s between t h e r eco rded p r e c i p i t a t i o n and t h e r eco rded s t reamflow. Any d a t a e r r o r s seemed t o be random i n t h e i r e f f e c t s on t h e s y n t h e s i z e d f l o o d f l o w s , and d a t a q u a l i t y problems were n o t b e l i e v e d t o be t h e cause of any s i g n i f i c a n t e r r o r i n t h e d e t e r m i n a t i o n of t h e PMF d i s c h a r g e .

( d ) Kentucky Watershed Model. OPSET was used t o c a l i b r a t e t h e gaged s u b b a s i n s y e a r by y e a r . The c a l i b r a t i o n s e l e c t e d v a l u e s f o r s o i l m o i s t u r e s t o r a g e c a p a c i t y , i n f i l t r a t i o n r a t e , f o u r minor parameters a l s o a f f e c t i n g t h e volume of r u n o f f s imula ted from r a i n f a l l , and pa ramete r s c o n t r o l l i n g t r a v e l t ime and channel s t o r a g e r o u t i n g . Mul t iyea r runs were used t o s e l e c t t h e b e s t c a l i b r a t i o n ove r t h e p e r i o d of a v a i l a b l e s t reamflow r e c o r d . The v a l u e s f o r each parameter were then compared among t h e s u b b a s i n s , and some were a d j u s t e d f o r


cons i s t e n c y . Th i s r e g i o n a l i n f o r m a t i o n was a l s o used t o e s t - b a t e pa rame te r v a l u e s f o r t h e ungaged s u b b a s i n s . The c a l i b r a t i o n s were used t o g e n e r a t e f l ows from a l l 20 s u b b a s i n s f o r 1973 and 1977. These hydrographs were combined, u s i n g t h e c a l i b r a t e d r o u t i n g models a s d e s c r i b e d below, and compared w i t h t h e r eco rded hydrographs on t h e mainstem Narmada f o r t h o s e two major f l o o d y e a r s w i t h good r e s u l t s . Th i s v a l i d a t e d c a l i b r a t i o n was t h e n used t o . s y n t h e s i z e PMF hydrographs f o r each of t h e 20 s u b b a s i n s f o r r o u t i n g .

( e ) R e s u l t s . The a p p l i c a t i o n s of t h e c a l i b r a t e d Kentucky Watershed Model produced 20 s u b b a s i n hydrographs from t h e s u b b a s i n PHP v a l u e s . These f l o o d s a r e somewhat s m a l l e r t h a n what would be e s t i m a t e d a s a PMF f o r an i n d i v i d u a l s u b b a s i n where one cou ld e x p e c t a p u r e l y l o c a l s t o r m t o be more i n t e n s e . The sum of t h e peaks from t h e s e s u b b a s i n hydrographs i s c o n s i d e r a b l y l a r g e r t h a n t h e peak f l o w f o r t h e PMF a t S a r d a r S a r o v a r , because of t h e d i f f e r e n c e s i n t iming o f t h e r u n o f f from t h e s u b b a s i n s and t h e s t o r a g e e f f e c t s of channe l r o u t i n g .

CWPRS Rout ing S t u d i e s .

( a ) Approach. The c h a l l e n g e i n deve lop ing and c a l i b r a t i n g a s u i t a b l e r o u t i n g model was t o t r a n s l a t e a f l o o d hydrograph much l a r g e r t h a n any t h a t had e v e r been r eco rded b e f o r e f o r a d i s t a n c e of 765 km downstream from Jamta ra t o S a r d a r Sa rova r . The f low magni tudes invo lved would cause much more widesp read f l o o d i n g i n t h e upper p l a i n s t h a n was h i s t o r i c a l l y a s s o c i a t e d w i t h measured hydrographs . Consequen t ly , i t was n e c e s s a r y t o a d j u s t pa rame te r v a l u e s , e s t i m a t e d by r o u t i n g h i s t o r i c a l hydrographs , by use of a v a i l a b l e d a t a on chan- n e l and f l o o d p l a i n geometry. It was a l s o n e c e s s a r y t o e v a l u a t e t h e e f f e c t s of e x i s t i n g r e s e r v o i r s i n t h e b a s i n on t h e PMF hydrograph and t h e e f f e c t s of r o u t i n g t h e f l o o d th rough t h e S a r d a r Sa rova r Reser- v o i r . Both Muskingum and k i n e m a t i c r o u t i n g models were used f o r t h e channe l r o u t i n g w i t h s i m i l a r r e s u l t s . R e s e r v o i r r o u t i n g was per - formed by a p p l y i n g s t a g e - d i s c h a r g e and s t a g e - s t o r a g e r e l a t i o n s h i p s w i t h i n t h e e q u a t i o n of c o n t i n u i t y .

( b ) Da ta . The d a t a used f o r t h e v a r i o u s t y p e s of r o u t i n g i n c l u d e d measured hydrographs f o r r e c e n t f l o o d s ( a t J a m t a r a , Baramanghat, Mortakka, and Garudeshwar on t h e mainstem Narmada), t o p o g r a p h i c maps showing c o n t o u r s and r i v e r a l i g n m e n t , and measured c r o s s s e c t i o n s e v e r y few k i l o m e t e r s f o r t h e l e n g t h of t h e S a r d a r Sa rova r R e s e r v o i r , a s supplemented by a few measured c r o s s s e c t i o n s e l sewhere . For- t u n a t e l y , t h e t o p o g r a p h i c maps and t h e c r o s s s e c t i o n s showed t h a t , f o r t h e most p a r t , t h e Narmada R ive r f lows i n a deep canyon. Only f o r t h e 250-km r e a c h between t h e c o n f l u e n c e of t h e Narmada w i t h t h e Sakkar r i v e r and t h e r a p i d s n e a r i t s c o n f l u e n c e w i t h t h e Chhota Tawa t r i b u t a r y , does h y d r o l o g i c a l l y s i g n i f i c a n t overbank f l o o d i n g o c c u r . For t h e o t h e r r e a c h e s , t h e r o u t i n g pa rame te r s were c a l i b r a t e d t o match f lows i n t h e h i s t o r i c a l f l o o d s and a p p l i e d d i r e c t l y t o t h e PMF. For t h e above 250-km r e a c h , a r i v e r p r o f i l e was approximated from t h e t o p o g r a p h i c maps, and c r o s s s e c t i o n s were approximated a t a n a v e r a g e


s p a c i n g of abou t 5 km. Map s c a l e s v a r i e d , b u t were no rma l ly abou t one inch t o t h e m i l e w i t h 20-foot c o n t o u r s .

( c ) Rout i n 7 Models. The Muskingum r o u t i n g a p p l i e d t h e s t a n d a r d e q u a t i o n s i n a n ana log computer . The t ime r o u t i n g c o n s t a n t , K , was e s t i m a t e d f rom r e c o r d e d hydrographs and v a r i e d w i t h t h e f l ow r a t e i n p r o p o r t i o n t o v e l o c i t i e s computed by Manning's e q u a t i o n . The s t o r a g e r o u t i n g c o n s t a n t , x , was found g e n e r a l l y t o be e q u a l t o abou t 0.2 a l o n g t h e r i v e r , b u t i t s v a l u e was v a r i e d from 0.2 t o 0 a s t h e f l o o d wave pas sed t h r o u g h S a r d a r Sa rova r R e s e r v o i r . The wave c e l e r i t y t h rough t h e r e s e r v o i r was used t o e s t i m a t e K t h rough t h a t r e a c h . E s t i m a t e s of channe l and overbank f l o w v e l o c i t i e s were used t o e s t i m a t e t h e '

e f f e c t s of overbank f l o o d i n g i n t h e uppe r p l a i n on t h e t ime r o u t i n g c o n s t a n t (K). The k i n e m a t i c r o u t i n g p rov ided f o r temporary s t o r a g e of t h e f l ows on t h e f l o o d p l a i n , r e d u c t i o n of t h e f l ow r a t e s i n t h e s t r e a m a c c o r d i n g t o t h e volume of w a t e r s t o r e d on t h e f l o o d p l a i n , and d r a i n i n g of t h e w a t e r s t o r e d on t h e f l o o d p l a i n back i n t o t h e s t r e a m d u r i n g t h e hydrograph r e c e s s i o n . The programming was based on c o n c e p t s p u b l i s h e d by Cunge. The PMF hydrographs g e n e r a t e d f o r each of t h e s u b b a s i n s were r o u t e d down t h e Nannada u s i n g b o t h c a l i b r a t e d models .

-.

( d l R e s u l t s . Comparison of t h e r e s u l t s u s i n g t h e two r o u t i n g methods showed no s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e . The PMF hydrog raphs r o u t e d i n t o S a r d a r Sa rova r peaked a t 166,000 cumecs w i t h t h e Muskingum method, and 171,000 cumecs w i t h t h e k i n e m a t i c method. The k i n e m a t i c r o u t i n g r e s u l t was s e l e c t e d because t h e peak was a l i t t l e l a r g e r (hence , t h e method was a l i t t l e more c o n s e r v a t i v e f o r t h e pu rposes of t h i s s t u d y ) and because of i t s s t r o n g e r t h e o r e t i c a l f o u n d a t i o n . The recommended i n f l o w hydrograph t o S a r d a r Sa rova r R e s e r v o i r peaks a t 171 ,000 cumecs, a t t e n u a t e d by f l o o d p l a i n s t o r a g e from a peak of 199,000 cumecs. A f t e r r o u t i n g th rough t h e r e s e r v o i r , t h e PMF hydrograph i s f u r t h e r a t t e n u a t e d t o 132,000 cumecs and c r e s t s a t a w a t e r l e v e l i n t h e r e s e r v o i r of 144.29 m.

6. F u t u r e mod ell in^ Needs . . - .

( a ) J u s t i f i c a t i o n f o r Cont inued Model l ing . The h y d r o l o g i c mode l l i ng c a p a b i l i t y deve loped a t CWPRS, G O G , and e l s ewhere i n c o n j u n c t i o n w i t h . e x e c u t i n g t h e s e s t u d i e s can be a p p l i e d i n a v a r i e t y of ways i n t h e f u t u r e t o enhance w a t e r r e s o u r c e management i n I n d i a . La rge amounts of p r e c i p i t a t i o n and s t r eamf low d a t a were amassed, a s s e s s e d , ' a n d a p p l i e d . The d a t a banks and d a t a management t e c h n i q u e s w i l l g r e a t l y r educe t h e t ime r e q u i r e d f o r f u t u r e s t u d i e s . Some of t h e i m p o r t a n t f u t u r e a p p l i c a t i o n s of t h e m o d e l l i n g c a p a b i l i t y f o r w a t e r r e s o u r c e s p l a n n i n g i n t h e Narmada Bas in a r e f o r : ( i ) s i z i n g t h e s p i l l w a y s f o r a d d i t i o n a l dams t o b e b u i l t by G O F P ups t r eam from S a r d a r S a r o v a r ; ( i i ) r e a l - t i m e f l o o d c o n t r o l o p e r a t i o n of S a r d a r S a r o v a r R e s e r v o i r a f t e r c o n s t r u c t i o n ; ( i i i ) f l o o d o p e r a t i o n of t h e e n t i r e complex of r e s e r v o i r s t h a t cou ld be completed i n t h e t o t a l b a s i n o v e r t h e y e a r s ; ( i v ) d e s i g n i n g and o p e r a t i n g a d d i t i o n a l r e s e r v o i r s ups t r eam f o r i r r i g a t i o n and h y d r o e l e c t r i c power g e n e r a t i o n ; and ( v ) h e l p i n g b o t h


Gujarat and MP better understand their common water resource, and negotiating new management policies that would benefit both states. The modelling system developed at CWPRS, now that it is calibrated, can be easily and quickly extended to these and other applications.

(b) Other applications. The developed hydrologic modelling capability can be applied throughout India in river basin development and in more efficient operation of existing systems. India has some of the largest irrigation projects in the world and plans to build more. All of these plans would be aided by the ability to do a better job of predicting flows in time frames needed for reservoir planning and combining surface water supplies through canals with groundwater supplies as a means of system management. Eventually, with enhance- ment, hydrologic modelling will be able to combine natural and man-made systems in a combined management analysis.

(c) Data manapement. One of the most valuable learning experiences associated with this modelling effort has been that of carefully collecting large amounts of climatological and hydrological data, assessing its reasonableness by reviewing all relevant information, and storing the information where it can be readily retrieved and applied. - These data require continuous updating. Also, continued effort should be devoted to automation of data collection, early entry into data banks, and ready retrieval for the Narmada, and thence, for other basins in India. The process will need to be accelerated in the future for effective system management on a real-time basis.

(d) Flood Warning Applications. The river forecasting and flood warning systems used in the United States apply variations of the Stanford Watershed Model. The capabilities developed in this study have hastened the day when India will be able to simulate the movement of flood'peaks down major rivers and avert disaster by warning people downstream with reasonable lead time, and as such is an extremely valuable step. Momentum should not be lost in the training of additional personnel and in its application to the remainder of the Narmada Basin and throughout India.

INDIA

NARhADA RIVER DEVELOPkEhT - GUJARAT

Economic A n a l y s i s

T a b l e o f C o n t e n t s

G e n e r a l P r i c e s of A g r i c u l t u r a l Ou tpu t s and Impor t s Crop Y i e l d s and Cost of C u l t i v a t i o n Cropping P a t t e r n s Water Requ i r emen t s , I r r i g a t i o n and Cropping I n t e n s i t i e s A g r i c u l t u r a l Net B e n e f i t a t F u l l Development Bu i ldup of h e t b e n e f i t s ove r Time B e n e f i t s f rom Munic ipa l and I n a u s t r i a l Water Supply B e n e f i t s f rom Power G e n e r a t i o n Econoniic Value of Energy Economic C o s t s Model f o r Economic A n a l y s i s R i sk A n a l y s i s

1. 2 . 3 . 4 . 5 . 6 . 7 . 8 . 9 .

10. 11. 12 . 1 3 . 1 4 . 1 5 . 16 . 1 7 . l b . 1 4 . 20. 21.

D e r i v a t i o n of Economic P r i c e s oi. T r a d a b l e Crops ana F e r t i l i z e r s Summary of P r i c e s f o r Economic and F i n a n c i a l A n a l y s i s Crop I n p u t and Output Data : P r e s e n t S i t u a t i o n Crop I n p u t and Output Data : F u t u r e w i t n P r o j e c t F i n a n c i a l and Economic Crop Budgets : P r e s e n t S i t u a t i o n F i n a n c i a l and Economic Crop Buagets : F u t u r e w i t h P r o j e c t Reg iona l Cropping P a t t e r n : P r e s e n t S i t u a t i o n R e g i o n a l Cropping P a t t e r n s : F u t u r e w i t h o u t SSP P r o j e c t Cropping P a t t e r n s f o r t h e Regions of t h e SSP Command Average Crop ) a t e r Requi rements by A g r o c l i m a t i c Kegion Reg iona l h a t e r A v a i l a b i l i t y , Water Requi rements and I r r i g a t i o n I n t e n s i t i e s Es t ima ted Average Economic Crop Buagets by A g r o c l i m a t i c Regions Pa rame te r s D e f i n i n g t h e Bu i ldup P r o c e s s of A g r i c u l t u r a l B e n e f i t s Assumed Phas ing of I n c r e m e n t a l Il&I Water Supply Cost of M & I Water Supply w i t h and w i t h o u t SSP P r o j e c t e d Net B e n e f i t s f rom l l&I Water Supply E s t i m a t e of Maximum Wil l ingness- to-Pay f o r Power i n I n d u s t r i a l S e c t o r E s t i m a t e of Yuximum Wil l ingness- to-Pay f o r Power i n A g r i c u l t u r e E s t i m a t e of Economic Value of Energy from Hydropower Conponent Convers ion F a c t o r s Used - Economic ~ n a l y s i s R i sk P a r a m e t e r s and t h e i r Assumed D i s t r i b u t i o n s

FIGURES

1. P r o j e c t e a Uses o t Narmaaa Water 2 . I l l u s t r a t i o n of P r o b a b i l i t y D i s t r i b u t i o n s Usea i n Kisk A n a l y s i s

ANNEX 1 0 Page 1

INDIA

NARMAI)A RIVER DEVELOPMENT - GUJARAT

Economic A n a l y s i s

Gene ra l

1. A l l economic and f i n a n c i a l p r i c e s u s e a a r e e x p r e s s e d i n mid-1484 r u p e e s . Convers ions of f o r e i g n p r i c e s i n t h e economic a n a l y s i s have been made a t USS1.O t o Rs 11. L/

2 . The b e n e f i t s and c o s t s of t h e p r o j e c t a r e v a l u e a a t b o r a e r p r i c e s , i . e . a t t h e e s t i m a t e d p r i c e t h a t t h e I n d i a u economy would pay f o r lmpor t s o r r e c e i v e f o r e x p o r t s on t h e wor ld market . Many p r i c e s , however, a r e f o r i t ems t h a t a r e n o t t r a d e d o r t r a d e a b l e on t h e wor ld marke t . T a r i f f s and t r a d e r e s t r i c t i o n s i n t r o d u c e d i s t o r t i o n s i n t h e p r i c e r e l a t i o n s h i p s between ~ r a ~ e d goods v a l u e d a t wor ld marke t p r i c e s and non- t r aded .gooas va lued a t l o c a l p r i c e s . I n o r d e r t o make t r a d e d and non- t raaed i t ems comparable , a s t a n d a r a conve r s ion f a c t o r (SCF) i s a p p l i e d t o t h e f i n a n c i a l v a l u e of non- t radea i t ems . I n t h e absence of t r a d e r e s t r i c t i o n s , t h e SCF can be approx ima te ly c a l c u l a t e d u s i n g t h e fo rmula : 2/

X + N SCF =

X + S + H + T

For t h e p e r i o d s i n c e 1470, t h i s c a l c u l a t i o n g i v e s a n ave rage SCP of 0 .86 . However, s i n c e it does n o t t a k e n o n - t a r i f f t r a a e r e s t r i c t i o n s i n t o c o n s i d e r a - t i o n , i t p r o v i d e s o n l y a n upper l i m i t f o r t h e SCF. The I n d i a n P l a n n i n g Commission recommends f o r t h e e v a l u a t i o n of i n d u s t r i a l p r o j e c t s t h e use of c o n v e r s i o n f a c t o r s f o r f o r e i g n exchange and f o r u n t r a d e d goods t h a t imply a SCF of abou t 0 .75 . Because of t h e approximate n a t u r e of t h i s e s t i m a t e , an SCF of 0 . 8 h a s been used .

1/ T h i s r a t e i s d i f f e r e n t from t h e r a t e used g e n e r a l l y i n t h e SARs (Repor t - No. 5107-IN and 5108-IN). The l a t t e r was i n t r o d u c e d i n s h o r t n o t i c e , p a r t i c u l a r l y f o r f i n a n c i a l p r o j e c t c o s t c a l c u l a t i o n s , and cou ld n o t be i n c o r p o r a t e d i n t h e economic a n a l y s i s .

21 X = f o b v a l u e of e x p o r t s a t t h e o f f i c i a l exchange r a t e (OER); )I = c i f v a l u e of impor t s a t OBR; S = e x p o r t s u b s i a i e s ; T = import d u t i e s .

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P r i c e s o f A n r i c u l t u r a l Ou tpu t s and Impor t s

3 . The economic p r i c e s f o r t r a d a b l e goods such a s r i c e , whea t , c o t t o n and g roundnu t s a r e based on I B R D p r o j e c t e d wor ld marke t p r i c e s i n 1595 a t t h e o f f i c i a l exchange r a t e . It i s d i f f i c u l t t o f o r e s e e whether I n d i a would be a n e t e x p o r t e r o r i m p o r t e r of r i c e and wheat i n t h e l ong te rm f u t u r e , so t h a t i n t e r n a t i o n a l s h i p p i n g c o s t s were n e i t h e r added t o nor s u b t r a c t e d from the, wor ld marke t p r i c e . Co t ton i s assumed t o be e x p o r t e d on t h e marg in , and groundnut t o be impor ted . The domes t i c c o s t components ( i . e . , l o c a l t r a n - s p o r t , p r o c e s s i n g and m a r k e t i n g c h a r g e s ) a r e a d j u s t e d by t h e SCF. O the r f o o d g r a i n s (sorghum, m i l l e t , p u l s e s ) a r e assumed t o be non- t raded and t h e i r economic p r i c e s a r e d e r i v e d by a p p l y i n g t h e r a t i o of p r o j e c t e d f u t u r e economic p r i c e s of r i c e and whezit (we igh ted a v e r a g e ) t o t h e p r e s e n t f i n a n c i a l p r i c e s of t h e f o o d g r a i n s . The r a t i o i s 1 .36 . T h i s p rocedure i s i n t e n d e d t o r e f l e c t r e a l i n c r e a s e s i n f o o d g r a i n p r i c e s on t h e wor ld marke t a s t hey would a f f e c t I n d i a n p r i c e s i n t h e l ong r u n , and t o m a i n t a i n a p p r o x i m a t e l y e x i s t i n g domes t i c f i n a n c i a l p r i c e r e l a t i o n s h i p s . S i m i l a r l y , economic p r i c e s of non- t raded o i l s e e d s ( m u s t a r d ) a r e d e r i v e d by a p p l y i n g t h e r a t i o of f u t u r e economic t o p r e s e n t f i n a n c i a l p r i c e (0 .92 ) . The economic p r i c e s of o t h e r non t r aded c r o p s ( v e g e t a b l e s , f r u i t s , f o d d e r c r o p s and t o b a c c o ) l / have been d e r i v e a by a p p l y i n g t h e SCF t o t h e i r p r e s e n t f i n a n c i a l p r i c e s , assuming t h a t r e l a t i v e p r i c e s remain c o n s t a n t o v e r t h e p r o j e c t p e r i o d . A d e r i v a t i o n of t r a d e a b l e commodity p r i c e s from wor ld marke t p r i c e s i s , shown i n t a b l e 1.

4. Economic p r i c e s f o r f e r t i l i z e r s ( n i t r o g e n , phospha te and have been d e r i v e d from IBRD 1995 wor ld marke t p r i c e p r o j e c t i o r o i r e p r e - s e n t a t i v e f e r t i l i z e r t y p e s w i t h a p p r o p r i a t e c o r r e c t i o n s f o r a o m e s t i c t r a n - s p o r t and h a n d l i n g ( t a b l e 2 ) . Economic p r i c e s of b u l l o c k l a b o r a r e d e r i v e d from a v e r a g e r e n t a l p r i c e s p e r p a i r and day (Rs 301, c o r r e c t e a w i t h t h e SCF. Seed p r i c e s were a a j u s t e d by t h e r a t i o o i t h e c o r r e s p o n d i n g economic and

' f i n a n c i a l c r o p p r i c e s where s e e d s r e p r e s e n t t h e main p r o d u c t , and by t h e SCF o t h e r w i s e . M i s c e l l a n e o u s c o s t s , which, i n t e r a l i a , c o n t a i n c o s t s of fa rm mechan iza t ion and of p r i v a t e pumping f o r i r r i g a t i o n ( f u t u r e w i t h o u t p r o j e c t c r o p s o n l y ) , were a d j u s t e d by t h e SCF. A su rvey of a v e r a g e fa rm l a b o r wage r a t e s i n t h e t a l u k a s c o v e r i n g t h e SSP c o m a n d g i v e s a n ave rage d a i l y wage of a round R s 6 .6 , i n 1484 p r i c e s . I n d i c a t i o n s from o t h e r s o u r c e s a r e t h a t t h i s may u n d e r s t a t e t h e r e a l l e v e l , p o s s i b l y due t o a b i a s i n t h e su rvey . An ave rage f i n a n c i a l wage of Rs 7.5 p e r manday has t h e r e f o r e been assumed f o r t h e p r e s e n t s i t u a t i o n . It i s d i f f i c u l t t o p r e d i c t how f u t u r e developmeut w i t h and w i t h o u t t h e p r o j e c t may a f f e c t r e a l wages. H i s t o r i c a l ev idence i n I n d i a i n d i c a t e s no s i g n i f i c a n t r e a l wage i n c r e a s e s i n s p i t e of s u b s t a n t i a l p r o d u c t i v i t y i n c r e a s e s ove r t h e l a s t decades . P r o j e c t i o n s of i u t u r e growth of p o p u l a t i o n and l a b o r supp ly i n G u j a r a t , compared w i t h i n c r e m e n t a l l a b o r demand f o r t h e p r o j e c t , would a l s o s u g g e s t t h a t r e a l wages may n o t i n c r e a s e s u b s t a n t i a l l y . The r a t e of Rs 7.5 p e r manday was t h e r e f o r e adop ted f o r t h e f u t u r e a s w e l l . Ana lyses of s e a s o n a l f a rm l a b o r supp ly and aemand i n t h e p a s t I n d i a n i r r i g a t i o n p r o j e c t s ' r e s u l t e d u s u a l l y i n a n e s t i m a t e of t h e

I / Some v e g e t a b l e s and f r u i t s a r e a c t u a l l y e x p o r t e d by G u j a r a t , bu t no - e x p o r t - e q u i v a l e n t p r i c e cou ld be determirLed. Tobacco i s of a v a r i e t y no t u s u a l l y t r a a e d on t h e wor ld marke t ( ,"Bidi l ' t o b a c c o ) .

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a v e r a g e economic shadow wage r a t e e q u i v a l e n t t o abou t 50% t o 70% of t h e ave rage f i n a n c i a l r a t e . An economic wage r a t e of R s 5.0 p e r manday, o r two t h i r a s of Rs 7.5 has been assumed i n t h e economic a n a l y s i s . A summary of f i n a n c i a l and economic a g r i c u l t u r a l i n p u t p r i c e s i s g i v e n i n t a b l e 2 .

Crop Y i e l a s and Cost of C u l t i v a t i o n

5. P r e s e n t S i t u a t i o n . Y i e l d s t a t i s t i c s i n I n d i a a r e . g e n e r a l l y o n l y a v a i l a b l e a t t h e d i s t r i c t l e v e l , and a r e no t d e t a i l e d i n t o i r r i g a t i o n ana r a i n f e a y i e l d s , excep t f o r wheat . They a r e based on annua l c r o p - c u t t i n g e x p e r i m e n t s . The p r e s e n t i r r i g a t i o n i n t e n s i t y i n t h e SSP c o m a n a i s r e l a - t i v e l y low ( 1 2 2 ) , and i s n o t l i k e l y t o i n c r e a s e much i n t h e f u t u r e wi thou t SSP. I r r i g a t i o n e x t e n d s mainly t o a s m a l l number of c r o p s , such a s c o t t o n and w h e a t , s o t h a t e r r o r s i n p r e s e n t y i e l d s due t o u n a v a i l a b i l i t y of separz i te i r r i g a t e d l r a i n f e d y i e l d f i g u r e s a r e l i m i t e d . The ev idence from u n d e r l y i n g c r o p - c u t t i n g expe r imen t s (which do u i s t i n g u i s h between r a i n f e a and i r r i g a t i o n c u l t i v a t i o n ) , from o t h e r s o u r c e s and t h e e x p e r t i s e of ag rouomis t s f a m i l i a r w i th G u j a r a t ' s a g r i c u l t u r e p e r m i t t e d t o f u r t h e r r e f i n e e s t i m a t e s of irrigates y i e l d s , main ly f o r r i c e , c o t t o n , ho t s eason c r o p s ( p e a r l m i l l e t and grouna- n u t ) and tobacco. P r e s e n t y i e l d s a r e basea -on t h e ave rage of t h e y e a r s 1976117 th rough 1480181, f o r t h e d i s t r i c t s covered e n t i r e l y o r p a r t l y by t h e SSP command. Cos t s of c u l t i v a t i o n f o r a l l major c rops a r e basea on s t u d i e s of t h e G u j a r a t A g r i c u l t u r a l U n i v e r s i t y (1482) and s u r v e y s conaucted by T a t a Economic Consu l t ancy S e r v i c e s (1481 ) . For some minor c r o p s ( c h i 1 l i e s , v e g e t a b l e s , f r u i t s , e t c . ) i n f o r m a t i o n f r o p p r e v i o u s a p p r a i s a l s of p r o j e c t s i n MP ana P ~ a h a r a s h t r a , a l s o based on r e s e a r c h s t u d i e s , were a v a i l a b l e . Y i e l a s and c rop i n p u t r e q u i r e m e n t s a s e s t i m a t e d f o r a p p r a i s a l . a r e g i v e n i n t a b l e 3 . No r e g i o n a l v a r i a t i o n s i n y i e l d s and c o s t of c u l t i v a t i o n were assumed ( t o keep t h e computa t iona l e f f o r t w i t h i n r e a s o n a b l e l i m i t s ) , excep t f o r r i c e , sorghum ana p e a r l m i l l e t , f o r which s e p a r a t e e s t i m a t e s f o r r e g i o n s 1-4 (up t o Mahi r i v e r ) and 5-13 (beyona h a h i ) were made.

6 . F u t u r e Without P r o i e c t . Y i e l d i n d i c e s f o r t h e a g g r e g a t e of major c rops i n G u j a r a t a r e a v a i l a b l e f o r t h e p e r i o d 1468169 th rough 14b0/81 , a s shown i n SAR 5108-IN, f i g u r e 1. As r a i n f a l l i s ex t r eme ly v a r i a b l e i n G u j a r a t , y i e l d s v a r y c o r r e s p o n d i n g l y , and any t r e n d a n a l y s i s has t o t a k e i n t o accoun t t h i s impor t an t f a c t o r . I n a o i n g s o , t h e ave rage y i e l d growth i n G u j a r a t d u r i n g t h e i n d i c a t e d p e r i o d i s e s t i m a t e d a t e i t h e r 2.2%-2.8% per y e a r ( e x p o n e n t i a l t r e n d ) , o r a s a l i n e a r annua l i n c r e a s e of t h e y i e l d index o i 3.5-3.8 p e r c e n t a g e p o i n t s , w i t h t h e base p e r i o d of t h e index be ing t h e t r i e n - nium 1967/6b-1969/70. S i n c e t h e d i f f e r e n c e between t h e l i n e a r and exponen- t i a l t r e n d was no t s t a t i s t i c a l l y s i g n i f i c a n t , t h e l i n e a r t r e n a was usea f o r an e x t r a p o l a t i o n i n t o t h e f u t u r e . The r e s u l t i n g cumula t ive i n c r e a s e i n y i e l d s a f t e r ZO y e a r s would be abou t 44%, assuming normal r a i n f a l l condi - t i o n s . There a r e , however, r ea sons t o ~ o u b t t h a t t h e p a s t t r e n d can be expec ted t o c o n t i n u e . Y ie ld i n c r e a s e s i n t h e p a s t were t h e consequence of main ly two f a c t o r s , namely i r r i g a t i o n , n o t a b l y through p r i v a t e groundwater aevelopment , and t h e i n t r o a u c t i o n of h i g h y i e l d i n g o r h y b r i d c rop v a r i e t i e s . Grounawater development basea on n a t u r a l r e c h a r g e from r a i n r a l l i s l i m i t e d and , i n some a r e a s , has a l r e a d y reached i t s n a t u r a l l i m i t s . An e s t i m a t e of f u r t h e r expans ion of w e l l i r r i g a t i o n a u r i n g t h e nex t twenty y e a r s , r e g i o n by r e g i o n , i s t h a t t o t a l pumping may expand by some 25-302 i n t h e absence of SSP. The a a o p t i o n of h igh y i e l d i n g v a r i e t i e s appea r s t o have r eachea a

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s a t u r a t i o n l e v e l under r a i n f e d c o n d i t i o n s ' ( n o t e a b l y sorghum and p e a r l m i l - l e t ) , and f u r t h e r a d o p t i o n would be t i e d t o i r r i g a t i o n expans ion f o r o t h e r c r o p s (ma in ly r i c e , wheat and c o t t o n ) . Given t h e u n c e r t a i n t y a b o u t f u t u r e development , an i n c r e a s e of abou t h a l f t h e i n c r e a s e r e s u l t i n g f rom t r e n d e x t r a p o l a t i o n , o r 20%, h a s been assumed o v e r a 20 y e a r p e r i o d , and no f u r t h e r development t h e r e a f t e r . I t has been assumed, however, t h a t t h e c o r r e s p o n d i n g c o s t s of c u l t i v a t i o n would i n c r e a s e somewhat more r a p i d l y ( + 2 5 % ) , g i v e n t h e l i k e l i h o o d of d i m i n i s h i n g m a r g i n a l r e t u r n s i n t h e absence of r a a i c a l changes i n t h e p h y s i c a l env i ronmen t , e . g . t h r o u g h i r r i g a t i o n development such a s proposed under t h e SSP. Al though a major b r e a k t h r o u g h i n a g r i c u l t u r a l t e chno logy i s p o s s i b l e , i t i s u n l i k e l y t o a f f e c t r a i n f e d c u l t i v a t i o n i n G u j a r a t i n a s u b s t a n t i a l manner, c o n s i d e r i n g t h e r i s k s t o be kaced by t a n n e r s due t o e r r a t i c r a i n f a l l b e h a v i o r .

7 . F u t u r e w i t h SSP. The i r r i g a t e d y i e l d s f u r t h e f u t u r e w i t h o u t SSP s i t u a t i o n s p r e s e n t t h e lower l i m i t f o r t h e l e v e l which c a n be e x p e c t e d w i t h t h e SSP. An a n a l y s i s of p r o d u c t i o n l e v e l s which have been ach ieved a l r e a a y i n G u j a r a t and o t h e r s t a t e s under t h e b e s t of c i r c u m s t a n c e s , w i t h a v a i l a b l e v a r i e t i e s and t e c h n o l o g i e s , gave f u r t h e r i n d i c a t i o n s of y i e l d s which cou ld be o b t a i n e d on a broad b a s i s i n t h e SSP a r e a . I t i n d i c a t e d t h a t under a s t r o n g a g r i c u l t u r a l e x t e n s i o n sys t em, improved a c c e s s t o m a r k e t s , a n d , w i t h an i r r i g a t i o n sys tem a iming a t r e l i a b l e and f l e x i b l e w a t e r s u p p l y and app roach ing t h e q u a l i t y of s e r v i c e o b t a i n a b l e from p r i v a t e t u b e w e l l s , y i e l d s would i n c r e a s e c o n s i d e r a b l y . Y i e l d s f i n a l l y a d o p t e a f o r a p p r a i s a l a r e g e n e r a l l y lower t h a n o r i g i n a l l y p r o j e c t e d by t h e Narmaaa P l a n n i n g Group (NPG), bu t h i g h e r t h a n e s t i m a t e s f o r e a r l i e r Bank p r o j e c t s i n G u j a r a t ( t a b l e 4 ) . Average g r o s s r e t u r r s f o r i r r i g a t e d c r o p s w i t h SSP a r e abou t 29% h i g h e r t h a n t h o s e p r o j e c t e d f o r t h e f u t u r e w i t h o u t p r o j e c t . ( T h i s d i f f e r e n c e i s due bo th t o c h a r g e s i n y i e l d s and i n c rop mix ) . For t h o s e r a i n f e d c r o p s remain- i n g a t f u l l deve lopment , t h e same y i e l d s a s f o r t h e f u t u r e w i t h o u t p r o j e c t have been used . Cos t of c u l t i v a t i o n i s based on t h e s o u r c e s men t ionea e a r - l i e r , b u t a d j u s t e d f o r h i g h e r y i e l d s . Economic and f i n a n c i a l c r o p budge t s f o r c r o p s a t p r e s e c t and i n t h e f u t u r e w i t h p r o j e c t a r e shown i n t a b l e s 5 and 6 .

Cropping P a t t e r n s

8 . P r e s e n t r e g i o n a l c ropp ing p a t t e r n s a r e based on t h o s e r e c o r a e d d u r i n g t h e p e r i o d 1976177-1977178 f o r r e g i o n s 5-13, and f o r t h e p e r i o d 14bOlbl-1981182 f o r r e g i o n s 1-4, f o r major t a l u k a s cove red e n t i r e l y o r t o a l a r g e p a r t by t h e SSY command. The i r r i g a t i o n i n t e n s i t i e s imp l i ed i n t h e s e c ropp ing p a t t e r n s were a d j u s t e d t o t a k e accoun t of a r e a s a l r e a d y s e r v e a by e x i s t i n g major o r medium i r r i g a t i o n schemes and c o n s e q u e n t l y n o t i n c l u d e a i n t h e SSP. V i r t u a l l y a l l of t h e r ema in ing i r r i g a t e d a r e a i s based on p r i v a t e g roundwa te r , w i t h minor a r e a s s e r v e d f rom s m a l l v i l l a g e r e s e r v o i r s ( t a n k s ) o r a few p u b l i c t u b e w e l l s . Reg iona l c ropp ing p a t t e r n s a s shown i n t a b l e 7 , a l t h o u g h based on s t a t i s t i c s s e v e r a l y e a r s o l d , a r e a f a i r l y a c c u r a t e d e s c r i p t i o n of t h e p r e s e n t s i t u a t i o n . They have been assumeci t o p r e v a i l i n t h e f u t u r e w i t h o u t SSP, e x c e p t f o r s l i g h t l y h i g h e r i r r i g a t i o n i n t e n s i t i e s i n t h e f u t u r e . S i n c e no s i g n i f i c a n t expans ion of t h e cropped s r e a s has been obse rvea i n t h e p a s t i n G u j a r a t , t h e c r o p p i n g i n t e n s i t y h a s been assumed t o remain c o n s t a n t a t 1051 i n t h e f u t u r e . Cropping p a t t e r n s f o r t h e f u t u r e w i t h o u t p r o j e c t , by r e g i o n , a r e showc i n t a b l e 6 .

ANNEX 1 0 Page 5

9 . F u t u r e r e g i o n a l c ropp ing p a t t e r n s t o emerge under t h e proposea SSP a r e s u b j e c t t o major u n c e r t a i n t i e s . They w i l l depend on w a t e r a v a i l a b i l i t y , a g r i c u l t u r a l t e c h n o l o g i e s and c rop v a r i e t i e s a v a i l a b l e , p r e v a i l i n g r e l a t i v e p r i c e s of i n p u t s and o u t p u t s , e t c . , among o t h e r f a c t o r s . NPG has c a r r i e a out o r commissioned s t u d i e s concerned w i t h t h i s problem, t a k i n g i n t o accoun t obse rved f a r m e r behaviour i n r e s p o n s e t o r e l a t i v e p r i c e s , y i e l d and i r r i g a - ,

t i o n a v a i l a b i l i t y , a s w e l l a s r e g i o n a l w a t e r a v a i l a b i l i t y f rom p u b l i c s o u r c e s and r e q u i r e m e n t s of a l t e r n a t i v e c ropp ing p a t t e r n s . These s t u d i e s a t t e m p t e a t o o p t i m i z e n e t r e t u r n s f o r t h e e n t i r e SSP th rough c h o i c e of r e g i o n a l crop- p ing p a t t e r n s and w a t e r a l l o c a t i o n s . M o d i f i c a t i o n s t o t h e NPG p a t t e r n were maae by t h e m i s s i o n , t o accoun t f o r t h e h i g h e r e s t i m a t e d w a t e r a v a i l a b i l i t y from bo th p u b l i c and p r i v a t e s o u r c e s , and f o r a h i g h e r p r o j e c t e d s h a r e or h igh-value c a s h c r o p s . Adopted c ropp ing p a t t e r n s f o r p r e s e n t , f u t u r e w i t h o u t and f u t u r e w i t h p r o j e c t a r e g i v e n i n t a b l e s 7 , 8 and 4 . A d i s c u s s i o n of how i r r i g a t i o n i n t e n s i t i e s were de t e rmined f o l l o w s i n t h e subsequent pa rag raphs .

Water Requi rements , I r r i g a t i o n and Cropping I n t e n s i t i e s

10 . I r r i g a t i o n w a t e r r e q u i r e m e n t s , n e t of normal annua l r a i n f a l l , l / have been e s t i m a t e d f o r a l l major c r o p s and f o r t h e a i f f e r e n t r e g i o n s of t h e SSP command. They a r e based on t h e m o d i f i e a Penman method f o r e s t i m a t i n g c r o p e v a p o t r a n s p i r a t i o n . The v a l u e s used f o r wa te r r equ i r emen t s a t p l a n t a r e shown , in t a b l e 10. They a r e of impor tance i n t h e economic a n a l y s i s because t h e i r r i g a t i o n i n t e n s i t y f o r each r e g i o n i s basea on t h e e s t i m a t e of wa te r a l l o c a t e d and a v a i l a b l e a t p l a n t i n c o n j u n c t i o n w i t h ave rage r e q u i r e m e n t s f o r a m;-x of i r r i g a t e d c r o p s . T h e o r e t i c a l w a t e r r e q u i r e m e n t s , however, a r e n o t l i k e l y t o be met f u l l y by f a r m e r s . I n a s i t u a t i o n where w a t e r , no t l a n a , i s t h e l i m i t i n g f a c t o r and where t h e r e a r e d e c r e a s i n g marg ina l r e t u r n s t o w a t e r , f a r m e r s maximize t h e i r p r o d u c t i o n by i r r i g a t i n g a somewhat l a r g e r a r e a t h a n p o s s i b l e w i t h +"ful l ," i r r i g a t i o n and w i t h w a t e r a p p l i c a t i o n s somewhat s h o r t of t h e t h e o r e t i c a l amounts t h a t p l a n t s would a b s o r b . A q u i c k check of w a t e r a p p l i e d v e r s u s w a t e r t h e o r e t i c a l l y r e q u i r e a under p r e s e n t i r r i g a t i o n i n t h e SSP command s u g g e s t s t h a t f a r m e r s sp read t h e i r w a t e r r a t h e r t h i n l y , and a p p l y p o s s i b l y on ly a s l i t t l e a s 60% of t h e f u l l r e q u i r e m e n t s . For t h e p r e s e n t a n a l y s i s , however, i t has been assumed t h a t f a r m e r s would a p p l y a b o u t 40% of e s t i m a t e d r e q u i r e m e n t s , s i n c e wa te r a v a i l a b i l i t y would i n c r e a s e g r e a t l y , and e x t e n s i v e w a t e r s p r e a d i n g would be n e i t h e r a s b e n e f i c i a l nor a s n e c e s s a r y a s a t p r e s e n t .

I / hormal p e r i o d i c r a i n f a l l i s based on long-term r a i n f a l l r e c o r a s f o r - r e p r e s e n t a t i v e r e g i o n a l r a i n g a u g i n g s t a t i o n s , f o r t h e month of June t o September , a f t e r e l i m i n a t i n g t h e h i g h e s t and lowes t f i g u r e s f o r each or t h e s e months i n t h e r e c o r d .

ANhEX 10 Page 6

11. Water supp ly f o r i r r i g a t i o n would come from t h e f i v e f o l l o w i n g sour- c e s :

( a ) Narmada r i v e r ;

( b ) En-route r i v e r s ;

( c ) P u b l i c groundwater aevelopment ;

( d ) E x i s t i n g p r i v a t e groundwater and i t s p r o j e c t e d f u r t h e r development w i t h and w i t h o u t SSP;

( e l New p r i v a t e groundwater development induced by t h e SSP.

E s t i m a t e s of t h e volumes a v a i l a b l e from a l l s o u r c e s have been made f o r e a c h r e g i o n . The a v a i l a b i l i t y from each s o u r c e i s d e s c r i b e d i n S A R 5107-Ih, p a r a s 8.22 e t s e q . , and shown i n f i g u r e 4 of t h a t volume. Reg iona l a l l o c a t i o n s of p u b l i c i r r i g a t i o n w a t e r supp ly a r e shown i n t a b l e 11. S u b s t a n t i a l l y l e s s t h a n a v e r a g e a l l o c a t i o n s of p u b l i c supp ly p e r h e c t a r e of - n e t CCA have been assumed f o r r e g i o n s 4 , 7 and 11, which a r e expec ted t o be a b l e t o a b s o r b o n l y p a r t of t h e normal a l l o c a t i o n w i t h o u t major d r a i n a g e p r o b l e m s . l / I r r i g a t i o n e f f i c i e n c i e s from s o u r c e t o p l a n t a r e assumea t o be 48% f o r a l l s u r f a c e

' w a t e r , 60% f o r p u b l i c groundwater i n t r o d u c e d a t t h e head of v i l l a g e s e r v i c e a r e a s , and 70% f o r a l l p r i v a t e groundwater . Reg iona l p a t t e r n s of i r r i g a t e d c r o p s ana i r r i g a t i o n i n t e n s i t i e s have been s e t such t h a t r e g i o n a l w a t e r a v a i l a b i l i t y a t f u l l development would be exhaus t ed by t h e i r r i g a t e a c r o p s , g i v e n t h e i r w a t e r r e q u i r e m e n t s and t h e r a t e a t which f a r m e r s would a p p l y w a t e r w i t h r e s p e c t t o t h e s e r equ i r emen t s (9O%). A l s o , c ropp ing p a t t e r n s were no t t o v i o l a t e s e a s o n a l a r e a c o n s t r a i n t s . Kainfed c r o p s would s t i l l be grown i n most a r e a s , ma in ly d u r i n g k h a r i f , a s f a r a s t h e i r r i g a t e a c r o p s ao n o t occupy t h e f u l l s e a s o n a l a r e a . The a s sumpt ions f o r r e g i o n a l c rop w a t e r r e q u i r e m e n t s ( ave rage f o r a l l i r r i g a t e d c r o p s ) , i r r i g a t i o n and c ropp ing i n t e n s i t i e s a r e summarized i n t a b l e 11.

12 . Water r equ i r emen t s a r e n o t independent o t a v a i l a b l e supp ly . G e n e r a l l y , t h e more abundant t h e s u p p l y , t h e more water-consuming c r o p s would be chosen by f a rmers . A l s o , t h e , " p r o d u c t i v i t y of wa te r " , i n te rms o i ave rage n e t r e t u r n s p e r u n i t of w a t e r consumed, can be expec ted t o be h i g h e r w i t h s c a r c e supp ly . The ave rage n e t r e t u r n of i r r i g a t e d c r o p s , a s r e s u l t i n g from y i e l d c o s t and p r i c e a s sumpt ions , i s assumed t o be r e l a t e a t o a b a s e w a t e r

3 supp ly p e r ha (4 ,770 m /ha a t p l a n t ) , and i s -not v a r i e a th roughou t t h e a n a l y s i s ( e x c e p t f o r s e n s i t i v i t y and r i s k a n a l y s i s ) . I n s t e a d , a v e r a g e c r o p w a t e r r equ i r emen t s a r e v a r i e d a s a f u n c t i o n of w a t e r a v a i l a b i l i t y over t ime d u r i n g t h e bui ld-up p e r i o d i n t h e base c a s e , ana l a t e r i n t h e r i s k a n a l y s i s f o r v a r y i n g amounts of i r r i g a t i o n w a t e r a v a i l a b i l i t y i n t h e SSP. It was assumed t h a t a 10% change i n w a t e r availability p e r ha would t r l g g e r a 3.4%

1/ It i s expec ted t h a t o n l y s e l e c t e d a r e a s w i t h i n t h e s e r e g i o n s would even- - t u a l l y r e c e i v e w a t e r , but a t "normal;' per-ha a l l o c a t i o n s . For t h i s r e a s o n , t h e n e t CCA i n t h e s e r e g i o n s may a c t u a l l y t u r n ou t t o be l e s s t h a n p r e s e n t l y p l anned .

ANhEX 10 Page 7

change i n w a t e r u se p e r ha of i r r i g a t e d c r o p s . T h i s i m p l i e s a similar c h a r g e i n ave rage : ' p r o d u c t i v i t y of wa te r " , but i n t h e o p p o s i t e a i r e c t i o n .

13. Even w i t h f u l l i r r i g a t i o n development, some c r o p s would s t i l l be grown under r a i n f e d c o n d i t i o n s . I t i s d i f f i c u l t t o de t e rmine what p e r c e n t a g e of t h e n e t CCA would be d e d i c a t e d t o r a i n f e d c r o p s a t v a r i o u s i r r i g a t i o n i n t e n s i t i e s , b u t i t can be expec ted t h a t t h i s p e r c e n t a g e would v a r y i n v e r s e l y w i t h t h e i r r i g a t i o n i n t e n s i t y . By e s t i m a t i n g t h e ex t r emes of t h i s r e l a t i o n - s h i p , a s w e l l a s a medium s i t u a t i o n , a fo rmula was a e f i n e d which would a l low t o d e t e r m i n e rough ly t h e pe rcen tage of CCA covered by r a i n f e d c r o p s , a s f o l l o w s :

Ar = 100 - 0.65 A i ,

where Ar i s t h e r a i n f e d i n t e n s i t y , and A i i s t h e i r r i g a t i o n i n t e n s i t y , b o t h i n p e r c e n t of n e t CCA. I n o t h e r words, each a d d i t i o n a l l r r i g a t e a h e c t a r e i s assumed t o r e p l a c e 0.65 ha of r a i n f e d c r o p s . T h i s r e l a t i o n s h i p i s o n l y impor t an t f o r an was used th roughou t t h e b u i l d u p p e r i o d i n t h e base c a s e , a s w e l l a s i n t h e r i s k a n a l y s i s . The maximum p o s s i b l e c ropp ing i n t e n s i t y i n t h e SSP under t h i s formula would be rough ly 154%, which i s i n agreement w i t h a q u i c k check on t h e h y p o t h e t i c a l maxima f o r t h e i n d i v i d u a l r e g i o n s .

A g r i c u l t u r a l Net B e n e f i t a t F u l l Development

14. Combining c ropp ing p a t t e r n s , y i e l d s , i n p u t r e q u i r e m e n t s and economic o u t p u t and i n p u t p r i c e s r e s u l t e d i n an e s t i m a t e of economic g r o s s r e t u r n s , i n p u t c o s t s and n e t r e t u r n s p e r ave rage h e c t a r e i n each r e g i o n of t h e SSP command f o r p r e s e n t , f u t u r e w i t h o u t and f u t u r e w i t h SSP ( s e e t a b l e 1 2 ) . 1/ The weighted ave rage of r e g i o n a l f i g u r e s g i v e s ave rage v a l u e s f o r t h e e n t i r e SSP command, t h e we igh t s be ing t h e e s t i m a t e d n e t C C A s f o r t h e r e g i o n s . A f u r t h e r a d j u s t m e n t was made t o expec ted n e t r e t u r n s f o r r e g i o n s 4, 7 and 11 . I n view of p o t e n t i a l d r a i n a g e problems t h a t may no t be so lved even w i t h t h e most a d e q u a t e measures i n p a r t s of t h e s e r e g i o n s l o c a t e d i n t h e f l a t c o a s t a l a r e a s , and t h a t may l e a d e v e n t u a l l y t o a d i f f e r e n t c h o i c e of c r o p s i n t h o s e p a r t s , ave rage g r o s s r e t u r n s and c o s t of c u l t i v a t i o n i n t h e s e t h r e e r e g i o n s were reduced by 25%. From t h i s p o i n t on t h e economic a n a l y s i s , i n c l ~ d i r ~ g s e n s i t i v i t y and r i s k a n a l y s i s , was c a r r i e d o u t on t h e b a s i s of a v e r a g e s f o r t h e e n t i r e SSP o n l y , i g n o r i n g t h e r e g i o n a l compos i t i on . T e s t s were m a e w i t h d i f f e r e n t s i z e s of i n d i v i a u a l r e g i o n s and d i f f e r e n t r e g i o n a l wa te r a l l o c a - t i o n s , and t h e e x a c t r e g i o n a l composi t ion was shown t o be of l i t t l e r e l e v a n c e f o r t h e r e s u l t i n g weighted a v e r a g e s .

11 Crop budge t s f o r u n s p e c i f i e d " o t h e r crops,'' i n t h e p r e s e n t and f u t u r e - w i t h o u t p r o j e c t s i t u a t i o n were t aken as 202 h i g h e r t h a n t h e a v e r a g e of c rop budgets f o r s p e c i f i e d c r o p s i n eacn r e g i o n . The u n d e r l y i n g assump- t i o n i s t h a t ."other c r o p s " would c o n t a i n a g r e a t e r p r o p o r t i o n of h ighe r -va lue c r o p s .

A h h E X 10 Page 8

Bui ldup of Net B e n e f i t s o v e r Time

15 . At t h e b a s i s of b e n e f i t b u i l d u p i s t h e phas ing of a r e a s s chedu led t o come under i r r i g a t i o n ( s e e SAR 5108-IN, t a b l e 2 ) . F i r s t i r r i g a t i o n f rom Narmada w a t e r would be made i n p r o j e c t y e a r 8 (1991 /42 ) , and t h e l a s t b l o c k would be s u p p l i e d i n y e a r 20 ( ~ u u ~ / Z U U ~ ) . For each y e a r , t o t a l a v a i l a b i l i t y of i r r i g a t i o n w a t e r from a l l s o u r c e s , a a j u s t e d f o r l o s s e s from s o u r c e t o p l a n t , was e s t i m a t e d , a f t e r hav ing s e t a s i d e t h e p r o j e c t e d a l l o c a t i o n f o r h a 1 w a t e r . Obvious ly , more w a t e r t h a n c a n b e n e f i c i a l l y be u sea would be a v a i l - a b l e d u r i n g t h e e a r l y y e a r s when o n l y p o r t i o n s of t h e command a r e a a r e r e a d y t o r e c e i v e w a t e r . To put a cap on o t h e r w i s e un e a s o n a b l y h i g h p e r - h e c t a r e 5 a l l o c a t i o n s , a maximum a l l o w a b l e u s e of 5,5UO m / h a a t p l a n t was d e f i n e d , r e g a r d l e s s of a v a i l a b i l i t y . ~ u ' b s e ~ u e n t l ~ , i r r i g a t i o n i n t e n s i t i e s were e s t i m a t e a f o r each y e a r , s u b j e c t t o a v a i l a b i l i t y and maximum a l l o c a t i o n , and i n f u n c t i o n of e s t i m a t e d w a t e r u se p e r ha of n e t CCA. ( h a t e r use p e r u n i t a r e a was v a r i e d i n f u n c t i o n of supp ly a s e x p l a i n e d i n p a r a 1 3 ) . Farmers were assumed t o r e a l i z e t h e i r r i g a t i o n i n t e n s i t i e s p o s s i b l e w i t h t h e g i v e n supp ly immeaia te ly from t h e s t a r t of i r r i g a t i o n .

16 . For t h e purpose of s i m u l a t i n g t h e g r a d u a l aclopt ion of new c r o p v a r i e t i e s , a g r i c u l t u r a l t e c h n o l o g i e s and c r o p p i n g p a t t e r n s , a p a t h of t r a n s i - t i o n , i n te rms of n e t r e t u r n s pe r h a , from t ime of f i r s t i r r i g a t i o n t o f u l l development was d e f i n e d . F u l l development . i n te rms of y i e l d s , i n p u t c o s t and c r o p mix was assumed t o be r e a c h e a i n p r o j e c t y e a r 20 ( 2 ( ~ ~ 3 / 0 4 ) , t h e same y e a r i n which growth of y i e l a s i n t h e f u t u r e w i t h o u t p r o j e c t would c e a s e . T h i s p a t h of t r a n s i t i o n would form a , ' 'cei l ing, ," t owaras which f a r m e r s would move i n t h e i r a d o p t i o n p r o c e s s . The c e i l i n g has been d e f i n e d a s a n S-curve f o r a l l i r r i g a t e d c r o p s , t a k i n g o f f from t h e l e v e l assumea f o r t h e f u t u r e w i t h o u t p r o j e c t i n t h e y e a r b e f o r e t h e f i r s t i r r i g a t i o n ( y e a r 8 ) . ( s e p a r a t e c e i l i n g c u r v e s were e s t a b l i s h e d f o r i r r i g a t e d and r a i n f e d c r o p s , and t h e c u r v e f o r r a i n f e d c r o p s was assumea l i n e a r . The a v e r a g e n e t r e t u r n f o r t h o s e r a i n f e d c r o p s r ema in ing a t f u l l development would be h i g h e r t h a n t h e cor - r e spond ing a v e r a g e w i t h o u t p r o j e c t ( y e a r 201, due t o a d i f f e r e n t c r o p mix. S i m i l a r l y , t h e development o i n e t r e t u r n s w i t h o u t p r o j e c t would form a ."floor:' ( s t r a i g h t l i n e ) from which annua l b l o c k s of a r e a coming unde r i r r i g a - t i o n would t a k e o f f . The a d o p t i o n p r o c e s s of f a r m e r s i n each annua l b l o c k i s assumed t o proceed from r e s p e c t i v e f l o o r l e v e l i n t h e s t a r t i n g y e a r t o c e i l - i n g l e v e l a f t e r 5 y e a r s of t r a n s i t i o n . Once f a r m e r s i n a b lock have r e a c b e a t h e c e i l i n g c u r v e , t h e y remain on i t . I n t h i s way b o t h t h e i n d i v i d u a l adop- t i o n p r o c e s s and g e n e r a l improvement i n t h e p o t e n t i a l n e t r e t u r n s ove r t ime a r e t aken i n t o a c c o u n t i n t h e b u i l d u p p r o c e s s . 'l'he p a r a m e t e r s d e t e r m i n i n g t h e shape of t h e g e n e r a l c e i l i n g cu rve and t h e i n d i v i d u a l a d o p t i o n c u r v e s a r e g i v e n i n t a b l e 13. F i r s t i r r i g a t i o n would be p o s s i b l e i n y e a r 9 ( 1 ~ 4 2 / 9 3 ) .

1 7 . The r e s u l t s of t h e p r o c e s s so f a r d e s c r i b e d f o r i r r i g a t i o n b e n e f i t s i n G u j a r a t were a p p l i e d t o t h e volume of w a t e r e s t i m a t e d t o b e a v a i l a b l e t o R a j a s t h a n , s t a r t i n g t h e y e a r a f t e r t h e main c a n a l would be comple ted ( y e a r 1 4 ) . Bu i l aup of b e n e f i t s would f o l l o w a s i m i l a r p a t t e r n a s i n G u j a r a t , w i t h a s ix -yea r t ime l a g . Average i n c r e m e n t a l n e t r e t u r n s pe r u n i t of w a t e r f o r G u j a r a t were s c a l e d down by 10% i n t h e K a j a s t h a n c a s e ana were t h e n a p p l i e d t o t h e volumes of w a t e r assumea t o be arawn a n n u a l l y by R a j a s t h a n , a d j u s t e a f o r sys tem l o s s e s . (Bu i ldup of a r e a s ana w a t e r u se i n R a j a s t h a n t o 7U,uU0 ha

ANNEX 10 Page 4

and abou t 650 hm3, r e s p e c t i v e l y , would f o l l o w t h e p a t t e r n : 10%, 20%) 202, 2 0 X , 202, 104 , i . e . would cover 6 y e a r s ) .

B e n e f i t s from h u n i c i p a l and I n d u s t r i a l k a t e r Supp ly

18 . The e s t i m a t i o n of b e n e f i t s from M & I w a t e r supp ly i s based on a s t u d y by t h e G u j a r a t Water Supply and Sewerage Board (GWSSB) f o r NPG. I/ The s t u a y i s a t p r e s e n t no more t h a n a rough a p p r a i s a l o t t h e l i k e l y volume, l o c a t i o n and type of MhI w a t e r u s e , and of t h e approximate n e t b e n e f i t s t h a t may be expec ted from t h i s use of Piarmada w a t e r i n G u j a r a t . Throughout t h e NWDTs p e r i o d gf d e l i b e r a t i o n , G u j a r a t t a d been p l a n n i n g f o r a n a l l o c a t i o n of some 1310 h o u t of i t s s h a r e of Piarmada w a t e r s . The s t u d y a l s o ends up w i t h t h i s demand a t t h e c a n a l h e a a . It p roceeas from a n e s t i m a t e of p o p u l a t i o n ana w a t e r demand i n a s t u d y a r e a ( d e f i n e d a s c a t e g o r y I: SSP conmana, c a t e g o r y 11: a d j a c e n t a r e a s and c a t e g o r y 111: s e l e c t e d towns and r u r a l a r e a s i n S a u r a s h t r a and Kutch) t o a n e s t i m a t e of w a t e r supp ly from s o u r c e s o t h e r t h a n Narmada w a t e r , ana f i n a l l y t o a n e s t i m a t e d r e s i d u a l t o be met by Narmada w a t e r e i t h e r d i r e c t l y t h rough c a n a l s u p p l i e s o r t h rough r e c y c l i n g of SSP-induced groundwater r e c h a r g e . Demand i s f o r e c a s t s e p a r a t e l y by t h e t h r e e c a t e g o r i e s ment ionea above, and by r u r a l and u rban consumption. Urban consumption i n c l u d e s e s t i m a t e s of i n a u s t r i a l demand f o r c a t e g o r i e s I and 11. P r o j e c t e d supply of sur ' face w a t e r from Narmada R ive r and i t s phased aevelopment i s g i v e n i n tab.1.e 14 , by c a t e g o r i e s and u r b a d r u r a l c l a s s i f i c a t i o n . T o t a l h 6 I d i v e r s i o n s ove r t ime a t t h e cana lheaa a r e a l s o shown t h e r e , assum- i n g en - rou te l o s s e s from cana lhead t o d i s t r i b u t i o n p o i n t o f ' 1 5 % , 27% and 37% f o r c a t e g o r i e s I , I1 and 111, r e s p e c t i v e l y ( a v e r a g e 2 7 % ) . Supply from SSP-induced groundwater would be r e l a t i v e l y minor and has been ignored i n t h e economic a n a l y s i s . Development o t Pi&I w a t e r supp ly would s t a r t i n p r o j e c t y e a r b ( 1 4 4 1 / ~ 2 ) ana would r e a c h f i n a l l e v e l s o n l y a f t e r 3 U y e a r s .

1 9 . The approach chosen f o r e v a l u a t i o n of b e n e f i t s from EI&I w a t e r 1s t o e s t i m a t e t h e c o s t s a v i n g s by s u p p l y i n g t h e i d e n t i f i e d demand from Narmada w a t e r s r a t h e r t han from o t h e r s o u r c e s , s i n c e e s t i m a t i o n of t h e s o c i a l v a l u e o f , e . g . , d r i n k i n g w a t e r , i s ex t r eme ly a i f f i c u l t . Such s o c i a l v a l u e woula v a r y c o n s i d e r a b l y wi th t h e deg ree of s c a r c i t y ; i n o t h e r words, one would have t o e s t i m a t e e n t i r e aemand cu rves f o r d i t f e r e n t t y p e s of consumers i n a l f - f e r e n t l o c a t i o n s . While t h i s approach i s n o t c o n s i s t e n t w i t h t h e methods of a s s e s s i n g power and i r r i g a t i o n b e n e f i t s , i t a p p e a r s t o p roauce r a t h e r c o n s e r v a t i v e e s t i m a t e s of t h e v a l u e of M6I w a t e r i n G u j a r a t ' s f u t u r e . A l s o , t h e Pi61 w a t e r a l l o c a t i o n b e i n g r e l a t i v e l y s m a l l , any e r r o r s i n e s t i m a t i n g i t s v a l u e w i l l n o t a f f e c t t h e o v e r a l l r e s u l t of t h e economic a n a l y s i s s i g - n i t i c a n t l y . GWSSB has e s t i m a t e d t y p i c a l i nves tmen t c o s t s w i t h ana w i t h o u t Narmada w a t e r f o r t h e t h r e e c a t e g o r i e s , f i r s t i n te rms of c o s t of c a p a c i t y ( r u p e e s p e r l i t e r j d a y ) , and t h e n i n terms of an an u a l i z e d inves tmen t c o s t 4 f o r a g iven con t inuous annua l supp ly ( r u p e e s pe r m / y e a r ) , a s shown i n t a b l e 15 . Annual ized c o s t s were c a l c u l a t e d a c c o r d i n g t o t h e concept of a v e r a g e i n c r e m e n t a l c o s t , i . e . , by d i v i d i n g t h e p r e s e n t v a l u e of a s t r eam or annua l i nves tmen t c o s t s f o r a f a c i l i t y by t h e p r e s e n t v a l u e of a s t r e a m of a n n u a l

1/ ."Study on Water Demand f o r &on-Agr i cu l tu re Use trom harmaua Projec t . " , - 1983 ( p r o j e c t f i l e ) .

ANhEX 1 0 Page 1 0

volumes s u p p l i e d from t h a t f a c i l i t y . The respiting r a t i o of a n n u a l i z e d t o t o t a l i nves tmen t c o s t i s 16%.1/ For r u r a l s u p p l y i n phase 3 i n a l l c a t e g o r i e s , a s w e l l a s f o r phase 2 i n c a t e g o r y 111, t h e r e i s no identifiable inves tmen t a l t e r n a t i v e . I n t h i s c a s e , t h e c o s t of supp y by a t a n k t r u c k a s . J ext reme a l t e r n a t i v e has been e s t i m a t e d , a s R s 1 0 p e r m . The d i f f e r e n c e between a n n u a l i z e d c o s t w i t h and w i t h o u t SSP was t a k e n a s t h e n e t i n c r e m e n t a l b e n e f i t p e r u n i t of w a t e r a n n u a l l y s u p p l i e d , a f t e r a p p l y i n g t h e s t a n d a r d c o n v e r s i o n f a c t o r of 0.8 t o f i n a n c i a l v a l u e s . D i f f e r e n t u n i t b e n e f i t s were used f o r e a c h of t h e t h r e e phases a n a t h r e e c a t e g o r i e s . The compos i t i on of t h e t o t a l cumula t ive b e n e f i t s t r e a m f rom i n c r e m e n t a l s t r e a m s by c a t e g o r y i s shown i n t a b l e 1 6 .

B e n e f i t s from Power G e n e r a t i o n

20. S t r eams of a n n u a l ene rgy p r o d u c t i o n from t h e RBPB ( c o n v e n t i o n a l o p e r a t i o n ) and CHPH a r e e s t i m a t e d i n f u n c t i o n of t o t a l b a s i n a b s t r a c t i o n s and of mean r u n o f f of t h e Narmada r i v e r i n t h e c a s e of RBPh, and a s f u n c t i o n of annua l d i v e r s i o o s i n t o t h e SSP main c a n a l and of mean r e s e r v o i r l e v e l (and t h e r e f o r e mean head ove r t i m e ) i n t h e c a s e of t h e CHYH. The e q u a t i o n s u sed i n t h i s c o n t e x t a r e d e r i v e d from t h e r e s e r v o i r and power s i m u l a t i o n s t u d i e s c a r r i e d o u t by ORG ( s e e annex 3 ) . They a r e a s i o l l o w s :

Annual w a t e r r e l e a s e s t h rough RBPH = 13580 + 0.42 Mean Run0f.f - 0.80 B a s i n D i v e r s i o n s

Annual e n e r g y , g e n e r a t e d a t RBPh = 95 + 0.25 Annual Water R e l e a s e s

3 ( R e l e a s e s , r u n o f f and d i v e r s i o n s a r e i n m i l l i o n m , ene rgy g e n e r a t e d i n m i l l i o n kwh). For t h e b a s e c a s e a n a l y s i s , mean r u n o f f i s assumed a s 45,000 bim3 t h r o u g h o u t , and b a s i n d i v e r s i o n s c o n s i s t of i r r i g a t i o n and H & I w a t e r d i v e r s i o n s by G u j a r a t and R a j a s t h a n p l u s d i e r s i o n s i n t h e ups t r eam Y s t a t e s . . D i v e r s i o n s ups t ream, assumeu a s 1 ,800 Pun f o r 1984 , a r e p r o j e c 5 e a t o r e a c h 16 ,300 hj a f t e r 25 y e a r s , and f u l l development a t some 14 ,300 hm a f t e r 4 1 y e a r s . (A g r a p h i c a l i l l u s t r a t i o n of u s e s of Narmada w a t e r o v e r t ime i s g i v e n i n f i g u r e 1 ) . Upstream d i v e r s i o n s between t h e s e s t a g e s a r e i n t e r p o - l a t e d l i n e a r l y . The energy e s t i m a t e s f o r t h e RBPH c o n s i s t of f i r m and secon- d a r y ene rgy . The e q u a t i o n f o r t h e CHYH ene rgy g e n e r a t i o n i s a s f o l l o w s :

Annual ene rgy g e n e r a t e d a t CHYB = 0.00232 Beau b i n c a n a l d i v e r s i o n

(Energy g e n e r a t i o n i s i n m i l l i o n khh , head i n m e t e r and c a n a l c i i ve r s ion i n 3 m i l l i o n m 1. The a v e r a g e head assumed f o r g e n e r a t i o n would v a r y o v e r t ime ,

L/ I n v e s t m e n t s c o s t s a r e assumea t o occu r i n t h e f o l l o w i n g p a t t e r n s : 16.25% i n each of f o u r y e a r s , and 7% i n each of 5 y e a r s a f t e r comple t ion of a b a s i c f a c i l i t y . Water supp ly would s t a r t i n y e a r 5 , and would b u i l d up a s 202, 40%, 602, 802, 1 U O % . The l i f e of a f a c i l i t y h a s been assumed a s 30 y e a r s . A n n u a l i z e a c o s t s of supp ly a r e t h e n 16% of t o t a l inves tment c o s t . The l o c a l O&M c o s t s f o r t h e s e schemes have been assumed t o be t h e same w i t h and w i t h o u t p r o j e c t .

AhNEX 10 Page 11

d e c r e a s i n g from a n i n i t i a l 35 m g r a a u a l i y t o 2 m by t h e t ime t h e ups t r eam 3 s t a t e s r e a c h a l e v e l of d i v e r s i o n of 16 ,300 Nm . Secondary energy from r o u t i n g f l o o a f l o w s th rough t h e CHPH i s i g n o r e d .

21. The p o s s i b i l i t y of pumpback o p e r a t i o n of t h e RBPH adds a n o t h e r s t r eam of energy g e n e r a t i o n . It was assumed t h a t u s e of t h e r e v e r s i b l e t u r - b i n e l g e n e r a t o r s f o r pumpback would s t a r t one yea r a f t e r c o n v e n t i o n a l power g e n e r a t i o n , a t a low i n i t i a l p l a n t f a c t o r which would i n c r e a s e l l n e a r l y ove r 1 5 y e a r s t o a f i n a l 25X p l a n t f a c t o r (2 ,630 bWh/year) . Energy r e q u i r e d f o r pumpback was assumed a s 140% of energy g e n e r a t e d and v a l u e a a t a n economic c o s t of f u e l of R s 0.20/GWh, a f t e r t r a n s m i s s i o n l o s s e s .

22. Power g e n e r a t i o n would s t a r t i n yea r 10 (1443/94) a s g i v e n ' b y t h e abovementioned e q u a t i o n s , a t on ly 8b% of p o t e n t i a l g e n e r a t i o n ana would r e a c h f u l l p o t e n t i a l i n t h e f o l l o w i n g y e a r . harmaaa Sagar dam would be o p e r a t i o n a l by yea r 1 0 (1993194) I n t h e b a s e c a s e , i t s absence i n t h e r i s k a n a l y s i s woula r e a u c e t h e p o t e n t i a l energy t o be g e n e r a t e d by 2 5 2 , a s e s t i m a t e d from t h e s i m u l a t i o n s t u a i e s of ORG.

23. The build-up of energy g e n e r a t i o n i n t h e economic a n a l y s i s i s n o t f u l l y comparable w i t h t h a t assumed i n t h e s t u a i e s c a r r i e d o u t by t h e L e n t r a i E l e c t r i c i t y A u t h o r i t y f o r purposes of s i z i n g and economic j u s t i £ i c a t i o n of t h e power f a c i l i t i e s t h rough a l e a s t c o s t power expans ion p l a n ( s e e annex 9). These s t u d i e s were basea on t h e r e s u l t s of r e s e r v o i r o p e r a t i o n s t u d i e s f o r c e r t a i n a r b i t r a r y s t a g e s of a b s t r a c t i o n by G u j a r a t I R a j a s t h a n and t h e ups t ream s t a t e s , a s g i v e n by t h e NWDT. I n t h e model u sed f o r economic a n a l y s i s t h e r e a r e no p r e d e f i n e d s t a g e s be ing r eached by G u j a r a t I R a j a s t h a n and t h e ups t ream s t a t e s s i m u l t a n e o u s l y ( s e e annex 3 ) . Power r e l e a s e s and energy g e n e r a t i o n a r e i n s t e a d g e n e r a t e d endogenously i rom t h e i n t e r a c t i o n of s e p a r a t e b u i l a u p p a t t e r n s of w i t h a r a w a l s ups t ream and a t S a r a a r Sa rova r . A comparison of t h e g e n e r a t i o n s e r i e s a s assumed h e r e and of t h e s e r i e s by t h e C e n t r a l Elec- t r i c i t y A u t h o r i t y i s g i v e n i n annex 9, t a b l e 1 6 .

Economic Value of Energy

24. T a r i f f r evenues c u r r e n t l y r e a l i z e a p e r u n i t o i energy s o l d by S t a t e E l e c t r i c i t y Boards a r e no t c o n s i d e r e d a v a l i d i n d i c a t o r f o r t h e s o c i a l v a l u e of e l e c t r i c i t y g e n e r a t e d i n I n d i a . Demand c h r o n i c a l l y o u t s t r i p s c a p a c i t y , ana t h i s w i l l l i k e l y be t h e c a s e o v e r t h e n e x t decade o r two a s w e l l . I n a u s t r i a l consumers, f o r i n s t a n c e , a r e p a r t i c u l a r l y i n t e r e s t e a i n con- t i n u o u s , r e l i a b l e supp iy and o f t e n i n s t a l l t h e i r own e x p e n s i v e s t a u a b y gener- a t o r s t o b r i d g e t h e gap. I n a i c a t i o n s i n t h e a g r i c u l t u r a l s e c t o r a r e t h a t f a r m e r s woula be w i l l i n g t o pay s u b s t a n t i a l l y more f o r pumping energy t h a n c u r r e n t t a r i f f s , which cove r o n l y abou t one-four th of t h e e s t i m a t e a long run marg ina l c o s t . An a t t e m p t was t h e r e f o r e made t o approximate t h e s o c i a l v a l u e of energy on t h e b a s i s o i a p p a r e n t w i l l i n g n e s s t o pay. Some 75% of t h e e l e c t r i c i t y g e n e r a t e d i n t h e t h r e e b e n e f i c i a r y s t a t e s G u j a r a t , PIP and h a h a r a s h t r a i s consumea by t h e i n a u s t r i a l and a g r i c u l t u r a l s e c t o r s . For e i t h e r s e c t o r a s e p a r a t e e s t i m a t e of mahimum w i l l i n g n e s s t o pay was made ana t h e n used t o a s s e s s t h e consumers s u r p l u s i n each s e c t o r irom i n c r e m e n t a l ene rgy g e n e r a t e a , assuming t n & t a c e r t a i n p a r t of t h i s i n c r e m e n t a l ene rgy woula r e p l a c e e x i s t i n g a l t e r n a t i v e energy s o u r c e s (152 i n t h e i n a u s t r i a l and 30% i n t h e a g r i c u l t u r a l s e c t o r ) . For o t h e r s e c t o r s , t h e ave rage t a r i f f

ANhEX 1 0 Page 1 2

r e a l i z e d p e r u n i t s o l d i n 1983 /84 was used unchanged. The a v e r a g e s o c i a l v a l u e ( i n f i n a n c i a l t e r m s ) i s t h e n d e r i v e d a s we igh ted a v e r a g e of s e c t o r a l v a l u e s .

25. For t h e i n d u s t r i a l s e c t o r , a s t andby d i e s e l g e n e r a t o r s e t w i t h a n annua l u t i l i z a t i o n f a c t o r of 15% was assumea. The f i n a n c i a l c o s t f o r s u c h g e n e r a t i o n r e s u l t s a s R s 1.34/kWh ( s e e t a b l e 1 7 ) . The a v e r a g e t a r i f f r e a l - i z e d from supp ly t h rough t h e p u b l i c g r i d i s Rs 0.52lkWh. It was assumed t h a t 15% of g e n e r a t i o n from SSP would r e p l a c e g e n e r a t i o n from such s t a n d b y s e t s , and 85% would meet new demana. The a v e r a g e s o c i a l b e n e f i t of new g e n e r a t i o n pe r kwh was t h e n e s t i m a t e d by assuming a l i n e a r demand c u r v e f o r new demand a s f o l l o w s :

0.15 x R s 1.34 + 0.85 (Rs 1.39 + Ks 0 . 5 2 ) / 2 = R s 1 . 0 2 / k ~ h , s a y Rs 1 . 0 0 / ~ w h

26. For t h e a g r i c u l t u r a l s e c t o r , a common a l t e r n a t i v e t o e l e c t r i c pumpsets on dugwe l l s i s a d iese l -powered pumpset. The f i n a n c i a l c o s t t o f a r m e r s of pumping i d e n t i c a l a n n u a l volumes of w a t e r by d i e s e l and e l e c t r i c pumpsets was compared ( t a b l e 181. The c o s t of d i e s e l o p e r a t i o n i s - subs t an - t i a l l y h i g h e r . A h y p o t h e t i c a f e l e c t r i c i t y t a r i f f c a n be c a l c u l a t e d t h a t would e q u a l i z e t h e c o s t p e r m of w a t e r pumpea i n b o t h alternatives. Such t a r i f f would be a b o u t Rs 4/kWh. However, d i e s e l s e t s have some un ique advan tages o v e r e l e c t r i c a l s e t s . They a r e t r a n s p o r t a b l e and can t h e r e f o r e be - connected t o a number of w e l l s on d i f f e r e n t p l o t s of t h e same h o l a i n g , o r can be. h i r e d o u t t o o t h e r f a r m e r s a g a i n s t a r e n t a l c h a r g e . They a r e a l s o i r d e - pendent of t h e v a g a r i e s of r u r a l powe'r supp ly and t h e r e f o r e more r e l i a b l e - , f l e x i b l e and c o n v e n i e n t . For t h e s e r e a s o n s , t h e v a l u e of Rs 4/kWh i s b e l i e v e d t o o v e r s t a t e t h e maximum w i l l i n g n e s s t o pay f o r e l e c t r i c i t y i n t h e a g r i c u l t u r a l s e c t o r . A v a l u e of Rs 3/kWh was assumed i n s t e a d . It was a s s u m e d . t h a t 30% of new demana f o r ene rgy would be f o r r ep l acemen t of e x i s t - i n g ene rgy s o u r c e s ( d i e s e l ) , ana 70% f o r new a g r i c u l t u r a l demand ( l i n e a r demand c u r v e ) . The a v e r a g e t a r i f f r e a l i z e d p e r u n i t s o l d t o t h e a g r i c u l t u r a l s e c t o r i s R s 0.261kkh. The a v e r a g e s o c i a l v a l u e of ene rgy i n t h e a g r i c u l - t u r a l s e c t o r was t h e n approximated by t h e f o l l o w i n g e q u a t i o n :

0.3 Rs 3.U + 0.7 (Rs 3 + R s U.26)/2= Rs 2.04/kWh, s a y R s 2.00/GWh

27. The d e r i v a t i o n of t h e we igh ted s e c t o r a l a v e r a g e v a l u e of ene rgy i s summarized i n t a b l e 1 Y . I t r e s u l t s a s Rs 1.01 p e r kwh of ene rgy s o l d a t t h e consumer l e v e l . Average sys t em l o s s e s i n t h e w e s t e r n g r i d a r e t a k e n a s 182 , and i n t e r n a l consumption of t h e SSP power f a c i l i t i e s a s 0.5% of ene rgy gener - a t e d . The s o c i a l v a l u e " a t t h e busbar," i s t h e r e f o r e R s 0.82/kWh, i n f i n a n - c i a l t e rms . T h i s was c o n v e r t e d i n t o a n economic v a l u e by a p p l y i n g t h e SCF, r e s u l t i n g i n a economic v a l u e of ene rgy g e n e r a t e d of R s 0.66/kNh. T h i s v a l u e was a p p l i e d t o a l l energy g e n e r a t e d a t RBPH and CHPB. For pumping ene rgy c o s t i n pumpback mode, t h e c o s t of f u e l a t a p i t h e a d the rma l s t a t i o n , i n c l u s i v e of t r a n s m i s s i o n l o s s e s , of Rs O . l b / k ~ h was t aken a s economic p r i c e , s i n c e t h e r e i s no o p p o r t u n i t y c o s t f o r t h i s ene rgy ( n i g h t o p e r a t i o n ) .

ANNEX 10 Page 13

Economic Cos t s

2b. P r o j e c t inves tment c o s t s f o r purposes o i t h e economic a n a l y s i s i n c l u d e a l l c o s t components and i t ems a s l i s t e d i n t h e p r o j e c t c o s t t a b l e s ( f o r a summary, s e e SAR 5107-IN, t a b l e 2 6 1 , excep t l and a c q u i s i t i o n c o s t s , which a r e t r e a t e d a i f f e r e n t l y , and t r a n s f e r payments t o o u s t e e s from t h e submergence a r e a , which were ignored . The c o s t of t h e f l o o d f o r e c a s t i n g network i s n o t p r o p e r l y a t t r i b u t a b l e t o t h e SSP ana was n o t c o n s i a e r e a . They i n c l u d e i n a a d i t i o n t h e c o s t s (minus b e n e f i t s ) of c l e a r f e l l i n g of t h e submergence a r e a , t h e e n t i r e c o s t of a d d i t i o n a l power t r a n s m i s s i o n and d i s t r i b u - t i o n , p r i v a t e inves tmen t s i n t o t u b e w e l l s and augwel l s and an e s t i m a t e of l i k e l y inves tmen t c o s t s f o r i r r i g a t i o n i n R a j a s t h a n .

29. Recur ren t p r o j e c t c o s t s i n c l u d e 06M c o s t s f o r t h e SSP i r r i g a t i o n sys tem ana f o r t h e dam and power f a c i l i t r e s , a s w e l l a s c o s t of pumping from groundwater ( p u b l i c and p r i v a t e ) and c o s t o t l i f t i n g o t water a t S a u r a s h t r a and Kutch brancnes ( n e t of g e n e r a t i o n a t power d r o p s ) . A g r i c u l t u r a l proauc- t i o n fo regone a s a consequence of land a c q u i s i t i o n f o r t h e r e s e r v o i r and i r r i g a t i o n sys tem i s a n o t h e r r e c u r r z n t c o s t i t em; so i s f o r e s t p r o d u c t i o n fo regone i n t h e submergence a r e a .

30. A l l p r o j e c t c o s t s a r e expressed i n c o n s t a n t mid-1584 r u p e e s . Conver- s i o n of f o r e i g n c o s t i tems was done a t a r a t e o t R s 11 per US$. Inves tment c o s t s c o n t a i n p h y s i c a l c o n t i n g e n c i e s a s s p e c i f i e d i n t h e r e s p e c t i v e c o s t t a b l e s .

31. F i n a n c i a l c o s t s were conver t ed in t ' o economic c o s t by means of s p e c i a l conver s ion f a c t o r s f o r i n d i v i a u a l c o s t i tems o r components, a s f i i r a s pos- s i b l e . Where no s p e c i a l conver s ion f a c t o r could be u s e a , t h e SCF (0 .8) was a p p l i e a . S p e c i a l conver s ion f a c t o r s were adop ted f o r u n s k i l l e a l a b o r ( 0 . 6 7 ) , mechanica l equipment (0 .70 ) , cement ( 1 . 0 ) , s t e e l (6.651, e l e c t r o - ~ e c h a n i c a l equipment f o r RBPB ( 0 . 6 4 ) and CHPH (O.bO), and f o r e l e c t r i c t r a n s m i s s i o n equipment ( u . 7 7 ) . For cement, which f i g u r e s a s an. impor tant c o s t i tem rn t h e dam ana i n c a n a l l i n i n g and s t r u c t u r e s , i t was assumed t h a t , a t t h e marg in , I n d i a would have t o import t h e r equ i remen t s e i t h e r a i r e c t i y f o r SSP o r i n a i r e c t l y f o r o t h e r u s e s i n t h e c o u n t r y , i f domest ic s u p p l i e s a r e d i v e r t e d t o t h e SSP. The p r i c e of cement usea i n c o s t e s t i m a t e s (Rs 7 8 0 / t o n ) happens t o be e q u a l t o t h e e s t i m a t e d impor t p r i c e a f t e r ad jus tmen t f o r t r a n s p o r t and h a n a l i n g . Conversion f a c t o r s f o r equipment a r e low due t o heavy custom d u t i e s ana o t h e r t a x e s . The u n s k i l l e d l a b o r conver s ion f a c t o r i s equa l t o t h e one used f o r a g r i c u l t u r a l l a b o r , a l t h o u g h f i n a n c i a l wages i n c o n s t r u c t i o n a r e h i g h e r ( abou t R s 12 pe r manday) than i n a g r i c u l t u r e . composi te conver- s i o n f a c t o r s were e s t i m a t e d f o r i tems such a s cana l l i n i n g , ea r thwork , b u i l d - i n g s , t u b e w e l l s , c i v i l works i n g e n e r a l , and , i n more d e t a i l , f o r t h e main dam f o r which a complete c o s t s p l i t - u p was a v a i l a b l e , by c a l c u l a t i n g we igh tea ave rages based on t h e assumed s p e c i a l conver s ion f a c t o r s and c o s t composi- t i o n . A l l conver s ion f a c t o r s used a r e summarizea i n t a b l e 20 .

ANNEX 10 Page 1 4

32. For ene rgy used i n pumping and l i f t i n g t h e f o l l o w i n g r a t e s have been used:

- l i f t i n g on S a u r a s h t r a and Kutch Branches : R s 0.55lkWh - pumping from p u b l i c w e l l s : Rs 0.81/kkh - pumping from p r i v a t e w e l l s : Rs 1.00lkWh

These r a t e s a r e assumed t o r e f l e c t a p p r o x i m a t e l y t h e economic long r u n mar- g i n a l c o s t of ene rgy i n such u s e s ; t h e y d i f f e r ma in ly due t o v a r y i n g co in- c i d e n c e w i t h peak demand p e r i o d s and t o v a r y i n g l i n e l o s s e s . The inves tmen t and r e c u r r e n t c o s t s f o r pumping from w e l l s a r e d e t a i l e d i n annex 4 , t a b l e s 4 and 5.

33. A g r i c u l t u r a l p r o d u c t i o a f o r e g o n e due t o l and a c q u i s i t i o n i s e s t i m a t e d a s t h e a v e r a g e economic v a l u e of p r o d u c t i o n i n t h e f u t u r e w i t h o u t p r o j e c t f o r a l l r e g i o n s , on an a r e a e q u i v a l e n t t o 10% of t h e n e t CCA ( i . e . t h e n e t CCA was assumed t o be a b o u t 41% of CCA). Land a c q u i s i t i o n i s assumed t o p recede a c t u a l i r r i g a t i o n of r e s p e c t i v e a r e a s by f o u r y e a r s . For y o d u c t i o n f o r e g o n e i n t h e r e s e r v o i r submergence a r e a , t h e a g r i c u l t u r a l a r e a was e s t i m a t e d a s 11 ,300 ha and t h e f o r e s t a r e a a s 11 ,600 ha , t h e r ema inde r , some 14 ,000 ha , i s u n p r o d u c t i v e l a n d . Annual economic v a l u e of p r o d u c t i o n from f o r e s t r y was e s t i m a t e d a s R s 1500 p e r ha. T o t a l b e n e f i t s from c l e a r f e l l i n g were e s t i m a t e d a s Rs 113 M , o r abou t Rs ,9700 per h a , and t h e c o s t s a s R s 33 .8 M , o r Rs 2500 p e r ha. R e s e t t l e m e n t c o s t s ( R s 1400 H), e x c l u s i v e of l and a c q u i s i t i o n , were c o n v e r t e d t o economic p r i c e s by u s i n g t h e SCF.

3 4 3 Inves tmen t and 06h c o s t i n R a j a s t h a n f o r t h e use of t h e a l l o c a t e d 650 Mm of Narmada Water were e s t i m a t e d f rom ave rage i r r i g a t i o n sys tem c o s t s p e r ha ( b r a n c h e s , d i s t r i b u t i o n and d r a i n a g e sys t em, and command a r e a development ) f o r t h e SSP i n G u j a r a t . For t h e a n a l y s i s , a n e t CCA o f 7U,000 ha i n Ra ja s - t h a n was assumed t o come under i r r i g a t i o n i n b l o c k s of l o % , 20X, 20%, 20%, 20% and 10% of t h e c o t a l a r e a o v e r s i x y e a r s r e s p e c t i v e l y . 0&h c o s t would be t h e same p e r ha a s f o r t h e SSP i n G u j a r a t , e x c l u s i v e o i p u m p l i f t c o s t .

35. The b e n e f i t s f rom r e g u l a t e d w a t e r r e l e a s e s f o r power g e n e r a t i o n and i r r i g a t i o n i n G u j a r a t would n o t be p o s s i b l e w i t h o n l y t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n of S a r d a r S a r o v a r R e s e r v o i r . Upstream r e g u l a t i o n i s needed , p a r t i c u l a r l y t h rough t h e p lanned Narmada Saga r R e s e r v o i r , whose comple t ion was mandated by hWDT t o be e a r l i e r o r a t l e a s t a t t h e same t ime a s S a r d a r S a r o v a r p r e c i s e l y f o r t h i s r e a s o n . I n t h e economic a n a l y s i s , i t i s m e t h o d i c a l l y u o t q u i t e s a t i s f a c t o r y t o a l l o c a t e some p a r t of t h e c o s t of Narmada Saga r R e s e r v o i r t o t h e c o s t of t h e SSP ( a s t h e bWDT h a s done f o r c o s t s h a r i n g p u r p o s e s ) . I d e a l l y , b e n e f i t s and c o s t s of a l l p roposed w a t e r r e s o u r c e p r o j e c t s i n t h e b a s i s shou ld be accounted f o r s i m u l t a n e o u s l y , o r a t l e a s t t h o s e f o r t h e proposed Narmada Sagar complex p r o j e c t s and t h e SSP, i n o r d e r t o accoun t f o r t h e i n t e r d e p e n d e n c e . As a second b e s t s o l u t i o n , 20% of t h e i nves tmen t c o s t f o r Narmada Sagar dam and r e s e r v o i r were n e v e r t h e l e s s added t o t h e c o s t of S a r d a r S a r o v a r R e s e r v o i r , i n acco rdance w i t h t h e t e n t a t i v e s c h e d u l e of expen- a i t u r e s g i v e n by G o b s , and a d j u s t e d t o economic c o s t by che same composi te c o n v e r s i o n f a c t o r a s f o r t h e S a r d a r S a r o v a r main dam. The bWDT had maae an a n a l y s i s of t h e r e g u l a t i o n b e n e f i t s from Narmada Saga r dam, and on t h a t b a s i s had dec ided t o a l l o c a t e 1 7 . 6 % of Narmaaa S a g a r c o s t t o t h e SSP. It a l s o ha& e s t i m a t e d what i n c r e m e n t a l c o s t a h i p h e r dam a t S a r d a r S a r o v a r w i t h a d e q u a t e

r e g u l a t i o n c a p a c i t y would have caused i n t h e absence of Narmada S a g a r , and t h i s amounted t o abou t 24% of t h e c o s t of Narmaaa S a g a r . The pe rcen tage adop ted i n t h e p r e s e n t a n a l y s i s a p p e a r s t h e r e f o r e r e a s o n a b l e .

Model f o r Economic A n a l y s i s

36 . The a s sumpt ions i n d i c a t e d s o f a r a r e s u f f i c i e n t t o c a l c u l a t e i n d i v i d u a l c o s t and b e n e f i t s t r e a m s , t o a g g r e g a t e them and t o c a l c u l a t e a n e t p r e s e n t v a l u e and /o r economic r a t e of r e t u r n f o r t h e b a s e c a s e . However, f o r s e v e r a l r e a s o n s , i t was f e l t t h a t i t would be a p p r o p r i a t e i n t h i s c a s e t o conce ive a fo rma l model c a p a b l e of s i m u l a t i n g p h y s i c a l and economic quan- t i t i e s o v e r t ime i n a l o g i c a l l y c o n s i s t e n t f a s h i o n , r e f l e c t i n g t h e i n t e r - dependence of p r o j e c t f u n c t i o n s and f a c i l i t a t i n g t h e v a r i a t i o n of key pa rame te r s and v a r i a b l e s f o r s e n s i t i v i t y and r i s k a n a l y s e s . The base c a s e would t h e n be one p a r t i c u l a r s o l u t i o n o t t h e model , where a l l p a r a n e t e r s ana v a r i a b l e s would be s e t t o t h e i r base v a l u e s ( b e s t e s t i m a t e s ) . The model would be a b l e t o t r a c e n o t o n l y t h e e f f e c t s of changes i n economic pa rame te r s , but a l s o i n p h y s i c a l pa rame te r s (e .g . ave rage w a t e r r e s o u r c e a v a i l a b i l i t y ) and i n speed of imp lemen ta t ion and b e n e f i t b u i l d u p o i v a r i o u s components.

3 7 . The model c o n s t r u c t e d c o n t a i n s t h e f o l l o w i n g modules:

( a ) b a s i c s c h e d u l e s f o r imp lemen ta t ion and f o r , w a t e r a v a i l a b i l i t y o v e r t ime ;

( b ) b a s i c c o s t s t r e a m s , i n f i n a n c i a l t e r n s , f o r a l l components of t h e SSP;

( C ) implemen ta t ion p e r i o d s and development m i l e s t o n e s ;

( d ) i r r i g a t i o n a r e a phas ing and e s t i m a t e of t o t a l n e t CCA;

( e ) d e t e r m i n a t i o n of i r r i g a t i o n e f f i c i e n c i e s and t h e i r bu i ldup ;

( f ) r i v e r r u n o f f and u l t i m a t e w a t e r a v a i l a b i l i t y from v a r i o u s s o u r c e s f o r G u j a r a t , R a j a s t h a n and ups t ream s t a t e s ;

(g) ups t ream development s c e n a r i o ;

( h ) d e t e r m i n a t i o n of M&I w a t e r a l l o c a t i o n and phas ing o i M & I w a t e r supp ly and b e n e f i t s ;

( i ) p e r h e c t a r e i r r i g a t i o n w a t e r a v a i l a b i l i t y and u s e , from v a r i o u s s o u r c e s ove r t i m e , i n c l u d i n g K a j a s t h a n ;

( j ) c a l c u l a t i o n of annua l d i v e r s i o n s a t t h e main c a n a l head

(k) e s t i m a t i o n of a g r i c u l t u r a l n e t r e t u r n s pe r ha a t f u l l development and i n t h e f u t u r e wi thou t SSP, economic c o s t of l and a c q u i s i t i o n ;

( 1 ) g e n e r a l and b lockwise b u i l d u p of a g r i c u l t u r a l b e n e f i t s , i n f u n c t i o n of w a t e r a v a i l a b i l i t y and w a t e r r e q u i r e m e n t s o v e r t i m e , i n c l u d i n g H a j a s t h a n ;

(m) e s t i m a t i o n of annua l r e l e a s e s t h rough b o t h powerhouses, i n f u n c t i o n of r u n o f f and b a s i n d i v e r s i o n s , and c a l c u l a t i o n of ene rgy g e n e r a t e d and power b e n e f i t s ;

( n ) c a l c u l a t i o n o i c o n v e r s i o n f a c t o r s and economic c o s t s t r e a m s , by p r o j e c t f u n c t i o n , i n c l u d i n g R a j a s t h a n c o s t s ; and

(01 a g g r e g a t i o n of b e n e f i t s and c o s t s , c a l c u l a t i o n of NPV a t 12% d i s c o u n t r a t e and economic r a t e of r e t u r n .

I n a d d i t i o n modules have been f o r m u l a t e d f o r d e f i n i n g t h e b a s i c p a r a m e t e r s , pe r fo rming random s e l e c t i o n of pa rame te r v a l u e s f o r r i s k a n a l y s i s and s i m u l a t i n g t h e ,"s tretching: ' o r ,"compressing," of imp lemen ta t ion s c h e d u l e s , c o s t s t r e a m s and b e n e f i t s t r e a m s .

3 8 . The s i m u l a t i o n has been performed under t h e a s sumpt ion t h a t a l l v a l u e s of v a r i a b l e s such a s r u n o f f , p r i c e s , y i e l d s , i n p u t c o s t , w a t e r w i t h d r a w a l s , e t c . a r e mean v a l u e s f o r any g i v e n y e a r . Year- to-year t l u c t u a - t i o n s of r a i n f a l l i n t h e command a r e a and of r u n o f f f rom t h e Narmada b a s i n - was n o t t a k e n i n t o a c c o u n t .

R i sk A n a l y s i s

3 4 . The q u a n t i t a t i v e r i s k a n a l y s i s was c a r r i e a o u t i n o r a e r t o f u r n i s h t h e dec is ion-maker w i t h i n f o r m a t i o n on t h e v a r i a b i l i t y ( d i s t r i b u t i o n ) of t h e economic r a t e of r e t u r n e s p e c i a l l y t h e p r o b a b i l i t y a t which t h e ERR would f a l l below o r above t h e s i n g l e - p o i n t : 'best e s t h a t e , " . The f a c t t h a t t h e SSP imp lemen ta t ion program e x t e n d s o v e r a r e l a t i v e l y wide t ime h o r i z o n , t h a t u n c e r t a i n t i e s conce rn ing b e n e f i t s and c o s t s a r e t h e r e f o r e u n u s u a l l y l a r g e , and t h a t t h e p r o j e c t would commit v e r y l a r g e r e s o u r c e s i11 t h e bor rower c o u n t r y a s w e l l a s i n t h e Bank, j u s t i f i e s such more d e t a i l e d i n v e s t i g a t i o n of r i s k s i nvo lved . R i sk i s d e f i n e d i n t h i s c o n t e x t a s t h e p o t e n t i a l f a i l u r e of t h e SSP t o a c h i e v e c e r t a i n mi11imum economic per formance c r i t e r i a , c u s t o m a r i l y e x p r e s s e d a s economic i n t e r n a l r a t e of r e t u r n .

40. A number of model pa rame te r s were d e f i n e d i n te rms of t h e i r p r o b a b i l - i t y d i s t r i b u t i o n s , w i t h t h e base c a s e v a l u e of a pa rame te r o f t e n , bu t n o t a lways , b e i n g t h e mean of such d i s t r i b u t i o n . The d i s t r i b u t i o n s i n t e n d t o e x p r e s s t h e s t a f f ' s p e r c e p t i o n of l i k e l y minime, maxima ana v a r i a b i l i t y c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of t h e s e p a r a m e t e r s , based on e m p i r i c a l i n f o r m a t i o n and p r o f e s s i o n a l judgement. I t shou ld be n o t e d t h a t p r o b a b i l i t y d i s t r i b u t i o n s r e f e r t o t h e p a r a m e t e r s used i n t h e s i m u l a t i o n model , which a r e assumed t o r e p r e s e n t mean v a l u e s , e . g . mean r u n o f f , mean f u l l development y i e l d , o r mean w a t e r r e q u i r e m e n t s . The v a r i a n c e s of t h e s e p a r a m e t e r s a round t h e i r mean a r e o b v i o u s l y l e s s t h a n t h e year - to-year v a r i a n c e s of t h e c o r r e s p o n d i n g v a r i a b l e s .

ANNEX 10 Page 1 7

42 . The p a r a m e t e r s s e l e c t e d f o r r a n d o m i z a t i o n l.J a r e grouped i n t h e £01 lowing way :

( a ) f i n a n c i a l c o s t s , i n c o n s t a n t p r i c e s ;

( b ) c o n v e r s i o n f a c t o r s ;

( c ) s i z e of n e t CCA w i t h i n f i x e d g r o s s command a r e a ;

( d l r e s o u r c e a v a i l a b i l i t y ( r u n o f f , G u j a r a t ' s and Ra ja s than ' s r i v e r d i v r r - s i o n s ) and r e s o u r c e development (g roundwate r , w i t h and w i t h o u t SSP) ;

( e l i r r i g a t i o n / M & I w a t e r a l l o c a t i o n s

(£1 w a t e r r e q u i r e m e n t s

( g ) i r r i g a t i o n sys tem e f f i c i e n c i e s

( h ) y i e l d s and c o s t of c u l t i v a t i o n ( f o r ave rage c r o p , irrigates and r a i n f e d s e p a r a t e l y ) , i n c l u a i n g t h e e f f e c t of t h e adequacy of d r a i n a g e on i r r i g a t e d c r o p y i e l d s ) . (The adequacy of d r a i n a g e was rough ly a s s e s s e d a s a f u n c t i o n of t h e groundwater pumping t o t o t a l s u r f a c e w a t e r l o s s e s r a t i o .

( i ) economic -crop and i n p u t p r i c e s ( f o r ave rage c r o p )

( j ) economic v a l u e of M & I wa te r

(k) economic v a l u e of power

( 1 ) imp lemen ta t ion speed , m i l e s t o n e s , development ~ e r i o d s

(m) speed of a d o p t i o n i n b u i l d u p of a g r i c u l t u r a l b e n e f i t s .

42. The f o l l o w i n g f i v e p r o b a b i l i t y d i s t r i b u t i o n s were used ( s e e f i g u r e 2 f o r an i l l u s t r a t i o n ) :

- r e c t a n g u l a r o r uni form d i s t r i b u t i o n , when on ly a maximum and minimum cou ld be f i x e d w i t h r e a s o n a b l e conf idence ;

- t r a p e z o i d a l d i s t r i b u t i o n , where i n a d d i t i o n t o ex t reme minimum and maximum an i n n e r r ange of h i g h e r , but uni form p r o b a b i l i t y was b e l i e v e d t o be a p p r o p r i a t e ;

- t r i a n g u l a r d i s t r i b u t i o n , where a minimum, maximum and most l i k e l y v a l u e cou ld be def i n e a ;

1/ See t a b l e 21 f o r a comple te listing. -

ANNEX 10 Page 18

- s t e v w i s e r e c t a n n u l a r d i s t r i b u t i o n , where p r o b a b i l i t i e s (whose sum i s u n i t y ) a r e a s s i g n e d t o two o r more r a n g e s of t h e pa rame te r i n ques- t i o n ; and

- d i s c r e t e d i s t r i b u t i o n , where p r o b a b i l i t i e s (summing t o u n i t y ) a r e a s s i g n e d t o a number of s p e c i f i c v a l u e s of a pa rame te r .

4 3 . C o r r e l a t i o n was i n t r o d u c e d between t h e f o l l o w i n g random p a r a m e t e r s :

( a ) y i e l d s of i r r i g a t e d c r o p s and c o s t of c u l t i v a t i o n f o r i r r i g a t e d c r o p s ;

( b ) c r o p y i e l d s a t p r e s e n t and i n f u t u r e w i t h o u t p r o j e c t and c o s t of c u l t i v a t i o n f o r such c r o p s ;

( c ) imp lemen ta t ion p e r i o d f o r main c a n a l and imp lemen ta t ion p e r i o d f o r b a l a n c e of i r r i g a t i o n sys t em;

( d l s u r f a c e w a t e r r e s o u r c e a v a i l a b i l i t y and s u r f a c e w a t e r i r r i g a t i o n e f f i c i e n c y ( n e g a t i v e c o r r e l a t i o n ) ;

( e l s u r f a c e w a t e r r e s o u r c e a v a i l a b i l i t y and w a t e r a l l o c a t i o n t o M&I u s e s i n G u j a r a t ;

( £ 1 p r e s e n t volume of groundwater pumping and f u t u r e i n c r e a s e s i n p u p r n g w i t h o u t SSP ( n e g a t i v e c o r r e l a t i o n ) ;

( g ) u n s k i l l e a c o n s t r u c t i o n l a b o r c o n v e r s i o n f a c t o r and a g r i c u l t u r a l l a b o r c o n v e r s i o n f a c t o r ; and

( h ) g e n e r a l equipment c o n v e r s i o n f a c t o r and RBPH equipment c o n v e r s i o n f a c t o r .

44. F ixed r e l a t i o n s have been i n t r o d u c e d , i n t e r a l i a , between t h e fo l low- i n g p a r a m e t e r s :

( a ) p u b l i c groundwater i r r i g a t i o n e f f i c i e n c y = 120% of s u r f a c e i r r i g a t i o n e f f i c i e n c y ;

( b ) i n i t i a l s u r f a c e i r r i g a t i o n e f f i c i e n c y = 70% of f i n a l e f f i c i e n c y ;

( c ) r a t e of i n c r e a s e i n i n p u t c o s t f o r a v e r a g e c r o p , f u t u r e w i t h o u t p r o j e c t = 125% of r a t e of i n c r e a s e i n y i e l d s ;

( d l y i e l d r e d u c t i o n f a c t o r due t o d r a i n a g e problems = a f u n c t i o n of t h e r a t i o of t o t a l g roundwater pumping t o l o s s e s t o groundwater from s u r f a c e w a t e r . (The lower l i m i t f o r t h i s f a c t o r i s 0 . 6 )

( e l f i r s t i r r i g a t i o n r e l e a s e s - one y e a r b e f o r e ~ a i n dam comple t ion ;

( f ) f i r s t power r e l e a s e s = y e a r of comple t ion of power f a c i l i t i e s , o r y e a r of main dam comple t ion ;

ANNEX 10 Page 14

( g ) f i r s t R a j a s t h a n i r r i g a t i o n p e r i o d = one y e a r a f t e r main c a n a l comple- t i o n

( h ) s t a r t of p u m p l i f t o p e r a t i o n on S a u r a s h t r a branch = two y e a r s a f t e r main c a n a l comple t ion

(i) f i n a l Narmada w a t e r a v a i l a b i l i t y i o r G u j a r a t = 7120 l o g e ( r u n o f f / l O ~ O ) - 15UUU + e r r o r t e rm;

(j) f i n a l l e v e l of a b s t r a c t i o n s by ups t ream s t a t e s = 13600 l o g (runoff/ lOUO) - 28200 + e r r o r t e rm; e

(k) R a j a s t h a n w a t e r use = 5.42 of G u j a r a t ' s Narmaaa w a t e r a v a i l a b i l i t y .

O the r f i x e d r e l a t i o n s h i p s a r e g i v e n by t h e power g e n e r a t i o n e q u a t i o n s .

4 4 . The r i s k a n a l y s i s was per formea by runn ing t h e s i n u l a t i o n model 500 . t i m e s , each t ime w i t h a d i f f e r e n t s a t of random p a r a m e t e r s , and by c a l c u l a t - i n g t h e ERR f o r each r u n . The r e s u l t i n g sample d i s t r i b u t i o n of EMS, by' c l a s s e s h a l f a p e r c e n t a g e p o i n t wide , was t h e n t a b u l a t e d and p l o t t e d a s shown i n SAR 5107-IN, f i g u r e 1 2 . A c u m u l a t i v e normal d i s t r i b u t i o n w i t h . t h e same mean ana s t a n d a r d d e v i a t i o r a s t h e sample d i s t r i b u t i o n was c a l c u l a t e d and super imposed on t h e p l o t of cumula t ive sample f r e q u e n c i e s . Both a i s t r i b u t i o n a r e approx ima te ly i d e n t i c a l , and t h e normal d i s t r i b u t i o n was chosen t o draw c o n c l u s i o n s about t h e p r o b a b i l i t y of t h e ERR t o f a l l w i t h i n c e r t a i n i n t e r - v a l s .

NARMADA RIVER DEVEI.OPHENT - GIIJARAT

D e r i v a t i o n o f Econolnic P r i c e s o f T r a d a b l e C r o p s and F e r t i l i z e r s

PADIIY WHEAT COTTON COTTON GROUNDNUT NITROGEN PHOSPHATE POTASll (medium) ( a h o r t )

Worldmarket p r i c e 1995 &/ (US$) 410 b/ 186 2058 21 2058 c/ 581 270 191 108

Q u a l i t y A d j u s t m e n t (X) 7 5 100 90 54 100

Worldmarket e q u i v a l e n t (US$) 308 186 1852 1111 581

I n t e r n a t i o n a l S h i p p i n g (US$) 0 0 -140 -130 0

CIFIFOB p r i c e , Bombay (US$) 308 186 1712 98 1 58 1

CIFIFOB p r i c e , Bombay (Re) 3383 2046 18834 10795 6391

P r o c e s s i n g r a t i o ( 1 ) 6 6 100 35 3 3 68

Value of by -p roduc t (Re) 0 0 2200 fJ 2200 fl 0

P r o c e s s i n g r a t i o by -p roduc t ( 1 ) 0 0 6 5 67 0

P r o c e a s i n g c o s t (Rs ) -110 0 -400 -400 -440

W h o l e s a l e p r i c e raw p r o d u c t ( R s ) 2294 g/ 2266 7559 ~IJ 4580 hJ 3634

T r a n s p o r t f rom f a r m g a t e ( R s ) -50 -50 -130 -130 -70

Farmga te p r i c e ( u s ) 2244 2216 7429 4450 3564 s a y (He) 2240 2220 7430 4450 3560

===E ==== ---- ==== ===a ----

a / IBRD coonnodity p r i c e f o r e c a s t s , December 1983, i n c o n s t a n t 1984 US$. - Wheat: C a n a d i a n No. 1, W e s t e r n Red S p r i n g , FOB Thunder Bay H i c e : T h a i , m i l l e d , 5% b r o k e n , FOB Bangkok C o t t o n : Mexican M i d d l i n g , 1-3/32 i n c h , CIF N . Europe Groundnu t s : a n y o r i g i n , s l ~ e l l e d . CIF E u r o p e N i t r o g e n : U r e a , FOB E u r o p e , bagged P l ~ o n p h a t e : T r i p l e S u p e r P h o s p h a t e , FOB US Gul f Y o t a s l ~ : H u r i a t e of P o t a s h , FOB Vancouver

b l H i c e - c l L i n t - d / A t K 6 1 1 p e r US$ e l N u t r i e n t c o n t e n t o f m a t e r i a l - f l C o t t o n n e e d , d o t ~ l c s t i c w h o l e s a l e p r i c e e s t i m a t e , i n econortlic tern18 & / Paddy 111 Seed c o t t o n -

.-

Annex 10 Tab le 2 - Page 1

I N D I A


Summary of P r i c e s f o r Economic and F i n a n c i a l A n a l y s i s ( i n c o n s t a n t 1984 r u p e e s )

Economic F i nanc i a 1 P r i c e s /a P r i c e s /b

( ~ s / t o n ) ( ~ s / t o n )

Paddy Wheat Sorghum ( l o c a l ) Sorghum ( h y b r i d ) P e a r l M i l l e t Pigeon Pea Cas to r Beans Gram Mung Beans C l u s t e r Beans Groundnut Mustard Cot ton ( s h o r t s t a p l e ) Cot ton (medium s t a p l e ) Tobacco ( 'Bidi ') Sugarcane Bananas C h i l l i e s P o t a t o e s Onions Fodder Sorghum Fodder Lucerne

I n p u t s Ni t rogen phospha te 6490 4800 Po tash 3670 3 900 Compost 32 40 Labor (manday) 5.0/manday 7.501manday Bul locks ( p a i r d a y ) 2 4 l p a i r d a y 3 0 / p a i r d a y

/a P r o j e c t i o n t o 1990 /b A t 1984 l e v e l , a t f a rmga te


Seeds

Paddy Wheat Sorghum, local Sorghum, HYV Pearl millet, HYV Pigeonpea Gram Mung Clusterbean Castor Mustard Groundnut Cotton, short staple Cotton, medium staple Tobacco Sugarcane Bananas Chillies Potatoes Onion Fodder sorghum Lucerne

Economic Prices (Rs/kg)

3 .OO 2.65 2.85 6.80 6.80 5 .OO

. . 4.35, 5.70 3 .OO 6.10 6.90 6.90 1.15

68 .OO 0.016 per plant 0.11 per set 0.13 per set ,

88 .OO 1.70

44 ,OO 2.85

12.80

Financial Prices (Rs/kg)

2.10 2.20 2.10 8.50 8.50 3.70 3.20 4.20 3.70 5.30 7 -50 7 -50 2.20

85 -00 0.02 per plant 0.14 per set 0.16 per set

110 .oo 2.10

55 .OO 2.10

16 .OO