World History

Chapter 16

European Exploration and Expansion

Getting spices, jewels, and silk from Asia to Europe would make one rich, so a search for a shorter route ensued

Few people knew about North and South America

Instruments in helping navigation: Compass and astrolabe (used geometry and astronomy to tell ships latitude)

Ship building improved

Began joint stock companies to combine businesses

Led to mercantilism (economic theory that stated there is a fixed amount of wealth in the world)

Led to colonies being (over) taxed

Early Expansion

Not liked

Uneducated

Father in law: King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella paid for his voyage to “India”

Instead, he landed in San Salvador; he thought he was in India so he called the natives, Indians

Christopher Columbus

Explorers who sailed for Portugal and Spain:1. Bartolomeu Dias sailed to Cape of Good Hope2. Vasco da Gama sailed around the Cape of Good

Hope to India (and brought back riches)3. Vasco Nunez de Balboa crossed Panama and

claimed it for Spain4. Ferdinand Magellan sailed around the tip of

South America (started with 5 ships and only 1 made it back); Magellan was killed by natives; marks the first time anyone sailed around the world

Portugal began capturing Africans and selling them as slaves from the Congo

Portugal

Bartolomeu Dias

Vasco da Gama

And one of his maps

Created a colonial empire in North, South, and Central America

Explorers from Spain:

1)Ponce de Leon – explored Florida and claimed for Spain

2)Hernando Cortes – captured Tenochtitlan and killed Montezuma (an Aztec ruler); also brought disease to the Aztecs

3)Francisco Pizarro – captured the Incan empire in Peru; Incan population went from 10 mill to 1.5 mill in only 100 years

Spain

Hernando Cortes

Francisco Pizarro

END OF CHAPTER 16!!

World History

Chapter 19

European Monarchs

Charles V became king in 1516

In 1556 divided his territory

Charles’ son Phillip II got Spain; Phillip II was a devout Catholic and spent lots of money fighting heresy

Charles’ brother (Ferdinand) became the Holy Roman Emperor

Spain’s economy was based on gold and silver from its colonies

Once the resources dried up, so did the empire

Also, attacks on Spanish ships led to more losses and eventually led to the end of Spanish empire

Spain

Charles V

Phillip II

Once Spain declined, the French emerged as a great power

Led by King Henry IV

1. Issued the Edict of Nantes – guaranteeing freedom worship and political rights

2. Appointed Duke of Sully – in charge of finances who got rid of corruption

Henry IV was killed and Louis XIII became king at age 16

Appointed Cardinal Richelieu who destroyed the power of the nobles

He appointed governors to rule over the nobles (which led to the 30 years war)

France

Henry IV

Louis XIII

Series of wars

War between the Protestants and the German Catholics

Began when the HRE stopped a protestant rebellion in Bohemia and Protestant German princes and Danes went to war with him

France encouraged the war but did not join sides (to let them kill each other off)

Germany lost 1/3 of its population in the war to disease, famine, and battle

The Treaty of Westphalia was signed at the conclusion

From it, France received Alsace – a territory along the Rhine River (WWII)

30 Years War

Became independent in 1480 after 200 years of Mongol rule

Because of location, Russia was culturally different than the rest of Europe

Had more Asian influence

Eastern orthodox was main religion

Ivan the Terrible:Conquered great areas of land for RussiaLater in years became very cruelStruggle for power after his death

In 1613, the Romanov Dynasty takes controlLed by Michael RomanovLasts for 300 years till WWIEarly rebellions because of religious suppressionSerfdom established

Russia

Ivan the Terrible

Ivan’s actual throne

Peter the Great:Ruled from 1682 to 1725Had epilepsy, cruel, bad temperAttacked the Ottoman Turks for sea portsWon sea ports on the Baltic SeaModernized Russia – developed army and navyMoved the capital of Russia from Moscow to St.

PetersburgImproved trade, finance, industry, and governmentChanged nobility from being family to service to the

government

Next 4 czars: 3 murdered, 1 died of small pox

Catherine the Great continued Peter’s work (gained ports from Poland; gained Siberia, parts of China, and parts of Alaska)

Russia rose to great power because Peter the Great had good leadership, modernized the government and extended the nation’s borders

Russia continued…

Peter the Great

Catherine the Great

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