world war i 1914-1918 red text - chapter 18 2 world war i and the russian revolution section...

World War I1914-1918

Red Text - CHAPTER 18Red Text - CHAPTER 18

2

World War I and the Russian Revolution

Section 1: Setting the Stage for War

Section 2: World War I: A New Kind

of War

Section 3: The Russian Revolution

Section 4: The Terms of Peace

Section 5: Creating a “New” Europe

Objectives:

• Explain why rivalries increased among European nations.

• Identify the military alliances that existed at the beginning of World War I and explain how they changed by late 1915.

• Explain why the Balkans were a “powder keg.”

Section 1: Section 1:

Setting the Stage for WarSetting the Stage for WarSetting the Stage for WarSetting the Stage for War

Long term causes of WWI M.A.I.N. -

• Militarism

• Alliances

• Imperialism

• Nationalism

Militarism• European nations built

large armies.• Europe became an

armed camp as countries began to mobilize (prepare for war).

• The only way for European nations to settle disputes was war.

Militarism

• England’s status as the number one naval power was being challenged by Germany.

The naval strength of the powers in 1914

Country Personnel

LargeNaval

Vessels

(Dreadnoughts

)

Tonnage

Russia 54,000 4 328,000

France 68,000 10 731,000

Britain 209,000 29 2,205,000

TOTAL 331,000 43 3,264,000

Germany 79,000 17 1,019,000

Austria-Hungary

16,000 4 249,000

TOTAL 95,000 21 1,268,000

(Source: Ferguson 1999, p. 85)


Country Personnel

LargeNaval

Vessels

(Dreadnoughts

)

Tonnage

Russia 54,000 4 328,000

France 68,000 10 731,000

Britain 209,000 29 2,205,000

TOTAL 331,000 43 3,264,000

Germany 79,000 17 1,019,000

Austria-Hungary

16,000 4 249,000

TOTAL 95,000 21 1,268,000



Country Personnel

LargeNaval

Vessels

(Dreadnoughts

)

Tonnage

Russia 54,000 4 328,000

France 68,000 10 731,000

Britain 209,000 29 2,205,000

TOTAL 331,000 43 3,264,000

Germany 79,000 17 1,019,000

Austria-Hungary

16,000 4 249,000

TOTAL 95,000 21 1,268,000



Country Personnel

LargeNaval

Vessels

(Dreadnoughts

)

Tonnage

Russia 54,000 4 328,000

France 68,000 10 731,000

Britain 209,000 29 2,205,000

TOTAL 331,000 43 3,264,000

Germany 79,000 17 1,019,000

Austria-Hungary

16,000 4 249,000

TOTAL 95,000 21 1,268,000



Country Personnel

LargeNaval

Vessels

(Dreadnoughts

)

Tonnage

Russia 54,000 4 328,000

France 68,000 10 731,000

Britain 209,000 29 2,205,000

TOTAL 331,000 43 3,264,000

Germany 79,000 17 1,019,000

Austria-Hungary

16,000 4 249,000

TOTAL 95,000 21 1,268,000



Country Personnel

LargeNaval Vessels (

Dreadnoughts

)

Tonnage

Russia 54,000 4 328,000

France 68,000 10 731,000

Britain 209,000 29 2,205,000

TOTAL 331,000 43 3,264,000

Germany 79,000 17 1,019,000

Austria-Hungary

16,000 4 249,000

TOTAL 95,000 21 1,268,000


The Alliance System

• In order to maintain a Balance of Power Europe became divided into two camps.

The Sides• The Triple Entente:

– France– Russia– England

• The Triple Alliance– Germany– Austria-Hungary– Ottoman Empire

Imperialism• Competition for colonies and

trade led to rivalry and tension among European countries.

Nationalism

• Ultra Nationalism• Europeans supported

their governments even if it meant war.

• France wanted revenge against Germany (from losing the Franco-Prussian War).

The Balkans - The Powder Keg”

• Tensions were caused by the multinational conflict between the Slavic peoples of the Balkan region, who had Russian support, the weakening Ottoman Empire, and the Austro-Hungarian Empire.

• All tried to control this region and limit each other's expansionist ideas. These tensions would ultimately lead to the start of World War One

The Spark that set off the “powderkeg”

• In June 1914 the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand by a Serbian nationalist group lit the fuse that set off WWI.

The Balkan “Powder Keg”

• Pan-Slavism – The movement to unify the slavic people

• Balkan powder kegstate of unrest in the Balkans that allowed the assassination of the heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne and led to World War I.



Why was the Balkan region referred to as the “Powder Keg of Europe” prior to WWI?

1. The aggression of the Ottoman Empire was disrupting the balance of power.

2. Yugoslavia was invading its neighboring countries.

3. Nationalistic and imperialistic rivalries were increasing.

4. The area was the leading supplier of military equipment to the rest of the world.

A major cause of World War I was

1. a decline in the policy of imperialism 2. the existence of opposing alliances 3. an increase in acts of aggression by

England 4. the spread of communism throughout

Europe

The Ultimatum

• ultimatumdemand in which one party threatens harmful action to another party if the other party rejects its proposals.

The Mobilization- Russia supported Serbia – A fellow Slavic state

The Belligerents…the Alliance system kicks in

• The crisis became an international crisis when war was declared and the system of alliances went into effect.

The War Expands

• Japan joined Great Britain and France

• Italy signed secret treaty with Great Britain, France and Russia for share of spoils

• Ottoman Empire and Bulgaria joined Austria-Hungary and Germany



• Germany disregarded Belgian neutrality

The Schlieffen PlanThe Schlieffen Plan

The Schlieffen Plan

• The Schlieffen Plan - Germany’s plan for WWI.

• It called for Germany to attack and defeat France through Belgium.

• Germany could then turn and defeat Russia.

Objectives:

• Identify the advantages that each side had in World War I.

• Explain how new technology affected the way in which World War I was fought.

• Explain what led the United States to join the Allied Powers.


World War I: A New Kind of WarWorld War I: A New Kind of War World War I: A New Kind of WarWorld War I: A New Kind of War

The Belligerents

• Central Powers had more rapid communications and movement, and better army

• Allied Powers had more soldiers, better industry, and better navy


World War I: A New Kind of WarWorld War I: A New Kind of WarWorld War I: A New Kind of WarWorld War I: A New Kind of War

Innovations in Warfare

• Machine gun

• U-boat

• Poison gas airplane

• Tank



Early Years of the War

• Fighting on Gallipoli

• Naval warfare

• The stalemate – a war of attrition



The United States and WW I

• Contraband

• Propaganda about German atrocities

• Democratic ideals



Propaganda

Trench Warfare

• After Germany’s failure to capture Paris and end the war quickly, both sides started digging trenches.

Trench Warfare

• Eventually hundreds of miles of opposing trenches stretched from the North Sea to Switzerland.

Trench Warfare

• British soldiers in their trenches in France waiting to attack.

Poison Gas

• German troops attack Allied trenches with Chlorine gas on the Eastern Front in 1917.

Poison Gas

• At first tear gas and chlorine gas was used.

• Then a more deadly phosgene and mustard gas were employed.

• Carrier pigeons in the service of the German Army are put in a gas protection box.

Poison Gas

• Was first used by the Germans in 1915.

• About 79,000 people died from it’s effects.

The Machine Gun

• The machine gun became part of the infantry during WWI.

The Machine Gun

• British machine gunners in action wearing gas masks helmets in 1916.

Trench Mortar

• This type of deadly short-range weapon was designed to be fired from the trenches.

Battlefield Communication

• German soldiers set up a light radio station on the Western Front, 1917.

The Airplane

• By November 1918 there were over 11,000 aircraft in use on the Western Front.

The airplane had many uses such as: observation, bombing, fighting in the air.

The Tank• First introduced in

1917. • The tanks of WWI

were slow and easily defeated.

• The tank would be modified and became an offensive weapon in WWII.

• Start Here

Objectives:

• Identify the events that led to the Russian Revolution.

• Explain how the Communists came to power.

• Explain how Russia’s revolution affected its participation in World War I.


The Russian RevolutionThe Russian RevolutionThe Russian RevolutionThe Russian Revolution

Russia in World War I

• Poverty

• Suppression of democracy

• Weak Duma (Legislative Body)



• Russia’s involvement in World War One led to a series of military defeats as the Russian army was ill-equipped to deal with modern battle conditions. Russia also experienced a severe food shortage due to the war, which in turn led to riots and the eventual abdication of Czar Nicholas II in March of 1917. These events set the conditions for the Russian Revolution.

Lenin and the Bolsheviks

• Appealed to the poor Russian masses

• Formed basis of communism



Peace and Civil War

• Lenin signed peace treaty with Central Powers

• Communists fought socialist opposition



• V.I. Lenin ended Russian involvement in World War in March of 1918 when he signed the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk. This cost Russia a large amount of land, but allowed Lenin to focus on gaining control of his newly won country.

U.S. Entry into the war

Revolution in Austria-Hungary

• The collapse of the Austro-Hungarian Empire and the Ottoman empire left many regions in turmoil. Newly formed countries, such as Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia were multinational, which led to infighting and ethnic violence.

In Eastern Europe after World War I, the greatest obstacle to national unity in many nation-states was the

1. great ethnic diversity found in the region 2. economic dependence of Eastern Europe

on Japan 3. acceptance of democratic traditions by

most Eastern Europeans 4. expansion of United States influence in

the region

Which statement best describes the relationship between World War I and the Russian Revolution?

1. World War I created conditions within Russia that helped trigger a revolution

2. World War I postponed the Russian Revolution by restoring confidence in the Czar

3. the Russian Revolution inspired the Russian people to win World War I

4. World War I gave the Czar’s army the needed experience to suppress the Russian Revolution

In 1917, Bolshevik leaders in Russia sought peace with Germany because the new Russian government

1. decided to join forces with Germany and the Central Powers

2. needed to concentrate its troops and resources on its war with Turkey

3. wanted to retain power and avoid German occupation

4. needed to control the Baltic Sea and wanted a warm water port

The Armistice• On the eleventh day, at

the eleventh hour of the eleventh month -the great war ended.

• On Nov. 11, 1918 Germany agreed to an Armistice (an end to the fighting.

The Armisitice

• On November 11, 1918 Germany agreed to an Armistice.

Fourteen Points

• Open Covenants (agreements)• Freedom of the seas• Reduction of armaments (weaponry)• League of Nations• Adjustment of European boundaries in

accordance with the principles of Self Determination (self rule).

Objectives:

• Define the Fourteen Points.

• Explain how the war ended.

• Identify the disagreements that the peacemakers faced.

Red Text Chapter 18 Section 4: Red Text Chapter 18 Section 4:

The Terms of PeaceThe Terms of PeaceThe Terms of PeaceThe Terms of Peace

Woodrow Wilsons Fourteen Points

• President Woodrow Wilson Wilson presented his plan for world peace

The Fourteen Points• Six general points to ensure a just

and safer world

• Eight points dealt with specific regions and countries

Red Text Chapter 18 Section 4Red Text Chapter 18 Section 4


The Fourteen Points

The six general points could be summarized as follows:1) no secret treaties2) freedom of the seas for all nations3) removal of all economic barriers, such as tariffs4) reduction of national armaments5) adjustment of colonial claims so they were fair to

both the imperialist powers and the colonial peoples6) establishment of "a general association of nations"

to guarantee political independence and protection to small and large states alike. (this became the League of Nations.)

The Paris Peace Conference

• In January 1919 the victorious Allied nations met at Versailles, outside Paris to discuss the treaty (An agreement between 2 or more countries).

The Paris Peace Conference• Problems facing the peacemakers –

some countries were excluded; territorial conflicts

• Reparations and peacekeeping – Allies wanted Germany to pay; League of Nations



What Kind of Peace?• Paris Peace Conference –

conflicting viewpoints

• United States wanted fair settlement

• Many Allies wanted to punish Germany and break it up into regions occupied by Allied forces



Objectives:

• Identify the terms of the Treaty of Versailles.

• Explain how territories were redivided after the war.

• Explain how the League of Nations was structured.


Creating a “New” EuropeCreating a “New” EuropeCreating a “New” EuropeCreating a “New” Europe

• The Treaty of Versailles was a humiliating end of the war for Germany.

• The treaty contained unrealistic monetary reparations, large territorial losses, and most importantly, the "war guilt" clause.

• The war guilt clause blamed Germany entirely for the war.

• This in turn led Germany to seek a return to its former status as a leading country.

The Treaty of Versailles• Germany’s limitations according to

the treaty• No draft• Maximum of 100,000 men• No heavy artillery, military planes,

or submarines



The Terms• Germanys forced to

accept:

• War Guilt Clause

• Reparations

• Loss of its colonies

• Loss of European territory.

• Disarmament

Fates of Former Territories

• Ethnic populations

• Bulgaria, the Ottoman Empire, and Russia



New Nations

• Hungary

• Poland

• Yugoslavia

• Czechoslovakia

• The collapse of the Austro-Hungarian Empire and the Ottoman empire left many regions in turmoil.

• Newly formed countries, such as Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia were multinational, which led to infighting and ethnic violence.

League of Nations

• An international peacekeeping organization.

• U.S. did not become a member.

• The league was doomed to fail.

The League of Nations

• Organization – assembly, council, secretariat, World Court

• Mandates – colonies of defeated powers ruled by “advanced” governments

• The start of the League – 42 member nations grew to 59 by the 1940s



Effects of World War I

• Germany had to pay “war reparations” and accept responsibility for starting the war.

• Austria and Hungary were split up into separate nations.

• U.S. retreated into an isolationist nation.

Effects of World War I

• Treaty of Versailles creates many economic problems which eventually set the stage for events to escalate into another world war.

• Democratic governments were not able to solve these economic problems.

The major impact of the Treaty of Versailles on Germany was that the treaty led to

1. an era of peace and international good will in Germany

2. a stable Germany that was both democratic and strong

3. an increase in Germany’s desire to regain its power and prestige

4. a leadership position for Germany in the League of Nations

“Archduke Franz Ferdinand Assassinated!”“Germany Declares War on Russia and

France!”“Peace Treaty Signed at Versailles!”

Which event is referred to in these headlines?1. Franco-Prussian War 2. Crimean War 3. World War I 4. Cold War

• Under the Treaty of Versailles, Germany lost large areas of land, was forced to pay large reparations, and accept complete responsibility for the start of World War One.

• The German people felt humiliated by this treaty, which led them to readily accept the Fascist, who promised a return to Germany's former position of world power.

• Fascist government is rule by a one party dictatorship, which is both nationalistic and imperialistic.

• Fascism glorifies the state over the individual and often uses terror and violence to maintain control of its population.

• Totalitarian governments use terror and violence in an attempt to control all aspects of the lives of the citizens.

• Tools of this type of regime are usually censorship and a secret police force.

• The Great Depression caused many people to lose faith in democracy and turn toward more radical ideas, such as fascism and communism. People were willing to give up individual freedoms for the promise of stability offered by these totalitarian regimes.

In the 1920’s and 1930’s, the rise of totalitarian governments in Germany, Italy, and Spain was largely the result of

1. the success of the Communists in establishing a command economy in the Soviet Union

2. severe economic and social problems that arose in Europe after World War I

3. the active support of the United States 4. movements demanding the return of the

old monarchies

The harsh conditions imposed by the Treaty of Versailles after World War I helped lay the foundation for the

1. rise of fascism Germany 2. uprisings during the French

Revolution 3. division of Korea along the 38th

parallel 4. Bolshevik Revolution in Russia

Which idea was included in the provisions of the Treaty of Versailles to show the intent of the Allies to punish the Central Powers for their role in World War I?

1. all nations shall maintain open covenants of peace

2. freedom of the seas will be maintained 3. Germany will accept full responsibility for

causing the war 4. territorial settlements shall be made along clearly

recognizable lines of nationality

Fascism in Europe during the 1920’s and 1930’s is best described as a

1. demonstration of laissez-faire capitalism that promoted free enterprise

2. form of totalitarianism that glorified the state above the individual

3. type of economic system that stressed a classless society

4. set of humanist ideas that emphasized the dignity and worth of the individual

Censorship, mass arrests, and a secret police force are most characteristic of

1. parliamentary democracies

2. republics

3. totalitarian regimes

4. constitutional monarchies

What was one reason the Nazi programs and policies of the early 1930’s appealed to many people in Germany?1. the people were frustrated with their current

economic and political situation 2. Germany had been denied membership in the

United Nations 3. a coup d’etat had forced communism on the

German people 4. the German people feared that the French of the

British would soon gain control of the Polish corridor

One reason the Fascist governments of Benito Mussolini and Adolf Hitler came to power in Italy and Germany was that these nations

1. were threatened by the United States

2. supported civil liberties for all

3. failed to join the League of Nations

4. faced economic and political difficulties

• Under the

leadership of Joseph Stalin, the Soviet Union became a powerful police state.

Russia Under Lenin

• In 1922 the Communist leaders renamed Russia the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR).

• The people of the USSR became known as the Soviet people.

• The country's name indicated that the soviets, or revolutionary councils, now held power.

• The USSR was divided into separate political republics joined in a federal union.

• Eventually the USSR included 15 of these republics.

the New Economic Policy (NEP).

• In 1920 Russian farmers produced significantly less grain than they had grown before World War I.

• Factory production was less than one-sixth of its prewar levels.

• By 1921 the Communist leadership faced economic collapse and social disorder.

• In response, Lenin announced the New Economic Policy (NEP).

the New Economic Policy (NEP).

• The major industries—heavy industry, communications, transportation, and the credit system—remained under government control.

• The NEP allowed some free enterprise• Individuals could buy, sell, and trade farm

products. • Some private business, especially among

peasants, was allowed.

• Comintern - Communist International, an organization founded by Lenin to spread the communist revolution throughout the world.

collective farms

• During the revolution farmlands had been seized from wealthy landlords and divided among the peasants.

• The government tried to persuade peasants to form collective farms.

• Purge - large-scale elimination of people from an organization or area.

• New Economic PolicyLenin's policy to deal with the economic collapse in Russia that allowed some free trade.

• In 1928 Stalin ended the NEP. He returned Russia to a command economy,

• When Lenin died in 1924, a power struggle took place within the Communist Party.

• The main rivals for power were Leon Trotsky and Joseph Stalin.

• Trotsky was a talented party organizer.

• He had almost single-handedly created the Red Army that defended the Bolshevik Revolution.

• Stalin was a leader of the party.

• By 1928 Stalin had emerged as the leader. Trotsky, in turn, was exiled from the Soviet Union.

• He was later murdered in Mexico on Stalin's orders.

• command economyeconomy in which the government controls all economic decisions.

• Stalin wanted to make government control of the economy a permanent part of Soviet life.

• collective farmsland pooled into large farms on which people work together as a group.

• On a collective farm, peasants shared the scarce modern farm machinery.

• Five-Year Planplan of Stalin's government for economic growth during the 1920s.

• In 1928 the government released the first Five-Year Plan for economic growth.

• The plan set ambitious agricultural, industrial, and social goals for the next five years.

• Stalin wanted to double the production of oil and coal, and triple the output of steel.

• PolitburoPolitical Bureau of the Communist Party that held most of the power in the Soviet Union.

Women's roles

• The Communists claimed to believe that men and women in Soviet society should be equal.

• In 1917 they declared that women should receive equal pay for work equal to that of men.

Education

• Soviet leaders emphasized education.

• They hoped to increase literacy rates and to teach socialist doctrine in the schools.

• Both countries had a totalitarian system of government.

• This is where the government attempts to control all aspects of the lives of their citizens.

Censorship, mass arrests, and a secret police force are most characteristic of

1. parliamentary democracies

2. republics

3. totalitarian regimes

4. constitutional monarchies

During the mid-1930’s, which characteristic was common to Fascist Italy, Nazi Germany, and Communist Russia?

1. government ownership of the means of production and distribution

2. one-party system that denied basic human rights

3. encouragement of individual freedom of expression in the arts

4. emphasis on consumer goods rather than on weapons

Which was a characteristic of Germany under Adolf Hitler and the Soviet Union under Josef Stalin?

1. an official foreign policy of isolationism

2. governmental control of the media 3. public ownership of business and

industry 4. the absence of a written constitution

The Phony War

• Japan became imperialistic during this time period, seeking colonies as a source of raw materials and new markets for their products.

After World War I, Japan attempted to solve some of its economic problems by

1. establishing extensive trade with the Soviet Union

2. expanding its influence in Asia 3. practicing the principles of Marxism 4. refusing to rely on Western

technology

In the 1930’s, the Japanese government followed a policy of imperialism primarily to

1. acquire new sources of raw materials 2. spread Zen Buddhism throughout

Asia 3. sell more consumer goods to

European nations 4. spread the ideas of bushido

The imperialist policies followed by Japan after World War I were based on a desire to

1. convert people to Shinto

2. acquire markets for its oil industry

3. compete with Chinese trade policies

4. obtain natural resources for manufacturing

Between the Meiji Restoration and World War II, Japan tried to solve the problem of its scarcity of natural resources by

1. exporting agricultural products in exchange for new technology

2. establishing a policy of imperialism 3. building nuclear power plants 4. cooperating with the Soviet Union to

gain needed resources

• Under the policy of appeasement, Britain and other European nations allowed Germany to annex the Sudentenland and Czechoslovakia in hopes of preventing further conflict.

• But, this only allowed Germany to gain strength and eventually challenge the appeasing nations.

Which policy shows that appeasement does not always prevent war?

1. British policy toward Germany in Munich during the 1930’s

2. French policy in Indochina in the 1950’s

3. United States policy toward Cuba in the early 1960’s

4. Iraqi policy toward Iran in the 1980’s

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