world war ii -...
TRANSCRIPT
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World War II: Abroad and at
Home
Chapter 22
Unit 5: 1920-1945
Depression and Diplomacy
• During the Great Depression, U.S. foreign
policy became isolationist
– Good Neighbor policy restricted U.S. intervention
in Latin America
• U.S. supported Europe’s policy of
appeasement towards Germany
• Congress passed neutrality acts banning travel
and arms sales
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Limited Involvement• Once war was declared in Europe, U.S.
provided allies with weapons and resources
– “Cash and Carry” sold arms to Britain if they paid
cash and transported themselves
– Lend-lease Act (1941) sent aid in exchange for
leases on military sites overseas
• Froze Japanese assets and placed an embargo
on oil sales
Pearl Harbor
• On December 7, 1941
Japanese planes launched a
surprise attack on the U.S.
Naval Base in Hawaii
-More than 2000 Americans killed
• Congress declared war on
Japan on December 8
– Germany declared war on the
U.S. on December 11
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Pacific Theatre• Japanese forced American and
Filipino POWs on a death march
after the Battle of Bataan in
1942
• Battle of Midway reduced the
number of Japanese aircraft
carriers and was a turning point
• Nimitz and MacArthur’s island
hopping campaign reconquered
pacific islands one by one
European Theatre
• American troops supported operations in North Africa and liberated Italy in 1943
• Participated in Operation Overlord (D-Day) on June 6, 1944
– Allies stormed the beaches of Normandy
• V-E Day: Germans surrendered on May 8, 1945
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Truman and the Bomb
• FDR died April 12, 1945, leaving vice-president Harry Truman to lead through the end of the war.
• The Manhattan Project worked secretly to produce an atomic weapon before the Nazis
• In August 1945, Truman made the decision to use the weapons on Japan and force a surrender
Four Freedoms
• FDR’s speech provided a moral basis for American involvement in WWII
• Freedom of Speech and Worship
• Freedom from Want
• Freedom from Fear
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Home front
• Industries mobilized were transitioned to wartime production
– Fed. agencies controlled production and prices
• Pacific Coast boomed as defense industries (especially aircraft) moved west
• Rubber, gasoline, and sugar were rationed
– Victory gardens to produce food and free workers for defense
Women at War
• When servicemen were
shipped overseas, women
took on administrative
roles in the military
– WAACs, WAVEs, WASPs,
and SPARs
• Women worked in the
defense industries
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Japanese-American Internment
• FDR issued Executive Order 9066 allowed military to relocate people considered a national security threat
• Over 100,000 people of Japanese ancestry were sent to internment camps across the country (3 in Texas)
– 2/3 were American citizens
– Most evacuated from the west coast
• Men, women and children were kept in the
camps until 1945
• In Korematsu v. U.S. (1944) the Supreme court
found that the internment of Japanese-
Americans was constitutional
– The need to protect against espionage in wartime
was more important than individual rights
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Latinos and WWII
• Bracero Program: Mexican agricultural laborers
brought to work in U.S.
– Promised minimum wage and basic rights
• Zoot Suit Riot (1943): Fight between Mexican-
American youth and sailors in Los Angeles
• American GI Forum founded in 1948 to assist
Hispanic veterans
Double V and the Birth of Civil Rights
• Black soldiers served in segregated units during WWII
– Army integrated in 1948
• A. Phillip Randolph led movements for desegregation
– Pressured FDR to ban discrimination in defense industries
– Fair Employment Practices commission
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Post War World
• Yalta and Potsdam Conferences in 1945
– Leaders of the U.S., U.K., and U.S.S.R met to discuss plans for post-war Europe
• United Nations was created to encourage global cooperation and avoid another world war
– Replaced the League of Nations