world civilization week 7
TRANSCRIPT
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Age of Religious WarsStruggle for Power
Religion or Politics ?
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Protestants vs. Catholics Reformation caused a series of wars.
Europe was trying to RE-Discovery itself.
Wars are both national and internationalconflicts.
1555: Peace of Augsberg -> cuius regio, eius
religio
1563: Council of Trent ended
1564: Calvin dies in Geneva
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Religion into Political Structure
Catholics stressed the episcopal church
system where obedience to the person at the
top was emphasized.
Calvinists adopted a presbyterian church
system where local churches maintainedindividual control.
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Cultural Developments
Baroque Art: Three-dimensional display
of life and energy.
Grandiose and elegant landscapes and
portraits.
Differences in Catholic vs. Protestant
Peter Paul Rubens: 1571-1640
Rembrandt van Rijn: 1606-1669
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Intellectual
Developments
Skepticism, Relativism, & Individualism
To kill a man is not to defend a doctrine,
but to kill a man
Politiques: Rulers who urged tolerance
and moderation for political unity.
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French Wars of Religion
1562-1598
French Protestants- Huguenots
Edict of Fontainebleu 1540
Edict of Chateaubriand 1551
For the most part, France remaineda staunch foe of Protestants.
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Internal Conflicts
Henry II accidentally dies and
breaks Habsburg-Valois peace.
Francis II becomes KING.
Families vie for power:
- Bourbons
- Montmorency-Chatillons
- Guises
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Catherine de Medicis
Ascends to power, as
the regency of her son,
Francis II and thenCharles IX
Guise sympathies
War with the
Huguenots
Machiavellian
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Factors of War
Peace of Saint-Germain-en-Laye
- In 1570, Granted religious freedom to the
Huguenots.
1571 Battle of Lepanto Spain crushes the
Turks
Saint Bartholomews Day Massacre- August 24, 1572 over 20,000 Protestants
were killed.
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St. Bartholomews Day
Massacre
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A Nominal Peace
In 1589, Henry III was stabbed and
Henry (IV) Navarre, a Huguenot
Protestant, came to power.
A true politique
Edict of Nantes 1598: Granted thereligious freedom of worship.
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Henry IV
1589-1610
Bourbon Dynasty
A true politique whoended the Wars of
Religion in France
Treaty of Vervins
Assassinated in 1610
by a Catholic Monk
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Pillars of Spanish Power
Philip II: Ruler of the Eastern Habsburg
Dynasty, a true Machiavellian ruler
Extremely Catholic
Wealth and Power come from the New
World.
Wanted complete control over Europe
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Philip II: 1556-1598
New World Riches
Silver and Gold
Increased Population Subjugated Poor
Efficient Bureaucracy
Controlled Lesser
Nobles
Supremacy in the
Mediterranean
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The Netherlands
Philips first attempt to seize
northern Europe was in the
Netherlands
His efforts, however, were to no avail
1550s - Calvinism makes its way intothe Netherlands
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Protestant Opposition
William of Orange - Calvinist whoopposed Philip II.
Compromise of 1564: pledge to resistthe decrees of Trent and theInquisition.
Philip sends the Duke Alba to theNetherlands.
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Duke of Alba
Arrives in
Rotterdam 1567
10,000 soldiers
Reign of Terror
Tenth Penny -
Sales Tax
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Resistance & Unification
William of Orange joined forces with
Sea Beggars
In 1572, capture the city of Brill
Pacification of Ghent: 1576 - Splits the
Netherlands.
- North: Protestant
- South: Catholic
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Towards Independence
Union of Arras: supported the Counter-
Reformation -> Trent
Union of Utrecht: supported Calvinism.
1581 - Wm of Orange declares
Independence from Spain
1584 - He was assassinated!
Independence not recognized until 1648
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Englands Religious
Wars Mary Tudor: reinstates Catholicism
Married to Philip IIher cousin
Bloody Mary killed thousands of
Protestants
Died 1558 supposedly giving birth -no heir so Elizabeth I became the
Regent
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Thomas Cranmers
Execution
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Elizabeth I: 1558-1603
A true politique
Political unity in
England
Re-established the
Church of
England
Never marries
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Internal Problems
Catholicism vs. Protestantism in
England.
Elizabeth sought the middle road
Protestants split in England:
- Presbyterians- Congregationalists
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External Problems
Problems stem from Spain
Elizabeth I was the only support and
hope for the Protestants in northern
Europe
1585 - Treaty of Nonsuch 1587 - executes Mary Scots
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Tilbury Speech
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fbjj9Nmn6ZU&feature=player_embeddedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fbjj9Nmn6ZU&feature=player_embedded -
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Spanish Armada: 1588
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Political or Religious ?
The Thirty Years War was the last and
most destructive wars of religion.
It established the map of Europe andbrought the world into modernity.
BUT was it a political struggle or a
religious crusade?
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Religious Divisions
Lutherans were established in the
north and protected by the Peace of
Augsburg.
Catholics had established a stronghold
in France, Spain, and HRE.
Calvinist took over the Palatine under
elector Frederick III
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Four Periods of War
Bohemian - 1618-1625
Danish - 1625-1629
Swedish - 1630-1635
Swedish-French - 1635-1648
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Bohemian Period
Ferdinand a Habsburg Catholic makes
an entrance in 1618.
May 1618 - Defenestration of Prague
Calvinists protest and elect Frederick V
to the Palatine.
Ferdinand finds allies in Spain and the
Catholic League.
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Danish Period
King of Denmark - Christian IV was a
Lutheran with BIG goals.
The Catholic League and Albrecht of
Wallenstein, a Catholic mercenary.
Edict of Restitution 1629
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Swedish Period
Gustavos Adolphus wanted to maximize
his interests in the mainland. Backed by the French and the Dutch
Killed in 1632 by Wallenstein in the
Battle of Lutzen. Wallenstein assassinated by Ferdinand
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Swedish-French Period
French moved directly into the war.
The mostly deadly phase of the war,
with over a third of the German
population being wiped out.
Resulted in a politically fragmentedand weak German region.
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Treaty of Westphalia
Clearly this peace treaty is a secular
document, but what exactly does it
establish?
How did it significantly bring about
the entrance into the modern era?
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Interpretations
What was the motivating factor
behind the Thirty Years War?
- Religion
- Politics
- Greed
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Next Week
Briefly trace the paths to power of England
and France in 17th century and define whatthe differences were in the two distinct
formations.