World War I

“The Great War”--the war to end all wars--

1914-1918#22

All Quiet on the Western Front-US History Honors-

Erich Maria Remarque - Author Motion Pictures 1930/1977/NOW

Book – 1929

Banned & Burned in NAZI Germany

War Is HELL !!

German Soldier at Verdun

WW I – More people died in one battle than in our entire Civil War

Four Main Causes of WW I1) Nationalism – Strong feelings people have for

their own country

Americans feeling when watching Olympics:

Michael Phelps wins Gold

“Extreme Pride for your own country”

Europe was a small place

with many Developed

& Competing Countries

Aggressive Nationalism

2) Imperialism – The struggle or competition

for colonies around the world

3) International RivalriesThe nations of Europe wanted to weaken their rivals

and strengthen alliances

• Many countries in a small location

• Build Armies for Defense & Strength

• This leads to a great “Arms Race”

Example

1) Germany’s new navy challenged

Britain's long standing naval supremacy

2) Germany’s disciplined army scared its neighbors France & Russia

The Dreadnought Battleship-the most powerful war machine on earth

• Br. Started building & Gr. quickly followed

• Started the “Arms Race”

Militarism & Arms Race

1870 1880 1890 1900 1910 1914

94 130 154 268 289 398

1910-1914 Increase in Defense

Expenditures

France 10%

Britain 13%

Russia 39%

Germany 73%

Total Defense Expenditures for the Great Powers [Ger.,

A-H, It., Fr., Br., Rus.]

in millions

4) System of Alliances• Attempt by each country to gain security through

alliances

tried to find – “Balance of Power”

• Many Alliances were done in secrecy

- other countries didn’t know what side you were on

“entangling alliances”Two Main Alliances

1) Triple Entente – GB,FR,Russia (Allies)

2) Central Powers – GR, A-H,Otoman Empire

The Major Players: 1914-17

Nicholas II

[Rus]

George V [Br]

Pres. Poincare [Fr]

Allied Powers:

Franz Josef [A-H]

Wilhelm II [Ger]

Central Powers:

Enver Pasha

[O.E/Turkey]

Victor Emmanuel

II [It]

Pan-Slavism: The Balkans, 1914

The

“Powder Keg”

of Europe

Russia

A-H

Ottomans

All wanted

control

The “Spark”

That Starts

the

Great War

Archduke Franz Ferdinand & His

Family – Heir to throne in A-H

The Assassination/ Sarajevo

The Assassin: Gavrilo PrincipSerbian Nationalist

Wanted to free the

Slavic people in A-H

-Liberate the Balkans

Who’s To Blame?

Chain of Events Take Place

• A-H declares war on Serbia/ July 28, 1914

• Russia comes to the aid of Serbia

• Germany declares war on Russia & Fr.

• Britain stays neutral until Gr. Attacks Fr.

• Italy is drawn in by Allies – land from A-H

The USA - Neutral

German Women Factory Workers

European Countries Mobilize for War

French Women Factory Workers

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

France Germany Russia Britain

Mil

lio

ns

Soldiers Mobilized

New French Recruits

The Schlieffen Plan

GR. Attacks Fr. Through Belgium

Two Front War Developsin Europe

1) Eastern FrontGr. & A-H push deep into Russia - then slows

2) Western FrontGr. Attacks France through Belgium

1st Battle of the Marne

- Allies stop the Gr. Offensive just outside of Paris as the attack bogs down

Trench War – Stalemate (attack-retreat)

No Man’s Land / “Going Over the Top”

German trenches

Major Trench Battles in WWI

1) Battle of Verdun (Feb-July 1916)

A sacred place for the French

“Battle of Attrition”

1 million men – killed/wounded/missing

2) Battle of the Somme (July-Nov 1916)

started to take pressure off of Verdun

60,000 Br. Casualties in one day

1 million killed

Somme Battlefield MapVerdun is slightly south

The Somme – July, 1916

e 60,000 British soldiers killed in one day.

e Over 1,000,000 killed in 5 months.

Trench Warfare

“No Man’s Land”

Trench with French soldiers

German remains at Verdun

Dead French soldiers in the Argonne

The Western Front

The Central Powers end up Fighting a Two Front War

Europe in 1914

Fighting Took place in the

Colonies too - Africa

British Sikh

Mountain Gunners

Black Soldiers in the

German Schutztruppen

[German E. Africa]

T. E. Lawrence (of Arabia)

& the “Arab Revolt”, 1916-18

Sacrifices in War

Development of Pilates

• Joseph Pilates – Born in Germany

• Wanted to help injured soldiers regain confidence & control of their lives after suffering debilitating injuries on the Front

• This became the core strengthening workout used today

The Shell-Shattered Area of Chateau Wood, Flanders

Scene in the trenches

Looking out from the entrance of a A A ACaptured Pill-Box on the Shell

Ravaged Battlefield

Weapons of WarThe Great War saw destruction on the

field of battle like never before1) Old-Fashioned Strategies

2) New Technologies

German U-Boats

Allied Ships Sunk by U-Boats

Poison Gas Attacks

The three main types of Poison Gas

Chlorine - a greenish, yellow heavier than air gas which in its

pure form is an oxidizing agent. This means that it will react in the presence of water to cause a chemical burning effect on organic matter.

Phosgene - a colorless, odorless, heavier than air gas formed

by heating carbon tetrachloride. It is highly poisonous in that it will preferentially replace oxygen in the cells and quickly causes an oxygen debt within the body, unconsciousness and death.

Mustard gas - gas with a distinctive mustard smell, it causes

blistering and huge sores on any exposed tissue, internal or external.

Effects of Mustard Gas

Gas attack seen from an airplane

Gas masks for man and horse demonstrated by American soldier

Russians fighting while under gas attack

Machine Gunsshoot thousands of bullets per minute

German machine gun trench

Barbed Wire

Flamethrowers

Phosphorus Grenade Exploding

Periscope Rifle

Krupp 420mm howitzer

Krupp railroad gun “Big Bertha”-named after his wife / hard to locate on rail / could shoot

over 60 miles from behind German Lines

British Mark I tank

French Renault Tank

The Zeppelin

The Airplane

“Squadron Over the Brenta”

Max Edler von Poosch, 1917

Curtis-Martin

U. S. Aircraft Plant

The Flying Aces of World War I

Eddie

Rickenbacher, US

Francesco

Barraco, It.

Rene Pauk

Fonck, Fr.

Manfred von

Richtoffen, Ger.

[The {Red Baron}”]

Willy Coppens de

Holthust, Belg.

Eddie “Mick”

Mannoch, Br.

Looking for the “Red Baron”

'Who are they? What are they?' asked Sam shuddering, turning to Frodo. 'I don't

know,' said Frodo in a dreamlike voice. 'But I have seen them too. In the pools

when the candles were lit. They lie in all the pools, pale faces, deep under the dark

water. I saw them: grim faces and evil, and noble faces and sad. Many faces proud

and fair. But all foul, all rotting, all dead. A fell light is in them.' Frodo hid his eyes

in his hands. 'I know not who they are…'

"Yes, yes,' said Gollum. 'All dead, all rotten…There was a great battle long ago....‘

- J.R.R. Tolkien, The Lord of the Rings

The Cause of the First World War& Map - Homework

• Answer the 10 Questions on sheet of paper

• Include the 6 Questions from the WWI Map

Due ______________

WW I – Film – NOT THIS YEAR

Identify the following from the film :1. Otto Dix

2. “The Furnace”- The Battle of Verdun

3. Pals

4. The Battle of the Somme

5. Motion Picture – The Battle of the Somme