CHAPTER 20- A CHANGING WORLD

World History 10th

Ms. Stephanie Custodio

Nationalism and Expansion in Europe

Section 1

The Rise of NationalismThe empires of Europe were built through military victories and

marriages between ruling families.Educated Europeans spoke and wrote in the same language: Latin,

later French. They shared the same religion: Christianity. At the end of the 1700s

Common people began to think of themselves as citizens of a nation united by shared interests, such as religion, language and culture.

Citizens became more interested in the governments who ruled them, inspired in Enlightenment ideas, the French Revolution, and the American Revolution.

The Rise of Nationalism In an effort to unite French people,

Napoleon encouraged national songs, holidays, flags, and other symbols to promote patriotic feelings for a French nation. His conquests helped spread this ideas about national pride.

Rulers at the 1814-1815 Congress of Vienna tried to overcome this thinking by:putting kings and queens from the old ruling

families back into powerSupporting the idea of divine right.

Nationalism: feeling of strong loyalty or attachment to a culture, language, or territory.

France after the Fall of Napoleon

After Napoleon’s defeat, the Congress of Vienna put Louis XVIII back into power in France: He allowed voters to elect representatives to

parliament, who were given limited powers. The most important powers remained with the

king. Charles X (Louis XVIII’s younger brother) took

the throne after Louis’s death. He disagreed with the Enlightenment ideas (right

to vote, publish opinions in the newspaper, etc.) People revolted when he tried to reject the French

constitution. The revolutionaries put into power a new king:

Louis-Philippe, wrote a new constitution that limited the king’s power and gave French citizens many more rights.

The Citizen King Louis-Philippe soon came to be known as the

“citizen king”. Parliament stressed the importance of ruling with the consent of the people.

Conflicts over the role of the king in government:Some wanted to strengthen the role of the king ,

others thought his powers should be reduced even more.

Louis-Philippe survived many assassination attempts.

Napoleon III (nephew of the former emperor) tried to seize control in 1836 and 1840.

Revolutions Across Europe

The Polish Revolt: The lands of Poland had been divided up and

ruled by other countries.The Congress of Vienna put most of Poland

under Russian control, Nationalists wanted to make Poland a single nation ruled by Polish people.

In 1830, the Polish began a revolt against the Russians and controlled their country, but the Russian army crushed the revolt; many of the rights for the Polish people were taken away.

Revolutions Across Europe

Belgium’s quest for independence:Their revolt was the only that

succeeded in creating an independent country that year.

Vienna Congress had joined Belgium, Holland, and Luxembourg to form the kingdom of Netherlands.

A Dutch king was given control of this kingdom to limit the power of France.

People from this areas had different languages, religions, and economic interests, they didn’t want to unify.

Belgium declared their independence in October 4, 1830.

Revolutions Across Europe

Art and Revolution:Romanticism celebrated the French

revolutions and spread the idea that people had a natural right to rule themselves.

Caspar David Friedrich, Wanderer Above the Sea of Fog, 1818

Eugène Delacroix, Death of Sardanapalus, 1827, taking itsOrientalist subject from a play by Lord Byron

Egide Charles Gustave Wappers,Episode of the Belgian Revolution of 1830,1834, Musée d'Art Ancien, Brussels a romantic vision by a Belgian painter

Revolutions of 1848 France:

Louis-Philippe began to act more like a royal king: ○ He returned to the practice of arranged marriages: arranged a

marriage for his daughter to the king of Belgium.○ The Industrial revolution created unhealthy cities filled with poorly paid

workers, his government did little to solve this problems.○ The French protested and threw the king in 1848.

For the first time, the French had an election in which all citizens were allowed to vote and elected Napoleon III for a 4-year term:○ He abolished the republic and declared himself as emperor of France. ○ Ruled as a dictator until he was overthrown in 1870.

Revolutions of 1848 Austrian Empire:

Congress of Vienna joined the present-day countries of Austria, Hungary, Czech Republic, and much of Italy to form the Austrian Empire.

The 1848 revolution in France inspired many workers and students in Vienna to revolt against the empire. ○ They demanded that Prince Metternich resign

and a constitutional government be created.○ In Hungary, they demanded a constitution that

protected basic rights and freedom for the serfs.○ The Czechs issued the same demands.

Metternich was forced to resign, but Austrian troops put down the nationalist movement.

Russian army helped smash the revolution in Hungary; the royal empire was again in control.

Revolutions of 1848 Germany:

The land of Germany today was divided between the Prussian and Austrian empires at the Congress of Vienna.

The German Confederation was also established: a loose union of 39 independent states.

Conditions:○ Population growth, but people remained poor.○ The more prosperous middle class wanted a say in the

government.Motivated by events in France and Austria, Germans

rebelled against Prussia and demanded a new constitution.○ They met in Frankfurt to write a new constitution to unify the

German states. They failed to agree, Prussian forces took control again.

Germany became independent in 1871.

Imperialism The French and British were the

leaders in the move to expand their empires, fighting for control of colonies in North America during the 1700s. Great Britain had driven the French almost

out of North America. Then, they lost their territories in the American Revolution.

In the 1800sboth countries focused in gaining territories in Africa and Asia.

Imperialism: forming and maintaining an empire by taking over foreign colonies.

Expanding European Empires

Benefits to possessing colonies: They would give a stable supply of raw materials. They would provide new markets for goods produced in their home

countries. New lands for settlement, specially to solve overcrowding problems. They believed that establishing colonies would prevent their rivals

from becoming too powerful. European advantages to conquer:

Europeans developed industry before Africans and Asians greater wealth and more powerful weapons.

Two different reasons to conquer: They wanted to improve the lives of Asians and African people, they

would become more “civilized”. They thought lighter-skinned people were not equal to darker-

skinned people stronger peoples should destroy or conquer weaker peoples and rule the world.

Imperialism in Africa and the Middle East

Section 2

European Interest in Africa Grows

By the 1800s, Europeans traded with African kingdoms such as: Tripoli, Tunis, Algiers, Morocco (northern coast) Slave trade with kingdoms along the West African coast.

Reasons for Europeans not to travel inland for trade: The major river (Congo) had a series of waterfalls and

other barriers- impossible for the ships to sail upstream. By land: they fell victim of diseases. Arabs controlled trade routes in the interior.

Trade routes established in the mate 1800s by European governments, companies, and churches: Great Britain- along the Nile River. King Leopold II of Belgium and Otto von Bismarck of

Germany began competing claims on African territories.

The Scramble for Africa European leaders gathered in Berlin in

1884 to make rules about how they could claim land in Africa and establish trade monopolies: No African leaders were represented at the

conference. New treaties stated: a country had to have

the authority over an area before it could claim that region.

A country would have to notify the other countries of any new land claims.

The arrangement established partitions of African lands into separate areas with new borders.

Seven countries established areas of control over the next 2 decades: Spain, Belgium, Portugal, France, Great Britain, Italy, Germany

Colonial Rule

European countries wanted access to Africa’s large supply of natural resources and at cheap prices: Gold, diamonds, ivory, rubber, coffee, cotton, cocoa

Once land claims were made, Europeans: Established colonial governments. They built roads and railways, some turned them into private

companies. A company was granted the rights to a certain amount of land for

every mile of road or railroad built, which led to extreme abuses of human rights- slave labor and death of Africans.

African Resistance to Colonization European customs and cultures were brought, they

expected the people from the colonies to do things their way.

They took power away from people who lived in the colonies.

Larger African kingdoms raised armies to resist occupying forces. Their musket guns (gained through trade) were no match for new European fighting weapons (machine guns).

Ethiopia The Italians made a claim on Ethiopia in

1884 at the Berlin Conference. Ethiopian emperor, Menelik, resisted the

Italians, which led to a war. The Ethiopians defeated the Italian army. Menelik extended his empire by

conquering lands to the far south and southwest.Liberia

Was a recognized independent country at the time of the scramble for Africa, established as a republic in 1847 after settled by freed slaves who had left US.

Britain and France forced Liberia to give up some of its land, but it maintained its political independence.

African Nationalists Africans were spreading new ideas

about how they could take control of their own lives. Members of merchant families began

publishing newspapers critical of colonial rule.

African bishops who gained position in European churches also made criticisms.

Unrest led to independence movements by western-educated Africans.

Middle class Africans valued their African traditions, condemned western societies that upheld liberty and equality for whites only.

By the early 1900s, African leaders pushed nationalist movements hoping to gain independence.

The Boer War Tensions increased between the British colonial government and

Dutch settlers, eventually erupting into war: After Britain controlled the Cape Colony, many Dutch settlers (Boers) left

the colony and founded 2 new republics: Transvaal and Orange Free State. The British established a second colony: Natal.

Differences between Cape Colony and the Boer republics: In Cape Colony, all men with a certain level of wealth, regardless of race,

were allowed to vote for representatives of parliament. In the Boer republics, only white people were recognized as citizens, only

white could vote. The discovery of diamonds and gold in the Boer republics

renewed British interest in controlling these lands. They made a claim at the Berlin Conference in 1884, began working to

establish authority. During a two-year war, the British army defeated the Boer settlers and

created a new country; South Africa, which would remain under white rule under 1994.