World War IWorld War I

Chapter 23Chapter 23

Causes of the WarCauses of the War Europe at its heightEurope at its height

• Industrial Revolution at its peakIndustrial Revolution at its peak• Had 25 % of world population (highest in history)Had 25 % of world population (highest in history)• Modernization gave them a sense they were at the peak Modernization gave them a sense they were at the peak

of world civilizationof world civilization MilitarismMilitarism

• Glorified war and increased military spendingGlorified war and increased military spending• Germany competed against British naval supremacyGermany competed against British naval supremacy

AlliancesAlliances• Web of treaties to protect themselvesWeb of treaties to protect themselves• Triple Alliance: Germany, Austria-Hungary, and ItalyTriple Alliance: Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy• Triple Entente: France, Russia, and UKTriple Entente: France, Russia, and UK

ImperialismImperialism• European nations competed for coloniesEuropean nations competed for colonies

NationalismNationalism• Great pride in one’s country or trying to become one’s Great pride in one’s country or trying to become one’s

own countryown country• Germany and Italy recently unitedGermany and Italy recently united• Many countries torn by tensions with nationalist groupsMany countries torn by tensions with nationalist groups

War breaks outWar breaks out Nationalism in the BalkansNationalism in the Balkans

• Diverse nations emerge as Ottoman Empire recededDiverse nations emerge as Ottoman Empire receded• Russia & Austria competed for control of nationsRussia & Austria competed for control of nations• Austria annexes Bosnia; Serbia resents thisAustria annexes Bosnia; Serbia resents this

Assassination of Archduke FerdinandAssassination of Archduke Ferdinand• While visiting Bosnia, Gavrilo Princip, a Serbian While visiting Bosnia, Gavrilo Princip, a Serbian

nationalist of the “Black Hand” shots the Archduke nationalist of the “Black Hand” shots the Archduke and his wifeand his wife

Austria-Hungary’s ultimatumAustria-Hungary’s ultimatum• Serbia refuses Austrian officials investigationSerbia refuses Austrian officials investigation• Germany gives “blank check” military support to Germany gives “blank check” military support to

AustriaAustria• Austria-Hungary declares war on Serbia (July 28, Austria-Hungary declares war on Serbia (July 28,

1914)1914) Alliance System leads to Great WarAlliance System leads to Great War

• Russia – Germany – France - UKRussia – Germany – France - UK

Fronts of the WarFronts of the War

Western FrontWestern Front• Schlieffen PlanSchlieffen Plan• Trench warfare. Battles of attritionTrench warfare. Battles of attrition

Verdun – 680,000 casualties; Somme – over 1 Verdun – 680,000 casualties; Somme – over 1 millionmillion

Eastern FrontEastern Front• More mobile warfareMore mobile warfare• Lack of modern technology led to enormous Russian Lack of modern technology led to enormous Russian

losseslosses• Brest-Litovsk Treaty between Germany and Brest-Litovsk Treaty between Germany and

revolutionary government in Russiarevolutionary government in Russia

AlliesAllies

UK, France, Russia, Belgium

Central PowersCentral Powers

Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire, Bulgaria

New WeaponsNew Weapons The machine gunThe machine gun

• Modern industry replaced single-fire weaponsModern industry replaced single-fire weapons• They could fire 8 rounds per minute at 2,900 yardsThey could fire 8 rounds per minute at 2,900 yards

ArtilleryArtillery• Improvements allowed larger rounds to be shot furtherImprovements allowed larger rounds to be shot further• 24 million shells were used at the battle of Verdun24 million shells were used at the battle of Verdun

Other weaponsOther weapons• 75 different types of poison-gas bombs were 75 different types of poison-gas bombs were

usedused• Flame throwersFlame throwers• TanksTanks• AirplanesAirplanes

CasualtiesCasualties• Tactics of sending massed men toward the enemy didn’t Tactics of sending massed men toward the enemy didn’t

work against modern weaponswork against modern weapons• The UK suffered 57,470 casualties on the first day of the The UK suffered 57,470 casualties on the first day of the

battle of the Sommebattle of the Somme• Total losses exceeded 10 millionTotal losses exceeded 10 million

RealityReality Patriotic fervor to realityPatriotic fervor to reality

• ““The boys would be back by Christmas”The boys would be back by Christmas”• ““In their unsteady look one sensed visions of horror, In their unsteady look one sensed visions of horror,

while their step and bearing revealed utter despondency. while their step and bearing revealed utter despondency. They were crushed by horrifying memories.”They were crushed by horrifying memories.”

The trenchesThe trenches• 475 miles were dug across northern France475 miles were dug across northern France• British troops used over 10 million shovels (compared to British troops used over 10 million shovels (compared to

2,500 per year prior to the war)2,500 per year prior to the war)• ““over the top”, “no man’s land”, and “shell shock over the top”, “no man’s land”, and “shell shock

entered our vocabularyentered our vocabulary The return homeThe return home

• No crowds or heroes’ welcome after the warNo crowds or heroes’ welcome after the war

The Home FrontThe Home Front Mobilizing for total warMobilizing for total war

• Civilians back home had to make huge sacrificesCivilians back home had to make huge sacrifices• Governments took control of industries, rationing put Governments took control of industries, rationing put

into effectinto effect New jobs for womenNew jobs for women

• Worked in jobs traditionally held by men, who were at Worked in jobs traditionally held by men, who were at the frontthe front

• Number in paid employment rose by more than one Number in paid employment rose by more than one millionmillion

• Generally paid less than men for same workGenerally paid less than men for same work Women’s changing roleWomen’s changing role

• Discovered financial autonomy and greater Discovered financial autonomy and greater mobilitymobility

• Some refused to go back to domestic serviceSome refused to go back to domestic service• Women won right to vote (women’s suffrage, Women won right to vote (women’s suffrage,

1921)1921)

The Paris Peace ConferenceThe Paris Peace Conference Peace of justicePeace of justice

• President Wilson’s 14 PointsPresident Wilson’s 14 Points• Self-determination for nations and just peaceSelf-determination for nations and just peace

Peace of vengeancePeace of vengeance• Italy and UK wanted territoryItaly and UK wanted territory• France wanted to punish GermanyFrance wanted to punish Germany• Italy and the US left, leaving the settlement to France and UKItaly and the US left, leaving the settlement to France and UK

Treaty of Versailles with GermanyTreaty of Versailles with Germany• Germany must:Germany must:

Return Alsace-Lorraine to FranceReturn Alsace-Lorraine to France Keep the Rhineland demilitarizedKeep the Rhineland demilitarized Pay war reparations of $32 billionPay war reparations of $32 billion Agree to war guilt clauseAgree to war guilt clause

• Similar treaties signed with other Central PowersSimilar treaties signed with other Central Powers New EuropeNew Europe

• Bulgaria, Austria-Hungary, Germany, Ottoman Empire, and Bulgaria, Austria-Hungary, Germany, Ottoman Empire, and Russia lost territoryRussia lost territory

• Many new countries were formedMany new countries were formed

Between the WarsBetween the Wars1919 - 19391919 - 1939

Chapter 24Chapter 24

Between the WarsBetween the Wars Uneasy peace (1919 – 1924)Uneasy peace (1919 – 1924)

• Border disputes in eastern EuropeBorder disputes in eastern Europe• French demands for reparation paymentsFrench demands for reparation payments• Weak League of NationsWeak League of Nations

U.S. not a memberU.S. not a member• Runaway inflationRunaway inflation

Hope (1924 – 1929)Hope (1924 – 1929)• Dawes PlanDawes Plan

Restructured reparations payments ($200 m Restructured reparations payments ($200 m loan)loan)

New investment in GermanyNew investment in Germany Treaty of Lucarno 1925Treaty of Lucarno 1925 Germany joined the League of NationsGermany joined the League of Nations Kellog-Briand PactKellog-Briand Pact

• 63 nations signed63 nations signed

Between the WarsBetween the Wars

Great Depression (1929 – 1939)Great Depression (1929 – 1939)• Causes:Causes:

Economic downturns throughout the worldEconomic downturns throughout the world U.S. stock market crash (“Black Thursday”)U.S. stock market crash (“Black Thursday”) Bank panics (“runs on the bank”)Bank panics (“runs on the bank”)

• Effects:Effects: Increased government involvement in the Increased government involvement in the

economyeconomy• No more “Laissez-Faire”No more “Laissez-Faire”

New interest in CommunismNew interest in Communism People follow new promisesPeople follow new promises

• The rise of dictatorsThe rise of dictators

Between the WarsBetween the Wars Rise of dictatorsRise of dictators

• By 1939 only the UK, France, Switzerland, By 1939 only the UK, France, Switzerland, Ireland, BENELUX, & Scandinavia were Ireland, BENELUX, & Scandinavia were democraticdemocratic

TotalitarianTotalitarian states emerged states emerged• Controls political, economic, social, intellectual, Controls political, economic, social, intellectual,

& cultural aspects of society& cultural aspects of society• Use of mass propagandaUse of mass propaganda• Single party & leaderSingle party & leader• Individual freedom subordinate to the will of Individual freedom subordinate to the will of

the massesthe masses• Wanted the active involvement of the massesWanted the active involvement of the masses• Any opposition is oppressedAny opposition is oppressed

Between the WarsBetween the Wars AuthoritarianAuthoritarian states states

• Adopted some features of totalitarian statesAdopted some features of totalitarian states• Main concern was to keep the existing social Main concern was to keep the existing social

order, not to create a new mass societyorder, not to create a new mass society FascismFascism – Italy – Italy

• Named after Mussolini’s “Fascio di Named after Mussolini’s “Fascio di Combattimento” (League of Combat)Combattimento” (League of Combat)

• Glorified the state above the individualGlorified the state above the individual• People controlled by the governmentPeople controlled by the government• Kept the monarch and the Catholic churchKept the monarch and the Catholic church

Adolph HitlerAdolph Hitler Born in Austria 1889Born in Austria 1889

• Failure in high schoolFailure in high school• Went to Vienna for art school but was rejectedWent to Vienna for art school but was rejected

Developed basic beliefs while in Vienna Developed basic beliefs while in Vienna Racism – extreme nationalism – use of Racism – extreme nationalism – use of

propagandapropaganda Served four years in World War IServed four years in World War I

• Very upset over the Treaty of VersaillesVery upset over the Treaty of Versailles Went into politics after World War IWent into politics after World War I

• Joined German Workers Party. Later became Joined German Workers Party. Later became the National Socialist German Workers Party the National Socialist German Workers Party (NAZI)(NAZI)

Adolph HitlerAdolph Hitler 1923 led an armed uprising1923 led an armed uprising

• Arrested and put in prisonArrested and put in prison• Wrote “Mein Kampf”Wrote “Mein Kampf”

Strongly anti-Semitic and anti-communistStrongly anti-Semitic and anti-communist The right of superior nations to Lebensraum The right of superior nations to Lebensraum

(living space)(living space)• Realized he would have to use legal means to Realized he would have to use legal means to

gain powergain power By 1929 the NAZI Party was a national partyBy 1929 the NAZI Party was a national party By 1932 it was the largest party in the By 1932 it was the largest party in the ReichstagReichstag 1933 Hitler was appointed Chancellor1933 Hitler was appointed Chancellor

NAZI TakeoverNAZI Takeover

Enabling Acts 1933Enabling Acts 1933• Gave the new government the power to suspend the Gave the new government the power to suspend the

Constitution for four years to deal with national problemsConstitution for four years to deal with national problems• Rearmament stopped the severe unemploymentRearmament stopped the severe unemployment

Nuremberg Laws 1935Nuremberg Laws 1935• Excluded Jews from citizenshipExcluded Jews from citizenship• No marriages between Germans and JewsNo marriages between Germans and Jews• Had to have ID cards and wear yellow star of DavidHad to have ID cards and wear yellow star of David

Kristallnacht 1938Kristallnacht 1938• Burned synagogues and Jewish businessesBurned synagogues and Jewish businesses• More than 100 killed & 30,000 sent to concentration More than 100 killed & 30,000 sent to concentration

campscamps• Prohibited from public buildings and transportationProhibited from public buildings and transportation• Couldn’t own or work in retail storesCouldn’t own or work in retail stores• Encouraged to emigrate from GermanyEncouraged to emigrate from Germany

World War IIWorld War II

Chapter 26Chapter 26

World War II (1939 – 1945)World War II (1939 – 1945)Causes of World War IICauses of World War II

1.1. Economic instability (Great Economic instability (Great Depression)Depression)

2.2. Rise of DictatorsRise of Dictators

3.3. AppeasementAppeasement

4.4. MilitarismMilitarism• German – USSR Nonaggression PactGerman – USSR Nonaggression Pact

Course of the War - EuropeCourse of the War - Europe BlitzkriegBlitzkrieg

• Combined air ground attacks (Panzers-Luftwaffe) Combined air ground attacks (Panzers-Luftwaffe) Poland in four weeksPoland in four weeks Denmark and Norway April 1940Denmark and Norway April 1940 Netherlands, Belgium, and France May 1940. June, Netherlands, Belgium, and France May 1940. June,

Vichy government setupVichy government setup British army escaped at DunkirkBritish army escaped at Dunkirk

U.S. remained “neutral” U.S. remained “neutral” • Provided food and war materials to BritainProvided food and war materials to Britain

Battle of BritainBattle of Britain• Air raids on Britain failed to defeat themAir raids on Britain failed to defeat them• Hitler believed Britain remained only because of Hitler believed Britain remained only because of

expected Soviet supportexpected Soviet support

Course of the War - EuropeCourse of the War - Europe Hitler’s strategyHitler’s strategy

• Scheduled the invasion of USSR for spring 1941Scheduled the invasion of USSR for spring 1941 Delayed because Italy failed to defeat Greece in 1940Delayed because Italy failed to defeat Greece in 1940 June 1941 invaded USSRJune 1941 invaded USSR

U.S. enters the warU.S. enters the war• ““Big 3” agree on unconditional surrenderBig 3” agree on unconditional surrender• Invade North Africa and defeat Rommel May 1943Invade North Africa and defeat Rommel May 1943• Germany defeated at Stalingrad Feb 1943Germany defeated at Stalingrad Feb 1943

Two fronts in EuropeTwo fronts in Europe• Invaded Italy Sep 1943 and Normandy Jun 1944Invaded Italy Sep 1943 and Normandy Jun 1944• Race to Berlin – arrived Apr 1945. Victory May 7.Race to Berlin – arrived Apr 1945. Victory May 7.

Course of the War - PacificCourse of the War - Pacific Japan attacksJapan attacks

• Sep 1931 “Mukden incident” – take ManchuriaSep 1931 “Mukden incident” – take Manchuria• 1936-37 took part of north China1936-37 took part of north China• Planned to ally with Germany to take the USSR Planned to ally with Germany to take the USSR

and split their natural resourcesand split their natural resources• Germany-Soviet Nonaggression Pact forced Germany-Soviet Nonaggression Pact forced

Japan to turn to SE Asia for natural resourcesJapan to turn to SE Asia for natural resources• Jun 1940 announced the right to exploit Jun 1940 announced the right to exploit

resources in French Indochina. U.S. objected resources in French Indochina. U.S. objected and said it would use and said it would use economic sanctionseconomic sanctions

Japan was getting oil and scrap metal from U.S.Japan was getting oil and scrap metal from U.S.

Course of the War - PacificCourse of the War - Pacific

Pearl Harbor – Dec 7, 1941Pearl Harbor – Dec 7, 1941• Japan attacks Pearl Harbor, Philippines, and Japan attacks Pearl Harbor, Philippines, and

MalaysiaMalaysia Goal – to destroy the U.S. Pacific Fleet and create the Goal – to destroy the U.S. Pacific Fleet and create the

Greater East-Asia Co-prosperity SphereGreater East-Asia Co-prosperity Sphere Japan announced they would liberate Asian colonial Japan announced they would liberate Asian colonial

possessions from European controlpossessions from European control

• Miscalculations:Miscalculations: Japan thought Roosevelt would accept Japanese Japan thought Roosevelt would accept Japanese

dominion of the Pacificdominion of the Pacific Hitler declared war on the U.S. thinking we would not be Hitler declared war on the U.S. thinking we would not be

effective in Europe because of the Pacific wareffective in Europe because of the Pacific war

Midway – Jun 1942Midway – Jun 1942• Turning point in naval forcesTurning point in naval forces

Course of the War - PacificCourse of the War - Pacific U.S. offensiveU.S. offensive

• By 1943 the U.S. was prepared to strike back at By 1943 the U.S. was prepared to strike back at JapanJapan

• Conducted an island hopping campaignConducted an island hopping campaign Solomon Islands Aug 1942 – Feb 1943Solomon Islands Aug 1942 – Feb 1943 Tarawa Nov 1943Tarawa Nov 1943 Saipan Jun – Jul 1944Saipan Jun – Jul 1944 Guam Jul – Aug 1944 and Philippines Oct 1944Guam Jul – Aug 1944 and Philippines Oct 1944 Iwo Jima Feb – Mar 1945Iwo Jima Feb – Mar 1945 Okinawa Apr – Jun 1945Okinawa Apr – Jun 1945

• Hiroshima Aug 6, 1945 and Nagasaki Aug 9, Hiroshima Aug 6, 1945 and Nagasaki Aug 9, 19451945

Two atomic bombs droppedTwo atomic bombs dropped• Japan surrendered Aug 14Japan surrendered Aug 14

The “Longest Hatred”The “Longest Hatred”

During Roman ruleDuring Roman rule• Jews introduce new religionJews introduce new religion• ““the chosen people”the chosen people”

Early Christian stage Early Christian stage • Charge that Jews helped kill ChristCharge that Jews helped kill Christ

Middle AgesMiddle Ages• 1096 sideline crusade1096 sideline crusade• 1348 black death1348 black death

EnlightenmentEnlightenment• Brought into mainstream German societyBrought into mainstream German society

What went wrong?What went wrong?• Social DarwinismSocial Darwinism

They are They are DifferentDifferent

They did They did somethingsomething

We should do We should do somethingsomething

We are justifiedWe are justified