world war ii road to war. prelude to war europe was hit hard by great depression germany, italy,...
TRANSCRIPT
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WORLD WAR IIRoad to War
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Prelude to War
Europe was hit hard by Great Depression
Germany, Italy, and Russia turn to totalitarian gov’t
Totalitarian = gov’t controls every aspect of life
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Prelude to War
Germany Adolf Hitler
Italy Benito Mussolini
Both Fascist Rulers Importance of
nation comes before individual
Ruled with terror and censorship
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Benito Mussolini WWI vet unhappy with conditions
after the war Formed fascist group Gained power through fear Outlawed political parties and stopped
elections
Mussolini invades Ethiopia in 1935
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Adolf Hitler
WWI vet and artist from Austria
Presented as Germany’s savior
Rebuilds economy & military from 1933-36
Openly attacks Jews, communists, & socialists
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Europe Goes to War
Nazis occupy Rhineland (1936) Violates treaty of Versailles
Signed treaty with Italy Axis powers
Italy Germany Japan
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Europe Goes to War
Germany annexes Austria (1936) Demands Sudetenland
Area of Czechoslovakia with heavy German population
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Europe Goes to WarMunich Conference
Great Britain and France upset with aggression
1938 Munich Conference Great Britain France Germany Italy
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Europe Goes to WarMunich Conference
G.B. and France follow policy of appeasement
Giving into some demands to keep peace
Hitler gets Sudetenland
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Europe Goes to War
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Europe Goes to War
6 months later Germany occupies all of Czechoslovakia
Britain and France pledge to support Poland if invaded
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Europe Goes to War
Nazi-Soviet Pact Germany and
Russia sign non-aggression pact
Hitler happy that there will be no threat from the east, Stalin happy there will be no threat from the west
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Europe Goes to War
Nazis invade Poland
Blitzkrieg: “lightning war” Tanks, artillery,
and soldiers strike quickly
Relies on speed Italy takes Albania
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Europe Goes to War
Sep. 1, 1939 Great Britain and France declare war
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Europe Goes to War
Russia took the eastern half of Poland
Germany then faced France and it’s Maginot Line
Maginot Line = French defenses along German border
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Maginot Line
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Europe Goes to War
German Advances April 1940
Denmark & Norway May 1940 Belgium,
Netherlands, & France
Maginot Line was a non-factor
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Europe Goes to War
German blitzkrieg drove French & British back to the city of Dunkirk
Turning Point British evacuate
340,000 soldiers from Dunkirk
“Wars are not won by evacuations” --Churchill
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Evacuation at Dunkirk
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Europe Goes to War
Great Britain stands alone against Axis
Allies = those who fought against the Axis
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Battle of Britain
Hitler massed troops on French coast just 20 miles away across the English Channel
Luftwaffe = German air force Used to destroy
Britain's ability and will to resist
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Battle of Britain
Royal Air Force (RAF) used to fend off Luftwaffe
“Never… was so much owed by so many to so few” Winston Churchill By the end 30,000
Londoners had been killed in air raids
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Japan Builds an Empire
Small chain of islands
Booming industrial nation
Eager to build an empire
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Japan Builds an Empire
With lack of natural resources and land becoming scarce
Japan needed Resources Markets Land
Needed land for growing population
Depression added to economic stress
Military gains power
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Japan Builds an Empire
1931 Japan occupies Manchuria Mineral rich region of China The ease in which they took this land
surprised the world and Japan!!!
Nanjing Massacre (1937) Episode of mass murder & mass rape Committed by Japanese troops against
Nanking (Chinese capital) No accurate record of death toll
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Japan Builds an Empire
Chinese Civil War Provides less
resistance to invasion
1940 Japan controls
eastern China
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Japan Builds an Empire
Becomes ally of Germany & Italy 1940
Neutrality pact with Soviets 1941 Stage set for Asian
dominance Set sights on
Southeast Asia Dutch East Indies
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Japan Builds an Empire
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American Response
Concern over Japan’s actions Move Pacific fleet from San Diego to Pearl
Harbor
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American Response
Wanted to avoid war
Disillusioned by WWI
Occupied with Depression
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American Response
1930’s Congress passes series of laws isolating U.S.
After war starts, Sep. 1st 1939, Congress passes Neutrality Act of 1939 Allies could only
buy arms with cash
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American Response
German aggression slowly changed U.S. policies
1940 U.S. starts first peace time draft in history
Selective Service Act Required all men 18-
36 to register for military service
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American Response
Lend Lease Act, March 1941 aid any nation
whose defense was vital to U.S. security
Aid to Britain
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Road to War
August 1941 FDR meets Winston
Churchill on warship off coast of Newfoundland
Atlantic Charter Agreement
outlaying aims of the war
“peace that will allow all nations to live safely inside their own borders”
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Japan Attacks
After Germany took France, Japan took French colonies in Indochina
FDR cuts financial ties with Japan
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Japan Attacks
FDR hopes for peace but is weary U.S. was able to intercept Japanese
messages Demanded
stop to all Japanese troop movement Japan to withdraw from alliance with
Germany & Italy
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Japan Attacks
December 7, 1941
7 a.m. Oahu radar picks up mass of planes IgnoredMost of Pacific fleet was in Pearl Harbor (3 square miles)
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Japan Attacks
Japanese planes bombed the fleet & airfield
2,400 Americans killed
18 warships sunk 300 warplanes
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Japan Attacks
Goal of Japanese military is not accomplished
Fleet’s 3 aircraft carriers were not in the harbor
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Japan Attacks
Congress declares war on Japan
Germany & Italy declare war on the U.S.
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World War IIAmerica Joins the War
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Americans Mobilize Thousands receive
notice to enter army or navy and as many volunteer
GI (General Issue) = name for enlisted American military (after the stamps on uniforms and equipment handed out)
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Americans Mobilize Diversity Americans from all
ethnic/racial backgrounds serve Mexican American Native American African American Japanese American
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Americans Mobilize Women
275,000 serve by wars end
Serve in all military capacities during WWII except for combat
WASP: Air force WAVES: Navy WAC: Army
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War in the Pacific (1941-1942)
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Japanese Advance
Philippines Hours after Pearl
Harbor Japanese take out U.S. aircraft in the Philippines
Gen. MacArthur = U.S. commander of the Pacific
Japan land troops
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Japanese Advance
U.S. moves to Bataan Peninsula to set up defenses
Intense fighting for 4 months
March 1942 FDR orders McArthur to Australia Became clear
situation was hopeless
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Japanese Advance
MacArthur promises “I shall return”
U.S. forces surrender in April 1942
2,000 escape to the defended Island of Corregidor and hold out one more month
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Japanese Advance
76,000 surrender by May 6, 1942
Bataan Death March Brutal march of Filipino
and American soldiers by Japanese
12 day forced march to prison camps 10,000 died of
exhaustion or were executed by Japanese
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War at Sea
Japan was expanding at rapid pace with efficiency
Battered U.S. Navy faced daunting task of stopping this war machine
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War at Sea
Battle of the Coral Sea May 1942 Japan needed
bases to support invasion of Australia
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War at Sea
Battle of the Coral Sea Con’t 1st Naval combat carried out entirely by aircraft Ships never see each other Planes bomb & strafe each other’s ships 70 miles away
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War at Sea
Battle of the Coral Sea Con’t Both sides lose
more than half of aircraft
Military draw U.S. victory prevents
Japanese invasion of Australia
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War at Sea Mid 1942
Soviet holding off Germans deep inside Russia
U.S. prepping for invasion of N. Africa
Despite victory @ Pearl Harbor Japanese knew their success depended on strength of U.S. Navy
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War at Sea
Battle of Midway Japan wanted
final decisive battle with U.S.
Drew U.S. fleet out to defend Midway
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War at Sea
Midway Con’t 3 of 4 Japanese
aircraft carriers sunk quickly 4th sunk attempting
escape Japan also lost 250
planes
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War at Sea
Midway Con’t
Decisive U.S. victory
Japan unable to launch any offensive attacks after
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THE WAR IN EUROPE & NORTH AFRICA
World War II
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Battle of the Atlantic
German U-boats had isolated Britain
U.S. turned to convoy system to ship food & supplies
Supplying Britain would be costly, U-boats were efficient
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War in the Soviet Union
Hitler called for lebensraum in the east and set plans to conquer Soviet Union
When it became clear Hitler would not succeed with the Battle of Britain he broke his pact with the Soviet Union
Josef Stalin
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War in the Soviet Union
June 1941 3.6 million
Germans invade Soviet Union
Red Army = Soviet Union Army
Poorly trained and armed
Germans overwhelm Red Army
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War in the Soviet Union
Soviets adopt scorched earth policy Destroy everything
useful to enemy while you retreat
Stalin asks for help from U.S. Lend-Lease Act
Congress blocks request for many months
No aid is given until June 1942 (1 year after invasion started)
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War in the Soviet UnionBattle of Stalingrad
Battle of Stalingrad Sep. 1942 Soviets made a
stand to Nazi advance
Soviets won with numbers and aid of cold weather
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War in the Soviet UnionBattle of Stalingrad
Jan. 1943: 90,000 Germans surrender
330,000 German dead
Soviets never release death toll
Turning point of the war in the east
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North Africa
Bernard Montgomery Led British in N. Africa
Erwin Rommel “Desert Fox” Led German troops in
N. Africa El Alamein
British victory in N. Africa
Germans pushed west
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North Africa
Dwight D. Eisenhower lands in Morocco
Ike = Eisenhower Ike and
Montgomery plan to trap Germans in the middle
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North Africa
Rommel is trapped in Tunisia 1st Allied victory
Hitler gives command not to surrender 240,000 Germans
& Italians surrender
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North Africa
Casablanca Conference
FDR & Churchill plan rest of war Concentrate on
Europe before Pacific
Will only accept unconditional surrender
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Invasion of Italy
July 1943 Attack the “soft
under-belly” of Europe
General George Patton takes Sicily in 35 days
Mussolini is overthrown
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Invasion of Italy
Italian Govn’t surrenders
Germans in Italy do not Costly combat
would follow for both Allies and Nazis
Battle of Anzio May 1944 Allies
take Rome
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Invasion of Italy
Germans refuse to give Italy up
Germans do not surrender in Northern Italy until 1945
Cost 190,000 American
lives Almost 500,000
Germans
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Invasion of Western Europe
Allies had been bombing Germany since 1940
Forced to give up on day time raids by Luftwaffe
Carpet Bombing = when large numbers of bombs are scattered over a wide area
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Invasion of Western Europe
Preparation for invasion Allied troops massed
in S. England Fake armies made of
cardboard were erected to mislead Nazis
Time table and location of invasion were kept TOP SECRECT
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Invasion of Western Europe Germans strengthened defenses on French coast
Barbed wire Machine guns Mines Underwater obstacles
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D-Day
D-Day = code name for invasion day of France
June 6, 1944 RAF bombs French
coast to soften German defenses
Allies drop paratroopers behind enemy lines
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D-Day
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D-Day
Allied ships bombard French coast along with RAF
150,000 Allied troops land on 60 miles of Normandy shore Largest amphibious
attack in military history
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D-Day
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D-Day
U.S. troops at Omaha Beach suffer the highest casualty rates 2,000 @ Omaha vs.
197 @ Utah Beach
Germans suffered up to 9,000 casualties on D-Day
http://youtube.com/watch?v=Y_qeCNg8fO0
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D-Day
Hitler refuses counterattack Fears larger
invasion elsewhere By the end of the
day the beach has been taken
Thousands of lives lost on each side
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D-Day
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Allied Advances
Allies liberate Paris: Aug 1944 Belgium & Holland:
Fall of ’44 U.S. crosses
German border: Sep. ‘44
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Allied Advances
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Battle of the Bulge
Fighting intensifies once on German soil
Nazis reinforce army with thousands of draftees, some as young as fifteen
German counter attack in Belgium & Luxemburg
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Battle of the Bulge
Germans overwhelmed the Allied forces Nazis pushed Allies back
creating bulge in the line Small Allied units were
cut off from Army Ike called for
reinforcements Patton moved 250,000
troops from French coast in a few days, relieved pressure
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Battle of the Bulge
Allies push Germans back Nazi leaders
recognize defeat Largest Battle ever
fought by U.S. Army 600,000 GIs involved
80,000 casualties 100,000 Nazi
casualties
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War Ends in Europe Allies continue to bomb
German cities U.S. & British move
towards Berlin from West
Soviets from the East
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War Ends in Europe
Soviet Advance Nazi-Soviet fighting from
1941-1945 is the greatest conflict in Global history
9 million soldiers involved at any one time
13.6 million Soviet deaths 3 million German deaths
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War Ends in Europe
April 1945: Berlin falls to Soviets
Hitler commits suicide in his bunker
German govn’t announces surrender May 8th, 1945
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War Ends in Europe V-E Day = Victory
in Europe Soldiers &
Civilians celebrate War was not over,
Japan still had to be defeated
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War Ends in Europe
Yalta Conference Feb. 1945 Plan of post war world
Divide Germany into 4 areas
French British American Russian
Split Berlin (In Soviet zone) into two areas
http://youtube.com/watch?v=ybnzMnFEWJY
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War Ends in Europe Yalta Conference
Con’t Stalin promises
free elections in Soviet occupied areas
Soviets would enter war in Pacific and support United Nations
FDR & Churchill would be criticized later for giving Soviets too much control
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WAR IN THE PACIFIC (1943-1945)
World War II
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Allied Advances
Island-Hopping U.S. plan to
selectively attack or bypass specific enemy held islands
Japan would occupy every last island with troops
U.S. only attacked those that were worth the cost in casualties
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Allied Advances
Philippines Original plans called for U.S. to bypass
the islands MacArthur opposed and FDR overruled
original plans Oct. 1944
U.S. troops land at Leyte MacArthur returns to Philippines and
saves his troops that he deserted two years earlier
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Allied Advances
News cameras recorded the dramatic and historic event
MacArthur- “People of the
Philippines, I have returned.”
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Allied Advances
While troops fought on shore the largest Naval battle in world history developed in Leyte Gulf
Battle of Leyte Gulf Final naval battle
of Pacific Allied victory
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Allied Advances
Battle of Leyte Gulf Continued
Japan turned to Kamikazes Suicide pilots
who fly planes loaded with explosives into targets
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Allied Advances
Land forces continued to resist 2 months to gain
control of Leyte 80,000 Japanese
killed fewer then 1,000 surrendered
100,000 Filipino civilians killed
June 1945 the Philippines were secured by Allies
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Allied Advances
Approaching Japan fighting intensifies casualties soar on
both sides U.S. bombs Iwo Jima
for 74 straight days prepping for landing force 14-square-mile island Volcanic island
honeycombed with caves and tunnels
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Allied Advances
Iwo Jima 700 miles from
Japan Vital airstrip &
base for invasion of Japan
Took marines three days to gain 700 yards from shoreline
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Allied Advances Iwo Jima Continued
Japanese defended the island hiding away in caves outnumbered 4-1
25,000 Japanese defended the island only 216 of them surrendered
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