world war i the war to end all wars…or the seed of even greater destruction john green: who...
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World War I
The War to End All Wars…or the Seed of Even Greater
Destruction
John Green: Who Started WWIJohn Green: How WWI Started
Assassination of Franz Ferdinand
Long Term Causes of WWI• Alsace-Lorraine & Alliances– (1860s) The German kingdom
of Prussia launches the series of wars to create a united German Empire.
– (1870) Germany takes Alsace-Lorraine from France making France an enemy.
– Germany then forms the Triple-Alliance with Italy and Austria-Hungry.
Long Term Causes of WWI• Alliances
– Russian leaders are alarmed by the formation of the triple alliance.
– Russia is determined to help Eastern European countries oppose Austria-Hungary.
– (1894) Russia and France form the Franco-Russian Alliance promising to aid each other in any war against the Triple Alliance.
• Militarism– (1898) German militarism and the large
German Navy threaten British interests.– Britain and Germany race to build the most
powerful navies…Britain wary of Germany– Britain, France, and Russia form a “friendly”
understanding – the Entente Cordiale– Britain, France, and Russia become known
as the Triple Entente
Long Term Causes of WWI• Entangling Alliances– Triple Entente: Britain,
France, Russia (Italy will join later)• Britain vows to protect
neutral Belgium
– Central Powers: Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire (Italy abandoned C. Powers in 1915)
Long Term Causes of WWI• Nationalism
– Intense pride in one’s homeland; often accompanied by a push for political independence
• Nationalism in the Balkans challenges Ottoman and Austro-Hungarian imperialism in southern Europe.
• Serbia gains independence – other Slavic nations also seek independence (Bosnians, Croats, Slovenes).– Serbian/Slavic/Russian ethnic ties
• Austria-Hungary annexes Bosnia.• Serbians are infuriated.
The Black Hand & the Assassination of the Archduke
• The Black Hand:– Serbian Nationalist Organization– Hope assassination will trigger a
war which lead to the collapse of the A-H Empire
• Archdukes assassination is immediate cause of WWI:– Assassin: Gavrilio Princep of Black
Hand
• Draw Aus.-Hung. into a war with Russia– Why?
World War I is Triggered
• Germany gives Austria-Hungary “Blank Check” • “We got your back bro, if something goes down”
• Austria Declared War on Serbia (a Russian Ally)• Russia Mobilizes against Austria-Hungary• Germany Declares War on Russia & France• Germany invades France through Belgium• Great Britain Declares War on Germany as they enter Belgium• How did the alliance system drag these countries into war with
each other?– When one country attacked another, all those country’s allies were
drawn in…
Schlieffen Plan• Germany’s plan for victory in
a war in which the German Empire might find itself fighting on two fronts: – France to the west and Russia
to the east.– Goal:• Knock France out of the war
before it can mobilize• Then use the railroad to quickly
mobilize German troops against Russia
U.S. Isolationism• Beginning of WWI
(1914-April 1917)– Woodrow Wilson issue
Proclamation of Neutrality on August 4, 1914.
– U.S. follows a policy of isolationism…why?
U.S. Inches toward WWI
NOTICE! Travelers intending to embark on the Atlantic voyage are reminded that a state of war exists between Germany and her allies and Great Britain and her allies; that the zone of war includes the waters adjacent to the British Isles; that, in accordance with formal notice given by the Imperial German Government, vessels flying the flag of Great Britain, or any of her allies, are liable to destruction in those waters and that travellers sailing in the war zone on ships of Great Britain or her allies do so at their own risk.IMPERIAL GERMAN EMBASSY WASHINGTON, D.C., APRIL 22, 1915.
U.S. Inches toward WWI: Sinking of the Lusitania
• German U-Boat sinks Lusitania (May, 1915)– British Ocean Liner– 128 Americans Killed– Enrages Americans
• Pulls U.S. Closer to entering the war v. Germany
• Yet, Wilson and Germany agreed to Sussex Pledge – to keep US out of the war, Germany agrees not to sink anymore ships without warning.
U.S. Enters WWI: Zimmerman Telegram
• Zimmerman Telegram– German telegram to Mexico– Encourages Mexico to go to
war w/ U.S.– Intercepted/Decoded by
British…pass to U.S.• February 1, 1917 Germany
resumes unrestricted submarine warfare – ignores Sussex pledge.– 6 American ships sunk over
next month.• April 2, 1917
– U.S. Declares War on Germany
Mobilizing for War
Funding the War
Making Sacrifices
Women in the War
U.S. Government Limits Civil Liberties during War
• Espionage Act (1917)– Prohibited actions that limited recruitments or promoted
insubordination (disobedience) in the military• Sedition Act
– Crime to speak against the sale of war bonds– Crime to speak against the government, the US Constitution or the
armed forces• Schenck v. United States
– Clear and Present Danger Doctrine• Government can limit free speech that poses a “clear & present danger” to
national security
– Does government have the right to censor speech if they believe it’s in the interest of National Security?
Selective Service Act: 1917
• 24,000,000 men registered for the draft by the end of 1918.
• 4,800,000 men served in WW1 (2,000,000 saw active combat).
• 400,000 African-Americansserved in segregated units.
• 15,000 Native-Americans served as scouts, messengers, and snipers in non-segregated units.
The Horrors of War: Life in the Trenches
The Horrors of War: Life in the Trenches
New Weaponry
What was the impact of technology on the war?
World War I: The “Great” War• 1914-1918
– 65 million men mobilized for war– 37 million casualties (killed, missing, wounded)– 9.7 million military deaths– 8.8 million civilian casualties
• Eastern Front– Russia Surrenders to Germany (Oct. 1917)…leads to Treaty of Brest-Litovsk– Civil War in Russia: Rise of Lenin and Communist Party
• Western Front: Trench Warfare– Stalemate from 1914-1918
• U.S. Enters War (1917)– Allied Powers
• U.S., Britain, France
– Why did this help break the stalemate?• 2nd Battle of the Marne (1918)
– Turning Point on Western Front
The War Ends (11/11/1918)
Fourteen Points
• Fourteen Points: Woodrow Wilson’s Peace Plan for WWI– Globalization: • Reduce chance of war by creating economic ties/cutting
down on armaments
– Self Determination:• Break up colonies/grant independence
– League of Nations• 1st International Organization Whose Goal Was to Keep
Peace (predecessor of United Nations)
Treaty of Versailles• Treaty of Versailles (June 28, 1919)– Peace Treaty Officially Ending War b/n Germany & Allied Powers
• Treaty Establishes the League of Nations• Treaty Intended to Punish & Weaken Germany– War Guilt Clause
• Germany must accept full responsibility for the war
– Had to pay massive reparations to the allies• Most of reparations would go to France/Belgium
– German military dismantled…why?• Army reduced to 100,000 men• Not allowed to have Tanks or Air Force• Demilitarized Rhineland
– Germany suffered major territorial losses• Lose: Alsace & Lorraine, Baltic States (land won from Russia), Poland, &
more
U.S. Senate Rejects Treaty of Versailles
• Senator Henry Cabot Lodge Leads Charge against Treaty of Versailles
• U.S. Senate Rejects Treaty of Versailles…Why?– League of Nations…What was their concern?
• Influence of George Washington? – Washington’s Farewell Address warns against entangling
alliances/getting involved in foreign affairs
• Return of U.S. Isolationism
Thinking Map: Effects of the Treaty of Versailles
• Topic: Treaty of Versailles– On the left side indicate the major provisions of
the Treaty of Versailles.– On the right side, predict the long-term effects of
each provision of the Treaty of Versailles.– You must include illustrations.– Use your smart-phones and books to complete
your thinking map.
Significance of the Treaty of Versailles
Planted the seeds for WWII as it helped enable the rise of Hitler and lead Germany to seek
its “revenge”…why?