world small hydropower development report 2013pakistan is blessed with a hydropower potential of...
TRANSCRIPT
World Small HydropoWer development report 2013www.smallhydroworld.org
PAKISTAN
Published in 2013 by United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) and International Center on Small Hydro Power (ICSHP).
2013 © UNIDO and ICSHP
All rights reserved
This report was jointly produced by United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) and International Center on Small Hydro Power (ICSHP) to provide information about small hydropower. The document has been produced without formal United Nations editing. The designations employed and the presentations of the material in this document do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of UNIDO and ICSHP concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries, or its economic system or degree of development. Designations such as “developed”, “industrialized” and “developing” are intended for statistical convenience and do not necessarily express a judgement about the stage reached by a particular country or area in the development process: Mention of firm names or commercial products does not constitute an endorsement by UNIDO or its partners. The opinions, statistical data and estimates contained in the articles are the responsibility of the author(s) and should not necessarily be considered as reflecting the views or bearing the endorsement of UNIDO and its partners.
While every care has been taken to ensure that the content is useful and accurate, UNIDO and ICSHP and any contributing third parties shall have no legal liability or responsibility for the content or the accuracy of the information so provided, or for any loss or damage caused arising directly or indirectly in connection with reliance on the use of such information.
Copyright: Material in this publication may be freely quoted or reprinted, but acknowledgement is requested, together with a copy of the publication containing the quotation or reprint.
Recommended citation: Liu, H., Masera, D. and Esser, L., eds. (2013). World Small Hydropower Development Report 2013. United Nations Industrial Development Organization; International Center on Small Hydro Power. Available from www.smallhydroworld.org.
Disclaimer
3 Asia 3.3 South Asia
3.3.7 Pakistan Mariam Gul, NED University of Engineering and Technology, Pakistan; Ugranath Chakarvarty, International Center on Small Hydro Power
Key facts
Population 190,291,1291 Area 796,095 km2.1
Climate Mostly hot, dry desert; temperate in northwest; arctic in north1
Topography Flat Indus plain in east; Balochistan plateau in west; mountains in north and northwest (highest point: K2 /Mount Godwin‐Austen 8,611 m)1
Rain pattern
Mean annual rainfall varies from 0 mm in the desert areas of the country and up to 1,800 mm in the north2
Electricity sector overview The electrification access in Pakistan was 62.4 per cent in 2009, leaving more than 63.8 million inhabitants without access to electricity. Electricity consumption per capita is estimated at 465 kWh per year.3 Major energy resources in the country include natural gas, oil and hydropower (figure 1). The total electricity generation capacity in Pakistan is 23,412 MW (as of 2010).
Electricity generation in Pakistan is carried out by the public sector and independent power producers. The electricity market restructuring and liberalization processes have been difficult, resulting in unpaid bills and sub‐marginal electricity tariff. According to an Asian Development Bank (ADB) Pakistan suffers power shortages, estimated at over 4,200 MW during peak demand, leading to worsening brownouts and blackouts across the country, and necessitating power rationing.5
Pakistan is blessed with a hydropower potential of more than 40,000 MW. However, only 15 per cent of total hydropower potential has been harnessed so far. The total installed capacity of the hydropower stations in the country is about 6,595 MW, out of which 3,767
MW is in Khyber‐Pakhtunkhwa, 1,698 MW in Punjab, 1,036 MW in Azad Jammu and Kashmir and 93 MW in the Northern Areas. The hydropower sector in Pakistan is mainly owned and managed by Water and Power Development Authority (WAPDA) which is also the largest electric power producer in Pakistan owning more than 55 per cent of total electric power generation and serving 88 per cent of Pakistan’s electricity consumers.
65%
28%
3%
2%
1%
0% 20% 40% 60% 80%
Thermal
Hydro
Nuclear
Rentals
Others
Figure 1 Electricity generation in Pakistan Source: Private Power and Infrastructure Board4
WAPDA has however been working on its ambitious plan called National Water Resource and Hydropower Development Programme Vision 2025 with an objective to develop 16,000 MW of hydropower for providing cheap electricity to consumers along with preventing water shortages in future, compensate/adjust for predicted climate changes, protection of agriculture from drought and increasing reservoir capacities.6
Small hydropower sector overview and potential In Pakistan the small hydropower definition is up to 50 MW upper capacity limit. Table 1 below shows small hydropower resources by province.
Coincident with the precipitation pattern in Pakistan, hydropower has been harnessed in the northern part of the country and small hydropower resources are scarce in the southern part (Sindh and Balochistan provinces) due to its desert climate. The majority of these projects are public sector‐based. A further summary of micro hydropower plants in Pakistan can be seen in table 2 below.
Table 1 Small hydropower up to 50 MW in Pakistan
Operation Construction Province
Number of plants (n)
Installed capacity (MW)
Number of plants (n)
Installed capacity (MW)
Gilgit Baltistan 78 44.275 15 49.83 Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 8 125.800 7 115.68 Azad Jammu & Kashmir 8 38.800 11 25.47 Punjab 5 64.00 6 30.31 Total 99 272.875 39 221.29
1
Source: Farooq7
Table 2 Installed micro hydro plants up to 150 kW in Pakistan Region Plants installed
(Number) Installed capacity
(kW) Households
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and FATA 470 6 790.5 59 437 Gilgit Baltistan 22 401.5 4 010 Balochistan 3 80.0 800 Azad Jammu and Kashmir 43 592.0 3 915 Total 538 7 864.0 68 162
Source: Farooq7
Note: FATA – Federally administered tribal areas
Table 3 Small hydropower potential in Pakistan
Completed feasibility study Raw sites Province Capacity (MW)
Number (n)
Capacity (MW)
Number (n)
Capacity (MW)
Gilgit Baltistan 764 ‐ 71.50 136 814.15 Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 564 ‐ 143.00 78 426.41 Azad Jammu & Kashmir 337 9 78.10 24 177.00 Punjab 409 6 131.28 306 349.00 Sindh 191 5 69.05 3 48.55 Balochistan .. .. .. .. .. Total potential 2 665 20 492.93 547 1815.11
Northern Pakistan boasts about an estimated potential of 300 MW for micro hydropower projects.8 Aga Khan Rural Support Programme (AKRSP) has provided electricity to Gilgit Baltistan and Chitral, a district in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. In fact, 50 per cent of Chitral’s population receives electricity from over 180 micro hydropower plants now being managed by the local communities.9 The ADB has co‐financed the Malakand Rural Development Project in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province to build 76 micro hydropower schemes ranging 5‐50 kW of capacity in the Malakand division.10
According to WAPDA, Pakistan is endowed with a total small hydropower potential of 2,265 MW. Table 3 below shows its geographical division.
Balochistan is a mineral rich province boasting iron and hydrocarbon resources. There is no potential for small hydropower development due to unavailability of required head to generate electricity; however, the National Water Resources Development Programme has included eight sites for irrigation facility.
281 MW
2265 MW
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500
SHP potential (upto 50 MW)
SHP installedcapacity (up to 50
MW)
Figure 2 Small hydropower capacities in Pakistan Note: Data on installed capacity and potential for small hydropower up to 10 MW is not available.
The Pakistan Environmental Protection Act of 1997 mandates the provision of environmental assessment for approval of development projects, including small hydropower. An Environmental Impact Assessment is compulsory.11
Renewable energy Policy The Alternative Energy Development Board (AEDB) is the focal centre for preparing policy for promotion of alternative renewable energy in Pakistan. The policy takes four key aspects into consideration which include energy security, economic benefits, social equity and environmental protection as policy objectives with an evolutionary nature.12 In 2006, the Government of Pakistan approved Policy for Development of Renewable Energy for Power Generation (short phase/introduction of the first phase) prepared by AEDB which includes development of the following renewable resources: Small hydropower; Solar photovoltaic and thermal energy for power
generation;
Wind power generation.
The second phase of the policy introduced the ARE Policy 2011 and recognized three categories:13 Alternative fuels (biogas, bio‐fuel, hydrogen and
fuel from waste); Renewable energy (geothermal, small hydro,
marine, solar, wind, energy from waste); Fossil Fuel Hybrids Systems (at least 70 per cent
renewable sources)
2
The third phase or maturity phase for competitive growth would commence 2015 onwards.14 Moreover, the Government of Pakistan aims at achieving 15 per cent of its Total Primary Energy Supply (TPES) by renewable sources and to further increase its role to 20 per cent by 2020.15 Pakistan’s total and per head CO2 emissions remain well below developed countries and the main focus of ARE Policy 2011 is to reduce Pakistan’s dependence on imported fossil fuels.
Barriers to small hydropower development
Long gestation period; Small/micro hydropower schemes are generally
constructed in remote off‐grid areas with poorinfrastructure;
Lack of trained local staff for operation andmaintenance;
Restricted optimal usage due to off‐grid nature; Lower interest by private sector due to lacking
proper tariff structure; Difficult socio‐economic conditions and generally
weak implementation and coordination capacity.
References 1. Central Intelligence Agency (2012). The WorldFactbook. Available from www.cia.gov/library/publications/the‐world‐factbook/. 2. Pakistan Meteorological Department (n.d.). Meanannual rainfall. Available from www.pmd.gov.pk/cdpc/Pakistan_mean_rainfall.pdf. 3. Government of Pakistan, Private Power andInfrastructure Board, Ministry of Water and Power (n.d.). About Pakistan Available from www.ppib.gov.pk/N_about_pak.htm. 4. Government of Pakistan, Private Power andInfrastructure Board, Ministry of Water and Power (2011). Key Statistics about Pakistan’s Power Sector (FY 2010‐11). Available from www.ppib.gov.pk/N_key.html. 5. Asian Development Bank (2011). New PakistanHydro Plant to Ease Nationwide Power Shortages. 11 October 2011. Available from www.adb.org/news/new‐pakistan‐hydro‐plant‐ease‐nationwide‐power‐shortages. 6. Government of Pakistan, Ministry of Water andPower (2003). Pakistan’s Vision of Water Resources Management. Paper presented at Pakistan Development Forum, 14 May 2003. Available from http://siteresources.worldbank.org/PAKISTANEXTN/Resources/Pakistan‐Development‐Forum/water‐Mgmt.pdf. 7. Farooq H. M. (2011). Workshop on Mini/MicroHydropower Development: Prospects and Challenges in South Asian Countries, Water and Power Development Authority. 13 September 2011. 8. Alternative Energy Development Board (2005).Report: Power Sector situation in Pakistan. Prepared
by Alternative Energy Development Board in collaboration with German Agency for Technical Cooperation. Islamabad. September 2005. 9. Aga Khan Development Network. (n.d.)Development in Rural Areas, Rural Development in Pakistan. Available from www.akdn.org/rural_development/pakistan.asp. 10. Asian Development Bank Completion Report:Pakistan: Malakand Rural Development Project. 11. Environmental Impact Assessment. Available fromhttp://eia.unu.edu/index.html. 12. Government of Pakistan (2006). Report: Policy forDevelopment of Renewable Energy for Power Generation: Employing Small Hydro, Wind, and Solar Technologies. 13. Government of Pakistan (2011). Alternative andRenewable Energy Policy. Islamabad. 14. Alternative Energy Development Board officialwebsite (n.d.). Available from www.aedb.org/midtermpolicy.htm. Accessed December 2011. 15. Economist Intelligence Unit (2011). Pakistan:Energy Report, 14 October 2011, Economist Intelligence Unit, The Economist.
3
United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO)Wagramer Straße 2, 1220 ViennaAustria
International Center on Small Hydro Power (ICSHP)136 Nanshan Road, 310002 Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
www.smallhydroworld.org