World History AP Fall Semester ReviewPage 911- IIIA Eboni Williams2- B Frances Apolinar: Neolithic Revolution (Outline) • 8000 B.C.E - 3000 B.C.E groups move from nomadic life to agricultural life• Agricultural Revolution/ New Stone (AKA)• Not fully civilization quite yetB/c of this people could stay in the same place..-Cultivation of plants-Domestication of animals-Use of simple toolsStaying in the same place brought unity, w/ this came-Culture-Tradition • Ownership of property

3-Contrast- Samadhi Silva4-Surplus- Jose Ortiz5- Civilization- Jose M:

Specialization of labor is key. If all the people have to farm to get food, the civilization won’t develop. If only a few people farm, other people in the community are free to built, invent, create tools, art, and institutions.

6-Environment- Lesley Gomez

7- Metal- Kaylin Scott: • new technology in Neolithic Era would have attracted many investors• at this time in history, stones were made into farming tools (hoes & plows)• pottery was shaped into dishes & utensils for the kitchen• weavings were invented to make baskets, nets, & for more comfortable clothing• later in this time, wheels were invented to place on carts & also sails for boats• use of metals were very important as well• this advanced development of not only tools, but also weapons• figured out how to combine copper & tin to make harder metal• bronze was made• later known as the Bronze Age• bronze was later superseded by the discovery of tin

8-rivers- Verna Jackson: The Big, Early Civilizations: The Rivers Deliever         -Most early civilizations were located in river valleys -River gave them water Great kand for farming -Plenty of animals around and in the river-Plenty of plants around -River provided transportations -Large land area and a large population-Organized culture-Civilation:social, polital, and economical-Not all cicvilations were headed by central authority-Some civilizations were composed by loose city-states-Major early civilization  developed & became dominated 3000 to 2000 B.C.E.-Mostly located is Mesopotamia, Egypt, India, & China

9-Mesopotamia- Carmen Salazar: Mesopotamia - “land between the rivers” (Tigris & Euphrates) Ancient civilizations - Sumer, Babylon, & Persia Mesopotamia, part of arable land known as Fertile Crescent They learned to build canals, dikes, towns farther uphill, enabling large city-states to emerge 3000 B.C.E. Ur, Erech, & Kish major city-states of the first major civilization of Sumer Sumerian civilization - southern part of Mesopotamia Successful agriculture & river management Developed a form of writing - Cuneiform Used to set down laws, treaties, & important social religious customs Trade enhanced by the wheel, reduced time to transport goods & people Developed a (12 month) calendar & math system Used geometry to survey the land & develop architectural enhancements

Polytheistic - more than 1 God Ziggurats - temples like pyramids to appease their Gods Many invasions 1700 B.C.E. civilization overthrown Conquerors adopted Sumerian traditions & technologies

10-Meso B- Michael Sanchez: • Akkad rose to dominate.• The Akkadians developed the first known code of laws.• Akkad was then over run by Babylon.• King Hammurabi developed the Code of Hammurabi.• Babylon quickly fell due to the invasions of the kassites and the hittites• The Hittites learned how to use iron and that enable them to establish a capital at Nineveh.• The Assyrians were then defeated by the Medes an Chaldeans.• A new civilization the Persian Empire developed into a major world force

11-CCOT –Pedro Rangel: -a lot of civilizations emerged in Mesopotamia in the centuries of the Sumerian and Persian Empire.-most of the time conquering civilizations adopted and adapted the customs and of those defeated.

12-Persian- Chelsea Valles

13-Egypt- Jacobi Hill: Ancient EgyptThe ancient Egyptian civilization developed along the Nile River.The soul was rich and the agricultural opportunities were plentiful.Most Egyptians lived in small towns.Nile floods at predictable time of the year and in relatively predictable stages.This made it possible for the ancient Egyptians to follow a very stable agricultural cycle and compile substantial food surpluses.As various dynasties rose to and fell from power, ancient Egypt was reorganized into different kingdoms.3 major kingdoms in ancient Egypt-Old,Middle,New.By 1400 B.C.E, it stretched from the upper Nile River Valley,through the eastern Mediterranean regions of Palestine and part of present day Turkey.Even before the old kingdom, the entire rivet valley was united under King Menes.He built his capital at Memphis and led efforts to manage the flood waters and build drainage & irrigation systems.Pharaohs directed construction of the obelisks and the pyramids.Egyptians were very interested in astronomy, which led to their creation if a fairly reliable calendar.He civilization became dependent on trade because of the needed supply of timber, stone, gold, and spices.It also brought them in contact with other civilizations.Egyptians were polytheistic; focused on life after death-the afterlife.They believed they could take earthly belongings with them to the afterlife and could also use their bodies(which led to mummification).

14-Eg Women- Est Posada: 1. Egyptian Women, Hear Them Roar, social structure, and ancient Egypt in decline

a. Queen Hatshepsut is the first known female queen of Egypt.i. She was ruler of the New Kingdom.

ii. She ruled for 22 years and also changed the social status of women in Egyptian society.iii. She also expanded Egyptian trade expeditions.iv. She allowed women to have more rights and opportunities like buy and sell property, inherit property, and

choose to will their property, and dissolve their marriages.b. Egyptian social structure: another pyramid

i. Pyramid levels: pharaoh, priest, nobles, merchants/skilled artisans/physicians; at the bottom and also the largest group is the: peasants.

ii. The pharaoh owns all of the land in the kingdom.iii. Also accompanying the peasants were the slaves who were mostly prisoners of war, but usually they were

not much worse off than many of the peasants.c. Ancient Egypt in decline

i. Around 1100 B.C.E. and for maybe the next thousand years, ancient Egypt fell into decline.ii. Due to the decline both Assyrian and Persian Empire conquered Egypt.

iii. Later the Greeks settled in Egypt and eventually the romans completely took over Egypt into their empire.

15- CC decline- Jenn Soto

16-IRV- Lorenzo

17-China 1- Samantha Silva Early China: Shang on the Hwang

rose in the Hwang Ho River Valley (Yellow River Valley)  1600-1100 B.C.E stable agricultural surplus controlled large parts of northern China military was powerful warriors used chariots to defeat enemies Shang was very isolated which was called, "All Under Heaven" considered themselves superior accomplished bronze workers developed the spoked wheel production of pottery and silk accurate calendar patriarchal structure(led by older male) God controlled all aspects of peoples' life In 1100B.C.E, Shang was thrown out by Wu Wang (established Zhou Dynasty) Zhou ruled China for nearly 900 years Zhou Dynasty believed in Mandate of Heaven (heaven would grant Zhou power only if the rulers governed justly and wisely) Zhou developed a feudal system in China King ruled empire but it was too big to manage so they had nobles have power over smaller places developed bureaucracies (organizing government) End of Zhou Dynasty, 256 B.C.E

18-W Africa- Chaniquah S: West Africa: Bantu Migrations and the “Stateless Society” 18 Unorganized society, individual communities, not centralized Jenne-jene , 1 of their cities in sub-Saharan Africa Their migrations began around 1500 b.c.e. Cause: Sahara Desert people came to their land then they moved to nomadic areas in central Africa then they moved to

the east & south With their migration they brought along bantu language & their knowledge o f agriculture

19- Migrations- Rocio G: Migration

I. Why do people migrate? To find food Find a hospitable environment in which to live. To avoid natural disasters or climatic changes that change the environment Over population of a particular area can decrease the food supply, forcing many people to move elsewhere.

II. Nomadic & Agricultural People

Nomadic people moved from place to place with the seasons to follow food sources. Agricultural people migrated following the seasons and finding agricultural cycles.

III. Nineteenth Century Migration A mix of politics caused people from Ireland to migrate. Destructive farming methods Unpleasant fungus wiped out the main source of food.

IV. A. Some examples of migration from the late nineteenth century and early

centuries are1. Jewish Diaspora 2. Slave Trade3. Wave of immigrants from Europe to America.

20- exceptions- Wendy Cadena21- CC- Armando Olvera22- Meso- mellissa Alvarez

23 India- Kennesha Williams: -alexander the great took over persian empire aroud 330 B.C.E-Around 321 B.C.E the Mauryan Empire was found by Chandragupa Maurya-Chandragupya brought together smaller aryan kingdoms into a civilization-Mauryn Empire became powerful & wealthy through trade & it's military-Ashoka Maurya took the empire to its greatest height-Indian traded to mesopotamia & the roman empire -the military strength caused the dramatic change in the empire

-Ashoka converted to Buddhism ,for the rest of the reigon he preached non violence & moderation-ashoka was know for rock & pillar edicts that reminded mauryans to live generous & righteous lives-buddhism spreaded beyond India into many parts of southeast Asia-after the death of ashoka the empire decline rapidly due to economic problems &  pressure attacks in the northeast-between 375 & 415 c.e the mauryan empire experienced a revival under Chandra Gupta-Gupta Empire was referred to as a golden age because it had relative peavlce & saw certain advances in arts & science-Gupta mathematicians developed concept of pi,zero & Arabic numerals-By time of Gupta Dynasty. Hinduism had become the dominant religion in India again-Hinduism reinforced the caste system-women were increasingly losing their rights-women was totally under the control of Indian men & lost the rights to own or inherit property , participate I ln sacred rituals or study religion-Child marriage (girls from six & up) became the norm during this era-The Gupta Dynasty collapsed under pressure from the White Huns in 550 c.e

24- Marcia Ramirez: Qin Dynasty •developed a strong economy by agriculture.• powerful army equipped with iron weapons.•Qin Dynasty connected separate fortification walls that became the Great Wall of China.•Qin Shihuangdi (first emperor) recentralized various feudal kingdoms that had split at the end of Zhou Dynasty.•Dominant belief system of The Qin rulers was legalism. Han Dynasty •trade thrived along the Silk Road to the Mediterranean also did Buddhism. •Han believed that government should be highly educated. •Chinese invented paper, accurate sundials and calendars.

25- Mediterranean- Gaby SusanoThe Classical Civilizations: Mediterranean

2000 B.C.E to around 500 C.E., Greece and Rome dominated the region Western civilization began with these two empires Babylonians, Egyptians, Hebrews, Persians, and Phoenicians laid the groundwork (Greeks and Romans left the most

pervasive and obvious influence behind) Most important contribution is the concept of representative government but the Greeks and Romans also made lasting

contributions to art, architecture, literature, science, and philosophy.

Greece: Ancient Greece was located on a peninsula between the waters of the Aegean and Mediterranean Seas Coastal positions aided trade and cultural diffusion by boat Exchanged wine and olive products for grain Land was tight, always looking to establish colonies abroad to ease overcrowding and gain raw materials

Social Structure and Citizenship: It takes a Polis… Two main cities were Athens and Sparta (Athens was political, commercial, and most cultural center of Greek civilization.

Sparta was an agricultural and highly militaristic region.) Most citizens in Sparta lived a very austere, highly disciplined existence. (All boys and some of the girls received military

training, which stressed equality but not individuality.)Each Polis (city-state) was composed of three groups.

Citizens, composed of adult males, often engaged in business or commerce Free people with no political rights Noncitizens (slaves, who accounted for nearly one-third of the people in Athens, and who had no rights)

Athens was the first democracy. Women held a higher status and were granted greater equality than women of other city-states Athens did not develop immediately. They grew more powerful as the government changed from a monarchy to an

aristocracy, and finally to a democracy. Draco and Solon were aristocrats who worked to create the democracy in Athens and to ensure fair, equal, and open

participation. Slavery enabled the Greeks to develop their democracy. They were the private property of their owners. Educated/skilled

slaves became craftsmen and business managers. Some owners helped slaves set up small business and then kept part of their profits. In few cases, slaves who earned and saved enough money could eventually buy their freedom.

26- Greek gods- Courtney Rasmus : Greeks were polytheistic Greek mythology was part of heritage Persian wars united all greek city-states

Much of Athens was destroyed in the wars Athens became a cultural powerhouse Famous ancient Greeks : Socrates, Plato, Aristole Greece entered a era of peace and prosperity “Golden Age of Percles”. Thrived in Math and Science Cultural achievement Peloponnesian War in 421 B.C.E Athens’s Navy got defeated on the island of Sicily , which changed them Athens got invaded by the Macaedonians but respected greek culture and helped it.

27- Alexander- Cawlyn R: •Alexander the Great expanded Macedonian dominance.•Under Alexander, they conquered the Persian Empire.•He created the largest empire of the time.•Alexander divided it into three empires: the Antigonid (Greece and Macedonia), the Ptolemaic (Egypt), Seleucid (Bactria and Anatolia)•The Macedonian Empire adopted Greek customs and spread them.•Much of the world became unified under law and trade customs.•Hellenism-the culture,ideals, and pattern of life of Classical Greece.•The expansion of Hellenism boosted the economies of Athens and Corinth.•The Ptolemaic Empire was the richest.•After Alexander the Great died, the empire began to crumble.•The Romans began to rise.

28- Rome- Mario M: Rome (509 B.C.E. -476 C.E. By Mario Martinez Was well-situated

o Protection in the north from the Alps and protection from the south, east and west (it was on the Italian peninsula) because of the surrounding sea .

Was a crosswordo Had easy access to the rest of the world.

Were polytheistic (had more than one god)o Several of the gods were of Greek origin.

Social structure consisted of :o Patricians ; land-owning noblemano Plebeians; all other free men o Slaves

Political structure was made up of two groups :o Senate; made up of patrician familieso Assembly; made up of patricians, and later on to plebeians.

Organized as a representative republico Was more stable than the direct democracies.o People would elect representatives to vote so that the people couldn’t have to vote on every issue .o Similar but not exact to our constitutional democracy.

Developed civil laws to protect individual rights.o Called the twelve tables of Rome o Similar to out Bill of Rights o Extended to Roman conquered territories.

The eldest male was the head of the family.o Women did have influenced within their families and could own property but were still inferior to men.

Slaves were important in the social structure of Rome.o Slaves were 1/3rd of the populationo City slaves had it easier than country slaves.

29- Roman Emp- Ella P: Collapse of the Roman Republic/Rise of Imperialism After the Punic Wars, the situations inside and around Rome was becoming unsettled. Large landowners began using more slaves from conquered territories. Many small farmers had to move to the city which resulted in less jobs. Roman many lose value, which resulted in a high rate of inflation. Power of the senate weakened which resulted in the "first triumvirate:" Pompey, Crassus, Julius Caesar Caesar was given power of South Gaul and other european parts. He choose not to conquer Germany. Civil War betweeen the Senate and Caesar's followers led to Pompey and Crassus getting thrown out. Julius Caesar became

"emperor for life." He was assassinated in 44 b.c.e

After Julius' death, the "second triumvirate:" Octavius, Marc Antony, and Lepidus, came to power. Octavius changed his name to Augustus Caesar and becaem emperor.

Rome is now an empire with 1 emperor. Pax Romana

Rome became the capitol of the western world. Augustus established: the rule of law, common coinage, civil service, and safe travel for merchants. This resulted in stability

and peace returning to the people for 200 years. Although Augustus' had officers in all his territories, that he got through war, a lot of customs of the conquered places

survived. This let groups such as the Hebrews and Egyptians keep their cultural identites. Art and sciencer grew during this time. Roman peace caused arts in Rome to flourish, especially literature and architecture. Ptolemy influenced achievements in astronomy. Roman egineers went to work on roads and quadrants. 

30-CC golden ages- Rolando D

30A- Roman Relig.- Miguel M:Religious Diversity: New Chiefs of Beliefs

During the Roman Republic and early Roman Empire, paganism was the state religion.Shortly after the rule of Augustus, a new religion, Christianity, was created.Judaism was the first monotheistic religion, Christianity grew out of Judaism.Both Judaism and Christianity were tolerated by the Romans, until Jewish resistance to Roman control lead to the suppression of Judaism.With Judaism suppressed, Christianity began to grow; so much that is threatened the original religion of paganism.In order to show who was in charge, Emperor Nero began persecuting Christians, but his efforts to stop Christianity failed.It wasn't until Emperor Constantine and his Edict of Milan in 313c.e. did the persecutions end.391c.e. - Christianity became the official religion of the Roman Empire

31 collapse- Julio R

32- collapse Rome- Ana P: The Diversion of the Roman Empire

Said that internal decay and external pressure brought the fall of the Roman Empire. Size of the empire and huge expense of maintaining it, also with a succession of bad leaders, a series of epidemics are all

factors of why the empire fell. In 284 C.E., Diocletian became emperor. Tried to deal with increasing problems by dividing empire in 2 regions run by co-

emperors. Also brought armies back under imperial control. Tried to fix economic problems by strengthening imperial currency, forcing a budget on the government, and capping prices

to deal with inflation. Once Diocletian retired, civil war erupted. Constantine defeated rivals and came to power in 322 C.E. Ordered building of Constantinople at the Greek city of Byzantium and in 340 C.E., the city became the capital of the empire. Constantine was an able emperor, but the shrinking income and increased external pressure eventually led to his downfall. After he died, the Roman Empire was again divided into eastern and western parts. Eastern half with its capital city of

Constantinople thrived while the western half centered in Rome, continued to collapse. On the borders, Rome faced external pressure from Germanic invaders, and in defense, roman authorities put the Visigoths

on the borders. In early fifth century, Attila and the Huns began to press on the Germanic tribes. And in response, the Visigoths betrayed the

western Romans and disposed of their emperor The fall of the western half of the Roman Empire was complete, the eastern half would survive but not as the Roman empire,

it would later be renamed the Byzantine Empire

33- CC fall- Rita H: The Fall of Han China, the Gupta Empire, and Rome    2 causes of decline--> internal (economic, social, and nature problems) external (invading armies) Rome-->        *decrease in trade        *division of empire weakened west half        *unable to defend against invasions of Goths and Huns        *tax revolts        *emperors were dying off 

Gupta-->        *not enough taxes to support military        *land and power divided        *unable to defend against invasions of White Huns Han China-->        *taxes weren't being collected        *less land per family due to pop. increase         *unable to control people who had large amounts of land        *constant conflict with nomadic Xiongnu

34-silk road- Jusus G: The silk road was from china to the Roman Empire. Pastoralists communities along the way provided protection, shelter, and supplies for the merchants in exchange for money. This means that merchants interacted with people at their destination but in the journey as well. Disease traveled as well, for example the mongols carried the "Black Death" to China. Reigion traveled as well budhism spreas through east and southeast aisa. Christianity spread rapidly in the mediterranean. As entire groups expanded their territories, they put down their roots in the new land. Only china and parts of east asia seemes spared of massive influxes of outsiders.

35- religions- Pilar

36- polytheism- Miranda G: Polytheism Polytheist- believe in multiple gods who impact daily life on earth to varying degrees, sometimes for good and sometimes for

bad. An example would be how in Egypt, the gods were often seen as a sign of protection and kindness, while in Sumer, the gods

were feared and often have to be calmed down on a regular basis to people. Throughout 600 C.E all regions, except Hebrews and Christians, were polytheistic throughout Mesopotamian and

Mediterranean regions. In the east: Aryan religions, Hinduism, traditional Chinese systems, were polytheistic along with some Buddhist and Daoist

sects. Polytheism had a major impact on the development of civilization Many of the civilizations that were already named, made many art work and architecture that were either dedicated to the

gods, or were there to help calm the people about how they aren’t so bad(if the people didn’t like the god). Since there were many disputes and complications towards the gods, a rise of a priestly class came into play. This class would monitor communication between people and their gods. Since this happened, they became dependent on that elevated group of people controlling them and soon priest became very

upset with this. Just like it was predicted to happen, people saw how their cities were changing, and this led to a rise and fall which was said

not only happened on earth but in the heavens because it had to do with peoples gods. The way they fixed this was by fighting regain the city-states’ old ways with military enforcement.

37- Confu- Guillermo

38- Dao- Steve Carona: DAOISM       The Chinese started practicing Daoism around 500 B.C.E onward.       Daoism, founded by the legendary Chinese philosopher Lau-tzu, is defined as the way of nature and cosmos.       It is based on the elusive concept regarding an eternal principle governing all the workings of the world.       Dao passive and yielding accomplishes everything yet does nothing.       Doctrine of “wuwei” states to disengage from worldly affairs, live simple life of harmony.       Daoist priest practiced magic intended to influence the spirits.       Formed small self-sufficient communities and served as a counter balance to Confucians activism.       Daoism promoted scientific discoveries, and had great astronomers and chemist.       Coexisted with Confucianism, Buddhism, and Legalism in China.       Added uniqueness to China

39- CC conf/dao- Lorena H: Contrast Daoism and Confucianism Confucianism

Concerned with creating an orderly society Encourages active relationships Very active Government as a fundamentally good force in the world to guide them in their relationships

Daoism Concerned with helping people live in harmony with nature and internal peace Encourages simple, passive existence, little government interference to guide them in their private meditations

40- legalism- Isaac V: Chinese were the most notable practitioners of legalism.Legalism developed at the same time as Confucianism and Daoism.

It maintained that peace and order where achievable only through a centralized, tightly governed state.

   It made people to believe to obey through harsh punishment, strong central government, and unquestioned authority

  It focused on practical or that sustained society.

The ligalists believed that two of the most worthy professions were farming and the military.

By adopting legalism, the Quin  Dynasty were able to accomplish the unification of China swiftly and build the Great Wall.Legalism also caused widespread resentment among the common people.Legalism inadvertently led to wider acceptance of Confucianism and Dioism.  

41- cc leg/conf- Cristian D

42- hindu-Jamiesha: Hinduism-Nuts and Bolts

Hinduism began in India with Aryan invaders They believe in Brahma- the creator who is in all things. Their goal is to merge with Brahma. If you behave good and follow “dharma” (the rules and regulations of the caste you’re born to) you will be closer to

Brahma. This cycle of life, death and rebirth continues until you become “moksha” which is the highest and the release of the

soul. Vedas and the Upanishads are prayers, verses and descriptions of the origins of the universe, their guide.

Broader Impact Hinduism has a caste system which you are born into. If you don’t like your caste, you’re not following dharma and

will have an even worse time in the next life. They thought if they follow their caste system and tenets of Hinduism, they would live better at death. Modern Hindus are beginning to rebel against the structures of the caste system. They are still a powerful force. Hindus also believe they can be reincarnated as animals in the next life. Hindus spawned another religion-Buddhism.

43- budd- Patsy Chew: Buddhism was founded by a young Hindu prince named Siddhartha Gautama.

Buddhism follows the four noble truths which are All life is suffering Suffering is caused by desire One can be freed of this desire One is freed by the following what’s called the Eightfold Path

The Eightfold Paths consist of Right aspirations Right speech Right conduct Right livelihood Right endeavor Right mindfulness Right meditation

If you follow the Eightfold Paths you will move toward nirvana (the state of perfect peace and harmony)The goal of Buddhism is to reach nirvana.

Buddhism split into two large movements the Theravada and Mahayana .

Theravada Buddhism focuses on meditation, simplicity and the interpretation of nirvana.

In the Theravada Buddha himself is not consider a god.

Mahayana Buddhism is more complicated it involves greater ritual than Buddha specified.

In Mahayana Buddhism himself became god a godlike deity.

Buddhism appealed strongly to members of lower rank.

44- Judaism- Antonio Ware: Judaism         Judaism was the first major monotheistic faiths         They follow the Laws of Moses         Judaism is a religious practice as well as a societal custom         People that practice Judaism are Jews         Judaism spawned two other major monotheistic religions; Christianity and Islam         Judaism isn’t just mainly about religion; it’s made up of traditions, philosophy, and personal salvations.

45- cc: hcj- Aimee P

46- xian- Daniel Aragon

47- tech- I Gallegos: • Farming tools,metallurgy, and the ability to manipulate the environment has hunters and gathers to make settlements • copper was the first metal used to make tools and other metallurgical techniques developed for this.• farming technology was later used as weapon technology•the stirrup, a development in warfare, was made in Eurasia steppe and spread to chinese in the 3rd century • the first public project was an irrigation system because as the cities grew they began needing a steady water supply• they built large structures to assert the authority of leaders • heavy goods were olive oil and spices and silk, cotton, and wool considered small luxurious • they made calendars that were close to accurate but only the maya had a 365 day calendar • both maya and gupta invited the concept of 0• chinese built the great wall and terra cotta army of the qin.• daoist scholars of the han dynasty develpoed windmills and wheelbarrows, worked on gunpowder, figured out how to distill alcohol and produced paper

48- ccot women- Lesley Dixon

49- Ch1 summary- Kiera Reed: VII. Pulling It All Together

1. Civilizations    a) the types of developments for most civilizations were agriculture, written language, and the use of metals all contributed to the growth of early civilizations

    b) civilizations grow when people are less concerned with where their next meal is coming from

    c) dominant civilizations begin to fall apart when they get too big, their own people get restless and when foreign threats gain confidence and power

2. Sources of Change    a) the two main methods were through trade and conquest

    b) two important inventions and innovations were the use of the wheel and the use of iron

    c) whatever one person invented they spread to others

3. Humans Versus Nature    a) the digging of canals and irrigation ditches, stone-cutting, plowing, and metal-working are  a few examples of how civilizations changed their surroundings to fit their own purpose

    b) the development of calendars and sundials were important the human quest to predict and control nature for its own purpose

    c) as major belief systems developed the civilizations became less interested in pleasing the gods and more interested in self peace

50- islam- Ariel Hart51- islam emp- Jonee

52- islam golden- Stephanie Romero

53- islam women- Alexis Casanova: Women and Islam: For Better For Worse-In Arabia, women originally didnt have property rights nor inheritance rights. The widespread caused low status for women.-This caused baby girls being born to be less valuable then baby boys.-The Qu'ran the scared book of Islam, established between 651 and 652 changed this alot; the women were treated with more dignity.-The islamic soceity was still a mans world.-Legally women were treated equally.-Over time, Islams society became more structered and more patriarchal.

54- islam decline- Briana Luera: Decline of the Islamic Caliphates: Internal Rivalries and Mongol Invassions-The Islamic empire regularly endured internal struggles and civil war, it raise diffrences between the Sunni and Shia sects, also causing ethnic differences between diverse groups [Muslim world]-They destabilized the central authority at Baghdad and cut tax revenues-Mamluks revolted and established a new capital at samarra in central Iraq-The Abbasids had foes: Persians, Europeans, and Byzantine -The Mongols overran the Islamic Empire and destroyed Baghdad in 1258 [ended the Abbasid Dynasty]-Their people would flee to Egypt and remain powerless-Ottoman Turks would reunite Egypt, Syria, and Arabia In a new Islamic state [til 1918]

55- change- Jorge Sanchez

56- Byzantine- Khristopher Bradford: The Byzantine Empire provided us with a few distinct things. Orthodox Christianity The Justinian Code(a codification of Roman law) and Their major buildings such as the Hagia Sophia.

The byzantine Empire was also more like eastern europe

57- cc cath/orth- Rayneisha Freeman: Contrast Them: Religion and State in Roman Catholicism and Christian Orthodoxy

East Russian Churches, conducted their own language Christian practices in the Orthodox Church East was more of a secular empire with an official Church religion Political emperors were in control of politics and the Church The Church practice was localize, but not political authority

West Centralized power in the Church, decentralized political power Existing political leadership was blessed by the Church Hence often under the control of the Church, only in the early centuries of the Middle Ages West was more of a religious empire with subservient political units.

58- Russia- ben ottosen59- Charlemagne- Ashley Cazarez

60- Vikings- Rachelle Koumadu: •Vikings were from Scandinavia.•Magyars were from Hungary.•Vikings were the most successful raiders.•Vikings had a bad reputation for raiding the Roman Catholic monasteries(place were monks live)•Monasteries held much wealth and food.•Vikings were also merchants and fisherman, and also came up with some of the earliest commercial fisheries in north Europe.•Things like that ^ along with raids let to the settlements as diverse as Newfoundland, Canada (around 1000 c.e.) inland Russia , and northern France.•The Vikings, even raided Constantinople at least 3 times.•In France , the Vikings were known as Normans(north-men)•The most famous Viking is William, who conquered Anglo-Saxon England in 1066•Vikings converted to Christianity.•Roman Catholicism became institutionalized at every level of life.•By the middle of the Middle Ages, the Cargolic Church had become the mode powerful institution in western Europe and one of the most powerful institutions in the world.

61- feudalism- Hannah P

62- cc ancient middle- Jasmine Rodriguez:

-agricultural surpluses enabled early civilizations to build cities which made it possible to form complicated institutions to promote arts and science.

-as more people started socializing and built-up storehouses,towns and cities began to grow,and the Middle Ages came to an end.

63- cc EU/isl- Ana Soto: Contrast Them: Feudal Europe and the Islamic Empire 

-Abbasid Dynasty , flowerd in the Islamic world at the same time that feudalism was takeing root in western Europe -Islamic merchants were trading with the world while European Lords were governing their manor -Baghdad became a center of learning and art in Islamic Empire while small secluded monasteries became centers of of learning in the Holy roman empire.-Early Middle Ages educated Europeans became very provincial , while educated Arabs became more worldly 

64- trade/crusade- Enmanuelle

65- plague- Jasmine Pulido: The Bubonic Plague•Black Death Originated In China.•Killed An Estimated Of 35 Million People.•Mongols Controled Center Of Asian Silk Route.•1330s, Epidemic Spread With Traders And Merchants, Arrived At Italy 1347.•Within 50 Years, A Third Of Europe Was Dead.•Dramatic Changes Sped Up Social &Economic Movement, That Already Impacted Europe.•Comercial Economy, More Individual Freedoms, Development Of New Industries.66- power- Jasmine Leos: The Emergence of Nation-States: Power Solidifies

During the Middle Ages , western Europe wasn't organized into countries (nation-states); rather it was broken up into kingdoms.

By the end of the Middle Ages, western Europe began to organize along cultural and language. For example: people who spoke French aligned themselves with France.

Interregnum- a time between kings The various parts of Europe took different paths to achieve statehood during the thirteen century. Joan of Arc had a significant impact on the Hundred Years' War (1337-1453) between England and France.  After the Hundred Years' War, royal power in France became more centralized. Under a series of monarchs known as bourbons, France was unified and became a major power on the European continent.  Power in the Spanish-speaking region of Europe had been divided for two reasons: first,Castille (present-day central spain)

was one of three independent Spanish kingdoms, and therefore no single ruler controlled due to the lasting influences of the Muslim conquest of the Iberian Penunsula during the Middle Ages.

Non-Christianss (predominantly Muslim and Jewish people) were forced to convert to Christianity or leave the Country, that marked the beginning of the Spanish Inquisition.

67- urbanization- Laura Delgado : Focus On: Urbanization In the cities, trade was being conducted.  Trade was very important because it helped urban culture grow which then made urban centers grow on trade routes.  With trade, the cities would showcase the rich and rulers who controlled and got help from the trade.  The Muslim world and China were the most populous cities- cities involving the network of the Silk Routes were Baghdad,

Merv, and Chang' an.  The cities not only were part in their economic roles, but also became involved with political and cultural centers for the new

trade centers.  In 1400, Constantinople was the only European city and part of the eastern world.  After 1400, European cities began to grow together with Paris and Italian city-states becoming as new trading powers. 

68- Russia- tre franklin

69- china- Jetziry Rivera: The three powerful Chinese dynasties during this period, T'ang (618-907 C.E.), Song (960-1279 C.E.), and Ming (1368-1644

C.E.) developed Golden Ages with unique characteristics.  T'ang and Song are grouped together while the Ming came to power after a brief period of domination by Mongol invaders.  China had an enormous impact on cultural and political developments. The T'ang Dynasty ruled China beginning in 618 C.E. Under Emperor Xuanzong, the T'ang expanded Chinese territory into

parts of Manchuria, Mongolia, Tibet, and Korea.  China was reunified under the Song Dynasty and Emperor Taizu. The Mongols were driven from China, and in 1368 the Ming Dynasty restored traditional Chinese rule to the empire. From the 7th to the 13th centuries, the T'ang and then the Song Dynasties in China were accomplished in virtually every

category of human endeavor-art, architecture, science, philosophy, porcelain-making, silk-weaving, construction of transportation systems, and more.

Poetry made T'ang Dynasty truly unique.

Under the Song Dynasty, China developed printing processes, which facilitated the spread of it's literary accomplishments throughout Asia, and later influenced the development of literature in Korea and Japan. 

The T'ang and Song also built an extensive transportation and communication network, including canals. T'ang power was based on military garrisons along the central Asian trade and their capital at Chang'an, the eastern terminus

of the Silk Road and the largest city in the world at this time. T'ang tribute system, through which independent countries including Vietnam, Korea, Tibet, and various central Asian tribes,

acknowledged the supremacy of the Chinese emperor and sent ambassadors to the city with gifts.   Indirect rule vassal states spread Chinese influence far and wide and brought religion, among other things, into China.  The Song Dynasty, under pressure from northern nomads, withdrew to the south and established a capital city at Hangzhou,

the southern end of the Grand Canal, they concentrated on developing an industrial society, building on many of the ideas of the previous dynasty. 

Moveable type resulted in an increase in literacy and bureaucrats among the lower classes, Printed books also spread agricultural and technological knowlege, leading to an increase in productivity and population growth.  

Song technology also included the production of steel, using water-wheel driven bellows to produce the needed temperatures. 

The introduction of Champa rice from Vietnam, as fast-ripening rice, linked with new agricultural techniques, increased food supplies. 

70- civil service- Atira hinton71- Chinese women- Shammorro P72- japan- Gilbert P

73- cc china japan- Robert M: China influenced Japan

The aristocracy of Japan remained strong

Even though there was a wide spread of Confucianism and Chan Buddhism, the Japanese still observed the rites of their indigenous religion, Shinto

Even though China influenced Japan, the distinctive traditions of Japan were maintained

74- japan- Maria Acosta: In 794 the capital was moved to Heian Most powerful family was the Fujiwara Under the Fujiwara they experienced somewhat of a golden age(literature) Noblewomen particularly prolific* especially when compared to women of other cultures Japanese women lost any freedom they had during the Fujiwara period and were forced to live harsher, more demeaning

lives. Feudalism in Japan developed to around the same time as feudalism in western Europe In 1192, Yoritomo Minamoto was given the tittle of chief general by the emperor Chief general also means shogun Below the shogun was the daimyo, owners of large tacts of land Daimyo were powerful samurai, which were like knights(part warrior, part nobility) Samurai followed a strict code of conduct known as the Code of Bushido(very similar to the code of chivalry in Europe) Code stressed loyalty,courage and honor If samurai failed to meet his obligations under the code,he was expected to commit suicide

75- cc japan EU- Richie Cedillo: FEUDALISM                                                                                                            European & Japanese  

                  DIFFERENT                                                                                                                     1. Terms of treatment of women.2. Legal arrangement.

                   SIMILAR1. Terms of political structure2. Social structure3. Honor code

                       In Europe, the feudal contract was just that, a contract. It was an arrangement of obligations enforced in law. In Japan, on the other hand, the feudal arrangement was based solely on group identity and loyalty. In both cases, the feudal arrangement was

based on culture, and so the feudal system stayed around for a very long time.

76- VN korea- Marianna D: Vietnam and Korea

- In the days of the Chinese, dynastic leaders wanted to expand their way of trade and force.

- During that time, Korea had an independent dynasty, but to stay friendly with their neighbor, China, Korea had to become a slave state to the Chinese T'ang dynasty.

- Some of the Chinese traditions like give-gifting and exchanges to the imperial court.

- In the royal classes, the Koreans avoided the development of a government that was practically based on worthiness.

- China brought Buddhism and Confucianism over to Korea.

- Unlike Korea, the Vietnamese in Southeast Asia was not interested in developing a relationship with China and Korea.

- And they confronted the T'ang armies also.

- Eventually, a relationship developed and Confucianism got accepted.

- Although, all that stuff happened, the Vietnamese kept their original traditions and attempt to rise against the T'ang. 

- After that specific dynasty fell, the Vietnamese stayed independent and faced other Chinese expansions.

77- India- Orlando H: In the tenth century, another major religion made its way to the Indus Valley: Islam. After defeating the disorganized Hindus, the Islamic set up shop Delhi under their leader, the Sultan. Hence, this kingdom is referred to as the Delhi Sultanate. For over two hundred years in about 1206, Islam spread throughout much of northern India. The Sultans were highly offended by Hinduism’s polytheistic ways and did their best to convert them. Like non-Muslims under the Umayyads in Arabia, non-Muslims under the sultans in India had to pay a tax. The Sultans were capable of religiously motivated destruction. Hindu temples were sometimes destroyed, and violence erupted in communities at times. Their are differences between the Islamic and Hindu cultures. An amazing amount of progress occurred in India under the sultans and Colleges were founded. Mosques were built, often with the help of Hindu architects and artists. Many Hindus in northern India converted. A considerable number of Hindus in northern India converted to Islam while the vast majority of Hindus in southern

India held on to their traditions.

78- cc hindu islam- Mya Samuel: Hinduism is polytheistic Islam is monotheistic Hinduism, cows are sacred Islam, cows are food They are strange mixes Hinduism upholds the caste system Islam believes all people are equal under God Islam sees itself as tolerant of other beliefs

79- Mongols- Traci 80- cc Mongols others- Tifanny81- Mongols- Sharinna Byrd

82- Africa- Freddy Madrano: Developments in Africa Most significant early civilizations in Africa were Egypt and Carthage, in North Africa There were also other civilizations as well, named the Kush and the Axum The Kush and Axum civilizations developed relatively south of Egypt

Kush The Kush developed around the same time as Egypt and around 750 B.C.E. actually conquered Egypt The Kush returned to their capital, Meroe, which later became a center for iron works and trade Eventually, they declined in 200 C.E.

Axum Around 200 C.E., another empire rose to greatness, the Axum Although they never conquered, they grew powerful through trade

In the 4th century they converted to Christianity and in the 7th century to IslamSwahili Coast

An area known as the Swahili Coast (East African Coast) was known for being a port and trade center in Africa with the rest of the world

The Swahili Coast was linked to India through the Indian Ocean trade network By the 15th century what was a dirt land was now stone mosques, public buildings, and fortified cities To make political and economic relationships easier, elites and merchants converted to Islam, but maintained many old

traditions   

83- WAfrica- Mason K84- Africa art- Rajanea: Oral Literature was an important part of life in most African communities..History was passed from one generation to the next through storytelling.The stories were told the same way each time for many generations..Early African cultures are also known for mastering  bronze pottery sculpting techniques..They made clay molds around a melted wax carving..They filled the mold with melted bronze..After breaking the clay mold,the most creative and gorgeous early bronze work was revealed.

85- Americas- Margaret Thomas: Development of the Americas # 85 

3 great civilizations developed before the Europeans came Maya civilization began around the time of major classical civilizations Incas and Aztecs were conquered by Europeans after 1450

Mayan Decline Maya were organized in city-states ruled by one king largely agricultural peasant population was bound by loyalty and religion occupied poorly drained lowlands in Central America adapted by building terrances to trap silt drained by rivers cities has 10,000-40,000 people engaged in trade as far as Central Mexico cities were in odds with one another war was about capturing slaves or sacrificing victims Maya cities were starting to be abandoned in 800 C.E environmental degradation and overuse of land, political dissension and social unrest, natural disaster, and outside invaders

are theories of cause of declineAztecs: Trade and Sacrifice 

also known as the Mexica arrived in Central Mexico in the mid 1200s built capital at Tenochtitlan (modern-day Mexico City) Aztec is known for expansionist policy and army dominate nearby states and demand heavy taxes and captives warriors were elite in social structure majority of people were peasants ans slaves Aztecs built an empire of 12 million people through conquest and alliance didn't have bureaucratic form of government conquered area could govern themselves as long as they paid tribute demanded of them roads were built to link far- flung areas of empire and trade flourished Aztec women had subordinate roles but could inherit property but also involved in skilled crafts and, to some extent,

commerce Aztec religion was tied to the military because one purpose of military was to obtain victims for hunam sacrfices tens of thousands of people were killed annually many would be sacraficed for an important religious events

86- cc Aztec roman- Cristobal M: 1. Both Aztecs and Romans built roads as a way to keep their empires connected.

2. Both Aztecs and Romans allowed the people they conquered to govern themselves as long as they payTaxes or give tributes (Aztecs and Romans :: conquered people as Landlords :: Tenants)

3. Both Empires "borrowed" ideas that benefited them from the people they conquered

87- incas- Rocio Flores: The Incas: My Land is Your Land·         Inca Empire se in the Andes Mountains in Peru, controlled more than 2,000 miles of South America coastline and had a professional army

·         Like the Maya and Aztecs they didn’t have large animals, prime source was human labor, population was mostly peasants·         Their women helped in the working fields, wave cloth and take care of the house they could pass their stuff to the daughters and played a role in religion·         Were polytheistic, sun god was most important to them they practiced human sacrifice like the Aztecs·         Like Egyptian the rulers were mummified also their ruler owned everything on Earth·         Their skills were like the ruins of the Temple of the Sun and the temples of Machu Picchu·         Never had a writing system, recorded data on quipu, a set of knotted strings

88- interaction/trade- K-Mart: "Interactions Among Cultures"- A list of ways civilizations or groups of people interacted from 600 to 1450C.E.

-Trade has always been big historically speaking. If you have everything you need and want you may live in isolation.If someone across the road has something you may need or want you may trade to get it.-600 to 1450C.E. trade exploded onto the world scene.

Tradings- The Mediterraneans traded between western Europe ,The Byzantine Empire, and the Islamic Empire-The Hanseatic League-The Silk Road-The land routes of the Mongols-Between China and Japan-Between India and Persia -Trans Sahara trade routes between western Africa and the Islamic empireTrade was not only aided by better roads,but also by monetary systems,lines of credit, and accounting methods that helped business boom.Record keeping and money management is key.

Spread of the Black Deaths (1333-1349C.E.)-The trade routes are important because the impact on business and because of cultural diffusion.thing that spread through culture  diffusion like Art,Religion,Language,Literature, and the worst was that diseases like the Bubonic plague also known as The Black Deaths also spread like this through trade routes. The Bubonic plague started in Asia in the 14th century,was carried all the way to Europe the the trade routes.The Bubonic plague killed up to entire community's in western Europe.

89- ION- Anthony Ortiz: Indian Ocean Trade Route The Persians and the Arabs dominated the Indian Ocean Trade. The trade routes connected ports in Western India to those in the Persian Gulf. Boats used in the Indian Ocean were more resilient to those found in the waters of the Persian Gulf. Indian Ocean trade Routes were safer than Mediterranean routes – warfare was common in Mediterranean waters. Cultures intermixed rapidly forming bilingual and bicultural families.

Silk Road During the reign of the Mongols (1200 C.E. – 1600 C.E.) the Silk Road was used heavily. The Silk Road Carried Porcelain Paper Silk Military technology Food Religions like Buddhism, Islam, and Christianity

Hanseatic LeagueHanseatic League - Collection of city-states in the Baltic and North Sea regions of Europe in 1241 created to:1. Establish trade Practices 2. Fight Off Piracy3. Establish trade monopoly from the rest of the world

More than 100 cities joined the Hanseatic League. It resulted in a substantial middle class in Northern Europe. It created a precedent for later European Trade systems.

90- global trade- Tayler: After 1200c.e. The world was interconnected. Europe traded with the Islamic world and Russia. Islamic world traded with Africa, India, and china. Imdia traded with china and eastern Africa. China traded with japan and southwest Europe. The global network is not controlled or laid our by one entity. Almost all major civilizations were a part of the global network besides the americas. It was like the Internet only in a geographic space instead of cyberspace.

91- culture clash- Ben B

92- crusade jihad- Julian G: -Islamic Empire has expanded-The Moors conquered much of Spain-Christians feel threatened by the expansion of the Muslims-1096c.e Pope Urban started the First crusade in response to the Seljuk Turks, who took control of the Holy Lands-Pope wanted Jerusalem(the most important city to Christianity)-Hoped that these actions would reunite the Roman Catholic Church with the Eastern Orthodox Church in Constantinople-The Crusaders took control of Jerusalem and Anitoch, but they fell back into the hands of the Arabs-1204c.e a total of 4 crusades have failed-The two churches separated further with each failed attempt-In the Fourth Crusade, the Catholic Church sacked Constantinople and established a short-lived Latin Empire-Most of the religion remained in the hands of the Muslim Arabs-The Crusades led to centuries of mistrust and intolerance between the two religions-Crusades were not only motivated by religious beliefs and purposes, there Iwere economic and political incentives as well-In the early Crusades, they were fought mostly for religious reasons-The Crusades were fought for religion and the Crisades were very very bloody-the Islamic Crusades were also very bloody ( these were different Crusades)-Even if the Crusades were failures, they still had a major impact on the world.

93- moving- Manuel Gonzales

94- tech- Kirby Johnson: Many of these inventions were made from societies like China & India and remade by the Islamic world. By 1450 a lot of the new ideas made their way back up to Europe. Here are some of the inventions:                    Islamic WorldPaper mills (from China)UniversitiesAstrolabe and sextantAlgebra (from Greece)Chess (from India)Modern soap formulaGuns and cannons (from China)Mechanical pendulum clockDistilled alcoholSurgical instruments (syringe etc.)                        ChinaGunpowder cannonsMoveable typePaper currencyPorcelainTerrace farmingWater-powered millsCotton sailsWater clockMagnetic compassState-run factories

95- ccot women- Deasha Strong: The spread of Islam, the openness of Christianity and Buddhism, the development of new empires based on wealth and acquisitions of property, and the revitalization of neo-confusionism impacted the status of woman around the world . Restrictions on woman's freedom depended on which cast system they belong to. Woman would over come the status of her gender and assume leadership roles if there was no male heir or if the male heir was very young. It could be seen in the increasing bailing of woman in the Islamic world, the custom of foot binding  in the neo-Confucian china, and the young age of marriage in south Asia. When sedentary life styles developed, woman had a great deal of freedom and societies were often matrilineal and matriachal.changes in the status and role of woman included access to more education as societies continued to prosper and interact. This is true of the Confucian cultures of china and Japan, where woman were highly literate and expected to understand proper virtue and their role in the house hold. But overall even when educated and wealthy,and most woman had far less power than their male counterparts and were subjects to any number of cultural and legal restrictions.

96- summary- Citlaly R: - There's no question that the issue of centralization verses noncentralization seems to have an impact on a civilization. look at what it meant for Europe, or for Japan, or China, or India. But beyond the issues of interaction,centralization, and the growth of religion, there's also something else you should be thinking about: how  to organize the world in your head. 

- In modern times, we have clear boundaries between countries. but in addition to using those political boundaries, we talk of cultural regions all the time. We'll say things like "the West", or "the East". That's fine, but where's the dividing line? Is modern-day Russia part of the East or the West? What about Saudi Arabia? What about Japan? -We bring all this up because this kind of stuff is a bid deal for the AP test writers. Sometimes it's easier to think about and write about history in terms of cultural areas, rather than political boundaries.  - You might want to think of the world in terms of major cultural divisions. Religions help. You can think of developments in the christian sphere, the Islamic sphere, the Hindu sphere, and the Buddhist sphere.- Development in terms of expanding empires and feudal systems. Or even more generally, think of the world in terms of cultures that interacted and those that didn't. - However you choose to think about the world in terms of cultural areas or structural similarities, the important thing is that you try to analyze the history. -The more you think about how these cultures can be organized, the more familiar you'll be with world history.  Vocab/Key Terms: Alicia Yanez, Damien S: Agriculture -the science or practice of farmingAgrarian-of the landBands/Clans-group of related familiesBarbarian-savage or uncivilized personBureaucracy-Government of hierarchy of officialsCivilization-the culture of a people or periodCity-States-sovereign state consisting of an autonomous city with its dependecyClassical-traditional Domestication-to train to live with humansEconomy-the management of resources on a landYesmi Cime: Monarchy -head of state is determined by marital or heredity and its not bound with a constitutionMonotheism- believe I'm only one godNomadic-you move around Pastoralist- you move along with your animalsNeolithic- eat where animals and plants where being domesticated.Paleolithic- earlier stone age. Stone tools were being madePolytheism- when you believe I'm more than one God.Philosophy- study of truths, principles of being and knowledgeRiver Valley- first civilization that developedSarahi: 1. Submissive- To be ready to submit2. Theocracy- A form of Government in which God is the supreme ruler in other words it is god ruled.3. Trans-Continental- To pass or go over a continent.4. Tribute Systems- People were forced to pay taxes in form of goods and labor.5. Urbanization- The growth of cities as a result from migration of people from other places.6. Vassals- People who gave loyalty and homage to a feudal lord and received the right to occupy the lord’s land and be protected by him.

Teresa Soto: Sedentary- abiding in one place; not migratory Settlement- a state of stability or permanence Subsistence- means of supporting life; a living or livelihood. Surplus- agricultural produce or a quantity of food grown by a nation or area in excess of its needs, especially such a

quantity of food purchased and stored by a governmental program of guaranteeing farmers a specific price for certain crops. Sustenance- means of sustaining life; nourishment. Theocracy- a form of government in which God or a deity is recognized as the supreme civil ruler, the God's or deity's laws

being interpreted by the ecclesiastical authorities. Traditional- the handing down of statements, beliefs, legends, customs, information, etc., from generation to generation,

especially by word of mouth or by practice Urbanization- taking on the characteristics of a city Vassals- a person granted the use of land, in return for rendering homage, fealty, and usually military service or its equivalent

to a lord or other superior; feudal tenant.

Blake perez: Egalitarian- Advocating full political and social equality for all people.

Emperor- [To command] the supreme ruler of an empire.

Empire-A group of states or territories under one ruler.

Feudalism- The economic and social system in medieval Europe, in which land, worked by serfs, was held by vassals in exchange for military and other services to overlords.

Foraging- To search for food.

Hierarchy- Church government by clergy in graded ranks.

Hierarchical- A group of persons or things arranged in order of rank, grade.

Hunter-Gather- To chill or catch (game) for food or sport.

Irrigation- To supply (land) with water as by means of artificial ditches.

Kat Salgado: Interaction: The interaction between Kush and Egypt was one that was outstanding, in the way that Kush rose and prospered about the same time as Egypt did, Though, Kush ended up conquering it around 750 B.C.E. This is an example of interaction.

Inquisition: acapitalized: a former Roman Catholic tribunal for the discovery and punishment of heresy Interrogation: is commonly employed by officers, militaru and intellegence agencies with the goal of extracting information

or obtaining vital information. Islam: Is the monotheistic religion articulated by the Qur'an. An example of Muhammad, considered by them to be the last

prophet of God. An adherent of Islam is called a Muslim. Literate: has traditionlly been described as the ability to read for knowledge, write coherently and think about the written

word. But literacy can be the ability to understand all forms of communication. Matriarch: in a society in which females, especially mothers have the roles of political leadership and moral authority.

Sometimes referred to as a gynocratic society Matrilineal: inheriting or determining descent through the female line.

(T Jiles) Patriarch a person regarded as the father or founder of an order,class, etc any of the three great progenitors of the Israelites:Abraham, Isaac, or Jacob

Patriarchal of or pertaining to a patriarch,  the male head of a family,tribe, community, church, order

Persecution a program or campaign to exterminate, drive away, orsubjugate a people because of their religion, race, or beliefs

Pilgrims one of the band of Puritans whofounded the colony of Plymouth, Mass., in 1620. a person who journeys, especially a long distance, to somesacred place as an act of religious devotion

Pilgrimage a journey, especially a long one, made to some sacred placeas an act of religious devotion

Primogeniture the state or fact of being the firstborn of children of the same parents

Roman Catholic of or pertaining to the Roman Catholic Church a religion

Schism a formal division within, or separation from, a church or religious body over some doctrinal difference

Secluded withdrawn from or involving little human or social activity

Serfs a person in a condition of servitude, required to renderservices to a lord, commonly attached to the lord's land andtransferred 

with it from one owner to another a slave

(Sam L) 1. Aristocracy-a government or state ruled by an aristocracy, elite or upper class2. Bureaucracy- government by many bureaus, administrators and petty officials3. Caliph- any of the former muslim rulers of Baghdad until 1258 and of the Ottoman Empire from 1571 until 1924 (claming succession from Muhammad).4. Chivalry- the Medieval system or institution of Knighthood (a group of knights).5. City-state- a sovereign state consisting of an autonomous city with its dependencies.6. Credit- the ascription or acknowledgment of something as due7. Cultural Diffusion- the transmission of elements or features of one culture to another8. Decentralized- to distribute the administrative powers or functions of a central authority over a less concentrated area9. Dowry- the money, goods, or estate that a wife brings to her husband at marriage