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World War I Ch. 23 Sec.1,2, & 4

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I. World War I 1914 - 1918 The Great War *1 st name given to WWI The War To End All Wars 93% of worlds population affected 28 nations fought on 6 continents

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Total War *complete mobilization of resources & people in war effort

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A. Causes of WWI 1. Nationalism 2. Imperialism 3. Arms Race 4. Militarism conscription *draft 5. Formation of Alliances:

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Triple Alliance 1882 Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy, Bulgaria, Turkey, (Ottoman Empire)

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Triple Entente France, England, Russia 1907 Triple Alliance, Triple Entente, Neutral Countries

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Satellites *smaller nations became allies of larger countries Ex. Serbia and Russia

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Brinkmanship *threatening to go to war Kaiser William II

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6. French revenge from Franco-Prussian War 1870

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7. The Balkan Peninsula Tinder Box of Europe (Powder Keg) *ethnic tension Serbia & Bulgaria ready to clash over ethnic conflicts

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8. Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria *assassinated June 28, 1914 Sarajevo *capital of Bosnia

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Austria's Archduke Franz Ferdinand, died wearing this uniform in Sarajevo on June 28, 1914

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Gavrilo Princip *Assassin (Serbian) Black Hand *Serbian terrorist organization "I am not a criminal, for I destroyed a bad man. I thought I was right." Princip after the assassination

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Francis Joseph Emperor of Austria ultimatum to Serbia *mobilization for war

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Kaiser William II Germany blank check *German full support

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B. Outbreak of War: 1. Austria invades Serbia July 29, 1914

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2. Schlieffen Plan German war strategy: 1905 *invade Belgium get to Paris before English cross the Channel then move to Eastern Front & fight Russians

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3. Russians invade Germany

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4. Triple Entente vs. Triple Alliance France Britain Russia USA Greece Japan Romania Germany Austria-Hungary Italy Ottoman Empire Bulgaria * Allies *Central Powers

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C. The War Years: 1. Battle of the Marne Aug. 1914 *German Army 20 miles from Paris French stop Germans *Paris taxi cabs send troops to front Gen. Joseph Joffre *French commander

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General Von Bulow *German commander on Western Front

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2. Trench Warfare: No Mans Land *land between 2 opposite sides Over the Top *order to charge enemy weapons: spade, machine gun, & barbed wire

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Over the top!!

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Siegfried Line *German defensive line of trenches

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3. Germans fight on two Fronts Western Front *Swiss border - North Sea (500 miles) Eastern Front *Baltic Sea - Black Sea

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Western Front

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4. Battle of Tannenberg (Poland) *Germans drive Russians out of Germany Russian army destroyed

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General Paul von Hindenburg *German commander Eastern Front

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30th August 1914: Soldiers of the Russian Second Army in Austria, following their defeat and capture by the Germans at the Battle of Tannenberg in East Prussia.

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5. Gallipoli Campaign Feb. 1915 - Jan. 1916 *Allies try to aid Russia drive Ottoman Empire out of war *worst British defeat in modern history

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Winston Churchill *First Lord of the Admiralty

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Mustafa Kemal *Turkish Commander at Gallipoli

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6. The Great Slaughter 1916 - 1917 War of Attrition wear down other side constant attacks

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7. Battle of Verdun Feb. 1916 *massive French fortress 11 months of fighting German Offensive: Bleed French Army to death

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French Battle Cry: They Shall Not Pass General Petain

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Moment of the death of a unknown French lieutenent, during the Battle of Verdun: 300 000 dead and 770 000 wounded in 6 months.

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8. Battle of Somme July 1, 1916 *Allies launch new offensive

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General Joffre *French General Field Marshall Sir Douglas Haig *British General

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Tank *1 st time used battle

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D. Naval Warfare 1. English blockade North Sea The Hunger Blockade Germans called British naval blockade

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2. Battle of Ypres Race to the Sea Belgium Allies & Germans attempt to reach North Sea first & outflank other The "End of the Line": the Western Front reaches the sea near Nieuwpoort, Belgium.Western FrontNieuwpoort, Belgium

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Poison Gas 1 st used (Chlorine Gas)

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Treating Mustard Gas victim

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3. U-Boats Unterwasser German Submarines *unrestricted submarine warfare ships carrying contraband (war materials)

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Lusitania *English Passenger Liner May 7, 1915 sunk by U 20 *German U Boat 1200 killed off Irish Sea / 128 Americans

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President Woodrow Wilson *warned U. S. would not tolerate actions

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4. Battle of Jutland *North Sea May 31, 1916 Dreadnoughts *1 st modern battleships *British Royal Navy

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E. USA Neutrality 1914 - 1917 1. supplied war materials food, raw materials, & weapons

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2. Propaganda *spreading of ideas or rumors to harm opposition stories of German war atrocities wanted USA support German nicknames: Hun, Bosch, Gerry, Fritz

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3. Zimmerman Affair March 1917 Alfred Zimmerman *German Foreign Minister *telegram to Mexico wanted Mexican aid U. S. joins war promised Mexico territory had lost to America

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4. America declares War April 6, 1917 Make the world safe for democracy. President W. Wilson

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F. Russian Revolution 1917 1. Czar Nicholas II *overthrown by communist revolution

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2. Vladimir Lenin *Communist Leader signed a treaty with Germany

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3. Treaty of Brest Litvosk March 1918 *Russian peace treaty with Germany Germans send troops from Eastern to Western Front

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G. The Middle East 1. Ottoman Empire & Central Powers *control Middle East

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2. Arab Revolt June 1916 T.E. Lawrence Lawrence of Arabia *British agent led revolt against Ottoman forces

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3. Sykes-Picot Agreement 1916 divides Mid-East up bt. France and England

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H. Defeat of Central Powers: 1. German Offensive: Summer 1918 moved troops Eastern to Western Front Goal: capture Paris

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Chateau - Thierry June 1918 *Allies stop German offensive of 1918 *Allies counter-attack

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2. Ferdinand Foch *Supreme Commander of Allied Forces 1 st unified command in west by allies

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3. John Black Jack Pershing *U.S. Commander American Expeditionary Force 200,000 Americans land every month

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Doughboys *French nickname for U. S. troops

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Devil Dogs *German nickname for U. S. Marines

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Sgt. York *1 st American war hero Sgt. York was awarded the Medal of Honor for leading an attack on a German machine gun nest, taking 32 machine guns, killing 28 German soldiers and capturing 132 others during the U.S.-led Argonne Offensive in France.Medal of Honor Germanmachine gun machine gunsArgonne OffensiveFrance

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4. Battle of Argonne Forest Spring 1918 *Allies push Germans into Germany

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Bulgaria & Turkey surrender Sep. 1918 Austria-Hungary - revolution & become separate nations Kaiser William II - fled to Holland Nov. 9, 1918

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5. Armistice **Nov. 11, 1918** *signed in railway car at Compiegn, France

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All Quiet on the Western Front

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II. Cost of War: A. 18 million died 10 million civilians killed / 8 million soldiers B. $400 billion property destroyed

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III. Innovations in Warfare: A. Mass production of weapons 1 st industrialized war

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B. Machine guns

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C. Tanks

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D. Zeppelins *giant airships

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E. Airplane Flaming Coffins *1 st nickname given to planes Fokker D VII *German plane Sopwith Camel *British plane

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Baron Von Richthofen Red Baron Red Knight *real nickname

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Ace = 5 kills Eddie Rickenbacker *American Ace

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Archie *British called anti-aircraft fire

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F. Submarines U Boats

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G. Aircraft carriers HMS Furious *1 st carrier 1917

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H. Poisonous gas (Mustard Gas)

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IV. The Peace Settlements A. Big Four Georges Clemenceau Premier of France David Lloyd George Prime Minister of England Woodrow Wilson President of USA Vittorio Orlando Prime Minister of Italy

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B. Peace Conference in Paris June 1919 only Allies invited

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C. Fourteen Points Pres. Woodrow Wilsons *peace proposal Peace of Justice fair to Germans open covenants not secret meetings freedom of seas & trade arms limitations & end to secret alliances

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League of Nations *general association of nations *14 th Point called for formation *U. S. does not join

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Andrew Carnegie Palace of Peace Hauge, Netherlands

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D. Treaty of Versailles June 28, 1919 1. Germany full responsibility for war 2. Reparations *Germany pay $33 billion 3. Germans lost territory ex. Polish Corridor *Poland recreated 4. Abolished German Army 5. Occupation of Germany Rhineland *Allied troops stationed

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6. Austria-Hungary divided Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia formed 7. Palestine, Syria, Lebanon, Jorden Formed old Ottoman Empire 8. Russia lost more territory than Germany