world war i
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WORLD WAR I. The “Great War” from 1914-1918. M.A.I.N Causes. M – Militarism : Aggressive strengthening of forces A – Alliances : Agreement to help out another nation I – Imperialism : Acquiring colonies and an empire N – Nationalism : Strong feeling of pride in one’s nation - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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WORLD WAR I
The “Great War” from 1914-1918
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M.A.I.N Causes
M – Militarism: Aggressive strengthening of forcesA – Alliances: Agreement to help out another nationI – Imperialism: Acquiring colonies and an empireN – Nationalism: Strong feeling of pride in one’s nation• All European nations experiencing these 4
situations in 1914
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The Spark• Austria-Hungary wanted to
get Bosnia, which Serbia wanted also
• On June 28, 1914, Austrian Archduke Francis Ferdinand and his wife, Sofie, are killed by Gavrilo Principe, a Serbian terrorist
• Austria-Hungary declares war on Serbia – World War I begins!
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Central Powers
• 1 – Triple Alliance– Germany– Austria-Hungary– Italy
• 2 – Bulgaria
• 3 – Ottoman Empire (Turkey)
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Allies
• 1- Triple Entente– France
– Russia
– Great Britain
• 2 – Serbia
• 3 – Romania
• 4 – Greece
• 5 – Belgium
• 6 – The United States (1917)
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Schleiffen Plan
• Germany would go through Belgium to crush France
• Germans halted at the Marne River by the French Army
• Stalemate (deadlock) at the Western Front
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Modern Warfare
• Trench Warfare– “No Man’s Land”– Dead bodies– Rats and Lice– Soldiers slept in mud and rain• Lived off dried beef, hard biscuits, and canned
emergency rations
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Modern Warfare
• Poison Gas– Mustard– Chlorine
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Modern Warfare
• Tanks
• U-boats
• Airplanes
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1917 – The United States Enters the War
• Reasons the U.S. got into the war:
1 - Propaganda: The spread of ideas that help one cause and hurt another
• “Preserve Democracy!”
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1917 – The United States Enters the War
• 2 – Lusitania: A British passenger ship that was torpedoed by a German u-boat – 128 Americans killed
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1917 – The United States Enters the War
• 3 – Zimmermann Telegram: Germany promised Mexico that if Mexico sided with Germany, they would get back Arizona, New Mexico, and Texas
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Americans in the Service
• Selective Service Act: “The Draft” – required men between the ages of 18-45 to register for military service
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Americans in the Service
• Doughboys: nickname for the American Expeditionary Force (AEF)– Led by General John
“Blackjack” Pershing– 360,000 African
Americans joined in separate units
– Women served as nurses, secretaries, and translators
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Financing the War• 1 – Raised income taxes
• 2 – Liberty war bonds
• 3 – Lend money to Allies to buy food/supplies
• 4 – Food Administration headed by Herbert Hoover
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Reactions to the War
• Pacifists: People who are against war under any circumstances
• Congress was afraid opposition would hurt the war effort
• National War Labor Board(1918): helped workers and management avoid strikes and reach agreements
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Reactions to the War
• Espionage Act: Set strict penalties for anyone who interfered with recruiting soldiers or made statements that hinder the war effort
• Sedition Act: It was illegal to utter disloyal statements about the Constitution, the government, the flag, or the Armed Forces
• The Supreme Court in 1919 allowed the government to suspend free speech during war time
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The End of the War• Bolshevik Revolution
– Headed by Vladimir Lenin– 1917 – Czar Nicholas II
abdicates (leaves) the throne
– 1917 – Nicholas and family are killed
– Russia is out of the war– Communism: equal
distribution of wealth and the end of all forms of private property
• Last German Offensive– Germany launches a last
offensive– Germany stopped at
Bellau Wood
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Wilson’s 14 Points
• Armistice (truce) is signed on November 11, 1918 – 8 million soldiers killed
• Wilson’s Peace Treaty = 14 Points1. Freedom of the seas – lower the number of
weapons and no secret alliances2. Self – Determination: right of a country to decide
how they want to be governed3. League of Nations (now called the United
Nations)
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Treaty of Versailles
• BIG FOUR:– Woodrow Wilson – U.S.
– David Lloyd George – Great Britain
– Georges Clemenceau – France
– Vittorio Orlando - Italy
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Treaty of Versailles
• Mission: PUNISH GERMANY
• Germany had to pay $33 billion in war reparations and dismantle its entire army
• U.S. rejected treaty and did not join League of Nations
• Germany’s punishment from World War I led to the rise of Adolf Hitler in 1933