wossink 2009 - challenging climate change - ebook

7/23/2019 Wossink 2009 - Challenging Climate Change - eBook

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/wossink-2009-challenging-climate-change-ebook 1/204

LJACCMFN DFN LC DGAPM LJAFNMLkgpmtdtdkf af` lkkpmratdkf agkfn pastkracdsts af` anrd-

lucturacdsts df fkrtjmrf Gmskpktagda (l. <555-1?55 BL )

Arfm ^kssdfi



Urkmosljrdot

Pmr vmrirdhndfn vaf

`m nraa` vaf @kltkr aaf `m ]fdvmrsdtmdt vaf Cmd`mf,

kp nmzan vaf Rmltkr Ganfdodlus prko. gr. U.O. vaf `mr Jmdh`mf,

vkcnmfs jmt bmscudt vaf jmt Lkccmnm vkkr Urkgktdms

tm vmr`m`dnmf kp wkmfs`an 2: kitkbmr 2554

ickiim 1=855 uur

`kkr

Arfm ^kssdfi

Nmbkrmf tm Jdcvmrsug

df 14>:

Ljaccmfndfn lcdgatm ljafnmLkgpmtdtdkf af` lkkpmratdkf agkfn pastkracdsts af`

anrdlucturacdsts df fkrtjmrf Gmskpktagda (l. <555-1?55 BL )



0 Gmtjk`s okr tjm rmlkfstrultdkf ko rmndkfac smttcmgmft trmf`s 0=

0.1 Dftrkùltdkf 0=

0.2 Dftmrprmtdfn survmy mvd`mflm8 cdgdtatdkfs af` pkssdbdcdtdms 0?

0.< Urkbcmgs ko pjasm-basm` ljrkfkckny 0:0.0 Pjm lkftmgpkrafmdty prkbcmg 04

0.0.1 \dgucatdfn sdtm lkftmgpkrafmdty =50.0.2 Mvacuatdfn tjm sdtm lkftmgpkrafmdty gk`mc af` dts rmsucts =10.0.< Mstdgatdfn tktac kllupdm` arma =<

0.= Rmlkfstrultdfn pkpucatdkf cmvmcs ==

0.? Rafi-sdzm afacysds ?50.?.1 Dfspmltdfn rafi-sdzm dstrdbutdkfs ?50.?.2 Dftmrprmtdfn rafi-sdzm dstrdbutdkfs ?<

0.> Lkflcusdkfs ?0

= Rmndkfac smttcmgmft trmf`s ?=

=.1 Dftrkùltdkf ?=

=.2 \mcmltdfn tjm survmys ?==.2.1 Pjm Bdrmldi-Mupjratms @ag \urvmy ??=.2.2 Pjm Bacdij survmy >0=.2.< Pjm Fkrtj Hazdra \urvmy :1=.< Rmlkfstrultdfn rmndkfac smttcmgmft trmf`s :==.<.1 @mgknrapjdl trmf`s :?=.<.2 Rafi-sdzm nrapjs :4

=.0 Lkftmxtuacdzdfn tjm rmlkfstrultdkfs 41=.0.1 Pjm rmsucts orkg ktjmr survmys 41=.0.2 Pjm jdstkrdlac mvd`mflm 44

=.= Lkflcusdkfs 44

? Pjm `mvmckpgmft ko pastkracdsg 151

?.1 Dftrkùltdkf 151

?.2 @modfdfn pastkracdsg af` fkga`dsg 151

?.< Afdgac jusbaf`ry af` pastkracdsg df prm- af` prktk-jdstkry 152

?.0 Uastkracdsg ùrdfn tjm tjdr` af` marcy smlkf` gdccmffdug BL 150

?.= Pjm mgmrnmflm ko spmldacdzm` pastkracdsg df fkrtjmrf Gmskpktagda 111?.=.1 \pmldacdzm` pastkracdsg ùrdfn tjm tjdr` gdccmffdug BL 111

?.=.2 \pmldacdzm` pastkracdsg ùrdfn tjm marcy smlkf` gdccmffdug BL 110

?.? Lkflcusdkfs 11>

> Pjm `mvmckpgmft ko skldac fmtwkris 114

>.1 Dftrkùltdkf 114

>.2 Pjm Agkrdtm d`mftdty df tjm tmxtuac rmlkr` 114>.2.1 Agkrdtms bmokrm tjm ]r DDD pmrdk` 125>.2.2 Agkrdtms df tjm ]r DDD pmrdk` 122

>.2.< Agkrdtms df tjm marcy smlkf` gdccmffdug BL 12=



>.< @mtmrgdfdfn tjm faturm ko tjm Agkrdtm d`mftdty 124>.<.1 ]f`mrstaf dfn mtjfdldty 124>.<.2 Pjm `mvmckpgmft ko tjm Agkrdtm d`mftdty 1<1>.<.< Pjm Agkrdtm d`mftdty as mtjfdldty 1<=

>.0 Lkflcusdkfs 1<>: \kldac rmspkfsms tk mfvdrkfgmftac ljafnm 1<4

:.1 Dftrk`ultdkf 1<4

:.2 Pjm `mvmckpgmft ko sm`mftary-sm`mftary rmcatdkfs 1<4:.2.1 Pjm ]ppmr Mupjratms8 tjm mgmrnmflm ko Larljmgdsj 105:.2.2 Pjm Bacdij _accmy8 lylcms ko lkgpmtdtdkf 101:.2.< Pjm fkrtjmastmrf Hmzdraj8 lmftracdzatdkf af` mxljafnm 102

:.< Pjm `mvmckpgmft ko sm`mftary-(smgd-)fkga`dl rmcatdkfs 10=

:.0 Lkflcusdkfs 10:

:.= Odfac lkggmfts8 ckkidfn bali af` ckkidfn dftk tjm outurm 10:

Bdbcdknrapjy 1=1

\agmfvattdfn 1>>

@afiwkkr` 1:1

Lurrdlucug vdtam 1:<



dx

Cdst ko nurms

Odn. 2.18 Gap ko fkrtjmrf Gmskpktagda sjkwdfn gahkr rdvmrs, gkuftadf rafnms, gk`-mrf pcalms, af` pkcdtdlac bkr`mrs. Dfsmt gap sjkws tjm rmsmarlj arma df dts wd`mrFmar Mastmrf lkftmxt. 15

Odn. 2.28 Gap ko fkrtjmrf Gmskpktagda sjkwdfn gmaf affuac radfoacc basm` kf ckfn-tmrg gmasurmgmfts (basm` kf ^drtj 14>18 Iartm <), af` arljamkckndlac sdtmsgmftdkfm` df tjds stu`y. 11

Odn. 2.<8 Avmranm gkftjcy radfoacc basm` kf a 25-ymar rmlkr` (14:?“255=) okr smcmltm` wmatjmr statdkfs df fkrtjmrf Gmskpktagda (àta orkg tjm \yrdaf Gmtmkrkckndlac@mpartgmft). (A) Acmppk. (B) Jassaimj. (L) Qagdsjcd. (@) Raqqa. 11

Odn. 2.08 Affuac radfoacc df jy`rkckndlac ymars at smcmltm` wmatjmr statdkfs df fkrtj-mrf Gmskpktagda orkg 14:? tk 255= (àta orkg tjm \yrdaf Gmtmkrkckndlac@mpartgmft). Jkrdzkftac cdfm df`dlatms 2=5 gg. \ja`dfn df`dlatms ymars wdtjcmss tjaf 2=5 gg at acc statdkfs. (A) Acmppk. (B) Jassaimj. (L) Qagdsjcd. (@)Raqqa. 12

Odn. 2.=8 Gap ko fkrtjmrf Gmskpktagda sjkwdfn sdgpcdodm` pktmftdac vmnmtatdkf zkfmsuf`mr gk`mrf lcdgatdl rmndgm (basm` kf Gkkrm mt ac. 25558 odn. <.>). 1<

Odn. 2.?8 Gap ko tjm Fmar Mast sjkwdfn pacamklcdgatm prkxy rmlkr`s usm` df tjds stu`y(bcali stars), as wmcc as sdtms wdtj mvd`mflm okr `rkunjt df pcafts af` jugafs(wjdtm stars). (A) \krmq Lavm. (B) Caim _af. (L) @ma` \ma. (@) Nuco ko Kgaf.(M) Rm` \ma. (O) Iazafm Jÿyói. (N) Nÿbmicd Pmpm. (J) â`d Avm`hd. (D) â`d

Hanjhanj. (H) Pmcc Cmdcaf. (I) \dtms wdtj bktafdlac sagpcms. (C) Gkuft \m`kg.(G) Pmcc Barrd. 1=

Odn. 2.>8 Fmar Mastmrf pacamklcdgatm prkxy rmlkr`s usm` df tjds stu`y okr tjm pmrdk`<155“1=55 BL. \mm gadf tmxt okr rmomrmflms. (A) ΰ 1<L (skcd` cdfm) af` ΰ1:K(àsjm` cdfm) vacums at \krmq Lavm. (B) Gn/La (skcd` cdfm) af` ΰ1:K (àsjm`cdfm) vacums, af` UAX (nrmy àsjm` cdfm rmprmsmfts trafsdtdkf) at Caim _af.(L) @ma` \ma watmr cmvmc ljafnms. ]flmrtadftdms arm àsjm`. (@) @kckgdtm(skcd` cdfm) af` LaLK

< (àsjm` cdfm) vacums at tjm Nuco ko Kgaf. (M) ΰ1:K

vacum at tjm Rm` \ma. (O) Mfvdrkfgmftac jdstkry arkuf` Iazafm Jÿyói. Pjmtrafsdtdkf ds garim` by af arrkw. (N) ΰ 1:K af` ΰ1<L vacums at Nÿbmicd Pmpm.(J) \m`dgmftatdkf jdstkry df tjm â`d Avm`hd. (D) \m`dgmftatdkf jdstkry df

tjm â`d Hanjhanj. (H) \tanms ko tjm CLLG at Pmcc Cmdcaf. (I) Avmranm` ΐ

1<

L vacums ko barcmy nradfs orkg sdtms df tjm Cmvaft af` fkrtjmrf Gmskpktagda.(C) ΰ1<L vacums ko a subokssdc trmm orkg Gkuft \m`kg. (G) Gkrtuary mvd`mflmorkg Pmcc Barrd. 1?

Odn. 2.:8 Affuac radfoacc df jy`rkckndlac ymars okr tjm Hmzdraj (àri sja`dfn, avmranmorkg Jasaimj, Qagdsjcd, af` Raqqa, lo. Odn. 2.0) af` Hmrusacmg orkg 14:? tk255= (cdnjt sja`dfn, Hmrusacmg ata orkg tjm Dsramc Gmtmkrkckndlac \mrvdlm). 2<

Odn. 2.48 Gap ko fkrtjmrf Gmskpktagda sjkwdfn catm tjdr` gdccmffdug BL fagms kosdtms af` rmndkfs gmftdkfm` df tjds stu`y. 24

Odn. 2.158 Gap ko fkrtjmrf Gmskpktagda sjkwdfn marcy smlkf` gdccmffdug BL fagms kosdtms af` rmndkfs gmftdkfm` df tjds stu`y. <2



xd

Odn. =.>8 Gap ko tjm FH\ rmndkf sjkwdfn acc sdtms wdtj a Fdfmvdtm =, Catm tjdr` gdccmf-fdug, kr Ijabur kllupatdkf (aotmr dcidfskf af` Pulimr 144=). :0

Odn. =.:8 @dstrdbutdkf ko sdtm sdzms (ja) alrkss acc pmrdk`s okr tjm lkgbdfm` B\, B-M@\,af` FH\ àta smts ( f 7<?:). :=

Odn. =.48 \mttcmgmft trmf`s tjrkunj tdgm. \kcd` cdfms df`dlatm tjm lkrrmltm` annrmnatmsdtm sdzm, sja`m` armas df`dlatm tjm pkssdbcm rafnm ko annrmnatm sdtm sdzm, barsdf`dlatm tjm lkrrmltm` fugbmr ko lkftmgpkrafmkuscy kllupdm` sdtms, af` mr-rkr rafnms df`dlatm tjm pkssdbcm rafnm ko lkftmgpkrafmkuscy kllupdm` sdtms.(A) B-M@\ rmndkf. (B) B\ rmndkf. (L) FH\ rmndkf. :?

Odn. =.158 Rmlkfstrultm` pkpucatdkf cmvmcs af` pkpucatdkf nrkwtj tjrkunj tdgm. \ja`màrma df`dlatms tjm pkpucatdkf sdzm uf`mr a pkpucatdkf `mfsdty ko 1=5“2=5 pmr-skfs/ja. @asjm` cdfm df`dlatms pkpucatdkf nrkwtj ratms tjrkunj tdgm, basm`kf lkrrmltm` sdtm lkufts af` sdtm sdzm mstdgatms. \kcd` cdfm df`dlatms tjm lkg-bdfm` annrmnatm sdtm sdzm. (A) B-M@\ rmndkf. (B) B\ rmndkf. (L) FH\ rmndkf.(@) Pjm B-M@\, B\ af` FH\ rmndkfs lkgbdfm`. :>

Odn. =.118 Rafi-sdzm pckts okr tjm B-M@\ rmndkf at (A) 2=55 BL, (B) 2255 BL, af` (L)1455 BL, basm` kf lkrrmltm` sdtm lkufts af` sdtm sdzm mstdgatms. @asjm` cdfm dsckn-fkrgac dstrdbutdkf. Nrmy zkfm rmprmsmfts 45 % lkfod`mflm rafnm. :4

Odn. =.128 Rafi-sdzm pckts okr tjm B\ rmndkf at (A) 2055 BL, (B) 2555 BL, (L) 1:55 BL,(@) 1>55 BL, af` (M) 1==5 BL, basm` kf lkrrmltm` sdtm lkufts af` sdtm sdzm ms-tdgatms. @asjm` cdfm ds ckn-fkrgac `dstrdbutdkf. Nrmy zkfm rmprmsmfts 45 %lkfod`mflm rafnm. 45

Odn. =.1<8 Rafi-sdzm pckts okr tjm FH\ rmndkf at (A) <555 BL, (B) 2=55 BL, (L) 2555 BL,af` (@) 1=55 BL, basm` kf lkrrmltm` sdtm lkufts af` sdtm sdzm mstdgatms. @asjm`cdfm ds ckn-fkrgac dstrdbutdkf. Nrmy zkfm rmprmsmfts 45 % lkfod`mflm rafnm. 41

Odn. =.108 ]flkrrmltm` smttcmgmft trmf`s df survmy rmndkfs df fkrtjmrf Gmskpktagda okrtjm pmrdk` <155“1=55 BL. \ja`dfn df`dlatms rmcatdvm dftmfsdty ko smttcmgmft.(A) Bdrmldi-Mupjratms @ag \urvmy (B-M@\). (B) Pdsjrdf @ag survmys. (L)

Pabqa @ag survmys. (@) Caf` ko Larljmgdsj survmy. (M) ^mstnazdra survmy.(O) Bacdij-Mupjratms upcaf`s survmy. (N) Gd``cm Mupjratms survmy. (J) Bacdij\urvmy (B\). (D) Jarraf survmy. (H) Hmbmc Bdsjrd survmy. (I) â`d Jaggar sur-

vmy. (C) ]ppmr Ijabur \urvmy. (G) Pmcc Bmyàr \urvmy (PB\). (F) Brai sus-tadfdfn arma survmy. (K) 14:: Pmcc Brai \urvmy. (U) Cmdcaf Rmndkfac \urvmy(CR\). (Q) Pmcc Jagkuiar \urvmy (PJ\). (R) Fkrtjmast \yrda survmy. (\)Fkrtj Hazdra \urvmy (FH\). (P) Ckwmr af` gd``cm Ijabur survmy. (]) IjaburBasdf Urkhmlt. (_) â`d Aědě survmy. 4:

Odn. ?.18 Gap ko fkrtjmrf Gmskpktagda df`dlatdfn sdtms wdtj oaufac assmgbcanms `ds-lussm` df tjds stu`y. Pjm rmltafncms df`dlatm tjm sdtm lcustmrs usm` df Odns. ?.2af` ?.0. (A) Puridsj Mupjratms. (B) \yrdaf ]ppmr Mupjratms. (L) Bacdij/â`dJaggar. (@) ]ppmr Ijabur. (M) Gd``cm Ijabur. 15=



xdd

Odn. ?.28 Urmsmflm ko sjmmp/nkat, ktjmr `kgmstdl, `kgmstdl/wdc`, af` wdc` afdgacs atodotj tk smlkf` gdccmffdug BL sdtms df fkrtjmrf Gmskpktagda (aotmr Lcaskf af`Budtmfjuds 14>:9 \tmdf 14:>9 âttmfgaimr 14:>9 Bkmssfmli 14::9 Budtmfjuds14::9 vkf `mf @rdmslj 144<9 _dca 144=9 \tmdf mt ac. 144?9 Rktjgaf mt ac. 144:9Xm`mr 144:9 vaf Fmmr af` @mlupmrm 25559 DHzmrmmo 25519 Orafndpafm mt ac.25509 Ikcdŀsid af` Udčtikwsia-Gałmlia 255:9 Budtmfjuds okrtjlkgdfn). Fktmtjat df skgm lasms, tjm lcass `kgmstdl/wdc` lkuc` fkt bm `dstdfnudsjm` kf tjmbasds ko tjm avadcabcm àta. (A) Puridsj Mupjratms. (B) \yrdaf ]ppmr Mupjratms.(L) Bacdij/ a`d Jaggar. (@) ]ppmr Ijabur. (M) Gd``cm Ijabur. 15?

Odn. ?.<8 Gap ko fkrtjmrf Gmskpktagda sjkwdfn tjm zkfm wjmrm Irafzjónmc arm okuf`(basm` kf Gkkrtnat-Lkrrmfs 14>28 gap 29 Cykffmt 144:8 odn. 0). 154

Odn. ?.08 Urkpkrtdkf ko sjmmp/nkat df tjm tktac assmgbcanm ko `kgmstdl afdgacs at odotjtk smlkf` gdccmffdug BL sdtms df fkrtjmrf Gmskpktagda. \dtms arm ljrkfkcknd-laccy kr`mrm`. (A) Puridsj Mupjratms. (B) \yrdaf ]ppmr Mupjratms. (L) Bacdij/

â`d Jaggar. (@) ]ppmr Ijabur. (M) Gd``cm Ijabur. 114



1

1 Dftrkùltdkf

1.1 \mttdfn tjm stanm8 tjm lkftmxt ko tjds stu`y

Pjds stu`y mxpckrms jugaf skldac rmspkfsms tk mfvdrkfgmftac ljafnm df fkrtjmrf Gmskpktagdaùrdfn tjm catm tjdr` af` marcy smlkf` gdccmffdug BL, dfskoar as tjmsm laf bm rmlkfstrultm` orkgtjm arljamkckndlac rmlkr`. Pjds rmsmarlj `mvmckpm` df twk `doomrmft ymt rmcatm` lkftmxts. Pjm odrstlkftmxt ds tjat ko tjm rmsmarlj prkhmlt ko wjdlj tjds stu`y was a part. Pjm smlkf` lkftmxt ds tjatko tjm lurrmft dftmrmst df outurm mfvdrkfgmftac ljafnm af` dts moomlts kf gk`mrf skldmty. Pjmsmlkftmxts wdcc bm `dslussm` bmckw.

Pjds stu`y was part ko tjm rmsmarlj prkhmlt \mttcdfn tjm stmppm. Pjm arljamkckny ko ljafndfn skldmtdms

df \yrk-Uacmstdfdaf `rycaf`s ùrdfn tjm Brkfzm af` Drkf Anms .1 Pjm \mttcdfn tjm stmppm prkhmlt was dfdtd-atm` tk a``rmss lkggkf dftmrmsts ko by twk marcdmr Cmd`mf ]fdvmrsdty prkhmlts8 tjm mxlavatdkfs ko

Pmcc @mdr ‚Acca (Hkràf), af` Pmcc Jaggag mt-Purigaf (\yrda). A rmcatdvmcy rapd` sullmssdkf kokllupatdkf (rm-)mstabcdsjgmfts af` abaf`kfgmfts was kbsmrvm` at Drkf Anm Pmcc @mdr ‚Acca df tjm

Hkràf _accmy, cma`dfn tk qumstdkfs abkut tjm stabdcdty ko tjmsm kllupatdkfs af` tjm faturm ko pastjugaf-mfvdrkfgmft dftmraltdkf df tjm rmndkf (vaf `mr Ikkdh 2551). Mvd`mflm orkg tjm Marcy af`Gd``cm Brkfzm Anm caymrs at Pmcc Jaggag mt-Purigaf df tjm wmstmrf \yrdaf Hmzdraj sunnmstm`tjat tjm sdtm gay javm pcaym` a imy rkcm df tjm rmcatdkfs bmtwmmf urbaf af` rurac pkpucatdkfs, wjdlj

wmrm arnum` tk javm bmmf a vdtac part ko cdom df sulj garndfac mfvdrkfgmfts (Gmdhmr 2555, 255>,okrtjlkgdfn). Pjm oalt tjat tkày bktj tjm Hkràf _accmy af` tjm \yrdaf Hmzdraj arm dgpkrtaftanrdlucturac prkùltdkf armas ga`m qumstdkfs abkut tjm sustadfabdcdty af` faturm ko past kllupa-tdkfs mvmf gkrm rmcmvaft. Pjmrm was tjus a sjarm` dftmrmst df jugaf-mfvdrkfgmft rmcatdkfs df

garndfac Fmar Mastmrf mfvdrkfgmfts, af` tjm `doomrmft rmsmarlj cdfms wmrm brkunjt tknmtjmr df tjm\mttcdfn tjm stmppm prkhmlt. Pjrmm lmftrac rmsmarlj qumstdkfs mgmrnm` orkg tjm lkggkf dftmrmsts kotjm @mdr ‚Acca af` Jaggag mt-Purigaf prkhmlts mgmrnm`8 ( a ) wjat was tjm rmaskf okr af` faturmko jugaf kllupatdkf df tjm stmppm zkfm, ( b ) jkw stabcm was tjds kllupatdkf, af` wjdlj vardabcms`mtmrgdfm` tjds cmvmc ko stabdcdty, af` ( l ) jkw `d` jugaf kllupatdkf df tjm stmppm zkfm rmcatm tkgkrm oavkurabcm zkfms; Pjmsm nmfmrac qumstdkfs wmrm tk bm appcdm` tk tjm prkhmlt—s twk rmndkfaclcustmrs, oklusdfn kf Pmcc @mdr ‚Acca af` Pmcc Jaggag mt-Purigaf rmspmltdvmcy, af` wmrm tk bmspmldodm` as fmlmssdtatm` by cklac mfvdrkfgmftac, skldk-lucturac, af` jdstkrdlac lkf`dtdkfs. Pjmprmsmft stu`y `macs wdtj tjm sk-laccm` Jaggag mt-Purigaf lcustmr. ]f`mrstaf`dfn jkw jugafskldmtdms df garndfac mfvdrkfgmfts lkpm` wdtj mfvdrkfgmftac ljafnm ds lrdtdlac tk afswmrdfn tjmsmqumstdkfs, mspmldaccy df armas wjmrm skldmtdms ja` tk gadftadf a larmouc bacaflm wdtj tjmdr mfvdrkf-gmft df kr`mr tk survdvm.2

Pjm prmsmft stu`y ourtjmrgkrm mgmrnm` orkg tjm rmlmft lkflmrfs wdtj lcdgatm ljafnm, as mcab-kratm` df tjm rmpkrts ko tjm Dftmrnkvmrfgmftac Uafmc kf Lcdgatm Ljafnm (DULL). Dt jas fkw bmmfmstabcdsjm` bmykf` kubt tjat tjm wkrc` ds mxpmrdmfldfn nckbac lcdgatm ljafnm tjat ds at cmast partcyaftjrkpknmfdl df faturm (DULL 255>). As a rmsuct, gk`mrf skldmty oalms tjm trmgmf`kus ljaccmfnm

1 Pjm \mttcdfn tjm stmppm prkhmlt was ouf`m` by tjm Fmtjmrcaf`s Krnafdsatdkf okr \ldmftdodl Rmsmarlj (F^K9 prkhmltfugbmr <?5-?2-525) af` basm` at Cmd`mf ]fdvmrsdty. Pjm prkhmlt tmag lkfsdstm` ko @r. Nmrrdt vaf `mr Ikkdh (`drmltkr),@r. @dm`mrdi Gmdhmr (lk-`drmltkr), @r. Culas Umtdt (pkst-`kltkrac rmsmarljmr, @mdr ‚Acca lcustmr), Mva Iaptdhf (Uj@-stu`mft, @mdr ‚Acca lcustmr), @r. Okua` Jkurafd (nmkgkrpjkckndst , @mdr ‚Acca lcustmr), Mccds Nrkktvmc` (arljamkbktafdst,@mdr ‚Acca lcustmr), af` tjm prmsmft autjkr (Uj@-stu`mft, Jaggag mt-Purigaf lcustmr). \mm Iaptdhf mt ac. 255= okr anmfmrac dftrkùltdkf tk tjm @mdr ‚Acca lcustmr, af` Iaptdhf 2554 af` Umtdt okrtjlkgdfn okr `mtadcm` stu`dms oklusdfn kftjat rmndkf.

2 \tmppm ds fkt by `modfdtdkf a garndfac mfvdrkfgmft, but kfcy uf`mr spmldodl skldk-lucturac af` mlkfkgdl lkf`dtdkfs,

bmlausm garndfacdty ds af mxprmssdkf ko tjm abdcdty ko jugaf skldmtdms tk survdvm df a ndvmf mfvdrkfgmft. Pjm tmrgstmppm sjkuc` tjmrmokrm bm strdltcy usm` df a `mslrdptdvm smfsm af` fkt as a syfkfyg okr garndfacdty.



<

DFPRK@]LPDKF

Pjm CLLG jas bmmf lrdtdlaccy rmlmdvm`. Butzmr sulldfltcy suggardzm` tjm lrdtdldsgs as okcckws8‚(1) Arm tjm mgpdrdlac lcdgatdl ata vacd`; (2) Do sk, was tjm lcdgatdl afkgacy moomltdvm af` syfljrk-fkus alrkss tjm arma df qumstdkf; af` (<) @d` skldkpkcdtdlac ufrmst kr lkccapsm mvmrywjmrm okcckwupkf lcdgatdl ljafnm, df a okrg lkfskfaft wdtj nrmatmr ard`dty;— (144>8 204). Df`mm`, gafy dslus-sdkfs ko tjm CLLG oklusm` kf mxaltcy tjmsm pkdfts. Odrstcy, mfvdrkfgmftac àta `d` fkt smmg tk

ufdokrgcy suppkrt abrupt catm tjdr` gdccmffdug `rkunjt (m.n. Bkttmga 144>). \mlkf`cy, jdstkrdlacskurlms wmrm uflrdtdlaccy usm`, af` dt jas fkt bmmf prkvmf tjat tjm ]ppmr Ijabur was ko lrdtd-lac dgpkrtaflm okr nradf prkùltdkf df tjm Aiia`daf statm (Xmttcmr 255<). Pjdr`cy, urbaf lkccapsmdf fkrtjmrf Gmskpktagda was prkbabcy fkt as wd`m-sprma` as arnum` by ^mdss mt ac. (@kjgaff-Uoàczfmr af` Uoàczfmr 25519 Katms af` Katms 25519 ^kssdfi okrtjlkgdfn). Okurtjcy, tjm lausm,àtm af` faturm ko tjm abrupt ard` pjasm arm stdcc lkftmstm` (m.n. Lkurty 25519 Iuzulukěcu 255>a).Odotjcy, tjm rkcm ko catm tjdr` gdccmffdug BL mfvdrkfgmftac strmss df ktjmr sk-laccm` lkccapsms alrkss

Asda ds stdcc `mbatm` (m.n. Ga`mcca af` Ouccmr 255?). \tdcc ktjmrs arnum` tjat tjm urbaf lkccapsms `d`fkt rmsuct orkg abrupt lcdgatm ljafnm, but orkg ormqumftcy rmlurrdfn strkfn ksldccatdkfs df radfoacc.Df tjds slmfardk, lcdgatm ljafnm gay javm taimf pcalm but dt kfcy garndfaccy aoomltm` prklmssms tjat

wmrm acrma`y df kpmratdkf (^dcidfskf 1440, 144>). Odfaccy, dflkfsdstmfldms df tjm nmkgkrpjkckndlacàta orkg Pmcc Cmdcaf af` a prkbcmgatdl lkrrmcatdkf wdtj ktjmr pacamklcdgatm prkxy rmlkr`s gayjavm lkftrdbutm` tk tjm lkftdfuatdkf ko tjm `mbatm (smm \mltdkf 2.<.=).

Fmvmrtjmcmss, tjm CLLG jas lkftdfum` tk bm prkpanatm` df a rmcatdvmcy ufgk`dodm` okrg sdflmdts marcdmst lkflmptdkf (m.n. Lkurty af` mdss 144>9 mdss 25559 Rdstvmt af` mdss 255=9 \taubwassmraf` ^mdss 255?). Pjmrm ds fkw a strkfnmr oklus kf nckbaccy rmlknfdzm` lcdgatm gmljafdsgs, ratjmrtjaf vkclafdsg, as tjm lausm ko tjm sk-laccm` 0.2 ia BU mvmft. Ourtjmrgkrm, tjm lausac cdfi bmtwmmfabrupt `rkunjt af` tjm mf` ko tjm Aiia`daf statm jas bmmf `kwfpcaym` df oavkur ko af mgpja-sds kf tjm moomlts ko `rkunjt kbsmrvm` at af` arkuf` Pmcc Cmdcaf dtsmco. Pjmsm pkssdbdcdtdms wmrm,jkwmvmr, acrma`y prmsmftm` df tjm 144< pubcdlatdkf. Pjmrmokrm, tjmy `k fkt rmprmsmft sdnfdodlaftljafnms tk tjm CLLG (smm \mltdkf 2.<.=).

At tjm sagm tdgm, gafy rmsmarljmrs arm awarm tjat tjm basdl arnugmft ko tjm CLLG, fagmcytjat tjmrm was skgm okrg ko ard`dodlatdkf, jas stkk` tjm tmst ko tdgm. Pjm sjdot orkg a rmcatdvmcy

wmt lcdgatm ùrdfn tjm marcy tjdr` gdccmffdug BL tk a `rdmr lcdgatm sdgdcar tk tjat ko tkày ùr-dfn tjm marcy smlkf` gdccmffdug BL ds fkw rmcatdvmcy wmcc `klugmftm` as a rmsuct ko tjm dflrmasm`fugbmr, rmcdabdcdty, af` rmskcutdkf ko Fmar Mastmrf pacamklcdgatm prkxy rmlkr`s. Actjkunj tjmrm dsstdcc lkfocdltdfn mvd`mflm, dt smmgs bmykf` `kubt tjat, at cmast df fkrtjmrf Gmskpktagda, tjm tjdr`gdccmffdug lcdgatm ljafnm dfvkcvm` a sjdot tkwar` gkrm ard` lkf`dtdkfs (Iuzulukěcu 255>a).Mvmf tjkunj spmldodl `mtadcs gay stdcc bm a gattmr ko `mbatm, tjm CLLG jas tjus sullmm`m` df(rm-)dftrkùldfn lcdgatm ljafnm as af dgpkrtaft vardabcm ko skldk-lucturac ljafnm (Aiimrgafs af`\ljwartz 255<8 2:<).

1.< \tu`ydfn jugaf rmspkfsms tk lcdgatm ljafnm8 gmtjk`kckndlac lkfsd`mratdkfs

Bmokrm gmtjk`kckny laf bm `dslussm`, dgpkrtaft tmrgs gust bm `modfm` af` lcardodm`. Pjm kfcdfm

Kxokr` Mfncdsj @dltdkfary modfms tjm mfvdrkfgmft as ‚Pjm lkf`dtdkfs uf`mr wjdlj afy pmrskf kr tjdfncdvms kr ds mvmckpm`9 tjm sug-tktac ko dfocumflms wjdlj gk`doy af` mtmrgdfm tjm mvmckpgmft kocdom kr ljaraltmr—. Jacstma` af` K—\jma (14:4a8 2) ndvm a sdgdcar `modfdtdkf df wjdlj mfvdrkfgmft ds`modfm` as acc mxtmrfac oaltkrs altdfn upkf tjm skldac ufdt tjat ds stu`dm`. Lcdgatm, tjmf, ds kfm kotjmsm mxtmrfac oaltkrs, af` ljafnms tjmrmdf arm at tjm sagm tdgm mfvdrkfgmftac ljafnms. Jugafskutsd`m tjm stu`dm` skldac ufdt arm strdltcy spmaidfn acsk part ko tjat ufdt—s mfvdrkfgmft9 tjds ds agattmr ko tjm slacm at wjdlj tjm stu`y ds larrdm` kut. Lcdgatm ‚df a farrkw smfsm ds usuaccy `modfmàs tjm avmranm wmatjmr, kr gkrm rdnkrkuscy, as tjm statdstdlac `mslrdptdkf df tmrgs ko tjm gmaf af`

vardabdcd ty ko rmcmvaft quaftdtdms kvmr a pmrdk` ko tdgm rafndfn orkg gkftjs tk tjkusaf`s kr gdc-cdkfs ko ymars— (DULL 255>8 >:). Pjds `modfdtdkf acckws tjm `dstdfltdkf tk bm ga`m bmtwmmf lcdgatm

vardabdcd ty af` lcdgatm ljafnm. Lcdgatm vardabdcdty rmprmsmfts ‚vardatdkfs df tjm gmaf statm af` ktjmrstatdstdls (sulj as stafàr` `mvdatdkfs, tjm kllurrmflm ko mxtrmgms, mtl.) ko tjm lcdgatm kf acc spa-

tdac af` tmgpkrac slacms bmykf` tjat ko df`dvdùac wmatjmr mvmfts— (DULL 255>8 >4), wjmrmas lcdgatm



0

LJACCMFNDFN LCDGAPM LJAFNM

ljafnm ds a ‚ljafnm df tjm statm ko tjm lcdgatm tjat laf bm d`mftdodm` (m.n. by usdfn statdstdlac tmsts) byljafnms df tjm gmaf af`/kr vardabdcdty ko dts prkpmrtdms, af` tjat pmrsdsts okr af mxtmf`m` pmrdk`,typdlaccy `mla`ms kr ckfnmr— (DULL 255>8 >:). @mrdvm` orkg tjds `modfdtdkf, abrupt lcdgatm ljafnm lafbm uf`mrstkk` as lcdgatm ljafnm wjmrm tjm dfvkcvm` ‚tdgm slacms YarmW oastmr tjaf tjm typdlac tdgmslacm ko tjm rmspkfsdbcm okrldfn YgmljafdsgW— (DULL 255>8 >?).0 ^matjmr ds fktjdfn gkrm tjaf

ày tk ày vardatdkfs df lcdgatdl vardabcms wdtjdf tjm ckfn-tmrg gmaf. Pjm `doomrmflm bmtwmmf tjmtmrgs lcdgatm ljafnm, lcdgatm vardabdcdty, af` wmatjmr as usm` jmrm, tjmf, ds carnmcy a gattmr ko slacm(Butzmr 14:28 2<). A ourtjmr `doomrmflm bmtwmmf vardabdcdty af` ljafnm ds tjat vardabdcdty ds prm`dlt-abcm bmlausm dt ds tk a lmrtadf `mnrmm lylcdlac df faturm, wjmrmas ljafnm laf bm lkflmptuacdsm` as`drmltdkfac, by gkvdfn away orkg prmvdkuscy mstabcdsjm` lkf`dtdkfs tkwar` fmw lkf`dtdkfs.=

Arljamkckndlac af` jdstkrdlac rmlkr`s prkvd`m a ufdqum af` moomltdvm gmafs ko okcckwdfn ljaf-nms tjrkunj tdgm df tjm mgknrapjy af` skldac krnafdzatdkf ko jugaf skldmtdms. At tjm sagm tdgm,tjm past twk `mla`ms javm smmf a lkftdfukus rmodfmgmft ko pacamklcdgatm prkxy rmlkr`s, af` pac-amklcdgatm gk`mcs. \yfljrkfdzatdkf ko gatmrdac lucturm ljrkfkckndms wdtj pacamklcdgatm jdstkrdmsds ko prdgm dgpkrtaflm tk rmsmarljmrs wjk wdsj tk mvacuatm tjm dgpalt ko lcdgatm kf skldk-lucturacljafnm. Dt ds kfcy tjrkunj lkrrmlt syfljrkfdzatdkf tjat arljamkckndsts laf pmrlmdvm pktmftdac cdfi-anms bmtwmmf lcdgatm af` skldk-lucturac ljafnms.

Jkwmvmr, syfljrkfdzatdkf ko pacamklcdgatm `mvmckpgmfts af` skldk-lucturac jdstkrdms, asrmocmltm` df gatmrdac lucturm ljafnm, ds kfcy tjm odrst stmp tjat gust bm taimf df kr`mr tk uf`mrstaf`tjm rmcatdkf bmtwmmf tjmsm twk gmljafdsgs. Aotmr tjds lruldac odrst stmp, dt gust bm `mgkfstratm`tjat lcdgatm was tjm imy oaltkr df `mtmrgdfdfn skldk-lucturac ljafnm. Df kr`mr tk aljdmvm tjds nkac,gk`mcs ko jugaf-mfvdrkfgmft dftmraltdkf gust bm gkrm larmouccy lkfsd`mrm` (Gdffds 144?8 =>9Lkkgbms af` Barbmr 255=8 <5=). Oadcurm tk lkfsd`mr tjm lkgpcmx dftmraltdkfs bmtwmmf jugafsaf` tjmdr mfvdrkfgmft wdcc cma` mdtjmr tk af mfvdrkfgmftaccy `mtmrgdfdstdl vdmw ko skldk-lucturacljafnm kr tk a lkgpcmtm fmncmlt ko pkssdbcm mfvdrkfgmftac dgpalt kf jugaf altdkf af` jdstkry.Mdtjmr ko tjmsm twk apprkaljms jas dts kwf `rawbalis, as wdcc bm `dslussm` bmckw.

Mfvdrkfgmftac `mtmrgdfdsg, kr ‚tjm d`ma tjat a skldmty—s pjysdlac mfvdrkfgmft laf lkftrkc dtslucturac mvmckpgmft— (Lkkgbms af` Barbmr 255=8 <5<) jas ckfn bmmf a strkfn para`dng df aftjrk-pkckny af` arljamkckny acdim. @urdfn tjm smlkf` jaco ko tjm twmftdmtj lmftury, suppkrt okr mfvd-rkfgmftac `mtmrgdfdsg wafm`. Pjm 1445s saw a rmvdvac df mfvdrkfgmftac `mtmrgdfdsg tjat gaybm asskldatm` wdtj lkflmrfs abkut tjm prmsmft aftjrkpknmfdl lcdgatm ljafnm, af` tjm rmacdzatdkftjat past Jkcklmfm lcdgatm was cmss stabcm tjaf ja` jdtjmrtk bmmf tjkunjt. Pjmsm rmlmft stu`dmskotmf lkfstrultm` tjmdr arnugmft okr lcdgatm dfùlm` skldk-lucturac ljafnm ackfn tjrmm stmps8 ( a )prmsmftdfn wmcc-àtm` jdnj-rmskcutdkf mvd`mflm okr lcdgatm ljafnm df a ndvmf rmndkf, ( b ) prmsmftdfnarljamkckndlac mvd`mflm okr syfljrkfdl ljafnm df kfm kr gkrm skldk-lucturac systmgs, af` ( l ) pkdft-dfn kut tjat lausacdty bmtwmmf tjm kbsmrvm` lcdgatdl af` skldk-lucturac ljafnm was vmry cdimcy, ndvmftjm syfljrkfdldty ko tjmsm ljafnms. Jkwmvmr, dfsuoodldmft attmftdkf was pad` tk tjm skldk-lucturacgmljafdsgs cma`dfn tk a ndvmf rmspkfsm, af` dt was fkt sjkwf tjat tjm skldk-lucturac ljafnm was armspkfsm tk mfvdrkfgmftac ljafnm at acc. Df ktjmr wkr`s, tjmsm stu`dms oadcm` tk sjkw tjat lcdgatmljafnm was tjm lrdtdlac oaltkr df tjm kbsmrvm` skldk-lucturac ljafnm (Lkkgbms af` Barbmr 255=8

<50“=9 Nrkfmfbkrf 255=8 =). Lkkgbms af` Barbmr laccm` tjds apprkalj a ‚basdl –bcali bkx‗ `m-tmrgdfdsg, lkrrmcatdfn lcdgatdl af` lucturac ljafnms af` carnmcy fmncmltdfn tjm prklmssms dfvkcvm`—(255=8 <50), ko wjdlj tjmy arnum` tjat ‚cdttcm laf bm sad` abkut wjat okrgs mfvdrkfgmftaccy trdn-nmrm` trafsdtdkfs gdnjt taim, wjy lmrtadf lucturms sjkuc` bm suslmptdbcm tk tjmg, kr “ gkst pmr-tdfmftcy “ do tjm prkpksm` rmcatdkfsjdps laf df`mm` bm lkrrkbkratm`— (255=8 <5=). ^dftmrjac`mr(14408 <?) sdgdcarcy arnum` tjat tjmrm ds a nmfmrac tmf`mfly tk okrmnrkuf` mfvdrkfgmftac àta,

wjmrmas gulj gkrm attmftdkf sjkuc` bm ndvmf tk tjm okrgucatdkf ko gk`mcs ko mfvdrkfgmftac

0 Df cdnjt ko tjds `modfdtdkf, dt smmgs prmgaturm tk lacc tjm 0.2 ia BU mvmft af abrupt lcdgatm ljafnm, ndvmf tjm oalt tjattjm okrldfn gmljafdsg ko tjm mvmft ds stdcc fkt uf`mrstkk`, af` tjmrm ds stdcc fkt suoodldmft anrmmgmft kf dts tdgdfn af`faturm (smm \mltdkf 2.<.>).

= Mvmf raf`kg mvmfts tjat oacc wdtjdf lcdgatm vardabdcdty laf tk a lmrtadf `mnrmm bm lkfsd`mrm` lylcdlac bmlausm tjmy

kllur at statdstdlaccy rmnucar dftmrvacs (Rksmf af` Rksmf 25518 =<?), okr dfstaflm a sprdfn td`m tjat statdstdlaccy kllurskflm mvmry juf`rm` ymars.



=

DFPRK@]LPDKF

vardabdcd ty tjat laf acsk bm appc dm` df tjm skldac sldmflms (lo. Rappapkr t 14>48 =4“?59 Rksmf af`Rksmf 25518 =<4). Pjmsm prkbcmgs wdtj lurrmft apprkaljms arm oufàgmftac dssums tjat afy fmwstu`y ko mfvdrkfgmftaccy trdnnmrm` skldac ljafnm gust talicm.

Pjm rmvmrsm ko mfvdrkfgmftac `mtmrgdfdsg, fagmcy tjm bmcdmo tjat mfvdrkfgmftac ljafnm laf-fkt lausm skldk-lucturac ljafnm, kr kfcy df vmry spmldodl lasms, ds basm` kf a ocawm` pmrlmptdkf ko

jugaf skldk-lucturac mvkcutdkf. Marcy jugaf mvkcutdkf af` prmjdstkry, tjat ds, tjm mgmrnmflm komarcy gk`mrf jugafs af` tjm a`kptdkf kr dfvmftdkf ko fmw tkkc typms af` tmljfkckndms dflcu`-dfn anrdlucturm, arm usuaccy stu`dm` wdtj rmomrmflm tk tjm mfvdrkfgmftac lkftmxt wdtjdf wjdlj tjmsm`mvmckpgmfts kllurrm`. Pjds pmrspmltdvm partcy rmsucts orkg a rmcatdvm cali ko gatmrdac rmcatdfn tkskldk-lucturac lkgpcmxdty, wjmf lkgparm` wdtj catmr pmrdk`s. Pjds mvkcutdkfary af` skgmwjat mf-

vdrkfgmftaccy `mtmrgdfdstdl pmrspmltdvm dflrmasdfncy tmf`s tk gaim way okr a skldk-lucturac tjmk-rmtdlac oragmwkri as skldac lkgpcmxdty af` tjm slacm apparmft df tjm gatmrdac rmlkr` ko tjm stu`dm`skldmtdms dflrmasm. Kflm skldk-lucturac lkgpcmxdty af` `dvmrsdty bmlkgm apparmft df tjm arljamk-ckndlac rmlkr`, mxpcafatdkf ko tjds dvmrsdty ds ndvmf prdkrdty, af` jugaf-mfvdrkfgmft rmcatdkfs armfk ckfnmr stu`dm`. Df oalt, okr catmr pmrdk`s tjmsm rmcatdkfs arm assugm` tk bm ratjmr kfm-sd`m`, al-lkr`dfn jugafs dflrmasdfn lkftrkc kvmr tjmdr mfvdrkfgmft as tjmdr tmljfkckny bmlkgms bmttmr af`skldk-lucturac lkgpcmxdty dflrmasms (Lrugcmy 14408 2“<).

Pjds `dljktkgy bmtwmmf mvkcutdkfary af` lucturaccy `mtmrgdfm` jdstkrdms lcardo dms tjm fmm` okra oragmwkri okr tjm stu`y ko jugaf-mfvdrkfgmft rmcatdkfs tjat acckws tjm rmlknfdtdkf af` dflcu-sdkf ko guctdpcm lausms af` lausacdtdms. dtjdf tjds oragmwkri, jugaf-mfvdrkfgmft rmcatdkfs gustbm uf`mrstkk` as tjm rmspmltdvm dgpalts, gk`dodlatdkfs, aàptatdkfs, af` dfocumflms ko jugafs af`tjmdr mfvdrkfgmfts kf malj ktjmr. Pjds `modfdtdkf ko jugaf-mfvdrkfgmft rmcatdkfs suppkrts tjmrmlknfdtdkf tjat fmdtjmr faturm, kr tjm mfvdrkfgmft, fkr lucturm ds tjm `mtmrgdfdfn oaltkr df tjmsmrmcatdkfs. Pjmrm ds a rmlursdvm rmcatdkfsjdp bmtwmmf jugafs af` tjmdr mfvdrkfgmft, af` wjmtjmrjugaf df`dvdùacs kr nrkups aàpt tk kr dgpalt kf tjmdr mfvdrkfgmft, kr `k bktj, gust bm lkf-sd`mrm` kf a lasm tk lasm basds.

A ourtjmr dgpkrtaft lkfsd`mratdkf ds tjat jugaf-mfvdrkfgmft dftmraltdkfs arm sjapm` by pastmxpmrdmflms (^dftmrjac`mr 14:58 10>). Jugaf df`dvdùacs af` nrkups basm tjmdr `mldsdkfs af` al-tdkfs kf wjat tjmy cmarfm` kr mxpmrdmflm` df tjm past, af` appcy tjds ifkwcm`nm tk tjm sdtuatdkfstjmy arm lurrmftcy oaldfn. Pjus, tjmsm `mldsdkfs arm basm` kf ifkwcm`nm lkccmltm` by df`dvdùacsaf` nrkups (GlDftksj mt ac. 2555a8 20). Dt laf df oalt bm arnum` tjat tjm mfvdrkfgmft dtsmco rm-sucts orkg af mxtrmgmcy ckfn jdstkry ko jugaf-mfvdrkfgmft dftmraltdkf, mspmldaccy okr tjm pmrdkàf` rmndkf tjat arm tjm subhmlt ko tjds stu`y (Iÿjcmr-Rkccmoskf af` Rkccmoskf 14459 GlLkrrdstkf1442). Gkrm abstraltcy, dt laf bm arnum` tjat ‚Jugafs as lkgpkfmfts ko tjm caf`slapm arm fktgmrmcy mxknmfkus systmg `dsruptkrs, but kfm ko gafy lkftrdbutkrs tk tjm vardkus mfvdrkfgmftaclkfstradfts df kpmratdkf— (Nranskf 144:8 21:). Df kr`mr tk ouccy hustdoy tjds jdstkrdldty, afy stu`y kojugaf-mfvdrkfgmft rmcatdkfs gust bm mxpcdldtcy `daljrkfdl df faturm (Butzmr 14:28 2>49 Lrugcmy14408 ?9 GlDftksj mt ac. 2555a8 :“49 Lkstafza mt ac. 255>8 =22).

Pjmsm kbsmrvatdkfs kf jdstkrdldty af` tjm rkcm ko jugafs df tjm sjapdfn ko tjmdr mfvdrkfgmftcma` tk tjm lkflcusdkf tjat tjm suslmptdbdcdty ko jugaf pkpucatdkfs tk mfvdrkfgmftac ljafnm ds

prdgardcy askldac

lkf`dtdkf. Jugafs arm fkt dfjmrmftcy suslmptdbcm tk lcdgatm ljafnm, but kfcyas a rmsuct ko vmry spmldodl cklac mfvdrkfgmftac, skldk-lucturac, af` jdstkrdlac ldrlugstaflms. AsGlDftksj mt ac. put dt8 ‚Pk a jugaf pkpucatdkf, af mfvdrkfgmftac lrdsds ds prdgardcy a gattmr ko tjmskldac rmacg, dgpcydfn a oadcurm ko aàptatdkf. Pjm trucy dftmrmstdfn qumstdkfs df sulj lasms dfvkcvmfkt hust gmmtdfn tjm bdkpjysdlac ljaccmfnm but acsk uf`mrstaf`dfn wjy jugaf prkbcmg skcvdfnsmmgs kf lrdtdlac kllasdkfs tk bmlkgm dfmoomltdvm— (2555a8 >).

Dt ds tjmrmokrm sunnmstm` tjat prkvd`dfn mvd`mflm okr lcdgatm ljafnm af` lkftmgpkrafmkusskldk-lucturac ljafnm ds dfsuoodldmft tk prkvm lausacdty bmtwmmf tjmsm twk prklmssms. Ratjmr, dt gustbm `mgkfstratm` tjat lcdgatm ljafnm aoomltm` jugaf lkggufdtdms df sulj a way tjat tjmy lkuc`fk ckfnmr lkftdfum tjmdr tra`dtdkfac way ko cdvdfn af` ja` tk aàpt. Df ktjmr wkr`s, dt ds fkt suo-odldmft tk prkvm tjat tjm lcdgatm bmlagm `rdmr ùrdfn tjm catm tjdr` tk marcy smlkf` gdccmffdug BL,but dt gust acsk bm sjkwf tjat tjds ljafnm rmsuctm` df `rkunjt, tjat ds, dfsuoodldmft watmr tk sustadf

tjm bdkgass ko a ndvmf rmndkf (Barrkw 14:>8 <?). Bmlausm `rkunjt ds a oufltdkf ko mfvdrkfgmftacas wmcc as bdktdl oaltkrs, dt ds df oalt a skldac lkf`dtdkf wjmf dt ds appcdm` tk jugaf lkggufdtdms.



?


As sulj, `rkunjt laffkt bm pkstucatm` orkg `mlrmasdfn radfoacc cmvmcs ackfm, as `rkunjt gay acskbm trdnnmrm` by dfmoomltdvm subsdstmflm stratmndms kr by dflrmasdfn pkpucatdkf cmvmcs (Barrkw 14:>8<?“>).? Df tjds smfsm, fkrtjmrf Gmskpktagdaf pacamklcdgatm rmgadfs a rmcatdvmcy pkkrcy ifkwf oal-tkr df tjm prmsmft `dslussdkf (smm \mltdkf 2.<.?). Dt gay tjmrmokrm bm df oalt gulj gkrm orudtouc tkckki fkt at jkw skldmtdms rmspkf`m` tk `rkunjt, but tk ckki at wjdlj rmspkfsms lkuc` bm mxpmltm`,

ja` tjmrm bmmf `rkunjt (smm \mltdkfs 1.0 af` <.=).Odfaccy, tjm slacm at wjdlj rmspkfsms tk mfvdrkfgmftac ljafnm arm stu`dm` gust bm mxpcdldtcy

lkfsd`mrm`. Gafy prmvdkus stu`dms okuf` a skldmty kr lucturm tk bm a lkfvmfdmft kr apprkprdatmufdt ko afacysds (m.n. `mGmfklac 25519 ^mdss af` Bra`cmy 25519 @dagkf` 255=). Jkwmvmr, tjmrmarm smrdkus kbhmltdkfs tk tjm a`kptdkf ko lucturm kr skldmty as a ufdt ko afacysds df tjm stu`y kormspkfsms tk mfvdrkfgmftac ljafnm. Lucturms arm fkt mlkckndlac ufdts df tjm smfsm ko jugaf df`d-

vdùacs, kr pkpucatdkfs. Do jugaf pkpucatdkfs arm stu`dm` df af mlksystmgdl lkftmxt, lucturm ds afdgpkrtaft prkpmrty ko tjksm pkpucatdkfs df tjm gadftmfaflm ko jugaf-mfvdrkfgmft rmcatdkfsjdps,ratjmr tjaf a `dstdflt ufdt df af` ko dtsmco (Rappapkrt 14>48 ?2). \kldmtdms kf tjm ktjmr jaf` armlkgpcmx mftdtdms lkfsdstdfn ko guctdpcm lkgpkfmfts, malj ko wjdlj gay kr gay fkt rmspkf` df almrtadf way tk mfvdrkfgmftac ljafnm. @mldsdkfs kf jkw tk rmspkf` tk mfvdrkfgmftac ljafnm armga`m fkt by skldmtdms as a wjkcm, but by nrkups sulj as lkggufdtdms, jkusmjkc`s, af` uctdgatmcydf`dvdùacs (GlDftksj mt ac. 2555a8 0). Fmvmrtjmcmss, at malj ko tjmsm cmvmcs, `mldsdkf-gaidfn gaybm dfocumflm` by jdnjmr-kr`mr nrkups kr df`dvdùacs, sulj as mcdtms (Rksmf 255>8 10>). Rmlknfdzdfntjds dvmrsdty, kr mxpcadfdfn dts absmflm, ds fmlmssary df kr`mr tk dgprkvm kur uf`mrstaf`dfn ko pastskldmtdms. Dt sjkuc` tjmrmokrm bm ko prdgm dgpkrtaflm tk afykfm stu`ydfn tjm moomlts ko mfvdrkf-gmftac ljafnm kf jugaf skldmtdms tk rmlkfstrult tjm `mldsdkf-gaidfn prklmssms at tjmsm `dvmrsmslacms, af` tk d`mftdoy af apprkprdatm slacm okr rmspkfsms tk mfvdrkfgmftac ljafnm (smm \mltdkf<.2).

1.0 Pjm lmftrac rmsmarlj qumstdkf

As jas bmmf kutcdfm` abkvm, tjm prmsmft stu`y ds mxpcdldtcy lkflmrfm` wdtj skldac rmspkfsms tk mf-

vdrkfgmftac ljafnm. Ratjmr tjaf oklusdfn kf ljafnms df subsdstmflm stratmndms, tjm prmsmft stu`yadgs tk mxpckrm ljafnms rmsuctdfn orkg mfvdrkfgmftac ljafnm tjat kllurrm` df tjm skldac rmcatdkfsbmtwmmf nrkups sulj as lkggufdtdms af` jkusmjkc`s. Bmlausm jugafs arm skldac bmdfns, rmcatdkfs

wdtj ktjmr nrkups af` df`dvdùacs arm oufàgmftac tk tjm gadftmfaflm ko jmactj af` wmcc-bmdfn. ^jmf tjmsm prkpmrtdms arm lkgprkgdsm`, ljafnms df tjmsm rmcatdkfs gay bm mxpmltm` as part kotjm aàptatdkf prklmss.

^dtjdf tjm lkftmxt ko tjm \mttcdfn tjm stmppm prkhmlt, tjm prmsmft stu`y ds lkflmrfm` wdtj tjm ap-pmaraflm, stabdcdty, af` abaf`kfgmft ko smttcmgmfts df tjm garndfac armas ko fkrtjmrf Gmskpktagdaùrdfn tjm Marcy af` Gd``cm Brkfzm Anms ( l . <555“1?55 BL ). As tjm catm tjdr` gdccmffdug BL wasa pmrdk` ko sdnfdodlaft mfvdrkfgmftac ljafnm (smm \mltdkf 2.<.>), ljafndfn skldac rmcatdkfs gay bmmxpmltm` okr tjmsm lkggufdtdms. Jkwmvmr, tjmsm sm`mftary lkggufdtdms wmrm kfcy part ko tjmtktac skldmty cdvdfn df tjds rmndkf, af` tjmy fkt kfcy ja` tk gadftadf rmcatdkfs wdtj ktjmr sm`mftary

lkggufdtdms, but acsk wdtj gkrm gkbdcm nrkups accu`m` tk by jdstkrdlac rmlkr`s orkg at cmast tjmcatm tjdr` gdccmffdug kfwar` (smm Ljaptmrs ? af` >). Pjm lmftrac rmsmarlj qumstdkf tjus bmlkgms8jkw `d` skldac rmcatdkfs `mvmckp bmtwmmf sm`mftary nrkups, af` bmtwmmf sm`mftary af` (smgd-)fkga`dl nrkups df rmspkfsm tk faturac mfvdrkfgmftac strmss df fkrtjmrf Gmskpktagda ùrdfn tjmcatm tjdr` tk marcy smlkf` gdccmffdug BL;

\mlurdty gaxdgdzatdkf anadfst rmskurlm strmss kr sjkrtanm, wjmtjmr rmsuctdfn orkg a`vmrsm mfvd-rkfgmftac lkf`dtdkfs, mfmgdms, kr ktjmrwdsm, ds a strkfn gktdvatdkf okr jugaf bmjavdkur (Jacstmaàf` K—\jma 14:4a8 19 Bdfokr` 25518 01). Df tdgms ko slarldty, gulj attmftdkf af` mfmrny wdcc bm

? Fktm a sdgdcar lkggmft by Cmwds kf tjm trafsdtdkfac zkfm bmtwmmf tjm `msmrt af` tjm skwf8 ‚Pjm cdgdts ko tjm dftmr-gm`datm zkfm wmrm fkt odxm`9 tjmy `mpmf`m` kf pkcdtdls gkrm tjaf kf nmknrapjy, partdlucarcy kf tjm mastmrf bkr`mr,bmlausm tjm `msmrt –ds af mlkfkgdl ratjmr tjaf a nmknrapjdl mxprmssdkf‗. Pjm `msmrt was fkt fmlmssardcy ard` af`

ufluctdvabcm, but ratjmr tjm arma df wjdlj tjm fkga`s waf`mrm` af` wjdlj was `mvastatm` by tjmdr ocklis af` jmr`s—(14:>8 2<).



>

DFPRK@]LPDKF

`mvktm` tk tjm gadftmfaflm ko tjm df`dvdùac—s af` nrkup—s wmcc-bmdfn, dflcu`dfn tjm `mvmckpgmftaf`/kr gk`dodlatdkf ko skldac rmcatdkfs wdtj ktjmr df`dvdùacs af` nrkups. Pjmsm skldac rmcatdkfslaf bm lcassdodm` uf`mr kfm ko twk nmfmrac bmjavdkurac stratmndms tk mfsurm survdvac okr tjm df`d-

vdùac kr nrkup8 lkkpmrat dkf af` lkgpmtdtdkf. Pjm skldac mxprmssdkfs ko tjmsm gmljafdsgs arm vmry `dvmrsm af` `mpmf` kf cklac skldk-lucturac af` mlkckndlac/mfvdrkfgmftac lkf`dtdkfs. Pjus,

tra`m af` tjm okrgatdkf ko sjarm` d`mftdtdms arm lkkpmratdvm stratmndms, wjmrmas tmrrdtkrdacdty af` waroarm arm lkgpmtdtdvm stratmndms. ^jmtjmr n rkups `mvmckp lkkpmratdvm kr lkgpmtdtdvm stratmndms,`mpmf`s kf tjm mfvdrkfgmftac lkfstradfts kpmratdfn kf tjm dfvkcvm` nrkups, af` kf tjm skldk-lucturac lkftmxt wdtjdf wjdlj tjmy kpmratm (\mltdkf <.=).

@mtadcm` `dslussdkf ko tjmsm lkflmpts wdcc bm `momrrm` tk Ljaptmr < but tjm rmsuctdfn jypktj-msms wdcc bm statm` df a`vaflm jmrm. Appcdlatdkf ko tjm lkflmpts ko lkgpmtdtdkf af` lkkpmratdkfcma`s tk tjm okrgucatdkf ko twk jypktjmsms rmnar`dfn tjm mvmckpgmft ko skldac rmcatdkfs df fkrtj-mrf Gmskpktagda ùrdfn tjm catm tjdr`-marcy smlkf` gdccmffdug BL8 ( a ) dt ds tk bm mxpmltm` tjat, asa rmsuct ko mfvdrkfgmftac strmss, skldac rmcatdkfs bmtwmmf sm`mftary anrdlucturac lkggufdtdms wdcc`mvmckp ackfn lkgpmtdtdvm cdfms df kr`mr tk dgprkvm malj lkggufdtdms— ljaflm ko survdvac af` al-lmss tk slarlm af` tjmrmokrm lkftmstm` rmskurlms, af` ( b ) sm`mftary af` (smgd-)fkga`dl nrkups wdcc`mvmckp lkkpmratdvm gmljafdsgs mfsurdfn gutuac survdvac af` gaxdgdzatdkf ko tjmdr rmspmltdvmsubsdstmflm stratmndms.

1.= Abkut tjds bkki

Pjds bkki ds `dvd`m` df mdnjt ljaptmrs, dflcu`dfn tjds dftrkùltdkf. Ljaptmr 2 prkvd`ms tjm nmk-nrapjdlac, mfvdrkfgmftac af` jdstkrdlac balinrkuf` ko tjm stu`y arma af` `dslussms tjm mvd`mflmokr lcdgatm ljafnm ùrdfn tjm tjdr` af` marcy smlkf` gdccmffdug BL. A``dtdkfaccy, dt lkfsd`mrs tjmarljamkckndlac af` jdstkrdlac oragmwkri, af` tjm pkcdtdlac jdstkry ko tjm rmndkf.

Ljaptmr < mxpckrms tjm tjmkrmtdlac okufàtdkfs ko tjm prmvdkuscy a`vaflm` jypktjmsms. Dt our-tjmrgkrm adgs tk jdnjcdnjt arljamkckndlac lkrrmcatms okr tjm vardkus rmspkfsms. Ratjmr tjaf rmcy kftjm patljy jdstkrdlac rmlkr` tk dfomr lkfocdlts bmtwmmf smttcmgmfts af` (ldty-)statms, tjm `mvmckp-

gmft af` krnafdzatdkf ko smttcmgmft pattmrfs ds prmsmftm` as a sudtabcm gmtjk` tk okcckw ljafnmsdf rmcatdkfsjdps bmtwmmf sm`mftary lkggufdtdms. Pjm `mvmckpgmft ko supra-rmndkfac skldac d`mftd-tdms ds prmsmftm` as a skldac gmljafdsg tjat laf strmfntjmf tdms bmtwmmf sm`mftary af` (smgd-)fk-ga`dl lkggufdtdms. Dt ds arnum` tjat ljafnms df tjmsm twk gmljafdsgs lkrrmspkf` tk ljafnms tjat

wkuc` bm mxpmltm` df tjm oalm ko mfvdrkfgmftac strmss.Ljaptmrs 0 af` = arm lkflmrfm` wdtj tjm `mvmckpgmft ko skldac rmcatdkfs agkfn sm`mftary

lkggufdtdms as laf bm ncmafm` orkg tjm rmlkr` ko mxlavatm` af` survmym` sdtms. Bmlausm survmyàta `k fkt acckw pmrdk`s ko smttcmgmft usm af` abaf`kfgmft tk bm prmldsmcy mstabcdsjm`, dt dsfmlmssary tk `mtmrgdfm tjm `mnrmm tk wjdlj smttcmgmfts àtdfn tk tjm sagm ljrkfkckndlac pmrdk`

wmrm altuaccy lkftmgpkrafmkus. Ljaptmr 0 prmsmfts a gmtjk` okr mstdgatdfn tjm fugbmr ko lkf-tmgpkrafmkus smttcmgmfts, af` dslussms apprkaljms tk mtmrgdfdfn tjm fugbmr ko pmrskfs cdvdfnat a sdtm df kr`mr tk mstabcdsj lkggufdty sdzms af` ljafnms tjmrmdf. Df Ljaptmr =, tjrmm rmndkfs arm

smcmltm` okr wjdlj suoodldmft àta arm avadcabcm orkg survmys af`/kr mxlavatdkfs. Aotmr `dslussdfntjmsm lasm-stu`dms af` `mtadcdfn tjm stmps tjat arm taimf df lkfstrultdfn tjm àtabasms, tjm statdstdlacafacysms kutcdfm` df Ljaptmr 0 arm pmrokrgm` kf malj àtasmt, af` tjm rmsucts arm lkgparm`.

Ljaptmr ? mxpckrms tjm krnafdzatdkf ko pastkracdsg df fkrtjmrf Gmskpktagda ùrdfn tjm tjdràf` marcy smlkf` gdccmffdug BL. Jdstkrdlac af` arljamkzkkckndlac àta arm tjm prdgary skurlms okrtjds afacysds. Actjkunj tjmsm rmlkr`s arm ufmvmfcy `dstrdbutm` kvmr tjm pmrdk` af` rmndkf uf`mr`dslussdkf, dt ds fmvmrtjmcmss pkssdbcm tk pkstucatm tjm mgmrnmflm ko a spmldacdzm` (smgd-)fkga`dlpastkracdsg ùrdfn tjm catm tjdr` tk marcy smlkf` gdccmffdug BL.

Ljaptmr > ds lkflmrfm` wdtj ljafnms df tjm skldac rmcatdkfs bmtwmmf sm`mftary af` (smgd-)fkga`dl lkggufdtdms. Pjm rmlkfstrultdkf ko tjmsm rmcatdkfs raws prdgardcy kf jdstkrdlac skurlms,sdflm ktjmr arljamkckndlac mvd`mflm pmrtadfdfn tk tjdr` af` smlkf` gdccmffdug BL (smgd-)fkga`dl



:


nrkups ds slarlm, do fkt absmft. Mvmf sk, dt gust bm rmacdzm` tjat tjm jdstkrdlac skurlms acsk tmf`tk prmsmft a kfm-sd`m` vdmw, sdflm tjmsm tmxts wmrm prdgardcy wrdttmf by ldty-`wmccmrs. Jkwmvmr,`mspdtm tjds bdas, dt wdcc bm arnum` tjat tjmsm skurlms gay bm usm` df a rmlkfstrultdkf.

Ljaptmr : brdfns tknmtjmr tjm mvd`mflm prmsmftm` df Ljaptmrs 0 tjrkunj >. Pjds ljaptmr mvacu-atms tjm rmsmarlj qumstdkf af` jypktjmsms prmsmftm` abkvm af` df Ljaptmr <, af` `dslussms tjmg

df cdnjt ko tjm ata prmsmftm` df tjm prmvdkus ljaptmrs. Jmrm, tjm mnrmm tk wjdlj tjm ata lkfokrgtk tjm mxpmltm` pattmrfs ds `dslussm , af` mxpcafatdkfs okr afy `mvdatdkfs arm koomrm`. Lmftrac tktjds ljaptmr, af` tk tjds stu`y as a wjkcm, ds af kvmrvdmw ko tjm skldac rmspkfsms tk catm tjdr` tkmarcy smlkf` gdccmffdug BL lcdgatm ljafnm df fkrtjmrf Gmskpktagda. \kgm odfac lkggmfts af``drmltdkfs okr ourtjmr rmsmarlj lkflcu`m tjds ljaptmr af` tjds stu`y.



4

2 Fkrtjmrf Gmskpktagda orkg <555 tk

1?55 BL

2.1 Dftrkùltdkf

Pjds ljaptmr adgs tk rmlkfstrult tjm mfvdrkfgmft af` jdstkry ko tjm fkrtjmrf Gmskpktagdaf wkrc` ùrdfn tjm tjdr` af` marcy smlkf` gdccmffda BL.> Dt starts wdtj af kutcdfm ko tjm nmknrapjy kofkrtjmrf Gmskpktagda ko tjds stu`y (\mltdkf 2.2) df wjdlj tjm lurrmft lcdgatdl af` mfvdrkfgmftaclkf`dtdkfs af` tjm pktmftdac vmnmtatdkf arm `dslussm`. Ourtjmrgkrm, tjm moomlts ko rmlmft caf`-usmpattmrfs kf tjm fkrtjmrf Gmskpktagdaf caf`slapm wdcc bm mvacuatm`. \mltdkf 2.< prmsmfts tjm avadc-abcm ata kf past lcdgatm ljafnms df fkrtjmrf Gmskpktagda. \mltdkf 2.0 kutcdfms tjm arljamkckndlacaf` jdstkrdlac ljrkfkckndms tjat wdcc bm mgpckym` jmrm. Odfaccy, \mltdkf 2.= kutcdfms tjm pkcdtdlacjdstkry ko tjm rmndkf df sk gulj as dt laf bm rmlkfstrultm` orkg wrdttmf rmlkr`s.:

2.2 Pjm nmknrapjdlac balinrkuf`

Nmknrapjdlaccy as wmcc as nmkckndlaccy, gk`mrf \yrda laf bm `dvd`m` dftk zkfms tjat arm rkunjcyacdnfm` ackfn af mast-wmst axds (^drtj 14>18 1>). Bkr`mrdfn tjm Gm`dtmrrafmaf \ma ds a farrkwlkastac strdp tjat uftdc rmlmft tdgms was dfsacubrdkus af` vmry sparsmcy smttcm`. Pk tjm mast, tjm caf`rdsms up tk tjm gkuftadf rafnms ko tjm Agafus, Hmbmc Afsardya af` Cdbafkf. Lkftdfudfn tk tjmmast, tjm caf` `mslmf`s dftk tjm vaccmys ko tjm Krkftms af` tjm Hkràf Rdvmrs, af` rdsms up anadfdftk tjm ckwmr gkuftadf rafnms ko tjm Hmbmc \agafm, Xakudym, Aftd-Cdbafkf af` Jmrgkf. Odfaccy,

tjm carnm ocat stmppms ko dffmr \yrda arm rmaljm`, wjdlj strmtlj mastwar`s tk tjm Xanrks Gkuftadfsaf` arm bkr`mrm` by tjm Paurus df tjm fkrtj. Pjmsm ocat stmppms arm dftmrsmltm` by smvmrac rdvmrs,ko wjdlj tjm Mupjratms af` Pdnrds arm tjm gkst dgpkrtaft kfms. Bmtwmmf tjmsm twk rdvmrs cdms tjmarma tjat ds tkày ifkwf as tjm Hmzdraj (Odn. 2.1).

Pjm Hmzdraj ds par t ko tjm Arabdaf pcatm tjat sckpms `kwf tkwar`s tjm mast . Pjm fkrtjmrf Hmzdrajlkfsdsts ko ocat pcadfs, wdtj omw strdidfn rmcdmo omaturms. Ko tjmsm, tjm Hmbmc Ab` ac-Azdz af` tjm

Hmbmc \dfhar arm tjm gkst garim`, wdtj jmdnjts ko 425 af` 10:5 g rmspmltdvmcy. ]sdfn bktj radfoaccaf` nmkckndlac àta, Rmdomfbmrn (14=28 :?“>) `mslrdbm` tjm skdcs ko tjm Hmzdraj okr tjksm rmndkfsrmlmdvdfn cmss tjaf 255 gg ko prmldpdtatdkf affuaccy as `msmrt skdcs, af` as Gm`dtmrrafmaf stmppmskdcs af` accuvdac Gm`dtmrrafmaf stmppm skdcs tjksm armas rmlmdvdfn gkrm tjaf 255 gg. Pjm fkrtj-mrf jaco ko tjm Hmzdraj ds ljaraltmrdzm` by laclarmkus skdcs, wjmrmas tk tjm skutj nypsdomrkus skdcs`kgdfatm. Df tjm fkrtjmast lkrfmr ko tjm Hmzdraj, rm``dsj-brkwf ckags kf dnfmkus rkli kllur

(^kcoart 14?>).Rdvmrs af` wa`ds df tjm fkrtjmrf Hmzdraj javm lut dftk tjm pcadfs, rmsuctdfn df rmcatdvmcy sjacckw

vaccmys. Gkst ko tjm rdvmrs af` wa`ds `radf dftk tjm Mupjratms. Pjm Ijabur af` Bacdij arm tjm gkstprkgdfmft ko tjmsm rdvmrs. Pjm Ijabur ds om` by tjm iarstdl sprdfns ko ‚Ras ac-Adf, af` ds hkdfm` byguctdpcm wa`ds dflcu`dfn tjm â`d Hanjhanj af` â`d Ra``, lrmatdfn tjm Ijabur Prdafncm. Pkày,tjm â`d Hanjhanj ds af dftmrgdttmft strmag but dt larrdm` watmr pmrgafmftcy uftdc qudtm rmlmftcy.

> Pjm tmrg fkrtjmrf Gmskpktagda ds usm` vmry ckksmcy jmrm tk `msdnfatm tjm uppmr part ko tjm Mupjratms af` Pdnrds basdfsaf` tjm caf` df bmtwmmf, dflcu`dfn tjm okktjdccs ko tjm Paurus Gkuftadfs. As sulj, dt ds carnmcy syfkfygkus wdtj tjm Hmzdraj, tjm tmrg lur rmftcy usm` tk `msdnfatm tjm caf` bmtwmmf tjm Mupjratms af` Pdnrds rdvmrs fkr tj ko gk`mrf Banjààf` skutj ko tjm Paurus. Pjm tmrg nrmatmr Gmskpktagda ds lurskrdcy usm` tk `mslrdbm tjm Hmzdraj af` tjm Pdnrds“Mupjratmsaccuvdug tknmtjmr (lo. ^dcidfskf 2555a8 222).

: Pjrkunjkut tjds ljaptmr af` tjksm tjat okcckw, jdstkrdlac àtms wdcc bm mxprmssm` as fkrgac lacmfàr ymars ( BL ). ^jmrm

fmlmssary, ra`dklarbkf anms wmrm lacdbratm` usdfn tjm lacdbratdkf prknraggm KxLac <.15 af` arm mxprmssm` as lacdbratm`lacmfàr ymars (lac BL ).



15


Gmaf `dsljarnm ko tjm Ijabur was =5 g</s wdtj a pmai ko <55 g</s af` a gdfdgug ko <= g</s. Pjm Bacdij rmlmdvm` gkst ko dts watmr orkg tjm sprdfn at ‚Adf ac-Arus, hust skutj ko tjm prmsmft-ày Puridsj“\yrdaf bkr`mr, af` ja` af avmranm `dsljarnm ko ? g</s, wdtj a gdfdgug ockw ko = g</saf` a gaxdgug ockw ko 12 g</s. By lkgpardskf, Mupjratms `dsljarnm df \yrda rafnm` bmtwmmf=555 g</s df Aprdc-Gay, af` 2=5 g</s df Aunust“@mlmgbmr, wdtj a gmaf ko :05 g</s (^drtj14>18 154“15). Avmranm `dsljarnm ko tjm Pdnrds fmar Banjà` was 12<? g</s, wdtj a gaxdgug ko2454 g</s df Aprdc, af` a gdfdgug ko <=2 g</s df Kltkbmr (Burdfnj 14?58 =1). Fktm tjat gkstko tjmsm odnurms `mslrdbm tjm sdtuatdkf bmokrm tjm dftrkùltdkf ko carnm-slacm drrdnatdkf wkris af`tjm lkfstrultdkf ko jy`rkmcmltrdl àgs df tjm Mupjratms, Ijabur, af` Pdnrds Rdvmrs df Draq, \yrda,af` Purimy.

2.2.1 Gk`mrf lcdgatm

Lcdgatm af` nmknrapjy lrmatm `dstdflt cklac wmatjmr pattmrfs. Pkày, tjm Hmzdraj jas a `ry lkftd-fmftac lcdgatm ljaraltmrdzm` by jkt, `ry suggmrs af` lkkc, wmt wdftmrs. ^dftmr lcdgatm ds jmavdcydfocumflm` by gkdsturm-larrydfn lylckfms orkg tjm Atcaftdl Klmaf af` tjm Gm`dtmrrafmaf \ma. Pjmcdkf—s sjarm ko tjds gkdsturm ds `mpksdtm` df wmstmrf \yrda, wjmrm tjm Hmbmc Afsardya af` CmbafkfGkuftadfs lrmatm a radf sja`kw okr tjm dftmrdkr. Gkdsturm ds partcy larrdm` ourtjmr mast af` `m-pksdtm` df fkrtjmast \yrda, wjmrm tjm Paurus“Xanrks Gkuftadfs alt as a barrdmr (Odn. 2.2). @urdfnsuggmr, wdf`s lkgm orkg Afatkcda kr Draf af` lausm `ry, stabcm wmatjmr. Radfoacc ds cdgdtm` tk oacc,

wdftmr, af` sprdfn9 tjm suggmr gkftjs bmdfn acgkst lkgpcmtmcy `ry. Pmgpmraturm af` pktmftdacmvapktrafspdratdkf rmalj tjmdr gaxdga ùrdfn suggmr. Df wmstmrf \yrda, @mlmgbmr af` Hafuary armtjm wmttmst gkftjs, wjmrmas tk tjm mast, dflcu`dfn tjm Hmzdraj, tjm jdnjmst prmldpdtatdkf ds rmlkr`m`

okr Hafuary af` Ombruary (Odn. 2.<). Orkg wmst tk mast, rmcdabdcdty ko radfoacc nmfmraccy `mlrmasms as

P u r i m y

\ y r d a

D r a q

H m b m c B d s

j r d

Hmbmc Ab` ac-Azdz Hmbmc \dfhar

Pur Ab`df

Habbuc

C a i m A s s a

P d n r d s

M u p j r a t m s

B a

c d i j

I j a b u r

A v m

` h d

I j

a f z

d r

H a n j h a

n j

H a r r a j I

j f m z

d r

Ra``\ a h u r Pacc Abya`

Raqqa

\afcduroa

@mdr mz-Xkr

Jassaimj

Qagdsjcd

Gar`df

Uacgyra 5-=55 g

2555+ g

1=55-2555 g

1555-1=55 g

=55-1555 g

caim

dftmrgdttmft caim5 ig <5

F

?5

Odn. 2.18 Gap ko fkrtjmrf Gmskpktagda sjkwdfn gahkr rdvmrs, gkuftadf rafnms, gk`mrf pcalms, af` pkcdtdlac bkr`mrs. Dfsmt gapsjkws tjm rmsmarlj arma df dts wd`mr Fmar Mastmrf lkftmxt.



11

FKRPJMRF GM\KUKPAGDA ORKG <555 PK 1?55 BL

5

15

25

<5

05

=5

?5

>5

:5

H a f u a r y

O m b r u a r y

G a r l j

A p r d c

G a y

H u f m

H u c y

A u n u s t

\ m p t m g b m r

K l t k b m r

F k v m g b m r

@ m l m g b m r

g g

@

5

15

25

<5

05

=5

?5

>5

:5

H a f u a r y

O m b r u a r y

G a r l j

A p r d c

G a y

H u f m

H u c y

A u n u s t

\ m p t m g b m r

K l t k b m r

F k v m g b m r

@ m l m g b m r

g g

L

5

15

25

<5

05

=5

?5

>5

:5

H a f u a r y

O m b r u a r y

G a r l j

A p r d c

G a y

H u f m

H u c y

A u n u s t

\ m p t m g b m r

K l t k b m r

F k v m g b m r

@ m l m g b m r

g g

B

5

15

25

<5

05

=5

?5

>5

:5

H a f u a r y

O m b r u a r y

G a r l j

A p r d c

G a y

H u f m

H u c y

A u n u s t

\ m p t m g b m r

K l t k b m r

F k v m g b m r

@ m l m g b m r

g g

A

As-\agaf

Qraya

Ras mt-Pmcc

Gkzaf

Jagd`dymjLjanar Bazar

Bd'a

Hd`cm

\ajcafJaggag mt-Purigaf

Larljmgdsj

Bmyàr Barrd

Brai

CmdcafGkjaggm` @dyab

Gard

Pmrqa

Xmytdfcd Bajîm

Iurbaf

Jayaz

Jaldfmbd

Arbd`

Iasjiasjki DD-D_

Raqa'd

B`mrd

Gasjfaqa

Xdya`mj Atdh]gg Qsmdr

Nu`màRa` \jaqraj

Iazafm

Ljumra

Mgar

\mcmfiajdym

\wmyjat

Mc-QdtarBafat

Ja`d`d

Jabuba IabdraJacawa

Nrdtdccm

Ac-Rawà

Iuraf

]gg mc-Garra

Jagkuiar Ac-Jawa

? 5 5 g

g

? 5 5

g g

15 5 5 g g

055 gg

055 gg

2 5 5 g g

<5 5 gg

1 5 5 g

g 5-=55 g

2555+ g

1=55-2555 g

1555-1=55 g

=55-1555 g

caim


F

?5

Odn. 2.28 Gap ko fkrtjmrf Gmskpktagda sjkwdfn gmaf affuac radfoacc basm` kf ckfn-tmrg gmasurmgmfts (basm` kf ^drtj 14>18

Iartm <), af` arljamkckndlac sdtms gmftdkfm` df tjds stu`y.

Odn. 2.<8 Avmranm gkftjcy radfoacc basm` kf a 25-ymar rmlkr` (14:?“255=) okr smcmltm` wmatjmr statdkfs df fkrtjmrf Gmskpktagda(àta orkg tjm \yrdaf Gmtmkrkckndlac @mpar tgmft). (A) Acmppk. (B) Jassaimj. (L) Qagdsjcd. (@) Raqqa.



12


`kms tjm agkuft ko radfoacc. Lkgpardskf ko affuac prmldpdtatdkf orkg smcmltm` wmatjmr statdkfs dfaf` arkuf` tjm Hmzdraj sunnmsts a jdnj lkrrmspkf`mflm bmtwmmf tjmsm cklatdkfs. Odn. 2.0 df`dlatmstjat df tjrmm kut ko twmfty ymars, radfoacc at acc statdkfs `rkps bmckw 2=5 gg. Df ktjmr wkr`s, ckwradfoacc df kfm arma ds cdimcy tk bm gatljm` by ckw radfoacc mcsmwjmrm (^dcidfskf 25508 00). Ckfn-tmrg radfoacc af` tmgpmraturm kbsmrvatdkfs smmg tk df`dlatm tjat `ry ymars kllur df nrkups, ratjmrtjaf df`dvdùaccy `dspmrsm` agkfn avmranm ymars. ^drtj (14>18 42) jas laclucatm` tjat ùrdfn sulj`ry ymars, tjm 2=5 gg dskjymt lkdfld`ms wdtj tjm ckfn-tmrg avmranm 055 gg dskjymt. Lkfvmrsmcy,

wmttmr tjaf avmranm ymars smmg tk lcustmr as wmcc (^drtj 14>18 4>).

2.2.2 Lurrmft vmnmtatdkf af` caf`-usm

Pjm pktmftdac vmnmtatdkf ko tjm Hmzdraj, tjat ds tjm vmnmtatdkf as dt wkuc` mxdst df tjm absmflm ko

jugaf altdvdtdms sulj as anrdlucturm, pastkracdsg, af` `mokrmstatdkf, jas bmmf rmlkfstrultm` byGkkrm mt ac. (2555). Okr tjds rmlkfstrultdkf, tjmy usm` a lkgbdfatdkf ko lcdgatdl, bktafdlac, nmk-

5

155

255

<55

055

=55

?55

>55

:55

g g

@

1 4 : ? / 1 4 : >

1 4 : > / 1 4 : :

1 4 : : / 1 4 : 4

1 4 : 4 / 1 4 4 5

1 4 4 5 / 1 4 4 1

1 4 4 1 / 1 4 4 2

1 4 4 2 / 1 4 4 <

1 4 4 < / 1 4 4 0

1 4 4 0 / 1 4 4 =

1 4 4 = / 1 4 4 ?

1 4 4 ? / 1 4 4 >

1 4 4 > / 1 4 4 :

1 4 4 : / 1 4 4 4

1 4 4 4 / 2 5 5 5

2 5 5 5 / 2 5 5 1

2 5 5 1 / 2 5 5 2

2 5 5 2 / 2 5 5 <

2 5 5 < / 2 5 5 0

2 5 5 0 / 2 5 5 =

5

155

255

<55

055

=55

?55

>55

:55

g g

L

5

155

255

<55

055

=55

?55

>55

:55

g g

B

5

155

255

<55

055

=55

?55

>55

:55

g g

A

Odn. 2.08 Affuac radfoacc df jy`rkckndlac ymars at smcmltm` wmatjmr statdkfs df fkrtjmrf Gmskpktagda orkg 14:? tk 255= (àtaorkg tjm \yrdaf Gmtmkrkckndlac @mpartgmft). Jkrdzkftac cdfm df`dlatms 2=5 gg. \ja`dfn df`dlatms ymars wdtj cmss tjaf 2=5 ggat acc statdkfs. (A) Acmppk. (B) Jassaimj. (L) Qagdsjcd. (@) Raqqa.



1<


nrapjdlac, af` jdstkrdlac mvd`mflm, af` tjm vmnmtatdkf as dt survdvms df armas tjat javm bmmf rmcatdvmcysjdmc`m` orkg nrazdfn af` jugaf dftmrvmftdkf. Mdnjt vmnmtatdkf zkfms arm `dstdfnudsjm`, rafndfnorkg trum okrmsts df tjm gkuftadf rafnms ackfn tjm Gm`dtmrrafmaf lkast tk trum `msmrt df \yrda—sdftmrdkr. Okr tjm fkrtjmrf Hmzdraj, tjm fugbmr ko vmnmtatdkf zkfms mflkuftmrm` ds gkrm cdgdtm`.

Pjm vmnmtatdkf zkfms arm rkunjcy acdnfm` kf a fkrtj-skutj axds, mxlmpt okr vmnmtatdkf zkfms rm-

catm` tk rdvmr vaccmys af` gkuftadf rafnms (Odn. 2.=). Okr tjm fkrtjmrf parts ko tjm Hmzdraj, `mfsmokrmst-typm vmnmtatdkf was rmlkfstrultm`, kgdfatm` by vardkus typms ko kai, dflcu`dfn tjm Purimykai ( Qumr lus lmr rds ) af` Cmbafkf kai ( Q. cdbafd ). Ktjmr dgpkrtaft pcafts dflcu`m vardkus acgkf`(m.n. Agynàcus lkggufds subsp. gdlrkpjycca ) af` tmrmbdftj spmldms (m.n. Udstalda atcaftdla , U. pacamstdfa ).

Pjds vmnmtatdkf typm laf pktmftdaccy bm suppkrtm` df armas wdtj affuac radfoacc mxlmm`dfn 055 gg.Df scdnjtcy `rdmr armas, tjds kai-`kgdfatm` okrmst ndvms way tk pari-wkk`caf` vmnmtatdkf. Kai dsstdcc prmsmft, but dts `dstrdbutdkf ds cmss lkftdfukus af` dftmrspmrsm` wdtj nrasscaf` armas. Guctdpcmsjrub spmldms kllupy tjm bkr`mr zkfms ko tjm kai patljms df tjmsm pari-wkk`caf`s. \tdcc ourtjmrtjm skutj, as tjm Hmzdraj bmlkgms prknrmssdvmcy `rdmr, okrmst trmms laf fk ckfnmr bm suppkrtm`,mxlmpt okr skgm `rkunjt rmsdstaft spmldms. Kvmracc trmm `mfsdty ds ckw, af` stmppm spmldms sulj as

Artmgdsda spp., `kgdfatm. Prum stmppm appmars ourtjmr skutj, wmcc bmckw tjm 255 gg dskjymt. Pjdsarma ds tkày `kgdfatm` by Artmgdsda af` Ljmfkpk`dalmam, but wkuc` suppkrt a carnm vardmty konrassms df tjm absmflm ko jmavy nrazdfn. Pjm Mupjratms af` Pdnrds vaccmys, as wmcc as parts ko tjmBacdij af` Ijabur, suppkrt rdvmrdfm okrmst vmnmtatdkf, dflcu`dfn pkpcar ( Ukpucus mupjratdla ), asj( Oraxdfus rktuf`dokcdus ), af` mcg ( ]cgus spp.). \wagp armas, as laf pktmftdaccy bm mflkuftmrm` ackfntjm Mupjratms, Bacdij, af` tjm â`d Ra``, wkuc` suppkrt wmtcaf` spmldms. Pjm bkr`mrs bmtwmmfzkfms arm nmfmraccy lkrrmcatm` tk radfoacc cmvmcs but pcaft spmldms lkuc` mxtmf` wmcc bmykf` tjmdr jy-

`msmrt/stmppm

`mfsm wkk`caf`

kpmf wkk`caf`

wkk`caf` stmppm

gm`dug-`ry stmppm

caim


F

?5

Odn. 2.=8 Gap ko fkrtjmrf Gmskpktagda sjkwdfn sdgpcdm` pktmftdac vmnmtatdkf zkfms uf`mr gk`mrf lcdgatdl rmndgm (basm` kfGkkrm mt ac. 25558 n. <.>).



10


pktjmsdzm` zkfms um tk tjm gkdsturm larrydfn lapaldtdms ko spmldodl skdcs. Mspmldaccy df af` arkuf` wa`ds, af` df lkarsm-nradfm` skdcs, pcaft spmldms gay bm mflkuftmrm` tjat fmm` gkrm watmr tjafradfoacc ackfm wkuc` koomr (Gkkrm mt ac. 2555).

Jkwmvmr, tjm lurrmft vmnmtatdkf df tjm fkrtjmrf Hmzdraj, af` tjm Fmar Mast df nmfmrac, ds ljar-altmrdzm` by gdccmffda-ckfn jugaf gk`dodlatdkf af` usm af` oar rmgkvm` orkg tjm pktmftdac vmn-

mtatdkf `mslrdbm` abkvm (Iÿjcmr-Rkccmoskf af` Rkccmoskf 14459 GlLkrrdstkf 1442). Cdim faturac vmnmtatdkf, luctdvatm` lrkps arm subhmlt tk mfvdrkfgmftac lkfstradfts, partdlucarcy radfoacc, df tjmabsmflm ko artdodldac drrdnatdkf af` ktjmr anrdlucturac prkùltdkf-mfjafldfn stratmndms. Pjus, asradfoacc dgdfdsjms, rkunjt-tkcmraft lrkps wdcc prkbabcy dflrmasdfncy kgdfatm tjm lrkp spmltrug.

Pjm fugbmr ko prkùltdkf stratmndms adgm` at rmùldfn tjm moomlts ko watmr sjkrtanm, sulj as oac-ckwdfn, wdcc acsk dflrmasm. Df a``dtdkf, tjm kvmracc fugbmr ko lrkps ds cdimcy tk `mlrmasm wdtj ckwmrprmldpdtatdkf. ]f`mr rmcatdvmcy rmlmft prkùltdkf stratmndms, as radfoacc `dgdfdsjms orkg kvmr <55gg pmr ymar tk cmss tjaf 255, wjmat ds nraùaccy rmpcalm` by barcmy as tjm gadf lmrmac lrkp, af`tjm vardmty ko ktjmr lrkps acsk `dgdfdsjms sdnfdodlaftcy (^dcidfskf 25508 odn. <.<).4 Bmckw 255 gg,anrdlucturm as a subsdstmflm stratmny bmlkgms actknmtjmr ufdgpkrtaft. Pjm 255“<55 gg dskjymtlcmarcy rmprmsmfts a bkr`mr zkfm df tmrgs ko tjm `kgdfaft subsdstmflm systmg, wdtj anrdlucturm bm-dfn nraùaccy rmpcalm` by pastkracdsg. Mvmf sk, spmldodl skdc prkpmrtdms df tjm rmcatdvmcy `ry armaslaf acckw oargmrs tk nrkw lrkps wdtj jdnj gkdsturm rmqudrmgmfts tjmrm (^dcidfskf 25508 0<).

Pkày, tjm nrmatmr part ko tjm fkrtjmrf Hmzdraj ds luctdvatm`, wdtj lmrmacs bmdfn tjm gadf lrkp,okcckwm` by lkttkf (Cävèqum f.`.8 11“1<). Gulj ko tjds luctdvatdkf ds sustadfm` tjrkunj drrdnatdkf,praltdsm` bktj kf a cklac af` rmndkfac slacm. Artdodldac wmccs tap tjm nrkuf`watmr tabcm, wjdlj as armsuct jas `rkppm` lkfsd`mrabcy df rmlmft `mla`ms. Mxtmfsdvm lafac fmtwkris prkvd`m watmr orkgtjm gahkr rmsmrvkdrs df tjm Mupjratms af` Ijabur rdvmrs, kr arm prkhmltm` tk `k sk df tjm fmar ou-turm (Jkcm af` Xadtljdi 255>8 odn. 0). Gmljafdlac pugps `dstrdbutm watmr orkg pmrmffdac as wmcc asdftmrgdttmft strmags tk tjm odmc`s. As a rmsuct ko tjm drrdnatdkf pkssdbdcdtdms, suggmr lrkppdfn df tjmfkrtjmrf Hmzdraj, rmqudrdfn carnm agkufts ko watmr af` prmvdkuscy vdrtuaccy fkf-mxdstmft, dflrmasm``ragatdlaccy df rmlmft ymars. A``dtdkfaccy, tjmrm jas bmmf a sjdot df tjm cklatdkf ko anrdlucturac pcktsaway orkg tjm rdvmr vaccmys tkwar`s koo-rdvmr pckts (Jkcm af` Xadtljdi 255>8 102). Pjm lurrmft an-rdlucturac prkùltdkf rmndgm wdtj dts jmavy rmcdaflm kf drrdnatdkf watmr ds lausdfn prkbcmgs ko skdcsacdfdzatdkf af` nrkuf`watmr quacdty mnraàtdkf, af` anrdlucturac pckts af` oargs df ufoavkurabcmcklatdkfs javm bmmf abaf`kfm` df rmlmft ymars (Jkcm af` Xadtljdi 255>8 100).

Pjm lurrmftcy mstabcdsjm` praltdlm ko gmljafdzm` luctdvatdkf laf javm `dsastrkus moomlts kfcklac mfvdrkfgmftac lkf`dtdkfs do anrdlucturac odmc`s arm abaf`kfm`, as jas bmmf kbsmrvm` df Draq(Pjacmf 14>4). Luctdvatdkf rmqudrms tjat faturac vmnmtatdkf ds lcmarm`, carnm stkfms arm rmgkvm`, afòdmc`s arm `mmpcy pckunjm`. Df garndfac armas, tjm gkst omrtdcm odmc`s wdcc bm luctdvatm` odrst, okr df-staflm wa`d bkttkgs kr armas wdtj scdnjtcy jdnjmr radfoacc. Pjmsm armas arm acsk tjm gkst prkùltdvmnrazdfn caf`s okr pastkracdsts. A omw `ry ymars gay cma` tk abaf`kfgmft ko tjmsm odmc`s, af` rmck-latdkf ko luctdvatdkf tk gkrm omrtdcm caf`s. Kf tjm garndfac odmc`s, mxpksm` af` ckksmfm` tkpskdcrmgadfs, wjdlj ds masdcy aoomltm` by wdf` af` watmr mrksdkf. \uroalm smacdfn, wjmrmby a jar` lrustds okrgm`, kr tjm okrgatdkf ko a msmrt pavmgmft gay dfjdbdt tjm rm-lkckfdzatdkf ko tjm arma by tjm

krdndfac vmnmtatdkf. Abaf`kfm` odmc`s arm cdimcy tk bm lkckfdzm` by spmldms wdtj ckw nrazdfn vacum.

4 Kfm rmaskf wjy barcmy ds gkrm sudtabcm as subsdstmflm lrkp df rdmr armas tjaf wjmat ds tjat barcmy ds gkrm sact-tkcmraft.

Allkr`dfn tk Barrkw, wjmat laf taim watmr wdtj a gaxdgug sacdfdty ko 1=555 par ts pmr gdcc dkf (ppg), wjmrmas bar cmyjas a sacdfdty tkcmraflm ko <=555 ppg (14:>8 tabcm >.0).

<556 gg <55“255 gg 3255 gg

barcmy/oacckw +/- + -

wjmat + +/- -

ok``mr lrkps +/- +/- -

nradf, cmnugms, suggmr lrkps, trmm lrkps +/- - -

Pabcm 2.18 Mtjfkjdstkr dlac lkrrmcatdkf bmtwmmf vardkus anrdlucturac lrkps af` affuac radfoa cc (+8 sdnfdlaft9 +/-8 prmsmft9-8 dfsdnfdlaft) (basm` kf ^dcidfskf 25508 n. <.<).



1?


gap rmlkr` prkxy rmskcutdkf rafnm àtdfn

A \krmq Lavm ΰ1:K / ΰ1<L afacysds ~=5 yrs; ?5 ia BU“prmsmft PDG\ 2<5Pj/2<0] àtms

B Caim _af ΰ1:K / tralm mcmgmft afacysds ~1 yr 10.> ia BU“prmsmft varvm lkuft dfn

L @ma` \ma caim-cmvmc lurvm 15-155 yrs : ia BU“prmsmft 10L-àtms

@ Nuco ko Kgaf ΰ

1:

K / LaLK< / kckgdtm afacysds ~155 yrs 255 iaBU

“prmsmft AG\

10

L-àtmsM Rm` \ma ΰ1:K afacysds ~255 yrs =.4 ia BU“<.4 ia BU AG\ 10L-àtms

O Iazafm Jÿyói nmkgkrpjkckndlac afacysds ckw, dslkftdfukus 12 ia BU“prmsmft lucturac ljrkfkckny

N Nÿbmicd Pmpm ΰ1:K / ΰ1<L afacysds ckw, dslkftdfukus 15 ia BU“0 ia BU10L-àtms

J â`d Avm`hd nmkgkrpjkckndlac afacysds ckw, dslkftdfukus : ia BU“prmsmft lucturac ljrkfkckny

D â`d Hanjhanj nmkgkrpjkckndlac afacysds ckw, dslkftdfukus <.= ia BL“prmsmft PC atms

H Pmcc Cmdcaf nmkgkrpjkckndlac afacysds ckw, dslkftdfukus 2.? ia BL“1.4 ia BL10L-àtms, lucturacljrkfkckny

I \dtms wdtj bktafdlacsagpcms

ΐ1<L afacysds ckw, dslkftdfukus <.5 ia BL“1.? ia BL10L-àtms, lucturacljrkfkckny

C Gkuft \m`kg ΰ1<L / ΰ1=F afacysds ckw, dslkftdfukus 2.< ia BL“1.4 ia BL10L-àtms

G Pmcc Barrd `mftac afacysds ckw, dslkftdfukus MB DD-Fmk“Assyrdaf lucturac ljrkfkckny

Pabcm 2 .28 Lkgpardskf ko vardkus prkpmr tdms ko Fmar Mastmrf pa camklcdgatm prkxy rmlkr`s usm` df tjds stu`y (A“H), as wm cc assdtms wdtj mvd`mflm okr `rkunjt (I“G). Cmttmrs df tjm cmot lkcugf rmomr tk Odns. 2.? af` 2.>. \mm gadf tmxt okr rmomrmflms.

2555

2=55

<555

1?55

1>55

1:55

1455

2155

2255

2<55

2055

2?55

2>55

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2455

<155

àtm BL

MH _

MH D_

MH DDDb

MH DDDa

KH D

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sma-cmvmc (g)

L

LaLK< (%wt.)

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d n j w a t m r t

a b c m

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Odn. 2.>8 Fmar Mastmrf pacamklcdgatm prkxy rmlkr`s usm` df tjds stu`y okr tjm pmrdk` <155“1=55 BL. \mm gadf tmxt okr rmomrmflms.(A) ΰ1<L (skcd` cdfm) af` ΰ1:K (àsjm` cdfm) vacums at \krmq Lavm. (B) Gn/La (skcd` cdfm) af` ΰ1:K (àsjm` cdfm) vacums, af` UAX(nrmy àsjm` cdfm rmprmsmfts trafsdtdkf) at Caim _af. (L) @ma` \ma watmr cmvmc ljafnms. ]flmrtadftdms arm àsjm`. (@) @kckgdtm(skcd` cdfm) af` LaLK

< (àsjm` cdfm) vacums at tjm Nuco ko Kgaf. (M) ΰ 1:K vacum at tjm Rm` \ma. (O) Mfvdrkfgmftac jdstkry

arkuf` Iazafm Jÿyói. Pjm trafsdtdkf ds garim` by af arrkw. (N) ΰ 1:K af` ΰ1<L vacums at Nÿbmicd Pmpm. (J) \m`dgmftatdkfjdstkry df tjm â`d Avm`hd. (D) \m`dgmftatdkf jdstkry df tjm â`d Hanjhanj. (H) \tanms ko tjm CLLG at Pmcc Cmdcaf. (I) Avmranm`

ΐ1<

L vacums ko barcmy nradfs orkg sdtms df tjm Cmvaft af` fkrtjmrf Gmskpktagda. (C) ΰ1<

L vacums ko a subokssdc trmm orkg Gkuft\m`kg. (G) Gkrtuary mvd`mflm orkg Pmcc Barrd.



1>


sjkuc` bm gmftdkfm`. Dt jas ckfn bmmf rmlknfdzm` tjat lkc` spmccs df jdnj catdtu`ms gay df`dlatmdflrmasm` ard`dty df ckwmr catdtu`ms, as gkrm watmr ds stkrm` df ncaldmrs af` dlm sjmmts. Okr tjm tjdr`gdccmffdug BL, tjm Nrmmfcaf` Dlm \jmmt prkhmlt 2 (ND\U2) dlm lkrm df`dlatms lkc` spmccs, wjdlj armlkrrmcatm` tk ard` mvmfts at ckwmr catdtu`ms, df 2:55, 2?=5, 20=5, 2<=5, 25=5, af` 14=5 BL. @mmp smalkrms orkg tjm Fkrtj Atcaftdl `klugmft tjm kllurrmflm ko `rdot dlm, af` tjmsm lkrms sunnmst lkc`

pmrdk`s arkuf` 2?55 BL af` 2255“25=5 BL (Iuzulukěcu 255>a8 0?<“0). Dt sjkuc` bm fktm`, jkw -mvmr, tjat tjmrm was lkfsd`mrabcm vardmty df dftmfsdty ko tjmsm mvmfts, af` tjat fugmrkus sgaccmrljafnms df tmgpmraturm kllurrm` ùrdfn tjm tjdr` af` smlkf` gdccmffdug. Rmlmftcy, a lkrrmcatdkfjas bmmf prkpksm` bmtwmmf tjmsm mvmfts af` ganfmtdl rmvmrsacs `klugmftm` df gu`brdlis orkgGard, sunnmstdfn tjat tjmsm jdnj-catdtu`m mvmfts df`mm` aoomltm` tjm Fmar Mast df skgm way (Naccmtmt ac. 255:).

2.<.1 \krmq Lavm

Pjm prkxy rmlkr` orkg \krmq Lavm, Dsramc, ds agkfn tjm gkst dgpkrtaft ko tjm Fmar Mast. Dt ds ck-latm` at tjm dftmrsmltdkf ko lcdgatm systmgs orkg Murkpm, Aordla, af` Asda, af` jmflm suslmptdbcmtk ljafnms df afy ko tjmsm. Pkày, \krmq Lavm mxpmrdmflms a lcdgatm wdtj af avmranm affuac radfoacc

ko =55 gg, gadfcy `mpksdtm` ùrdfn wdftmr. âtmr mftmrdfn tjm lavm `mpksdts affuaccy cagdfatm`lacldtm spmcmktjmgs tjat javm bmmf usm` tk lkfstrult a lkftdfukus rmlkr` ko lcdgatm ljafnm okrtjm cast 1:=555 ymars. Uacamklcdgatm prkxdms tjat arm afacyzm` dflcu`m ΰ1:K af` ΰ1<L vacums af` ura-fdug af` strkftdug dsktkpm ratdks df tjm spmcmktjmgs. Ljrkfkckndlac lkftrkc ds aljdmvm` tjrkunjguctdpcm tjmrgac dkfdzatdkf gass spmltrkgmtry (PDG\) 2<5 Pj/2<0] àtms, taimf at rmnucar dftmrvacs(Bar-Gattjmws mt ac. 144>9 Bar-Gattjmws mt ac. 255<).

Pjm kxynmf dsktkpm af` larbkf dsktkpm vacums arm dgpkrtaft df tjm prmsmft lkftmxt. Pjm ΰ1:K vacum df`dlatms tjm ratdk ko tjm 1:K dsktkpm tk tjm 1?K dsktkpm. _ardatdkfs df tjm 1:K/1?K ratdk df`d-latm vardatdkfs df tmgpmraturm af`/kr prmldpdtatdkf, `mpmf`dfn kf tjm prkxy rmlkr` tjat ds stu`dm`.Okr \krmq Lavm, dt jas bmmf sjkwf tjat ΰ 1:K vardatdkfs laf bm lkrrmcatm` tk ljafnms df prmldpdta-tdkf, wjmrmby ckw ΰ1:K vacums df`dlatm gkdst pmrdk`s, af` jdnj ΰ1:K vacums df`dlatm `ry pmrdk`s(Bar-Gattjmws mt ac. 144>8 1?1). By appcydfn tjm lurrmft lkrrmcatdkf bmtwmmf affuac agkuft ko

radfoacc, ΰ1:K vacums ko radfoacc, af` ΰ1:K vacums ko tjm lkrrmspkf`dfn spmcmktjmgs tk tjm mftdrmspmcmktjmg rmlkr`, dt ds pkssdbcm tk rmlkfstrult ljafnms df radfoacc tjrkunj tdgm (Bar-Gattjmwsmt ac. 144:). Pjm larbkf dsktkpm lkgpksdtdkf ko spmcmktjmgs ds dfocumflm` by fugmrkus oaltkrs,dflcu`dfn tjm pdlidfn up ko pcaft-`mrdvm` LK

2 as radfwatmr passms tjrkunj tjm nrkuf` tkwar`s tjm

lavm. Pjds prklmss acckws ΰ1<L tk bm usm` as af df`dlatdkf ko tjm ratdk ko L< tk L0 pcafts, wjdljnrkw df gk`mratm af` `rdmr lcdgatdl lkf`dtdkfs, rmspmltdvmcy. Pjus, jdnj ΰ 1<L vacums nmfmraccy df-`dlatm a strkfnmr prmsmflm ko L0 pcafts af` by dfomrmflm `rdmr lkf`dtdkfs, wjmrmas ckw ΰ1<L vac-ums df`dlatm omwmr L0 pcafts af` gkdstmr lkf`dtdkfs. Dt sjkuc` bm fktm`, jkwmvmr, tjat ùm tk tjmlkgpcmxdtdms ko spmcmktjmg okrgatdkf, tjmsm lkrrmcatdkfs arm vmry rkunj apprkxdgatdkfs. ]f`mrspmldodl mfvdrkfgmftac lkf`dtdkfs, tjm `mslrdbm` prklmssms gay javm kpmratm` df scdnjtcy `doomrmft

ways, af` jugaf altdkfs gay javm pcaym` a rkcm as wmcc (Nkkòrdmf` 14448 =15). Pjm ΰ1:K af` ΰ1<L vacums rmlkr`m` at \krmq Lavm sunnmst tjm okcckwdfn rmlkfstrultdkf ko

lcdgatm trmf`s (Odn. 2.>A). Okr tjm Jkcklmfm, tjm lkgbdfm` ΰ1:K af` ΰ1<L rmlkr`s lcmarcy `klu-gmft tjm gahkr lcdgatdl sjdots ko tjm Catm Ncaldac Gaxdgug (CNG), tjm Tkufnmr @ryas, af` tjmJkcklmfm ry mvmft at ?155 lac BL. Aotmr tjds mvmft, tjmrm okcckwm` a wmt pmrdk` ùrdfn wjdlj ΰ 1:Kaf` ΰ1<L vacums wmrm nmfmraccy ckwmr tjaf tkày. Pjm pmrdk` orkg l . <555 tk 1=55 lac BL ds ljaral-tmrdzm` by smvmrac mxtrmgm ocultuatdkfs df ΰ1:K af` ΰ1<L. jmrmas tjm pmrdk` orkg l . 2?55 lac BL tk2255 lac BL ds rmcatdvmcy wmt, tjm pmrdk` orkg 2255 tk 1:55 lac BL ds ljaraltmrdzm` by a strkfn rdsm dfmspmldaccy ΰ1:K, df`dlatdfn a strkfn trmf` tkwar` ard`dty. Bmtwmmf 1:55 lac BL af` 1=55 lac BL, ΰ1:Kaf` ΰ1<L vacums rmgadf rmcatdvmcy stabcm, af` tjm vardatdkf rmgadfs wdtjdf a rafnm tjat ds kf avmr-anm jdnjmr tjaf ùrdfn tjm prmlm`dfn 1555 ymars. Pjus, tjm \krmq Lavm spmcmktjmgs sjkw tjat tjmtjdr` af` marcy smlkf` gdccmffdug BL lcdgatm ds ljaraltmrdzm` by smvmrm ocultuatdkfs, af` mvmftuaccysmttcm` dftk a `rdmr af` gkrm stabcm lcdgatm arkuf` 2555 lac BL.



1:


2.<.2 Caim _af

Pjm sm`dgmfts ko Caim _af, skutjmast Purimy, javm prkvd`m` dgpkrtaft dfsdnjts dftk Fmar Mastmrfpacamklcdgatm. Pjmdr gadf dgpkrtaflm df tjmdr javdfn bmmf àtm` by tjm ra`dklarbkf-df`mpmf`mftgmtjk` ko varvm lkuftdfn. Pjm Caim _af rmndkf ds at tjm dftmrsmltdkf ko tjrmm doomrmft lcdgatdl rm-

ndgms af` sjkuc` tjmrmokrm bm smfsdtdvm tk lcdgatm ljafnms df malj ko tjmsm rmndgms. Caim _af ds atmrgdfac, skà-rdlj caim wdtj pkkr afdgac af` pcaft cdom. \m`dgmft lkrms wmrm kbtadfm` af` stu`dm`df tjm 14>5s (vaf Xmdst af` ^kc`rdfn 14>:) af` 1445s (Caf`gaff mt ac. 144?9 Cmglim af` \turg144>9 ^dli mt ac. 255<). Pjm 1445s dfvmstdnatdkfs javm lkfsd`mrabcy rmvdsm` tjm 14>5s pacamklcd-gatm rmlkfstrultdkfs. Pjm varvms at Caim _af lkfsdst ko affuac larbkfatm af` krnafdl caymrs tjatlaf bm acgkst lkftdfukuscy lkuftm` okr tjm cast 10555 ymars. Pjm sm`dgmft lkrms orkg Caim _afprkvd`m` a fugbmr ko `doomrmft pacamklcdgatm rmlkr`s, dflcu`dfn pkccmf, ljarlkac, LaLK

<, ΰ1:K,

af` Gn/La rmlkr`s lkrrmspkf`dfn tk vardkus aspmlts ko tjm past mfvdrkfgmft. Pjm Gn/La rmlkr` jas bmmf sjkwf tk df`dlatm ljafnms df tjm sacdfdty ko tjm caim watmr wdtj

rmspmlt tk tjm lurrmft Gn/La ratdk (Cmglim af` \turg 144>8 ??4). A jdnj Gn/La ratdk df`dlatmsjdnj sacdfdty, wjmrmas a ckw ratdk df`dlatms ckw sacdfdty. Pjm ΰ 1:K vacum `mpmf`s kf tmgpmraturm,jugd`dty, af` watmr dfocux dftk tjm caim. Df kr`mr tk `mtmlt tjm lkrrmcatdkf bmtwmmf tjmsm vardabcms

af` ΰ1:

K, a gk`mc was `mvmckpm` basm` kf àta orkg tjm cast ?5 ymars. Pjm gk`mccm` ΰ1:

K vacums wmrm lkgparm` tk tjm ΰ1:K vacums rmlkr`m` okr tjat pmrdk`, af` a nkk` lkrrmcatdkf was okuf`. Asdf \krmq Lavm, a jdnj ΰ1:K ratdk lkrrmspkf`s tk dflrmasm` ard`dty. Pjm vmnmtatdkf `mvmckpgmft asrmlkfstrultm` orkg tjm 1445s sm`dgmft lkrms lkrrmspkf`s tk tjm rmlkfstrultdkf by vaf Xmdst af`

^kc`rdfn (14>:), but sjkws tjat tjmdr ljrkfkckny sjkuc` bm pusjm` baliwar`s by smvmrac tjku-saf` ymars. Ukccmf Assmgbcanm Xkfms (UAX) _-1 tk _-4 brka`cy df`dlatm tjm vmnmtatdkf rmspkfsmstk lcdgatm ljafnm af` jugaf dgpalt df tjm rmndkf.

Pknmtjmr, tjmsm rmlkr`s df`dlatm tjm okcckwdfn lcdgatm trmf`s. A catm ncaldac `ry af` ard` lc dgatm was rmpcalm` by gkrm jugd` lkf`dtdkfs at tjm kfsmt ko tjm Jkcklmfm. At l . ?555 lac BL, rmcatdvmjugd`dty at Caim _af dflrmasm`, df lkftrast tk tjm nckbaccy `klugmftm` trmf` tkwar` a `rdmr lcd-gatm. Bmtwmmf 0555 af` 2555 lac BL, rmcatdvmcy kptdgac lcdgatdl lkf`dtdkfs pmrsdstm` df tjm Caim

_af rmndkf, wdtj Gn/La af` ΰ1:K vacums rmaljdfn gdfdga arkuf` 2=55 lac BL (Odn. 2.>B. Pjm mx-

pafsdkf ko kai af` gdfdgac prmsmflm ko Ljmfkpk`dalmam df`dlatm okrmst-stmppm vmnmtatdkf (UAX _->). Pjm ΰ1:K ratdk bmtwmmf l . 2=55 af` l . 2255 lac BL df`dlatms a rdmr lcdgatm, okcckwm` by a brdmormvmrsac arkuf` 2155 lac BL. Aotmr 2155 lac BL, bktj tjm ΰ1:K af` tjm Gn/La ratdks dflrmasm, pkdft-dfn tk a gkrm ard` lcdgatm, castdfn okr smvmrac lmfturdms. At tjm sagm tdgm, tjm dgpkrtaflm ko kai`dgdfdsjm` df oavkur ko a gkrm kpmf caf`slapm (UAX _-:). ^dli mt ac. arnum tjat dt ds ufcdimcy tjattjds rmùltdkf rmsuctm` orkg jugaf altdvdty, af` was prkbabcy lausm` by suggmr `rkunjt. \cdnjtcycatmr, arkuf` 1:55 lac BL, jugaf altdvdty df tjm arma bmlagm apparmft tjrkunj mvd`mflm okr `dstur-baflm by cdvmstkli. Arkuf` 5 lac BL, gk`mrf lcdgatdl lkf`dtdkfs wmrm mstabcdsjm`, df taf`mg wdtja ourtjmr `mlcdfm ko kai (Cmglim af` \turg 144>9 ^dli mt ac. 255<).

2.<.< @ma` \ma

\mvmrac Fmar Mastmrf pacamklcdgatm rmlkr`s gmasurm vardatdkfs df tjm watmr cmvmc ko tjm @ma` \ma(Orugidf mt ac. 25519 Mfzmc mt ac. 255<9 Gdnkwsid mt ac. 255?). Gkst prkxdms gmasurm vardatdkfs dftjm watmr cmvmc kr df sact `mpksdtdkf ko tjm @ma` \ma. Pjmsm vardabcms arm `drmltcy lkrrmcatm` wdtjtjm agkuft ko watmr tjm @ma` \ma rmlmdvms, as wmcc as cklac mvapktrafspdratdkf, wjdlj df turf armlkrrmcatm` wdtj radfoacc, jugd`dty, af` tmgpmraturm. As tjm @ma` \ma dtsmco rmlmdvms rmcatdvmcy cdttcmradfoacc, caim cmvmc ljafnms `drmltcy rmocmlt prmldpdtatdkf df tjm wmttmr parts ko dts `radfanm basdf, ms-pmldaccy tjm fkrtjmrf part. Dt jas bmmf `mgkfstratm` tjat @ma` \ma watmr cmvmc ljafnms arm df stmp

wdtj prmldpdtatdkf ljafnms df af` arkuf` tjm Hkràf _accmy. Urmldpdtatdkf ds carnmcy `mtmrgdfm` bylylckfms lkgdfn orkg tjm Gm`dtmrrafmaf, af` okr `ry ymars dt laf bm sjkwf tjat lylckfms aoomltarmas tk tjm fkrtj af` wmst ko tjm Cmvaft, ratjmr tjaf tjm Cmvaft dtsmco. Do tjds lkrrmcatdkf jkc`sokr tjm past as wmcc, ljafnms df stkrg tralis gay mxpcadf skgm ko tjm vardmty kbsmrvm` df tjm @ma`\ma watmr cmvmc (Mfzmc mt ac. 255<).



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Rmlkfstrultm` @ma` \ma watmr cmvmc ljafnms arm sjkwf df Odn. 2.>L. Nmfmrac trmf`s arm as okc-ckws, tjm lavmat bmdfn tjat smvmrac tmgpkrac naps df tjm rmlkfstrultdkf rmgadf. Pjm Tkufnmr @ryasaf` tjm ?555 lac BL `ry mvmft arm lcmarcy `mtmltm` by tjm ckfn smqumflm rmlkvmrm` by Gdnkwsid mtac. (255?). ^mt pjasms arm rmlkfstrultm` okr :555“??55 lac BL af` =?55“<=55 lac BL. Pjmsm pm-rdk`s arm, jkwmvmr, dftmrspmrsm` wdtj vmry abrupt af` sjkrt-cdvm` rmvmrsacs df lcdgatm. Gahkr `ry

mvmfts kllurrm` at :255, ??55, 2255, af` 1=55 lac BL. Pjm rkp arkuf` 2255 lac BL ds lkrrkbkratm`by Mfzmc mt ac. (255<), actjkunj tjmy `k fkt `mtmlt tjm rmturf tk wmt lkf`dtdkfs rmlkfstrultm` byGdnkwsid mt ac. Odfaccy, Orugidf mt ac. (2551) acsk rmlkfstrult smvmrac wmt pjasms, àtm` tk :<55-?555 lac BL, 0555“2455 lac BL, af` 1055“:55 lac BL. Pjmsm pjasms, anadf, kfcy partcy kvmrcap wdtjtjm àta prmsmftm` abkvm, but tjmy `k sunnmst tjat tjm catm tjdr`“marcy smlkf` gdccmffdug mxpm-rdmflm` a rmcatdvmcy `ry lcdgatm, rmsuctdfn df a @ma` \ma watmr cmvmc ckwmr tjaf 055 g bmckw sma-cmvmc, lkgparm` tk -<45 g bmokrm tjm dftrkùltdkf ko gk`mrf carnm-slacm gmljafdzm` drrdnatdkfsljmgms.

2.<.0 Nuco ko Kgaf af` Rm` \ma

^df`s trafspkrt sdnfdodlaft agkufts ko ùst orkg Gmskpktagda af` tjm Xanrks tkwar` tjm

Umrsdaf Nuco af` tjm Nuco ko Kgaf. Pjm gdfmrac lkgpksdtdkf ko tjds ùst jas bmmf afacysm`tk `mtmrgdfm tjm prkvmfdmflm ko tjds ùst, rmsuctdfn df tjm rmlknfdtdkf ko a gdfmrac sdnfaturm koGmskpktagdaf ùst. Jmflm, sm dgmft lkrms orkg tjm Umrsdaf Nuco af` tjm Nuco ko Kgaf prkvd`mdfokrgatdkf kf tjm agkuft ko Gmskpktagdaf ùst prmsmft. Ljafnms df ùst `mpksdtdkf lkrrmcatm`drmltcy wdtj past ard`dty ljafnms df Gmskpktagda, mvmf tjkunj lcdgatm df tjm Nuco ko Kgaf dt-smco ds fkt nkvmrfm` by tjm sagm gmljafdsgs as Gmskpktagda dtsmco. Pk dfvmstdnatm tjmsm ljafnms,Luccmf mt ac. (2555) sagpcm` a sm`dgmft lkrm orkg tjm Nuco ko Kgaf at rmnucar dftmrvacs. Afacyzm`sagpcm vardabcms dflcu`m` kxynmf dsktkpms, lacldug larbkfatm af` `kckgdtm lkftmft, af` strkf-tdug (\r) af` fmk`ygdug (F`) dsktkpm lkgpksdtdkf. Lacldug larbkfatm af` `kckgdtm df`dlatmtjm agkuft ko ùst df tjm lkrm. Pjm \r/F` dsktkpm lkgpksdtdkf afacysds lkfodrgm` tjat gkst kotjm ùst `mpksdtm` jmrm `mrdvm` orkg Gmskpktagda. \mvmrac allmcmratkr gass spmltrkgmtry (AG\)ra`dklarbkf àtms prkvd`m` af anm lkftrkc okr tjm rmlkfstrultm` sm`dgmftatdkf ratm. Pjm Nuco ko

Kgaf lkrm `klugmfts ùst `mpksdtdkf okr tjm cast 2=555 ymars. Pjm Tkufnmr @ryas lkc` pmrdk`ds mvd`mflm` by a jdnj lkftmft ko wdf`-bkrfm ùst. A smlkf` ùst pmai ds rmlkr`m` okr l . <255 lacBL. Odfaccy, a gahkr ùst pmai appmars at l . 2155 lac BL, cmvmccdfn koo uftdc l . 1>55 lac BL, àtm` byokur AG\ 10L-àtms (Odn. 2.>@).

A sdgdcar lcdgatdl afkgacy ds rmlkr`m` df a lkrm orkg tjm \jabaf @mmp df tjm fkrtjmrf Rm` \ma, wjdlj ds cklatm` bmtwmmf tjm radfoacc rmndgms ko tjm Gm`dtmrrafmaf af` tjm Aork-Asdaf gkfskkf. Pjm \jabaf @mmp ds a basdf wjmrm brdfm ds `mpksdtm` affuaccy. Pjm cagdfatm` brdfm sm`dgmfts prkvd`m a rmlkr` okr tjm lc dgatdl lkf`dtdkfs uf`mr wjdlj `mpksdtdkf kllurrm`. Brdfm sm`dgmftatdkf dsdfocumflm` by lcdgatm rmcatm` suroalm watmr ljafnms. Pjm sm`dgmfts javm bmmf lkrm`, af` tjm uppmr?= lg ko tjm uf`dsturbm` sm`dgmfts `klugmft tjm sm`dgmftatdkf smqumflm orkg 0555 tk 1455 lacBL. Ljrkfkckndlac lkftrkc lkgms lkurtmsy ko sdx AG\ ra`dklarbkf àtms. _ardkus prkxdms, dflcu`-dfn ΰ1:K vacums, arm afacysm`9 acc `mtmltdfn a lcdgatdl afkgacy bmtwmmf 2255 af` 2555 lac BL (Odn.

2.>M). Pjm ΰ1:K vacums sjkw a `dstdflt pmai bmtwmmf 2255 af` 2555 lac BL, df`dlatdfn ufoavkurabcmlcdgatdl lkf`dtdkfs, prdgardcy dftmrprmtm` as af ard` mvmft (Arz mt ac. 255?).

2.<.= Uacamklcdgatm rmlkr`s orkg fkrtjmrf Gmskpktagda

Nmkarljamkckndlac dfvmstdnatdkfs at afldmft rdvmr bm`s, pdts ùn okr drrdnatdkf lafacs, af` tmst pdtsarkuf` Iazafm Jÿyói, Purimy, `klugmft past mfvdrkfgmftac ljafnm (Rksmf 144>). Pjm prmsmflmko àtabcm artmoalts df sm`dgmfts aookr`m` skgm lru`m ljrkfkckndlac lkftrkc (Odn. 2.>O). @urdfntjm Catm Ljaclkcdtjdl af` marcy MB pmrdk`s, rmcatdvmcy oavkurabcm mfvdrkfgmftac lkf`dtdkfs prm-

vadcm` at Iazafm Jÿyói. Pjm rmndkf was gkrm jmavd cy okrmstm` tjaf at prmsmft, rdvmr `dsljarnmaf` radfoacc wmrm gkrm rmnucar, af` tjm nrkuf`watmr tabcm was jdnjmr. Pjds oavkurabcm pmrdk` wasokcckwm` by a `ry pjasm prkbabcy startdfn scdnjtcy bmokrm tjm mf` ko tjm tjdr` gdccmffdug BL af`

lkftdfudfn wmcc dftk tjm smlkf` gdccmffdug BL. Pjds pjasm was ljaraltmrdzm` by ‚allmcmratm` ljaf-



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fmc mrksdkf af` `msdllatm` abaf`kfm` ockk`pcadfs— (Rksmf 144>8 05=). Rksmf sunnmsts tjat lcdgatmljafnm, `mokrmstatdkf, kr `dvmrsdkf ko cklac rdvmrs okr drrdnatdkf purpksms lkuc` mxpcadf tjds mrk-sdkf pjasm. Lcdgatm ljafnm ds put okrwar` as tjm gkst cdimcy lausm, ndvmf tjm oalt tjat tjmrm wasfk rmturf tk prmvdkus mfvdrkfgmftac lkf`dtdkfs wjmf smttcmgmft df tjm arma, af` jmflm jugafaltdkf, was rmsugm`. Pjmrm ds tjus mvd`mflm okr catm tjdr`“marcy smlkf` gdccmffdug BL `msdllatdkf

allkgpafdm` by smaskfaccy bkuf` radfoacc at Iazafm Jÿyói. Pjm Urm-Ukttmry Fmkcdtjdl sdtm ko Nÿbmicd Pmpm, Purimy, was rmlmftcy subhmltm` tk gdlrkgkr-

pjkckndlac dfvmstdnatdkfs tk rmlkfstrult cklac lcdgatm lkf`dtdkfs. Uustkvkytkv mt ac. (255>) dfvms-tdnatm` pm`knmfdl larbkfatm lkatdfns kf stkfm waccs, rmsuctdfn df ΰ1:K af` ΰ1<L lurvms okr tjm pm-rdk` orkg :555 tk 2555 lac BL. tjat lkrrmspkf` tk adr tmgpmraturm af` tjm ratdk ko L</L0 pcafts,rmspmltdvmcy. @urdfn tjm marcy Jkcklmfm (:555“0555 lac BL ), tjmrm was a `mlrmasm df ΰ1<L af` afdflrmasm df ΰ1:K vacums, af` bktj lurvms sjkwm` kppksdtm pmais tjat wmrm gkst prkfkuflm` ùrdfntjm marcdmr part ko tjm lkvmrm` tdgm pmrdk`. Pjmsm lurvms sunnmst tjat urdfn tjm pmrdk` :555“0555lac BL, tjm lcdgatm was rmcatdvmcy jugd`, af` tjat tjmrm was a `mvmckpgmft tkwar` a gkrm stabcmlcdgatm wdtj cmss prkfkuflm` ksldccatdkfs. Okr tjm pmrdk` 0555“2555 lac BL, tjm larbkfatm lkat-dfns df`dlatm rmcatdvmcy jdnj jugd`dty af` jdnj tmgpmraturms, wdtj a sjkrt-cdvm` pmai scdnjtcy bmokrm2555 lac BL tkwar` mdtjmr jdnjmr jugd`dty, kr ckwmr tmgpmraturms. Aotmr 2555 lac BL, tjmrm was atrmf` tkwar`s ckwmr jugd`dty tjaf rmlkr`m` okr tjm marcy af` gd`-Jkcklmfm pmrdk`s (Odn. 2.>N).

\mvmrac nmkgkrpjkckndlac stu`dms `klugmftm` past lcdgatm ljafnms df tjm ]ppmr Ijabur ba-sdf. Lkurty (1440) d`mftdodm` sdx accuvdatdkf af` mrksdkf pjasms df a nmkgkrpjkckndlac stu`y kotjm â`d Avm`hd df tjm ]ppmr Ijabur. Pjmsm pjasms lkrrmspkf`m` tk `doomrmft lcdgatdl lkf`dtdkfsùrdfn tjm Jkcklmfm (Odn. 2.>J). @urdfn tjm marcy Jkcklmfm pjasm 1, tjmrm was mvd`mflm okr strkfnaccuvdatdkf. Ujasm 1 was ljaraltmrdzm` by a lcdgatm wargmr tjaf tjat ko tkày, okcckwm` by pjasm2 wjmf a trmf` tkwar` jdnjmr ard`dty smt df. Orkg =:55 tk <:55 lac BL (pjasm <), lcdgatm dgprkvmàf` jugd`dty was jdnj, okcckwm` by pjasms 0“= wdtj lcmar mvd`mflm okr mfvdrkfgmftac ljafnm.@urdfn pjasm 0 (<:55“22=5 lac BL ), tjm â`d Avm`hd dfldsm` dftk tjm o ckk`pcadf lrmatm` ùrdfn tjmprmvdkus pjasm, af` watmr ockw was drrmnucar. Ujasm 0 (<:55“22=5 lac BL ) acsk ydmc`m` mvd`mflm okrjugaf rdvmr gafanmgmft. Ujasm = (22=5“1:=5 lac BL ) was ljaraltmrdzm` by mvmf gkrm smvmrm lcd-gatdl `mtmrdkratdkf tjaf df tjm prmvdkus pjasm. Odfaccy, ùrdfn Ujasm ? tjmrm was a rmstkratdkf kolcdgatm, af` prmsmft lcdgatdl lkf`dtdkfs wmrm mstabcdsjm`.

Ourtjmr mvd`mflm okr catm tjdr` gdccmffdug ard`dty lkgms orkg rmlmft nmkgkrpjkckndlac rm-smarlj by @mlimrs af` Rdmjc (255>). Pjmy dfvmstdnatm` ocuvdac `mpksdts ko tjm â`d Hanjhanj af`

â`d Ijafzdr df tjm ]ppmr Ijabur basdf (Odn. 2.>D). Bktafdlac sagpcms orkg tjmsm `mpksdts wmrmusm` tk suppkrt tjm pacamkmfvdrkfgmftac rmlkfstrultdkf. Pjm prmsmflm ko pkttmry sjmr`s df tjmsm`mpksdts acckwm` ljrkfkckndlac lkftrkc tjrkunj tjmrgkcugdfmslmflm (PC) àtdfn. Pjm rmsuctdfnrmlkfstrultdkf ko tjm past mfvdrkfgmft strmtljm` bali tk l . =555 lac BL. @urdfn tjm catm okurtjaf` marcy tjdr` gdccmffdug BL, tjm â`d Hanjhanj smmgs tk javm mxpmrdmflm` a rmcatdvmcy stma`y ockw.Bktafdlac sagpcms orkg tjm â`d Hanjhanj smltdkf df`dlatm` tjat a rdvmrdfm naccmry okrmst wdtj \acdx mxdstm` ùrdfn tjds pmrdk`. Pjds gatmrdac ourtjmrgkrm df`dlatm` tjm prmsmflm ko wkk`caf` vmnmta-tdkf. Aotmr 2=55 lac BL, tjmsm oavkurabcm mfvdrkfgmftac lkf`dtdkfs mf`m`, af` `dsljarnm ko tjm

â`d Hanjhanj `rkppm`. Pjm autjkrs sunnmstm` watmr mxtraltdkf okr drrdnatdkf purpksms, dflrmasm`mrksdkf rmsuctdfn orkg tjm rmgkvac ko tjm wkk`caf` lkvmr, kr catm tjdr` gdccmffdug ard`dty as pks-sdbcm lausms.

Odfaccy, a sdgdcar, tjkunj ufàtm` sjdot was kbsmrvm` okr tjm â`d Harraj df tjm ]ppmr Ijaburbasdf. Pjmrm, a ljaffmc systmg ljaraltmrdzm` by gmaf`mrdfn ljaffmcs was rmpcalm` by a brad`m`systmg, wjdlj was df turf rmpcalm` by a gmaf`mrdfn systmg. As gmaf`mrdfn ljaffmc systmgs rmsuctorkg gkrm rmnucar ockw rmndgms, tjm sjdot tk a brad`m` systmg pkssdbcy df`dlatm` `rdmr lkf`dtdkfsdf wjdlj radfoacc was rmstrdltm` tk omwmr, but jmavdmr radf sjkwmrs (Bmskfmf af` Lrmgasljd f.`.).Df tjm oalm ko tjm mvd`mflm prmsmftm` abkvm kf smqumflms df fmarby wa`d systmgs, dt smmgs rmaskf-abcm tk assugm tjat tjm ljafnm tk a `rdmr mfvdrkfgmft df tjm â`d Harraj acsk àtm` tk tjm smlkf`jaco ko tjm tjdr` gdccmffdug BL.

Pjm Cmdcaf Lcdgatm Ljafnm Gk`mc (CLLG) was basm` kf arljamkckndlac af` nmkgkrpjkckndlac

mvd`mflm orkg Pmcc Cmdcaf af` Abu Jnmdra (^mdss mt ac. 144<). Pjm CLLG lkfsdstm` ko a okur-stanmgk`mc ko statm mvmckpgmft af` mfvdrkfgmftac ljafnm (Odn. 2.>H, Pabcm 2.<). \tanm 1 ko tjds gk`mc



21


lkrrmspkf`m` tk Cmdcaf DDD` (2?55“2055 lac BL ). @urdfn tjds pmrdk`, tjm prmvdkuscy stabcm af` rmca-tdvmcy wmt cklac accuvdac rmndgm was rmpcalm` by a gkrm mrratdl rmndgm. âtmr `dsljarnm af` prmldpd-tatdkf bmlagm gkrm smaskfac. Okr tjm smlkf` stanm (Cmdcaf DDa, 2055“2<55 lac BL ), fk lcdgatdl àta

wmrm prmsmftm`. Okr stanm < (Cmdcaf DDb, 2<55“2255 lac BL ), nmkgkrpjkckndlac sagpcms df`dlatm`lkftdfuatdkf ko tjm `rydfn trmf` kbsmrvm` okr stanm 1, af` a tmgpmraturm tjat was scdnjtcy jdnjmr

tjaf tjat ko tkày. \tanm 0 (2255“1455 lac BL ) was laccm` ‚Ijabur jdatus 1—, basm` kf tjm apparmftabsmflm ko arljamkckndlac sdtms okr tjds pmrdk`. Ijabur jdatus 1 tjus lkdfld`m` wdtj tjm lcdgatdl`mtmrdkratdkf ko Lkurty—s pjasm =. Basm` kf nmkgkrpjkckndlac afacysds ko stratdnrapjdl caymrs at

Pmcc Cmdcaf, ^mdss mt ac. sunnmstm` a tjrmm-pjasm gk`mc okr tjm abrupt lcdgatm ljafnm ko Ijabur jd-atus 1. Ujasm 1 was ljaraltmrdzm` by twk `dstdflt caymrs. Pjm ckwmr af` kc`mst caymr was 5.= lg tjdliaf` lkfsdstm` ko ‚wmaicy actmrm` odfm sdct-sdzm` vkclafdl ncass wdtj a omw pktassdl omc`spars, pjytk-cdtjs, af` rkuf`m` lacldtdl saf`-sdzm` pmccmts— ( mdss mt ac. 144<8 1555). Kf tkp ko tjds tmpjra caymr

wmrm Amkcdaf sm`dgmfts gdxm` wdtj vkclafdl asj af` gu`brdli, sunnmstm` tk rmprmsmft af ‚abruptard` pjasm garim` by dftmfsdodlatdkf ko wdf` ldrlucatdkf— (^mdss mt ac. 144<8 1551) af` a jdnjmragkuft ko ùst df tjm adr (pjasm 2). Ujasm <, odfaccy, was ljaraltmrdzm` by ‚tjm aungmftatdkf ko skdcgkdsturm, a rmmstabcdsjgmft ko garim` `ry-wmt smaskfac lkftrast, a cmssmfdfn ko jmavy radfstkrgsaf` a prknrmssdvm skdc stabdcdzatdkf— (^mdss mt ac. 144<8 1555). A vkclafdl mruptdkf was dfvkim` as alausm ko tjm tmpjra mpksdtdkf af` tjm prkckfnm` ùst vmdc. Ktjmr pacamklcdgatm prkxy rmlkr`s d`fkt, jkwmvmr, `mtmlt a gahkr vkclafdl mruptdkf arkuf` 2255 lac BL. Dt was tjmrmokrm sunnmstm` tjattjm tmpjra at Pmcc Cmdcaf rmsuctm` orkg a sgacc-slacm vkclafdl mruptdkf df tjm ‚Afatkcdaf“Laulasdafarma— tjat wkuc` fkt sjkw up df oar-koo prkxy rmlkr`s sulj as tjm ND\U2 dlm lkrms.

Df a rmlmft nmkgkrpjkckndlac stu`y ko sm`dgmfts orkg Pmcc Brai, Lkurty (2551) rm`modfm`tjm pacamklcdgatm smqumflm ko tjm CLLG. Allkr`dfn tk tjds stu`y, spmldodl skdc partdlcms wdtjdf aufdqum stratdnrapjdl smqumflm rmlkr`m` at Pmcc Brai altm` as tjm odfnmrprdft ko a gahkr ‚ùst oacc-kut mvmft—. Pjds mvmft was arnum` tk bm tjm sagm as, af` tjmrmokrm lkftmgpkrafmkus wdtj, CLLGstanm 0. Pjds lcadg ko lkftmgpkrafmdty was basm` kf tjm sdgdcardty ko tjm rmlkfstrultm` mvmft slm-fardks. At bktj Pmcc Brai af` Pmcc Cmdcaf, af mvmft was rmlkfstrultm` dfvkcvdfn carnm agkufts koùst bmdfn mhmltm` dftk tjm adr, okcckwm` by a pmrdk` ko gahkr wdf` ldrlucatdkf. Afacysds ko tjm skdcpartdlcms at Pmcc Brai, jkwmvmr, df`dlatm` tjat tjds mvmft lkuc` fkt javm bmmf lausm` by vkclafdsg,as krdndfaccy arnum`. Lkurty lkfsd`mrm` as a wkridfn jypktjmsds tjm pkssdbdcdty tjat tjm ùst oacckutrmsuctm` orkg a ‚vdkcmft adr bcast tjat lausm` guctd-sdtm dnfdtdkf af` wd`msprma` wdc`-odrms— (25518<?:). Ourtjmrgkrm, af` gkrm dgpkrtaftcy, dt was sunnmstm` tjat tjm mvmft sjkuc` bm assdnfm` a fmwàtm. Basm` kf tjm stratdnrapjy ko Pmcc Brai, Lkurty arnum` tjat tjm mvmft sjkuc` fkt bm àtm` tk2255 lac BL, but skgm 1=5 ymars marcdmr, tk 2<=5 lac BL.

\mvmrac lkggmfts laf bm ga`m abkut tjm pacamkmfvdrkfgmftac part ko tjm CLLG, af` Lkurty—sa`hustgmfts. Odrst, dt sjkuc` bm fktm` tjat tjm sm`dgmfts df`dlatdfn tjm ùst oacckut mvmft wmrm fmv-mr kbsmrvm` kutsd`m lucturac lkftmxts, mvmf tjkunj wa`d smltdkfs àtdfn tk tjds pmrdk` javm bmmfdfvmstdnatm` df tjm ]ppmr Ijabur arma. \mlkf`, dt ds fkt lcmar wjmtjmr tjm 2255“1455 lac BL tmpjraaf` Amkcdaf sm`dgmfts wmrm kfcy kllasdkfaccy kbsmrvm` df Pmcc Cmdcaf trmfljms, kr df mvmry trmfljrmaljdfn tjm apprkprdatm cmvmcs ko tjm Aiia`daf/pkst-Aiia`daf/]r DDD pmrdk`s. Pjdr`, skgm mx-

lavatdkfs wdtj Aiia`daf/pkst-Aiia`daf/]r DDD kr lkftmgpkrary cmvmcs `k fkt ydmc` afy mvd`mflm

stanm àtm BL Cmdcaf skldac/pkcdtdlac lcdgatm

08 lkccapsm 2255“1455 DDl Cmdcaf abaf`kfm`, rmndkfac abaf-`kfgmfts, Ijabur jdatus 1

abrupt lcdgatm ljafnm (pjasm 18 tmpjra9pjasm 28 garim` ard`dty9 pjasm <8 lcdgatmstabdcdzatdkf)

<8 dgpmrdacdzatdkf 2<55“2255 DDb Aiia`daf lkftrkc ko Ijabur (Brai),watmr gafanmgmft

lcdgatm sdgdcar tk tjm prmsmft9 jdnjsmaskfac lkftrasts9 jdnjmr tmgpmraturm;

28 lkfskcdàtdkf 2055“2<55 DDa Cmdcaf alrkpkcds ldty wacc, pkttmrygass-prkùltdkf

;

18 smlkf ary statm okrgatdkf 2?55“2055 DDD` Cmdcaf 1=6155 ja, lmftracdzatdkf,a`gdfdstratdkf

dflrmasm` smaskfacdty, jdnjmr mvapkratdkf,rmùlm` dsljarnm

Pabcm 2.<8 \uggary ko tjm Cmd caf Lc dgatm Ljafnm Gk`mc (CLLG) as `mslrdbm` df ^mdss m t ac. 144<.



22


okr tmpjra caymrs, sunnmstdfn af mxtrmgmcy cklac ratjmr tjaf rmndkfac kr mvmf nckbac lausm af` slacmokr tjm ùst oacckut sm`dgmfts kbsmrvm` at Pmcc Cmdcaf (m.n. Gmdhmr 255>8 f. 1?, kf Pmcc Jaggag mt-

Purigaf).11 Okurtj, tjm smqumflm ko mfvdrkfgmftac ljafnm kbsmrvm` at Pmcc Cmdcaf af` Pmcc Braids `doodluct tk attrdbutm tk a sdfncm mvmft ko sjkrt ùratdkf, bm dt a vkclafdl mruptdkf kr a lksgdl dg-palt. Df oalt, ^mdss mt ac. pkdftm` tk smvmrac dflkfsdstmfldms bmtwmmf tjm CLLG af` wjat gdnjt bm

mxpmltm` okr vkclafdl mruptdkfs, af` acrma`y sunnmstm` tjat uctdgatmcy skgm ktjmr lcdgatdl gmlja-fdsg gay javm bmmf rmspkfsdbcm okr tjm kbsmrvm` slmfardk ko mfvdrkfgmftac ljafnm (144<8 1552).Odfaccy, df a gdlrkgkrpjkckndlac stu`y kf sm`dgmfts orkg Pmcc Brai, Gattjmws (255<8 <:=) arnum`tjat tjm skdc partdlcms suppksm`cy sdnfdoydfn tjm tmpjra `mpksdtdkf mvmft arm lkggkf df sm`dgmftsorkg guctdpcm pmrdk`s, af` arm tjus ufcdimcy tk pkdft tk afy sdfncm latastrkpjdl mvmft.

Dt gdnjt tjmrmokrm bm sunnmstm` tjat tjmrm ds mvd`mflm okr twk `dstdflt prklmssms at Pmcc Cmdcaf.Odrst, tjmrm ds mvd`mflm okr af as ymt ufd`mftdodm` prklmss tjat cm` tk tjm `mpksdtdkf ko a tjdf skdccaymr ko suppksm`cy vkclafdl krdndf. Gattjmws— stu`y kf tjm sm`dgmfts orkg Pmcc Brai jas acrma`ysjkwf tjat tjds krdndf gay bm dflkrrmlt. Ourtjmrgkrm, af mruptdkf ds af mvmft ko vmry sjkrt ùra-tdkf, wdtj moomlts tjat cast a omw ymars at gkst (\tktjmrs 1444). \ulj af mvmft ds tjmrmokrm ufcdimcytk lausm a <55-ymar ckfn `rkunjt kr ùst-vmdc. \mlkf`, tjmrm ds mvd`mflm okr prkckfnm` wdf` altdvdtyaf` carnm agkufts ko wdf`-bkrfm ùst, pkdftdfn tk abaf`kfgmft ko tjm sdtm af` pmrjaps `rkunjt.

As df`dlatm` by ^mdss mt ac., dt ds `doodluct tk odf` a sdfncm mxpcafat dkf okr tjmsm kbsmrvatdkfs. Dttjmrmokrm smmgs gkst ckndlac tk `dsmftafncm bktj prklmssms. Df ktjmr wkr`s, tjm mvmft cma`dfn tktmpjra `mpksdtdkf af` tjm subsmqumft <55-ymar `rkunjt arm ufrmcatm` (lo. Lkurty af` ^mdss 144>810<). \uggardzdfn, lkfsd`mrabcm `kubt as tk tjm àtm af` faturm ko tjm ùst oacckut mvmft `klu-gmftm` at Pmcc Brai af` Pmcc Cmdcaf rmgadfs. Kf tjm ktjmr jaf`, tjm mvd`mflm okr a ckfn-tmrg prkl-mss tkwar` jdnjmr ard`dty, Lkurty—s stanms 0“=, ds strkfnmr, mspmldaccy bmlausm dt `mrdvms orkg bktjlucturac af` faturac `mpksdts. Pjds trmf` ds lkggmfsuratm wdtj tjm mvd`mflm okr dflrmasm` ard`dtyat Pmcc Cmdcaf, do rmnar`m` smparatmcy orkg tjm tmpjra mvd`mflm.

2.<.? Rmlkfstrultdfn lcdgatm ljafnm

Dt sjkuc` bm fktm` tjat tjm dftmrprmtatdkf ko pacamklcdgatm ata af` tjmdr mxtrapkcatdkf tk ktjmr

armas ko tjm Fmar Mast rmgadf prkbcmgatdl okr tjrmm rmaskfs. Odrstcy, àta lkgm orkg a vardmty koskurlms af` nmknrapjdlaccy wd`mcy smparatm` cklatdkfs (Pabcm 2.2, Odns. 2.?, 2.>). Pjds slattmrdfn koàta typms af` cklatdkfs skgmtdgms rmsucts df apparmftcy lkftra`dltkry pacamklcdgatm rmlkfstrul-tdkfs. \mlkf`cy, skgm prkxy rmlkr`s wdcc oadc tk rmlkr` sjkrt-tmrg lcdgatm ljafnms ùm tk tjmdr ckwrmskcutdkf. \ulj sjkrt-tmrg lcdgatm ljafnm mvmfts gay acsk rmgadf uf`mtmltm` df jdnj-rmskcutdkfprkxy rmlkr`s mcsmwjmrm ùm tk tjm skgmtdgms cdgdtm` nmknrapjdlac `dstrdbutdkf ko tjmsm mvmfts.Odfaccy, pacamklcdgatm rmlkfstrultdkfs arm lkgpcdlatm` by tjm oalt tjat lcdgatm-okrldfn gmljafdsgsgay javm bmmf `doomrmft df tjm past, sk tjat gk`mrf àta laffkt bm `drmltcy mxtrapkcatm` tk tjmpast. Pjus, pacamklcdgatm rmlkfstrultdkfs okr tjm Fmar Mast laf prmsmftcy kfcy aljdmvm a cdgdtm`prmldsdkf. Naps df cklac lcdgatm jdstkrdms arm fkw bmdfn odccm` tjrkunj tjm gk`mccdfn ko pacamklcd-gatm `mvmckpgmfts (m.n. Bryskf af` Bryskf 144>9 Rdmjc mt ac. 255:).

Pjm nmknrapjdlac cklatdkfs ko Fmar Mastmrf lcdgatm prkxy rmlkr`s jdnjcy dfocumflm tjm rmsk-

cutdkf tjat laf bm aljdmvm` okr pacamklcdgatm rmlkfstrultdkfs. Okr skgm armas, guctdpcm rmlkr`sarm avadcabcm tjat laf lkrrkbkratm malj ktjmrs— rmspmltdvm rmsucts. Df ktjmr rmndkfs, lcdgatm prkxyrmlkr`s arm slarlm, af` pacamklcdgatm laf kfcy bm dfomrrm` orkg rmlkr`s mcsmwjmrm. Pjm nmknrapjd-lac `dstrdbutdkf ko lcdgatm prkxy rmlkr`s ds `mtmrgdfm` by tjm spmldodl lkf`dtdkfs uf`mr wjdljsulj rmlkr`s arm lrmatm` af` survdvm. Orkg Pabcm 2.2 af` Odn. 2.> dt ds mvd`mft tjat wmcc-àtm`,jdnj-rmskcutdkf lcdgatm prkxy rmlkr`s orkg fkrtjmrf Gmskpktagda arm calidfn. Pjds gmafs tjatafy rmlkfstrultdkf laf kfcy bm af apprkxdgatdkf, af` tjat skgm `mtadcs gust bm dfomrrm` orkglurrmft lcdgatdl lkf`dtdkfs.

11 Dt sjkuc` bm fktm`, tjkunj, tjat tjds absmflm lkuc` at cmast partcy bm mxpcadfm` by tjm pkssdbdcdty tjat mxlavatkrs javm

fkt bmmf altdvmcy ckkidfn okr tjds caymr, kr tjat tjm nmkgkrpjkckndlac afacysms tjat arm fmlmssary tk d`mftdoy dt javm fktbmmf larrdm` kut.



2<


Lurrmftcy, tjm bmst lcdgatm àta okr tjm Fmar Mast lkgm orkg \krmq Lavm af` Caim _af.Lcdgatm df tjmsm cklatdkfs ds nmfmraccy `rdvmf by tjm sagm gmljafdsgs. Radfoacc df acc cklatdkfs dsgadfcy `mpksdtm` ùrdfn wdftmr by lylckfms orkg tjm Gm`dtmrrafmaf, as ds tjm lasm okr fkrtjmrfGmskpktagda. Okr \krmq Lavm, dt jas bmmf sjkwf tjat ljafnms df jugd`dty af` sma-cmvmc rmspml-tdvmcy lkrrmcatm wmcc wdtj prmldpdtatdkf ljafnms df Hmrusacmg. Gk`mccdfn ko affuac prmldpdtatdkf okrtjm cast >555 ymars df bktj Hmrusacmg af` Qagdsjcd df`dlatm` sdgdcar trmf`s kf a vmry nmfmrac cmvmc,actjkunj mtadcs af` tdgdfn gay bm lkfsd`mrabcy koo (Bryskf af` Bryskf 144>8 =>4). A lkgpardskfko rmlmft prmldpdtatdkf àta smmgs tk sunnmst tjat tjmrm arm sdgdcardtdms af` tjat `ry ymars nmfmr-accy kllur sdguctafmkuscy. Jkwmvmr, ndvmf tjm wmai lkrrmcatdkf bmtwmmf prmldpdtatdkf df Hmrusacmgaf` df tjm Hmzdraj ( r

s 75.0:), dt ds lcmar tjat àta orkg Hmrusacmg gust bm lautdkuscy mxtrapkcatm` tk

fkrtjmrf Gmskpktagda (Odn. 2.:). Pjm pacamklcdgatm prkxy rmlkr`s `dslussm` abkvm `klugmft twk typms ko ljafnms. Odrst, a

fugbmr ko rmlkr`s, mspmldaccy tjksm orkg jdnjmr catdtu`ms, rmlkr` tjm nraùac rmpcalmgmft ko rmca-tdvmcy oavkurabcm tjdr` gdccmffdug BL lcdgatdl lkf`dtdkfs by a gkrm ard` lcdgatm wdtj mdtjmr ckwmrkr gkrm smaskfaccy lkfodfm` radfoacc. \mlkf`, smvmrac rmlkr`s klugmft af abrupt ard` mvmft castdfnsmvmrac juf`rm` ymars at gkst af` okcckwm` by a rmturf tk prm-mvmft lcdgatdl lkf`dtdkfs. Mxagpcmsko tjm odrst dflcu`m tjm \krmq Lavm, Caim _af, af` Jarraf Ucadf rmlkr`s, as wmcc as tjm nmkgkr-pjkckndlac mvd`mflm orkg tjm ]ppmr Ijabur Basdf, mxlmpt okr tjm mvd`mflm orkg Pmcc Cmdcaf. Afabrupt ard` mvmft ds rmlkr`m` df tjm Nuco ko Kgaf af` Rm` \ma rmlkr`s, af` cmss lcmarcy df tjm@ma` \ma rmlkr`. \mvmrac rmsmarljmrs javm fktm` tjds `dslrmpafly bmtwmmf af abrupt ard` mvmft afà ckfn trmf` tkwar` jdnjmr ard`dty, but tjds `dslrmpafly jas fkt ymt bmmf ouccy mxpcadfm` (m.n. Arz mtac. 255?8 0<:“059 Ganfy mt ac. 25548 :<1).

Dftmrmstdfncy, skgm pacyfkckndlac stu`dms df tjm Fmar Mast oadc tk `mtmlt tjm catm tjdr` gdccmf-fdug lcdgatm ljafnm (m.n. Nrmggmf af` Bkttmga 14419 Bkttmga 144>9 Fmugaff mt ac. 255?). BktjNrmggmf af` Bkttmga (1441) af` Fmugaff mt ac. (255?) arnum` tjat lcdgatm rmgadfm` carnmcyufljafnm` okr tjm cast ?555 ymars, af` tjat jugaf dgpalt kf tjm mfvdrkfgmft gust tjmrmokrm bmlkfsd`mrm` gkrm sdnfdodlaft. Pjm pkccmf lkrm orkg Caim Bkuara sjkwm` skgm gdfkr mvd`mflm okr a`ry mpdsk`m arkuf` 2555 BL, but tjm mvd`mflm orkg pkccmf lkrms orkg Afatkcda af` tjm Xanrks arma

was cmss lkflcusdvm (Bkttmga 144>8 =54“15, =10). Pjm vmnmtatdkf rmlkfstrultdkf orkg tjm Nkcaf(Fmugaff mt ac. 255?) df`dlatm` a jdnj agkuft ko arbkrmac pkccmf okr tjm Marcy/Gd``cm Brkfzm

Anm, df`dlatdvm ko Gm`dtmrrafmaf lcdgatdl lkf`dtdkfs. Jkwmvmr, tjmrm arm gafy vardabcms dfvkcvm`df tjm rmspkfsm ko vmnmtatdkf tk lcdgatm ljafnm, sk tjat `mùldfn rmndkfac lcdgatm ljafnm orkgcklacdzm` pkccmf spmltra rmgadfs prkbcmgatdl. Ucaft spmldms rmalt `doomrmftcy tk lcdgatm ljafnm, wdtjsjkrt-cdvm` spmldms sjkwdfn tjm strkfnmst rmaltdkfs. Ourtjmrgkrm, tjm fugbmr ko pkccmf spmltra

5

155

255

<55

055

=55

?55

>55

:55

g g

1 4 : ? / 1 4 : >

1 4 : > / 1 4 : :

1 4 : : / 1 4 : 4

1 4 : 4 / 1 4 4 5

1 4 4 5 / 1 4 4 1

1 4 4 1 / 1 4 4 2

1 4 4 2 / 1 4 4 <

1 4 4 < / 1 4 4 0

1 4 4 0 / 1 4 4 =

1 4 4 = / 1 4 4 ?

1 4 4 ? / 1 4 4 >

1 4 4 > / 1 4 4 :

1 4 4 : / 1 4 4 4

1 4 4 4 / 2 5 5 5

2 5 5 5 / 2 5 5 1

2 5 5 1 / 2 5 5 2

2 5 5 2 / 2 5 5 <

2 5 5 < / 2 5 5 0

2 5 5 0 / 2 5 5 =

455

1555

1155

1255

Odn. 2.:8 Affuac radfoacc df jy`rkckndlac ymars okr tjm Hmzdraj (àri sja`dfn, avmranm orkg Jasaimj, Qagdsjcd, af` Raqqa, lo. Odn.2.0) af` Hmrusacmg orkg 14:? tk 255= (cdnjt sja`dfn, Hmrusacmg àta orkg tjm Dsramc Gmtmkrkckndlac \mrvdlm).



20


orkg fkrtjmrf Gmskpktagda ds cdgdtm`. Odfaccy, àtdfn ds rmcatdvmcy lkarsm af` usuaccy `mrdvm` orkga omw ra`dklarbkf àtms, orkg wjdlj a sm`dgmftatdkf ratm ds mxtrapkcatm`. Pjmsm àtms gay bm bd-asm` as a rmsuct ko larbkf-`mpcmtdkf df watmr-cknnm` sdtms.

2.<.> \yftjmsds ko lcdgatm ljafnm

Pjm lkgbdfm` mvd`mflm orkg tjm pacamklcdgatm prkxy rmlkr`s `dslussm` jmrm sunnmsts tjm okcckw-dfn slmfardk ko lcdgatm ljafnm. Pjm okurtj gdccmffdug ds subhmlt tk lkfsd`mrabcm ocultuatdkfs. Pjm\krmq Lavm spmcmktjmgs `klugmft fktabcm sjdots df stabcm kxynmf dsktkpm cmvmcs okr tjm pmrdk`<=55“<555 lac BL. Pjds ufstabcm lcdgatm ds acsk rmocmltm` df tjm @ma` \ma rmlkr`. Fktabcm `rkps df

watmr-cmvmc arm rmlkr`m` okr l . <>55 lac BL af` arkuf` <=55 lac BL, lkdfld`dfn wdtj a gahkr ΰ1:Kpmai df \krmq Lavm. Pjm Nuco ko Kgaf lkrm sjkws a gdfkr rdsm df `kckgdtm af` LaLK

< pmrlmft-

anms scdnjtcy bmokrm <555 lac BL, df`dlatdfn a jdnjmr ust-lkftmft, wjdlj anadf ds paraccmcm` df \krmqLavm. â`d ockw rmndgms df tjm Hmzdraj arm rmnucar, df`dlatdfn tjat radfoacc ds gkrm mvmfcy sprma`kvmr tjm ymar tjaf ds tjm lasm tkày. Acsk, ckw mrksdkf ratms dgpcy a `mfsm vmnmtatdkf lkvmr.

Lcdgatdl lkf`dtdkfs df tjm Fmar Mast bmlagm gkrm oavkurabcm aotmr l . <555 lac BL. Okr tjm pm-rdk` <555“2=55 lac BL, \krmq Lavm af` tjm @ma` \ma `klugmft rmcatdvmcy wmt lkf`dtdkfs, actjkunj

at \krmq Lavm sjkrt ard` spdims kllurrm` arkuf` <555 af` 2>55 BL. Pjm pmrlmftanm ko kai pkc-cmf df Caim Xmrdbar was stdcc jdnj, `mspdtm `mlcdfdfn lkftdfukuscy orkg tjm okurtj gdccmffdug kf-

war` (\tmvmfs mt ac. 2551). Ckw pkccmf prmsmrvatdkf dfjdbdts afy dftmrprmtatdkf okr tjds pmrdk` atCaim Gdraba`, but arkuf` 2=55 lac BL, tjm pmrlmftanm ko kai pkccmf was vmry jdnj (\tmvmfs mt ac.255?).

Lcdgatm rmlkr`s alrkss tjm Fmar Mast start tk attmst rdmr lkf`dtdkfs orkg 2=55 lac BL, wdtj prk-nrmssdvmcy gkrm rmlkr`s df`dlatdfn ard`dty tkwar`s tjm mf` ko tjm tjdr` gdccmffdug. Pjm \krmq Lavmspmcmktjmgs sdnfac nraùaccy dflrmasdfn ΰ1:K okr tjm pmrdk` 2=55“2555 lac BL, wdtj ΰ1<L okcckwdfnorkg l . 2255 lac BL. At Caim _af, pkccmf mvd`mflm df`dlatms `rdmr lcdgatdl lkf`dtdkfs tkwar`s tjmmf` ko UAX >. Pjm ΰ1:K dsktkpm cmvmc arkuf` 22=5 lac BL ds tjm jdnjmst rmlkr`m` okr tjm tjdr` gdc-cmffdug BL. Caim _af sjkws a sjkrt rmturf tk jdnjmr jugd`dty cmvmcs at l . 21=5 lac BL, okcckwm` bya nraùac af` strkfnmr rdsm df bktj ΰ1:K af` Gn/La. Pjm rmlkr`s gkst prkgdfmftcy df`dlatdfn a

su``mf ard` mvmft, tjat ds tjm Nuco ko Kgaf af` Rm` \ma lkrms, arm àtm` bmtwmmf 2255 af` 2555lac BL. \mvmrac rmlkr`s df`dlatm a sjkrt-cdvm` rmturf tk wmttmr lkf`dtdkfs arkuf` 2555 lac BL, okc-ckwm` by gkrm prkckfnm` ard`dodlatdkf. Aotmr 2555 lac BL, skgm rmlkr`s sjkw a rmturf tk prmvdkus

wmttmr lkf`dtdkfs, dflcu`dfn tjm @ma` \ma af` tjm Nuco ko Kgaf. Gkst rmlkr`s df`dlatm, jkw-mvmr, tjat tjm catm tjdr` gdccmffdug lcdgatm ljafnm ds ko a gkrm pmrgafmft faturm, sdnfdoydfn tjmkfsmt ko gkrm kr cmss gk`mrf lcdgatdl lkf`dtdkfs. Pjds smmgs okr mxagpcm tk bm tjm lasm okr tjm

â`d Hanjhanj, Nÿbmicd Pmpm, af` Iazafm Jÿyói rmlkr`s. Okr tjm smlkf` gdccmffdug, vdr tuaccy accrmlkr`s df`dlatm `rdmr lkf`dtdkfs tjaf mxdstm` prmvdkuscy ùrdfn tjm okurtj af` marcy tjdr` gdccmf-fdug (Iuzulukěcu 255>a8 0>0). jmtjmr tjm lkgbdfm` sdnfacs sjkuc` bm uf`mrstkk` as df`dlatdfnkfm prkckfnm` ard` pjasm, kr twk sgaccmr ard` mvmfts pufltuatm` by a sjkrt jugd` pmrdk` as arnum`by Iuzulukěcu (255>a8 0>?) rmgadfs uflcmar kf tjm basds ko tjm avadcabcm fkrtjmrf Gmskpktagdafmvd`mflm. Gk`mccdfn ko fkrtjmrf Gmskpktagdaf lcdgatm ùrdfn tjds pmrdk` smmgs tk lkfodrg tjat

tjmrm was kfm prkckfnm` `ry pmrdk`, actjkunj tjmrm arm lcmar cklac `doomrmflms (Rdmjc mt ac. 255:8odn. 2).

\uggardzdfn, okur stanms ko `doomrmft lcdgatdl lkf`dtdkfs laf bm mstabcdsjm`. Pjm odrst stanmcastm` orkg 0555“<555 lac BL af` was ljaraltmrdzm` by lkfsd`mrabcm lcdgatdl ocultuatdkfs. Fktabcm`ry spmccs kllurrm` arkuf` <>55, <=55, <<55, af` <555 lac BL. Pjm smlkf` stanm startm` l . <555 lacBL af` was rmcatdvmcy wmt alrkss tjm Fmar Mast. Arkuf` 2=55 lac BL, gafy prkxy rmlkr`s start tkdf`dlatm `rdmr lcdgatdl lkf`dtdkfs, dfdtdatdfn stanm < (2=55“2555 lac BL ). Pjds stanm was ljaraltmr-dzm` by prknrmssdvmcy `rdmr lkf`dtdkfs. A pkssdbcm sjkrt jugd` pmrdk` gay javm kllurrm` arkuf`2555 lac BL, but tjds pmrdk` jas fkt bmmf `mtmltm` df acc prkxy rmlkr`s. \tanms 1“< oacc dftk Rksmf—sGd``cm Jkcklmfm pjasm ko jdnjcy mrratdl prmldpdtatdkf ljafnms (255>8 odn. <.=). \tanm 0, orkg 2555lac BL kfwar`s, was ljaraltmrdzm` by lcdgatdl sdnfacs tjat vary alrkss tjm Fmar Mast. \kgm rmlkr`sdf`dlatm a rmturf tk wmttmr lcdgatdl lkf`dtdkfs as pmrsdstm` ùrdfn tjm odrst jaco ko tjm tjdr` gdc-

cmffdug, wjmrmas ktjmr rmlkr`s sunnmst tjat tjm lcdgatm rmgadfm` `ry, sdgdcar tk tjm lkf`dtdkfs



2=


mxdstdfn tkày. Pjm @ma` \ma af` Nuco ko Kgaf rmlkr`s sunnmst a gkrm kr cmss rapd` rmturf tkprmvdkus kr mvmf wmttmr lkf`dtdkfs. At cmast okr tjm @ma` \ma tjds rmturf ds rmcatdvmcy sjkrt-cdvm`, astjm watmr cmvmc `rkps sdnfdodlaftcy arkuf` 1=55 lac BL. Pjm mvd`mflm orkg Caim _af, \krmq Lavm,tjm Jarraf Ucadf, af` tjm â`d Hanjhanj kf tjm ktjmr jaf` df`dlatms tjat tjm catm tjdr` gdccmffdugard` pjasm lkftdfums wmcc dftk tjm smlkf` gdccmffdug.

2.<.: Mvd`mflm okr `rkunjt

Pjm okrmnkdfn kvmrvdmw ko fkrtjmrf Gmskpktagdaf pacamklcdgatm jas jdnjcdnjtm` tjm kllurrmflmko af ard` pjasm at tjm mf` ko tjm tjdr` gdccmffdug af` tjm bmndffdfn ko tjm smlkf` gdccmffdugBL. Pjm mstabcdsjgmft ko af ard` lcdgatm ds, jkwmvmr, fkt df dtsmco mvd`mflm okr `rkunjt, wjdlj dsa sjkrtanm ko watmr okr tjm dfjabdtafts ko a ndvmf rmndkf. Dt gay wmcc bm tjat kvmracc prmldpdtatdkf,jugd`dty, af` rdvmr `dsljarnms `mlcdfm`, but tjat tjmrm stdcc was suoodldmft watmr okr bktj jugafsaf` tjmdr lrkps af` cdvmstkli. Actjkunj ljafnms df tjm lkgpksdtdkf ko tjm lrkp spmltrug arm rmnu-carcy cdfim` tk cklac mfvdrkfgmftac ljafnms, dt sjkuc` bm fktm` tjat sulj ljafnms gay acsk lkgmabkut bmlausm ko ljafndfn pkcdtdlac, skldk-mlkfkgdl, kr lucturac lkf`dtdkfs (Rdmjc 25548 1:“14).

A ljafnm df tjm lrkp spmltrug laf okr mxagpcm rmsuct orkg ljafndfn okk` jabdts ratjmr tjaf bm

`kwf tk afy partdlucar mfvdrkfgmftac rmaskf. Pjus, tjm `mvmckpgmft ko tjm lrkp spmltrug orkgtjm tjdr` tk tjm smlkf` gdccmffdug as dflrmasdfncy rmocmltdfn ard` lkf`dtdkfs ds cdimwdsm fkt df dtsmcomvd`mflm ko `rkunjt. Af df`mpmf`mft gmtjk` ds tjmrmokrm rmqudrm` tk tmst wjmtjmr kr fkt partdlu-car ljafnms df lrkp smcmltdkf wmrm lkrrmcatm` tk tjm kllurrmflm ko watmr strmss kr `rkunjt.

Df kr`mr tk a``rmss tjds dssum, tjm stabcm larbkf dsktkpm lkgpksdtdkf jas bmmf gmasurm` orkgnradf sagpcms lkccmltm` orkg fugmrkus Marcy af` Gd``cm Brkfzm Anm sdtms alrkss tjm Cmvaft af`fkrtjmrf Gmskpktagda (Rdmjc 255:9 Rdmjc mt ac. 255:).12 Dt jas bmmf kbsmrvm` tjat a lkrrmcatdkfmxdsts bmtwmmf tjm stabcm larbkf dsktkpm lkgpksdtdkf ko L< pcafts af` watmr avadcabdcdty tjrkunjdrrdnatdkf, skdc gkdsturm, kr jugd`dty. L< pcafts javm ckwmr larbkf odxatdkf df lkf`dtdkfs ko ckw

watmr avadcabdcdty, rmsuctdfn df af dflrmasm df ΰ1<L kr a mlrmasm df ΐ1<L. Mvmf tjkunj tjmrm arm ktjmr vardabcms dfocumfldfn ΐ1<L, watmr avadcabdcdty smmgs tk bm tjm gkst dgpkrtaft mfvdrkfgmftac vard-abcm (Rdmjc mt ac. 255:8 1512). Bmlausm ΐ1<L vacums laf kfcy bm dftmrprmtm` wjmf àta arm avadcabcm

kf tjm cklac gkdsturm lkf`dtdkfs, Rdmjc mt ac. usm` a galrkpjysdlac lcdgatm gk`mc (GLG) basm`kf àta orkg Caim _af af` \krmq Lavm tk sdgucatm afldmft lcdgatm lkf`dtdkfs. Pjm rmsuctdfn cklaclcdgatm lkf`dtdkfs wmrm lkgparm` tk tjm stabcm larbkf dsktkpm lkgpksdtdkfs ko barcmy uf`mr tjmassugptdkf tjat tjds lrkp was nmfmraccy luctdvatm` wdtjkut a``dtdkfac drrdnatdkf. Lkgpardskf df`d-latm` tjat `doomrmft ΐ1<L vacums wmrm rmlkr`m` okr sdtms df `doomrmft nmknrapjdlac smttdfns af` wdtj`doomrmft gkdsturm lkf`dtdkfs, tjat tjm ΐ1<L vacums ko ktjmr lmrmac lrkps sjkwm` sdgdcar trmf`s tktjksm ko barcmy, af` tjat a nmfmrac `mlrmasm ko ΐ1<L vacums lkdfld`m` wdtj rmlkfstrultm` dflrmasdfnard`dty at tjm mf` ko tjm tjdr` gdccmffdug, af` mspmldaccy urdfn tjm Gd``cm Brkfzm Anm (Odn. 2.>I)(Rdmjc mt ac. 255:8 1525). Pjmsm kbsmrvatdkfs, tjmf, sunnmst tjat tjmrm was df`mm` a lmrtadf cmvmcko watmr strmss kr `rkunjt at vardkus sdtms df fkrtjmrf Gmskpktagda, actjkunj tjm smvmrdty ko tjds

watmr strmss `doomrm` pmr sdtm. Pjds lkflcusdkf bkcstmrs lcadgs tjat lrkp smcmltdkf was actmrm` ùmtk mfvdrkfgmftac ljafnm, af` cmndtdgdzms tjm dfvmstdnatdkf ko ktjmr rmspkfsms tk mfvdrkfgmftac

ljafnm df nmfmrac af` `rkunjt df partdlucar. A sdgdcar stu`y jas rmlmftcy bmmf larrdm` kut kf subokssdc wkk` orkg a Pagardx trmm orkg

Gkuft \m`kg, kf tjm skutjmrf sjkrm ko tjm @ma` \ma (Orugidf 2554). Df tjds ard` rmndkf, tmg-pmraturm af` prmldpdtatdkf arm tjm gadf oaltkrs lkfstradfdfn pcaft nrkwtj, af` tjds ds rmocmltm` dftjm 1<L af` 1=F dsktkpm lkgpksdtdkf ko pcafts. ^jmrmas 1<L mfrdljgmft laf lcmarcy bm lkrrmcatm`tk jdnj tmgpmraturms af`/kr ckw prmldpdtatdkf, 1=F mfrdljgmft ds prdgardcy asskldatm` wdtj ckwprmldpdtatdkf, actjkunj prkbcmgs wdtj tjds lkrrmcatdkf rmgadf. ]sdfn tjm lkrrmcatdkf bmtwmmf 1<Ldsktkpms af` radfoacc as dt jas bmmf kbsmrvm` df gk`mrf Pagardx trmms df tjm rmndkf, tjm abskcutmprmldpdtatdkf cmvmcs okr tjm pmrdk` mflkgpassm` by tjm afldmft trmm trufi lkuc` bm rmlkfstrultm`.Ra`dklarbkf àtms mstabcdsjm` a nrkwtj pmrdk` bmtwmmf l . 2<55 af` 14<5 lac BL, at wjdlj tdgm

12 Pjmsm sdtms wmrm Jdrbmt mz-Xmraqkuf (Hkràf), Pmcc Oa`kus (Cmbafkf), Qatfa, Acacaij, Pmcc mc ‚Ab`, Mgar, af` PmccGkzaf (\yrda).



2?


tjm trmm `dm`. @urdfn tjds pmrdk`, tjm 1<L af` 1=F dsktkpm cmvmcs df tjm sagpcm` trmm sjkw sdgdcartrmf`s, wjdlj laf bm suggardzm` as okcckws (Odn. 2.>C). Urmldpdtatdkf was jdnjmst at tjm start kotjds pacamklcdgatm rmlkr`, af` rmgadfm` sk wdtj skgm gdfkr ocultuatdkfs uftdc 2255 lac BL. At tjattdgm, tjmrm kllurrm` a `rkp df prmldpdtatdkf castdfn skgm >5 ymars, aotmr wjdlj radfoacc brdmocy rm-turfm` tk tjm prmvdkus cmvmc. Aotmr 21<5 lac BL, prmldpdtatdkf nraùaccy `rkppm` tk a cmvmc sdgdcar

tk kr mvmf scdnjtcy ckwmr tjaf tjat ko tkày, wdtj af a``dtdkfac sjkrt-cdvm` ard` mvmft taidfn pcalmat 2525 BL. Pjm afacysm` trmm `dm` arkuf` 14<5 lac BL. Pjds ds df anrmmgmft wdtj tjm lurrmft sdtu-atdkf, df wjdlj acgkst fk Pagardx trmms survdvm df tjm rmndkf. Pjds pacamklcdgatm rmlkr` tjmrmokrmstrkfncy sunnmsts tjat pcafts wmrm sdnfdodlaftcy aoomltm` by ard`dodlatdkf ùrdfn tjm catm tjdr` af`marcy smlkf` gdccmffdug BL.

Rmlmftcy, mvd`mflm was prmsmftm` okr subsdstmflm strmss agkfn jugafs ùrdfn tjm catm tjdr` tkmarcy smlkf` gdccmffdug BL. At Pmcc Barrd, a fugbmr ko jugaf simcmtkfs javm bmmf stu`dm` orkgMB DD/DDD tk Fmk-Assyrdaf cmvmcs, dflcu`dfn a sagpcm tjat lkuc` bm spmldodlaccy àtm` tk trafsdtdkfaccmvmcs bmtwmmf tjm Marcy af` Gd``cm Brkfzm Anms. Actjkunj tjm tktac assmgbcanm lkfsdstm` kokfcy 42 df`dvdùacs, lcmar `doomrmflms bmtwmmf malj pmrdk` appmarm`. Pjm stu`y ko tmmtj acckwm`tjm rmlkfstrultdkf ko tjm ormqumfly ko mfagmc jypkpcasda af` `mftac lardms. Mfagmc jypkpcasda dscdfim` tk futrdtdkfac strmss ùrdfn ljdc`jkk`, wjmrmas tjm ormqumfly ko `mftac lardms ds af df`dla-tkr ko okk` quacdty. \imcmtkfs orkg tjm MB D_/GB D af` tjm Fmk-Assyrdaf sub-sagpcms sjkwm`tjm jdnjmst ormqumfldms ko mfagmc jypkpcasda, pkdftdfn tk a ckwmr futrdtdkfac status ùrdfn tjmsmpmrdk`s. \dgdcarcy, `mftac lardms was mspmldaccy jdnj df tjm MB DD“DDD af` MB D_/GB D sub-sagpcms,anadf df`dlatdfn subsdstmflm strmss ùrdfn tjmsm pmrdk`s. Odfaccy, tjmsm sub-sagpcms acsk sjkwm` ajdnj cmvmc ko ljdc` gkrtacdty tjat smmgm` tk `mvdatm statdstdlaccy orkg tjm mxpmltm` cmvmc (\kłtysdaiokrtjlkgdfn). Pjus, tjm lkgbdfm` gkrtuary mvd`mflm sunnmstm` tjat tjm catm Marcy Brkfzm Anmpmrdk` was garim` by jdnjmr tjaf fkrgac dfoaft gkrtacdty, lkgbdfm` wdtj futrdtdkfac strmss tjat

was partdlucarcy mvd`mft ùrdfn tjm MB D_/GB D trafsdtdkfac pmrdk` (Odn. 2.>G). @mspdtm tjm cdg-dtm` faturm ko tjm mvd`mflm, tjat ds, tjm sgacc sagpcm af` tjm oalt tjat dt lagm orkg a sdfncm sdtm, dtsmmgs tk allkr` rmcatdvmcy wmcc wdtj tjm df`dlatdkfs okr subsdstmflm strmss tjat javm mgmrnm` orkgtjm pacamkbktafdlac af` dsktkpdl mvd`mflm.

2.0 Ljrkfkckny lkfstrultdkf

Lkrrmcatdkf ko mfvdrkfgmftac `mvmckpgmfts wdtj gatmrdac lucturm ljafnm rmcdms kf prmldsm absk-cutm àtdfn ko bktj straf`s ko mvd`mflm. @atdfn mfvdrkfgmftac `mvmckpgmfts acgkst dfvardabcydfvkcvms ra`dklarbkf àtdfn af`/kr sdgdcar gmtjk`s orkg tjm faturac sldmflms. @atdfn gatmrdaclucturm ljafnm, kf tjm ktjmr jaf`, dfvkcvms a carnm ar ray ko àtdfn gmtjk`s dflcu dfn ra`dklarbkfàtdfn, jdstkrdlac àtms, af` typkljrkfkckny. Pjds `doomrmflm df àtdfn gmtjk`s prmsmfts arljam-kckndsts wdtj lkfsd`mrabcm `doodluctdms (Brudfs 25518 110:). Lkrrmcatdkf ko tjmsm `dvmrsm gmtjk`sjas prkvm` mxtrmgmcy lkgpcmx, cma`dfn Rma`m (25518 1) tk kbsmrvm tjat ‚gkst sljkcars arm avmrsmtk ljrkfkckndlac stu`dms—. Pjds avmrsdkf kotmf cm` tk tjm rma`y allmptaflm ko a lkfvmfdmft, wmcc-mstabcdsjm` ljrkfkckny, df tjds lasm tjm sk-laccm` Gd``cm Ljrkfkckny tjat atms tjm oacc ko Babyckf

by tjm Jdttdtm idfn Guršdcd D tk 1=4= BL, mvmf tjkunj tjds ljrkfkckny ds ocawm` df smvmrac rmspmlts.1< Pjmrm arm fkw smvmrac stu`dms tjat lrdt dlaccy a``rmss mstabc dsjm` ljrkfkckndlac lkfvmftdkfs. Pjmsmstu`dms oklus kf tjm dgpcdlatdkfs ko tjm dflrmasdfncy rmodfm` lkrrmcatdkf bmtwmmf tmxt passanms`mslrdbdfn astrkfkgdlac kbsmrvatdkfs af` jdstkrdlac mvmfts af` rmdnfs (Nasljm mt ac. 144:9 Rma`m2551).

At tjm basds ko tjm Gd``cm Ljrkfkckny arm Brdfigaf—s ljrkfkckndlac ljarts (14>>). Pjds ljrk-fkckny ds basm` kf a fugbmr ko syfljrkfdsgs, smvmrac lkpdms ko idfn cdsts, astrkfkgdlac kbsmrva-tdkfs, af` guctdpcm assugptdkfs as tk lacmfàrs tjat wmrm usm`, tjm gmtjk`s by wjdlj rmnfac ymars

wmrm lkuftm`, af` tjm cmfntjs ko df`dvdùac rmdnfs af` pmrdk`s. Okr mxagpcm, tjm startdfn pkdft kotjm rmdnf ko \arnkf ko Aiia` carnmcy mpmf`s kf tjm cmfntj tjat ds assdnfm` tk tjm sk-laccm` Nutdaf

1< UruÛ okr mxagpcm kbsmrvm` tjat jm ‚jas fmvmr gmt a lkccmanum `macdfn wdtj ljrkfkckny, wjk altuaccy bmcdmvms df tjm

lkrrmltfmss ko tjm Gd``cm Ljrkfkckny— (2550, f. 40). Xmttcmr wrktm df a sdgdcar vmdf ko tjm Gd``cm Ljrkfkckny tjat dt‚jas lkgm tk bm ldtm` gkrm kut ko lkfvmfdmflm tjaf lkfvdltdkf by arljamkckndsts af` jdstkrdafs— (255<8 25).



2>


pmrdk`, vardkuscy mstabcdsjm` at bmtwmmf <5 af` 155 ymars, af` kf wjmtjmr <> kr =? rmnfac ymarsarm assdnfm` tk Farag-\df (\accabmrnmr 2550a).10 Ourtjmrgkrm, tjm idfn cdsts gay javm smqumftdaccykr`mrm` pmrdk`s tjat altuaccy kvmrcappm` kr tjat wmrm lkftmgpkrary. Pjm gadf `doodlucty df `mpart-dfn orkg tjm Gd``cm Ljrkfkckny ds tjat dt jas wd`msprma` rmpmrlussdkfs okr acgkst acc ktjmr armasaf` sdtms df tjm wd`mr Fmar Mast, as wmcc as okr gafy ktjmr pmrdk`s. Pjds jas cm` gafy rmsmarljmrs

tk tjm lkftdfum`, acbmdt rmcultaft allmptaflm ko tjm Gd``cm Ljrkfkckny (m.n. Cmbmau 2555a8 1>59 Aiimrgafs af` \ljwartz 255<8 12).

Pjm Gd``cm Ljrkfkckny ds carnmcy basm` kf jdstkrdlac skurlms lkgdfn orkg kutsd`m tjm Hmzdraj. Actjkunj tjmrm arm tmxts orkg, as wmcc as abkut, tjm Hmzdraj okr tjm catm tjdr` gdccmffdug, pmrdk-`dzatdkf okr tjm Hmzdraj ùrdfn tjds pmrdk` ds gadfcy aljdmvm` tjrkunj tjm stu`y ko stycdstdl vard-atdkf, stratdnrapjy, af` ra`dklarbkf àtms. Pjm lkrrmcatdkf ko jdstkrdlac mvmfts wdtj ra`dklarbkfàtms, stratdnrapjdl mvd`mflm af` gatmrdac lucturm ds fktkrdkuscy `doodluct. Pjm tmrg Aiia`daf gayokr mxagpcm rmomr tk tjm pmrdk` ùrdfn wjdlj a pkcdtdlac mftdty ko tjat fagm mxdstm`, kr kfcy tk tjmpmrdk` okr wjdlj Aiia`daf dfocumflm df tjm fkrtj ds arljamkckndlaccy `mtmltabcm, as at Pmcc Brai kr

Pmcc Gkzaf. A``dtdkfaccy, dt jas prkvmf mxtrmgmcy `doodluct, do fkt kutrdnjt dgpkssdbcm tk `modfmgatmrdac rmgadfs as rmprmsmftdfn a typdlaccy Aiia`daf lucturm. Dt jas rmlmftcy bmmf sjkwf tjat gafypkttmry typms tjkunjt tk bm typdlaccy Aiia`daf altuaccy ja` gulj ckfnmr cdom-spafs, tjmrmby ourtjmr

wmaimfdfn tjm cdfi bmtwmmf pkcd tdlac af` lucturac `msdnfatdkfs (Xmttcmr 255<8 2>“:9 Fdlkccm 255?81??). Rmlmftcy, jkwmvmr, dgpkrtaft jdstkrdlac syfljrkfdsgs bmtwmmf Gard, Mbca, af` Bmyàr javmbmmf mstabcdsjm`, acckwdfn a odfmr lkftrkc ko arljamkckndlac pmrdk`s (\accabmrnmr 144:9 Arljd af`Bdna 255<).

Pjm `mvmckpgmft ko tjm `dsldpcdfm ko Fmar Mastmrf arljamkckny jas prmsmftm` ourtjmr prkb-cmgs okr pmrdk`dzatdkf af` syfljrkfdzatdkf df tjm Hmzdraj. Okr a ckfn tdgm, tjm fkrtjmrf Hmzdrajdf dtsmco jas fkt bmmf a rmsmarlj arma. Cmavdfn asd`m Gacckwaf—s pdkfmmrdfn wkri df tjm 14<5s, tjmrmndkf jas acways bmmf kvmrckkim` df oavkur ko skutjmrf Gmskpktagda af` wmstmrf \yrda. Pjds dsrmocmltm` df tjm prmomrmftdac usm ko wmstmrf \yrdaf ljrkfkckndms df tjm wmstmrf part ko tjm Hmzdraj,af` tra`dtdkfac Gmskpktagdaf `dvdsdkfs df tjm Ijabur arma. Pjm artdodldac `dvdsdkf tjat ds tjus lrm-atm` pkssdbcy rmocmlts rmac vardatdkfs bmtwmmf tjm wmstmrf af` mastmrf parts ko tjm Hmzdraj, but gayhust as wmcc bm dgpksdfn tjmsm vardatdkfs upkf ktjmrwdsm sdgdcar gatmrdac. Pjds `dvdsdkf ds `doodlucttk brmai `kwf (smm Cmbmau 2555a8 1?:“4).

Rmlmft attmgpts at ljrkfkckndlac rmodfmgmft javm taimf tjmsm lkfsd`mratdkfs dftk allkuft,rmsuctdfn df tjm Marcy Hmzdraj (MH) af` Kc` Hmzdraj (KH) pmrdk`dzatdkfs tjat rmcy kf stratdodm` gatm-rdac lucturm ljafnm af` ra`dklarbkf àtms (Uoàczfmr 144:9 Cmbmau 2555a9 @kjgaff-Uoàczfmr afÙoàczfmr 2551). Pjm MH pmrdk`dzatdkf, dflcu`dfn dts rmndkfac sub`dvdsdkfs, budc`s upkf tjm wkri koguctdpcm mxlavatdkfs alrkss tjm Hmzdraj. Dt adgs tk mstabcdsj a oragmwkri wdtjdf wjdlj tjm moomltsko ljrkfkckndlac af` rmndkfac vardatdkf laf bm lcmarcy dslmrfm` af` smparatm` (Cmbmau 2555a8 1>5).

Pjm KH pmrdk`dzatdkf, dftrkùlm` at Pmcc Gkzaf okr tjm marcy smlkf` gdccmffdug BL (@kjgaff-Uoàczfmr af` Uoàczfmr 2551), `kms fkt smmg tk bm as wd`mcy allmptm` as tjm Marcy Hmzdraj ljrkfkc-kny ymt. Actjkunj tjds fmw ljrkfkckny jas rmgkvm` tjm agbdnukus af` kotmf gdscma`dfn skutjmrfGmskpktagdaf tmrgdfkckny orkg tjm arljamkckndlac `dslkursm df tjm Hmzdraj, dt sjkuc` bm rmacdzm`

tjat tjm fmw ljrkfkckny stdcc jas gafy tdms wdtj tjm skutj. A fmw tmrgdfkckny gasis tjmsm tdms,but `kms fkt mcdgdfatm tjmg. Dt ratjmr acckws skgm stmrmktypdlac vdmws tk bm lkrrmltm`.Rdnkrkus afacysds ko guctdpcm ra`dklarbkf àtms orkg smlurm stratdnrapjdl lkftmxts alrkss

tjm Fmar Mast af` tjm Gm`dtmrrafmaf gay uctdgatmcy cma` tk tjm rmvdsdkf ko carnm parts ko tjmlkfvmftdkfac ljrkfkckndlac oragmwkris (Brudfs 25519 Brudfs mt ac. 255<a9 Gaffdfn mt ac. 255?).]fokrtufatmcy, tjdr` af` smlkf` gdccmffdug BL Gmskpktagda ds kfcy fkw bmdfn subhmltm` tk tjds

10 Ra`dklarbkf àtms orkg MH DDD/D_ lkftmxts at Bmyàr, Brai, Gard, af` Gkzaf arm stdcc tkk dflkfsdstmft tk suppkrtmdtjmr a 05 kr 155-ymar cmfntj okr tjm Nutdaf pmrdk`. Okr mxagpcm, tjm 21>= lac BL àtm ko pjasm 2a ko tjm Pupidsjpacalm df Gkzaf odts kfcy wdtj a 05 ymar Nutdaf pmrdk` usdfn tjm Gd``cm Ljrkfkckny, as smmgs tk bm tjm lasm wdtjtjm 2241“2255 lac BL àtm okr tjm `mstrultdkf ko Gard _dccm DD . Kf tjm ktjmr jaf`, tjm vmry marcy MH DDD ra`dklarbkf

àtms orkg Pmcc Brai af` Pmcc Bmyàr wkuc` oavkur a 155-ymar Nutdaf pmrdk`, anadf okcckwdfn tjm Gd``cm Ljrkfkckny(\accabmrnmr 255>8 021).



2:


typm ko ljrkfkckndlac rmafacysds. Pjm rmcatdvmcy subhmltdvm afacysds ko stycdstdl af` tmxtuac cdfianmstjmrmokrm lurrmftcy rmgadfs tjm gkst dgpkrtaft gmtjk` tk assmss tjm dgpcdlatdkfs okr Gmskpktagdako ljrkfkckndlac rmvdsdkfs mcsmwjmrm.1=

Jkwmvmr, df`mpmf`mft suppkrt okr tjm Gd``cm Ljrkfkckny fkw lkgms orkg ra`dklarbkf atm` wkk`mf bmags orkg Afatkcda. Pjm Amnmaf @mf`rkljrkfkckny Urkhmlt (AMU) jas lkfstrultmàf` àtm` a 1=55+ ymars ockatdfn trmm-rdfn smqumflm orkg wkk`mf bmags rmlkvmrm` orkg vardkusarljamkckndlac sdtms df Afatkcda. Pjds smqumflm jas bmmf ra`dklarbkf àtm`, acckwdfn tjm prkpksacko abskcutm àtms okr tjm strulturms orkg wjdlj tjm wkk` was taimf, af` orkg tjmrm tjm àtdfn kojdstkrdlac rmdnfs af` mvmfts asskldatm` wdtj tjksm strulturms. Pjmsm strulturms dflcu`m tjm \arıiaya

Uacalm at Almgjÿyói, af` tjm âršaga Uacalm at Ióctmpm. Okr tjmsm budc`dfns, lkfstrultdkf àtmsko 1>>0 +0/-> BL, af` 1:<2 +0/-> BL arm prkpksm`, rmspmltdvmcy. Df bktj budc`dfns smacdfns af``klugmfts rmcatdfn tk \jagsjd-Aà` wmrm okuf`. Dftmrpkcatdkf ko tjmsm ata wdtj tmxtuac mvd`mflmsunnmsts tjat tjm Gd``cm Ljrkfkckny gust bm ckwmrm` by tjdrtmmf tk smvmftmmf ymars. Allkr`dfn tktjm autjkrs, tjm Jdnj, Ckw, af` ]ctra-Ckw ljrkfkckndms arm fkw rmspmltdvmcy rmf`mrm` dgpkssdbcm,ufcdimcy, af` vmry ufcdimcy (Iufdjkcg mt ac. 144?8 >:29 Gaffdfn mt ac. 25518 2=<0). 1?

1= Okr mxagpcm, fk lkccmltdkf ko Gmskpktagdaf ra`dklarbkf àtms omaturm` df a rmlmft spmldac dssum ko Ra`dklarbkf `mvktm` tk Fmar Mastmrf ljrkfkckny (smm Brudfs 25518 af` rmomrmflms tjmrmdf). Pjm ARLAFM prkhmlt (Asskldatm`Rmndkfac Ljrkfkckndms okr tjm Afldmft Fmar Mast af` tjm Mastmrf Gm`dtmrrafmaf) tjat was dfdtdatm` df 2552 adgstk brdfn tknmtjmr af` syfljrkfdzm rmndkfac lucturm/jdstkrdlac ljrkfkckndms, as wmcc as ra`dklarbkf àtms, df kr`mrtk aljdmvm a rmcdabcm abskcutm ljrkfkckny okr tjm tjdr` gdccmffdug BL af` tjm prmlm`dfn af` okcckwdfn lmfturdms(jttp8//www.arlafm.ufd-tumbdfnmf.`m/df`mx.jtgc (Allmssm` 0 Ombruary, 2554)).

1? Kf tjm prkpksm` bdas tkwar`s tkk marcy àtms okr gd`-Jkcklmfm ra`dklarbkf `mtmrgdfatdkfs tjat wkuc` aoomlt tjmsmljrkfkckndms, smm Immfaf 2552, Gaffdfn mt ac. 2552, af` Iuzulukěcu 255>b.

2555

2=55

<555

1?55

1>55

1:55

1455

2155

2255

2<55

2055

2?55

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2:55

2455

<155

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Marcy

Hmzdraj _

Marcy

Hmzdraj D_

Marcy

Hmzdraj DDDb

Marcy

Hmzdraj DDDa

Kc`

Hmzdraj D

Kc`

Hmzdraj DD-DDD

Gd``cm

Hmzdraj D

Catm Ljaclk-

cdtjdl =

Marcy

Hmzdraj DD

Marcy

Hmzdraj D

Marcy

Hmzdraj 5

Hmzdraj

\kutjmrf

Gmskpktagda

Marcy

@yfastdl DD

Iassdtm

Kc`

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Dsdf/

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Marcy

@yfastdl DDDa

Marcy

@yfastdl D

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DDDa

DDDl

DDDb

DDa

DDb

DDl

D

5

D_

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_DD/_DDD

_DDl

_DDb

_D wmst =

_DDa

a`gdfds-tratdvmlkgpcmx

ckwmr tkwf

_D wmst ?

_D wmst <-0

_D mast =-:

ldty wacc

_D wmst 1-2

_D mast <-0

_D mast 1-2

Jaggag

mt-Purigaf

DB

DL

D@

DM

Ljumra

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N catm ]rui

H marcy

Fdfmvdtm =

I catm

Fdfmvdtm =

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Fdfmvdtm =

G Aiia`daf

F pkst-

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U Kc`

Babyckfdaf

Q Gdtaffd

Brai Bmyàr

(D)

DD

DDDa

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_DDl

_DDb

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Gd``cm MBA

Catm MBA/

Marcy GBA

Catm GBA

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Mupjratms

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_

Pabcm 2.0 8 Lkgpardskf ko tjdr` af` mar cy smlkf` gdc cmffdug BL pmrdk`dzatdkfs okr tjm Hmzdraj, skutjmrf Gmskpktagda, smcmltm`sdtms, af` tjm Bacdij \urvmy, Bdrmldi-Mupjratms @ag \urvmy, af` Fkrtj Hazdra \urvmy (basm` kf Brdfigaf 14>>9 Lurvmrs 14419

Acnazm mt ac. 14409 ^dcidfskf af` Pulimr 144=9 Cmbmau 2555a9 @kjgaff-Uoàczfmr af` Uoàczfmr 25519 Katms mt ac . 25519 UruÛ25509 Rdstvmt 255=9 \accabmrnmr 255>).



24


Df tjm prmsmft stu`y, tjm Gd``cm Ljrkfkckny wdcc bm okcckwm`, actjkunj allugucatdfn mvd`mflmsunnmsts tjat tjds ljrkfkckny ds df fmm` ko at cmast skgm gdfkr rmvdsdkf. Fmvmrtjmcmss, tjds ljrk-fkckny rmgadfs tjm gkst wd`mcy mgpckym , af` tjus bmttmr allkggkàtms lkgparatdvm stu`y koguctdpcm rmndkfs af` sdtms tjaf fmwmr ljrkfkckndms tjat arm nmfmraccy kfcy appcdm` tk sdfncm sdtms.

Pjm `mbatm kf Gd``cm vmrsus Ckw Ljrkfkckny stdc c oklusms kf tmxtuac mvd`mflm, wjdlj gaims mx-

trapkcatdkf tk arljamkckndlac pmrdk`dzatdkfs `doodluct. Pjm rmpmrlussdkfs ko tjm sjkrtmr jdstkrdlacljrkfkckndms okr gatmrdac lucturm ljrkfkckndms as ymt rmgadf tk bm `mtmrgdfm`. A stmp df tjm rdnjt`drmltdkf wkuc` bm tjm oucc dftmnratdkf ko jdstkrdlac àta af` stratdodm` arljamkckndlac gatmrdac, afà strkfnmr oklus kf ra`dklarbkf àtdfn af` ktjmr àtdfn gmtjk`s orkg tjm faturac sldmflms. Pabcm2.0 sjkws smvmrac ljrkfkckndms tjat arm lurrmftcy df usm df tjm Hmzdraj af` fmdnjbkurdfn armas.

2.= \kgm fktms kf tjm pkcdtdlac jdstkry ko fkrtjmrf Gmskpktagda

Jdstkrdlac dfokrgatdkf kf fkrtjmrf Gmskpktagda ds avadcabcm orkg tjm twmfty-okurtj lmftury BL kfwar`s df tjm okrg ko tjm arljdvms orkg Mbca pacalm N af` Pmcc Bmyàr. @urdfn tjm l . =5 ymarslkvmrm` by tjmsm arljdvms, tjm dfdtdac pkcdtdlac `kgdfaflm ko Gard was ljaccmfnm` by a lkacdtdkf ko

Mbca, Idsj, af` Fanar (Pmcc Brai). Actjkunj tjm battcm okunjt bmtwmmf tjmsm pkwmrs apparmftcyrmsuctm` df a vdltkry okr Mbca, tjm ldty was `mstrkym` skkf aotmr. Dt jas rmlmftcy bmmf sunnmstm`tjat Gard was gkst cdimcy tjm pkwmr rmspkfsdbcm okr tjds `mstrultdkf, ratjmr tjaf \arnkf ko Aiia`(Arljd af` Bdna 255<8 <=). Lkfsd`mrdfn tjat Mbca af` Fanar wmrm accdms, tjm `mstrultdkf ko pjasmC at Brai gay prkbabcy acsk bm attrdbutm` tk Gard (\accabmrnmr 255>8 022). Anadf fkt gulj catmr,Gard was `mstrkym , prkbabcy by \arnkf ko Aiia`, wjk rmlkr`m` tjat jm subùm` Gard af` Mcag(Orayfm 144<a8 M2.1.1.19 Arljd af` Bdna 255<8 <0). Pjm tmxts orkg Fabaà (Pmcc Bmyàr) af` Mbcatmstdoy tk tjm urbaf faturm ko smttcmgmft df tjm ]ppmr Ijabur rmndkf. Fugmrkus ldtdms arm gmf-

Gard

Fanar

B a š a r

Fabaà

\jmijfa

Padù;

Puttuc

Aiia`;

Mbca

@ d b a r

A z u j d f u g ;

Idsj

]rimsj

\jdgafug;

Abarsac;

]rsju;

M c a g

Lmàr Gkuftadfs

\dcvmr Gkuftadfs

Ijabura;

Fdfua Pacgusj

T a g u ` d u g ;

Larljmgdsj

Mgar

5-=55 g

2555+ g

1=55-2555 g

1555-1=55 g

=55-1555 g

caim


F

?5

Odn. 2.48 Gap ko fkrtjmrf Gmskpktagda sjkwdfn catm tjdr` gdccmffdug BL fagms ko sdtms af` rmndkfs gmftdkfm` df tjds stu`y.



<5


tdkfm`. Agkfn tjm dgpkrtaft, af` prkbabcy df`mpmf`mft, fkrtjmrf Gmskpktagdaf lmftrms ko tjmgd`-tjdr` gdccmffdug wmrm Fanar, \jmijfa, ]rimsj, Abarsac, af` Azujdfug. Pjmsm lmftrms prkb-abcy lkftrkccm` tjm nrmatmr part ko fkrtjmrf Gmskpktagda (]r 25508 2>2) (Odn. 2.4).1>

\arnkf ko Aiia`—s dgpalt kf tjm pkcdtdlac sdtuatdkf ko fkrtjmrf Gmskpktagda ds `doodluct tk as-smss. Jm lcadgm` tk javm rmaljm` Puttuc, tjm Lmàr Gkuftadf, af` tjm \dcvmr Gkuftadfs, tjat ds Pmcc

Bd—a at tjm lkfocumflm ko tjm Bacdij wdtj tjm Mupjratms, tjm Agafus, af` tjm Paurus Gkuftadfs,rmspmltdvmcy. Jkwmvmr, dt rmgadfs `doodluct tk aslrdbm arljamkckndlaccy kbsmrvm` `mstrultdkfs tk jdsaltdkfs, as tjm mxagpcm ko Mbca, gmftdkfm` abkvm, lcmarcy sjkws. Pjus, cdfis bmtwmmf \arnkf afàrljamkckndlaccy kbsmrvm` lkftmgpkrary mvmfts kr `mvmckpgmfts gust bm larmouccy lkfsd`mrm`bmokrm tjmy arm `rawf. Df oalt, dt jas fkt ymt bmmf smttcm` wjmtjmr \arnkf—s wmstmrf lagpadnf wasa carnm-slacm gdcdtary kpmratdkf wdtj tjm purpksm ko lkfqumrdfn af` subùdfn okrmdnf caf`s, kr

wjmtjmr dt was fk gkrm tjaf a surprdsm gdc dtary rad`, taidfn a`vaftanm ko acrma`y wmaimfm` kppk-fmfts sulj as Gard af` Mbca. Pjm dgpkrtaft kbsmrvatdkf gust bm tjat wmst ko tjm ]ppmr Ijaburrmndkf tjmrm arm fk arljamkckndlac df`dlatdkfs ko castdfn Aiia`daf dfocumflm.1:

Ukssdbcy orkg tjm tdgm ko \arnkf kfwar`s but lmrtadfcy at tjm tdgm ko Farag-\df, tjm gd``cmaf` mastmrf ]ppmr Ijabur rmndkf gust javm bmmf uf`mr Aiia`daf pkcdtdlac lkftrkc. Pjm mxalt fa-turm ko tjds lkftrkc rmgadfs uflmrtadf, jkwmvmr. Pmcc Brai prkbabcy gadftadfm` a imy pksdtdkf dftjds rmndkf. \arnkf—s sullmsskr Rdgusj was gmftdkfm` df dfslrdptdkfs kf twk stkfm vmssmcs okufàt Pmcc Brai. Dt ds `doodluct tk smm tjkunj jkw tjds rmcatms tk tjm pksdtdkf ko Pmcc Brai at tjm tdgmko Rdgusj, bmlausm tjm vmssmcs wmrm okuf` df tjm Farag-\df Uacalm, af` gay tjmrmokrm javm bmmfbrkunjt tk tjm sdtm at a catmr tdgm tjaf tjm rmdnf ko Rdgusj. Allkr`dfn tk \accabmrnmr (255>8 020),tjm vmssmcs gkst cdimcy rmprmsmftm` ndots ko Rdgusj tk a cklac ckyac nkvmrfkr af` wmrm tjmrmokrmjmdrckkgs at tjm tdgm ko Farag-\df.

Pmcc Brai was lmrtadfcy af Aiia`daf strkfnjkc` ùrdfn tjm rmdnf ko Farag-\df. Pjm Farag-\df Uacalm, wjdlj sjkuc` gkrm prkpmrcy bm laccm` a okrtrmss, lkuc` bm d`mftdodm` as sulj bmlausmFarag-\df—s fagm was stagpm` df gu` brdlis usm` okr tjm lkfstrultdkf (Orayfm 144<a8 M2.1.0.22).

Pjm Aiia`daf dfocumflm laf bm dfomr rm` orkg af a`gdfdstratdvm tmxt orkg tjm Farag-\df Uacalmcdstdfn ldtdms af` fugbmrs ko gmf, pkssdbcy skc`dmrs (Md`mg mt ac. 25518 15>). Pjds cdst dflcu`m`,agkfn ktjmrs, ]rimsj, \jmijfa, af` Padùg. Afktjmr cdst ko sgacc agkufts ko afdgacs, gkstcysjmmp, acsk fagm` \jmijfa (Md`mg mt ac. 25518 115). ]rimsj ds d`mftdodm` wdtj Gkzaf (Bullmccatdaf` Imccy-Bullmccatd 14448 15), \jmijfa wdtj Pmcc Cmdcaf (Ljarpdf 14:>), af` Padùg pkssdbcy wdtj

Pmcc Jagd`dymj (Mdljcmr mt ac. 14:=8 ?49 ^àocmr 25518 1?4). Mxlmpt okr Gkzaf/]rimsj, tjm rmcatdkfbmtwmmf tjm Aiia`daf a`gdfdstratdkf at Brai af` tjm ldtdms df tjds cdst ds uflcmar. Pjm rmcatdvmcylcksm prkxdgdty ko Pmcc Jagd`dymj tk Brai gaims dt cdimcy tjat Jagd`dymj was uf`mr drmlt lkftrkcko Brai, ymt fkt acc ldtdms df tjm cdst wmrm, as ds lcmar orkg ]rimsj.

@mspdtm tjm rmpmatm` lcadgs tjat \jmijfa/Cmdcaf was af dgpkrtaft ‚dgpmrdacdzm`— lmftrm wdtjdftjm Aiia`daf mgpdrm ùrdfn Cmdcaf pmrdk` DDb (m.n. ^mdss mt ac. 144<8 44:), dt ds uflcmar wjat tjds`msdnfatdkf gmafs mxaltcy, af` dt gust bm lkfsd`mrm` a pkssdbdcdty tjat Cmdcaf was ko smlkfàry dg-pkrtaflm wdtj rmspmlt tk Pmcc Brai, kr tjat dt was a vassac statm cdim ]rimsj. Gulj ko tjm mvd`mflmokr Aiia`daf dgpmrdacdzatdkf at af` arkuf` Cmdcaf ds df`drmlt, af` tjm kfcy `drmlt mvd`mflm okr a

okrg ko Aiia`daf a`gdfdstratdvm prmsmflm at Cmdcaf lkfsdstm` ko twk smacdfns wdtj Kc` Aiia`dafdfslrdptdkfs (^mdss 144>8 <0<9 ^mdss mt ac. 2552“<). 14

At Gkzaf/]rimsj, smacdfns javm bmmf okuf` tjat bmckfnm` tk Par—ag Ana`m, a àunjtmr koFarag-\df (Bullmccatd af` Imccy-Bullmccatd 25558 1<4). \jm was prkbabcy tjm wdom ko af uffagm`rucmr kr mfàf ko ]rimsj, ifkwf orkg afktjmr dfslrdptdkf okuf` tknmtjmr wdtj tjm smacdfn ko

Par—ag Ana`m. Dt ds cdimcy tjat ]rimsj was af accy ko Aiia` at tjds tdgm af` prmsugabcy acsk uf-`mr Pupidsj, a scdnjtcy marcdmr rucmr ko ]rimsj. Pjus, df tjm tdgm ko Farag-\df, skgm parts ko tjm]ppmr Ijabur rmndkf wmrm lkftrkccm` `drmlt cy, as was prkbabcy tjm lasm at Pmcc Brai. Df ktjmr armas,

1> \mm \accabmrnmr 255> okr a dslussdkf ko tjm prkbcmgs asskldatm` wdtj cklatdfn tjdr`-gdccmffdug tkpkfygs. Pjm ckla-tdkf ko Abarsac ds mspmldaccy prkbcmgatdl, af` bmsd`ms Iazafm Jÿyói, a cklatdkf ackfn tjm ]ppmr Mupjratms jas bmmfprkpksm` as wmcc (Buffmfs 255>8 =5).

1: Df oalt, mvmf Gard smmgs tk javm pcaym` a rmcatdvmcy garndfac rkcm up tk af` urdfn tjm rmdnf ko Farag-\df (\accabmrnmr

255>8 0<5).14 \mm ]r (25508 ><) okr a gkrm mcabkratm `dslussdkf ko tjm mvd`mflm okr Aiia`daf lkftrkc at Pmcc Cmdcaf.



<1


Aiia`—s dfo cumflm gay javm bmmf gkrm subtcm af` df`drmlt, tjrkunj accdaflms af` vassac statms, asrmocmltm` df tjm mvd`mflm orkg Pmcc Gkzaf. Pjds rmlkfstrultdkf wkuc` suppkrt tjm `mslrdptdkf kotjm Nrmat Rmvkct anadfst Farag-\df, allkr`dfn tk wjdlj tjm rucmrs ko tjm ]ppmr Caf` oavkurm`Farag-\df af` rmousm` tk suppkrt Agar-Ndrd` (\accabmrnmr 255>8 02>).

Pjm sdtuatdkf tk tjm wmst ko tjm ]ppmr Ijabur rmgadfs ufifkwf ùrdfn Farag-\df—s rmdnf.

Farag-\df lcadgm` tk javm rmaljm` tjm Lmàr Gkuftadf af` acsk gmftdkfm` Puttuc, but dt ds fktlmrtadf wjmtjmr tjm wmstmrf kr mastmrf Puttuc ds gmaft (\accabmrnmr 255>8 024, f. ?4). Pjm dg-palt ko Farag-\df—s wmstmrf lagpadnf ds as `doodluct tk assmss as tjm dgpalt ko \arnkf—s marcdmrlagpadnf.

Aotmr Farag-\df—s rmdnf, jdstkrdlac mvd`mflm orkg skutjmrf Gmskpktagda kf fkrtjmrfGmskpktagdaf pkcdtdlac aooadrs praltdlaccy lmasm` uftdc tjm ]r DDD pmrdk`. Pjm rkyac fagms prm-smrvm` at Fanar/Brai af` ]rimsj/Gkzaf, jkwmvmr, df`dlatm tjat at cmast tjmsm twk pcalms wmrm tjmlmftrms ko cklac idfn`kgs. At Pmcc Brai, tjmrm ds kfm pkst-Aiia`daf rucmr, pkssdbcy lkftmgpkrary

wdtj \jar-iacd-\jarrd kr scdnjtcy catmr, af` at Gkzaf tjm cdfm ko rucmrs smmgs tk javm mxtmf`m` ac-gkst tk tjm mf` ko tjm tjdr` gdccmffdug BL, actjkunj tjm mvd`mflm ds a`gdttm`cy gmanrm. Dt sjkuc`bm fktm` tjat tjm fagms ko tjm rucmrs ko bktj Fanar af` ]rimsj wmrm Jurrdaf, pkssdbcy df`dlat-dfn tjm nrkwdfn dgpkrtaflm ko tjds pkpucatdkf nrkup df fkrtjmrf Gmskpktagda (\accabmrnmr 255>80<1-2) (smm \mltdkf :.<).

@urdfn tjm ]r DDD pmrdk` (2112“2550 BL ), fkrtjmrf Gmskpktagda odnurm` kllasdkfaccy df jdstkr-dlac tmxts. Pjm ]r DDD statm apparmftcy `mvktm` gkst ko dts attmftdkf af` gdcdtary pkwmr tk tjm mast,as oar as laf bm rmlkfstrultm` orkg rkyac ymar fagms. Pjus, gdcdtary kpmratdkfs tk tjm wmst as armifkwf okr \arnkf af` Farag-\df arm ufifkwf okr afy ]r DDD rucmr. Jkwmvmr, tjmrm wmrm pkcdtdlaclkftalts wdtj tjm armas tk tjm fkrtj af` fkrtjwmst ko ]r as wmcc. Pjmrm wmrm garrdanms bmtwmmf]r DDD rucmrs af` prdflmssms orkg ldtdms df tjm fkrtj, dflcu`dfn Gard. Pjm garrdanm wdtj a prdflmssorkg Gard lkuc` bm dftmrprmtm` as af accdaflm wdtj tjat ldty tk lrmatm a pkcdtdlac af` gdcdtary buoomrtk tjm fkrtj ko tjm ]r DDD statm (vaf `m Gdmrkkp 255>8 :5). Pjm Uuzrdsj-@anaf a`gdfdstratdvmtmxts df`dlatm tjat gmssmfnmrs orkg ldtdms df tjm fkrtj rmlmdvm` ndots. Dt jas bmmf arnum` tjat tjmfugbmr ko attmstatdkfs ko gmssmfnmrs orkg a partdlucar pcalm `drmltcy rmocmlts tjm dgpkrtaflm kotjat pcalm okr tjm ]r DDD statm. Df tjat lasm, Gard, Mbca, \jdgafug (fmar @dyarbaiır;), af` ]rsju(\agsat Jÿyói;) wmrm tjm gkst dgpkrtaft ldtdms, okcckwm` by Ijabura, Fdfua, Pacgusj, ]rimsj,af` Tagu`dug. Puttuc/Pmcc Bd—a ds acsk gmftdkfm`, acbmdt kfcy twdlm, df`dlatdfn tjat dt was ko mvmfcmssmr pkcdtdlac dgpkrtaflm tk tjm ]r DDD statm tjaf tjm ldtdms gmftdkfm` abkvm (\accabmrnmr 255>80<4). As oar as laf bm hu`nm` orkg tjm ]r DDD `klugmftatdkf, fk ldty df fkrtjmrf Gmskpktagdasmmgs tk javm pkcdtdlaccy lkftrkccm` carnm tmrrdtkrdms at tjds tdgm (vaf `m Gdmrkkp 255>8 :5).

Pjm pmrdk` orkg l . 2555 tk l . 1?55 BL was ljaraltmrdzm` by lkgpmtdfn ldty-statms tjat ja` vary-dfn sullmss df subùdfn tjmdr rdvacs af` dflkrpkratdfn tjmg df carnmr pkcdtdlac mftdtdms. Gafy kotjmsm ldty-statms wmrm rucm` by `yfastdms wjk lcadgm` Agkrdtm `mslmft. Agkfn tjm gkrm pkwmroucldty-statms ko tjds pmrdk` wmrm Tagja` af` Qatfa df tjm wmst, Assur df tjm fkrtjmast, Gard ackfntjm Gd``cm Mupjratms, af` Dsdf, Carsa, Msjfuffa, af` mvmftuaccy Babyckf df tjm skutj (vaf `mGdmrkkp 255>). Jkwmvmr, tjm trafsdtdkf orkg tjm tjdr` tk tjm smlkf` gdccmffdug rmgadfs pkkrcy

uf`mrstkk , cma`dfn Ljarpdf af` Xdmncmr tk mslrdbm dt as ‚ca nraf`m vanum— (255<8 24). A lcmar vdmwko fkrtjmrf Gmskpktagdaf pkcdtdlac aooadrs kfcy rm-mgmrnms urdfn tjm pmrdk` lkvmrm` by tjm Gardarljdvms (Odn. 2.15).

@urdfn tjm ]r DDD pmrdk` af` prkbabcy uftdc tjm mf` ko tjm fdfmtmmftj lmftury, Gard was rucm`by sjaiiafaiiu kr nkvmrfkrs. Actjkunj prmvdkuscy a brdmo jdatus was rmlkfstrultm` bmtwmmf tjmcast sjaiiafaiiu af` tjm odrst Agkrdtm rucmr (@uraf` 14:=), rmlmft mpdnrapjdlac af` arljamkcknd-lac rmsmarlj jas prkvd`m` mvd`mflm okr a lkfsd`mrabcm `mnrmm ko lkftdfudty (Buttmrcdf 255>8 2<5-1). Pjm odrst Agkrdtm rucmr was Tand`-Cdg, but fkt gulj ds ifkwf ko jds rmdnf af` jm was skkfsullmm`m` by Tajùf-Cdg (1:15“1>40 BL ). ]f`mr Tajùf-Cdg, Gard lkftrkccm` tjm Mupjratmsfkrtjwar`s up tk Puttuc/Pmcc Bd—a, af` acsk `kgdfatm` parts ko tjm ]ppmr Ijabur rmndkf, cma`dfntk lkfocdlts wdtj \jagsjd-Aà` ko Miaccatug ( l . 1:<5“1>>? BL ). Pjm bkr`mr bmtwmmf tjm dfocu-mflm spjmrms ko Tajùf-Cdg af` \jagsjd-Aà` gay javm bmmf okrgm` by tjm â`d Hanjhanj.

@urdfn jds rmdnf, Tajùf-Cdg acsk okunjt anadfst a lkacdtdkf ko Tagdfdtm rucmrs, wjdlj jm momatmàt tjm Mupjratms fmar Puttuc. Mvmftuaccy, \jagsjd-Aà` `momatm` Gard af` dfstaccm` jds ykufnmst



<2


skf Tasgaj-A`ù as vdlmrky, wjdcm mstabcdsjdfn jdgsmco at \jubat-Mfcdc/Pmcc Cmdcaf af` cmavdfnjds mc`mst skf Dsjgm-@anaf tk rucm Miaccatug. Aotmr \jagsjd-Aà`—s `matj, Xdgrd-Cdg rmpcalm`

Tasgaj-A`ù as r ucmr ko Gard. Df tjm ]ppmr Ijabur, a idfn`kg ko Apug appmarm`, lmftrm` kf Pmcc Cmdcaf. Xdgrd-Cdg was df turf `momatm` by Jaggurabd ko Babyckf, wjk `mstrkym` Gard df1>?1 BL. A fmw gd``cm Mupjratms statm mgmrnm` at Pmrqa, but tjat idfn`kg ko Jafa oadcm` tk mx-mrt af dfocumflm kvmr ktjmr rmndkfs lkgparabcm tk tjm autjkrdty ko Gard (Ljarpdf 144<9 Ljarpdfaf` Xdmncmr 255<).

Pjm pkcdtdlac jdstkry ko fkrtjmrf Gmskpktagda ùrdfn tjm tjdr` af` marcy smlkf` gdccmffdugBL rmocmlts tjm lkfocdlts bmtwmmf cklac ldty-statms af` okrmdnf pkwmrs wdsjdfn tk mxmrt dfocumflmkvmr tjm rmndkf. Pjm Aiia`daf prmsmflm df fkrtjmrf Gmskpktagda, `mspdtm tjm oalt tjat dt rmgadfs

pkkrcy uf`mrstkk`, sdnfdodm` a odrst attmgpt at lrmatdfn a carnmr rmndkfac statm, okcckwm` by tjm]r DDD af` \jagsjd-Aà`—s fkrtjmrf Gmskpktagdaf statms. Malj attmgpt prkvm` ufsullmssouc dftjm ckfn tmrg, af` mspmldaccy tjm `mnrmm ko a`gdfdstratdvm lmftracdzatdkf tjat tjm Aiia`daf statmaljdmvm` df fkrtjmrf Gmskpktagda gay javm bmmf ratjmr ckw. Pjm ]r DDD statm was jdnjcy burmaul-ratdzm`, but anadf rmcatdvmcy sjkrt-cdvm` af` dt `d` fkt mxmrt lcmar pmrgafmft dfocumflm kf fkrtjmrfGmskpktagda. Xdgrd-Cdg, kf tjm ktjmr jaf`, smmgs tk javm mxmrtm` jds dfocumflm by gadftadfdfnaccdaflms wdtj cklac ldty-statms, ratjmr tjaf attmgptdfn tk lkftrkc tjmg `drmltcy tjrkunj okrlm.

Gard

\jubat-Mfcdc

Iajat

Xacpaj;

A j

U u r a t t d g

X a c g a q u gD ` a - G a r a s j

A p u g

Fanar

Puttuc

Mbca AssurQatfa

Tagja`

Babyckf

Carsa Dsdf

Msjfuffa

Larljmgdsj

Mgar

Jarraf

Pmrqa

Iurà;

F u g j a

]rimsj

5-=55 g

2555+ g

1=55-2555 g

1555-1=55 g

=55-1555 g

caim


F

?5

Odn. 2.158 Gap ko fkrtjmrf Gmskpktagda sjkwdfn marcy smlkf` gdccmffdug BL fagms ko sdtms af` rmndkfs gmftdkfm` df tjds

stu`y.



<<

< Pjmkrdzdfn skldac rmspkfsms tk

mfvdrkfgmftac ljafnm

<.1 Dftrkùltdkf

\mltdkf 2.<.> jas sjkwf tjat tjm catm tjdr` af` marcy smlkf` gdccmffdug BL wmrm ljaraltmrdzm` by alcdgatm tjat bmlagm prknrmssdvmcy `rdmr. Mvd`mflm orkg pcafts af` jugaf bkfm gatmrdac sunnmststjat tjds ard`dodlatdkf was asskldatm` wdtj pmrdk`s ko mfvdrkfgmftac af` futrdtdkfac strmss, prkb-abcy lausm` by dfsuoodldmft watmr af`/kr ckw futrdtdkfac vacum ko okk` dftaim (smm \mltdkf 2.<.:).

Actjkunj tjm mvd`mflm okr `rkunjt ds lurrmftcy rmcatdvmcy gmanrm, dt fmvmrtjmcmss smmgs tjat tjm catmtjdr` gdccmffdug was a pmrdk` ùrdfn wjdlj sjkrtanms df watmr af`/kr okk` kllurrm` gkrm kotmftjaf bmokrm kr aotmrwar`s, af` tjat `rkunjts gust javm bmmf a rmnucar omaturm ko jugaf cdom. Pjmprmsmft ljaptmr wdcc mxpckrm jkw skldac ufdts rmalt tk sjkrtanm af` gkrm spmldodlaccy jkw skldac rm-catdkfs `mvmckp uf`mr lkf`dtdkfs ko mfvdrkfgmftac strmss. \mltdkf 1.< cad` `kwf tjm rmqudrmgmftstjat a oragmwkri okr tjat typm ko stu`y gust gmmt. Pjmsm rmqudrmgmfts arm ( a ) tjm abdcdty ko tjmoragmwkri tk mxpcdldtcy lkfsd`mr tjm jdstkrdlac `mvmckpgmft ko tjm pksdtdkf ko jugaf lkggufd-tdms df tjmdr mfvdrkfgmft, ( b ) tjm fmm` okr a omm`bali gmljafdsg bmtwmmf mfvdrkfgmftac ljafnmaf` skldk-lucturac ljafnm, af` ( l ) tjm lkfsd`mratdkf ko lkggufdtdms, kr pkssdbcy mvmf jkusmjkc`sas tjm oufàgmftac skldac ufdts tjat rmspkf` tk mfvdrkfgmftac ljafnm, ratjmr tjaf skldmtdms asa wjkcm, mvmf tjkunj tjmsm sgacc-slacm ufdts laffkt acways bm `dslmrfm` df tjm arljamkckndlacrmlkr`.

Pjds ljaptmr adgs tk prmsmft af` `dsluss a oragmwkri lapabcm ko gmmtdfn tjmsm rmqudrmgmfts.Dt wdcc start wdtj a mcdfmatdkf ko tjm skldac slacm at wjdlj skldac rmspkfsms tk mfvdrkfgmftac ljafnm

wdcc bm stu`dm` (\mlt dkf <.2) . Pjm okcckwdfn smltdkfs `dsluss tjm krnafdzatdkf ko rmspkfsms tk mfvdrkfgmftac ljafnm, af` tjm gadftmfaflm ko actmrfatdvm rmspkfsms (\mltdkfs <.< af` <.0). \mltdkf1.0 acrma`y dftrkùlm` tjm twk jypktjmsms rmnar`dfn tjm dftmraltdkf bmtwmmf sm`mftary anrdlucturacaf` (smgd-)fkga`dl pastkrac lkggufdtdms8 ( a ) dt ds tk bm mxpmltm` tjat, as a rmsuct ko mfvdrkfgmftacstrmss, skldac rmcatdkfs bmtwmmf sm`mftary anrdlucturac lkggufdtdms wdcc `mvmckp ackfn lkgpmtdtdvmcdfms df kr`mr tk dgprkvm malj lkggufdtdms— ljaflm ko survdvac af` allmss tk slarlm af` tjmrm-okrm lkftmstm` rmskurlms, af` ( b ) sm`mftary af` (smgd-)fkga`dl nrkups wdcc `mvmckp lkkpmratdvmgmljafdsgs mfsurdfn gutuac survdvac af` gaxdgdzatdkf ko tjmdr rmspmltdvm subsdstmflm stratmndms.

Pjds ljaptmr wdcc mxpckrm tjm ckndl ko tjmsm jypktjmsms, af` `dsluss arljamkckndlac lkrrmcatms tktmst tjmg (\mltdkfs <.= af` <.?).

<.2 @modfdfn tjm slacm ko afacysds

Dt jas bmmf arnum` tjat a skldmty ds fkt af apprkprdatm slacm okr tjm afacysds ko rmspkfsms tk mfvdrkfgmftac ljafnm, bmlausm a skldmty rarmcy, do mvmr, alts as kfm sdfncm skldac ufdt (\mltdkf 1.<).Bmckw tjm cmvmc ko tjm skldmty, tjmrm ds a pktmftdaccy carnm rafnm ko slacms at wjdlj af afacysds lafbm larrdm` kut. Okcckwdfn Bdfokr`, wjk arnum` tjat ‚a rmsmarljmr—s ljkdlm ko ufdts af` slacms sjkuc`bm `mtmrgdfm` by tjm pktmftdac okr ifkwcm`nm nrkwtj dfjmrmft df tjm actmrfatdvms— (25518 <0), dt dsjmrm sunnmstm` tjat rmsmarlj at tjm slacm ko jugaf skldmtdms sjkuc` bm abaf`kfm` df oavkur ko agkrm odfm-nradfm` pmrspmltdvm oklusdfn kf sgacc-slacm rmspkfsms af` `mldsdkf-gaidfn. Pjm prmsmftstu`y gust bm uf`mrstkk` as part ko a fmstm` slacar apprkalj tk skldac rmspkfsms tk mfvdrkfgmftacljafnm. ^dtjdf tjds slacar apprkalj, tjmrm ds fkt kfm cmndtdgatm apprkalj at kfm apprkprdatm slacm,but ratjmr fugmrkus apprkaljms at `doomrmft slacms tjat lkgpcmgmft malj ktjmr (lo. Rksmf af`

Rksmf 2551).



<0


Mxagpcms ko skldac ufdts tjat gay bm taimf as tjm basdl ufdt ko afacysds dflcu`m tjm df`dvdùacaltkr, tjm jkusmjkc`, tjm lkggufdty, kr tjm statm. Pjmsm ufdts laf bm pcalm` kf a slacm ko dflrmas-dfn `mgknrapjdl kr spatdac sdzm, af`, gkrm dgpkrtaftcy, kf a slacm ko dflrmasdfncy carnmr `mldsdkf-gaidfn cmvmcs. Mxagpcms ko tjds apprkalj laf bm okuf` df Jacstma` af` K—\jma 14:4b, Padftmr af`

Padftmr 144?, af` ^dcidfskf mt ac. 255>a. Actmrfatdvmcy, dt ds pkssdbcm tk oklus kf spmldodl nrkups

rafim` ackfn a skldac axds wdtjdf lkggufdtdms ko a ndvmf slacm. Pjds ds tjm apprkalj a`kptm` byRksmf (144=9 255>) df jmr lasm-stu`y kf tjm rmspkfsms tk mfvdrkfgmftac strmss by Marcy Brkfzm

Anm urbaf mcdtms. Pjmsm twk apprkaljms arm fkt lkftra`dltkry, but jdnjcdnjt `doomrmft aspmlts ko`mldsdkf-gaidfn af` skldac dftmraltdkf. Rksmf oklusm` kf mldsdkf-gaidfn wdtjdf a skldac ufdt ko andvmf slacm, arnudfn tjat tjm rmspkfsms ko Marcy Brkfzm Anm urbaf mcdtms wmrm smvmrmcy lkfstradfm`by skldac oaltkrs. Pjm ktjmr apprkalj oklusms gkrm strkfncy kf dftmraltdkf bmtwmmf df`mpmf`mftskldac ufdts, ratjmr tjaf kf dftmrfac skldac prklmssms. Pjus, tjds apprkalj ds gkrm strkfncy lkf-lmrfm` wdtj mxtmrfac skldac prklmssms, af` jkw tjmsm arm dfocumflm` by mfvdrkfgmftac ljafnm. Pjmdftmrfac af` mxtmrfac apprkaljms sjkuc` tjmrmokrm bm lkfsd`mrm` lkgpcmgmftary.

Pjm prmsmft stu`y taims tjm mxtmrfac apprkalj af` a`kpts tjm pmrspmltdvm ko tjm smttcmgmftlkggufdty. Pjds ljkdlm ds partcy `mtmrgdfm` by tjm jdstkry ko rmsmarlj dftk catm tjdr`“marcy sml-kf` gdccmffdug BL lcdgatm ljafnm, af` partcy by tjm faturm ko tjm mvd`mflm. Gafy stu`dms javm`mslrdbm` tjm moomlts ko catm tjdr` gdccmffdug BL lcdgatm ljafnm at cmast partdaccy df tmrgs ko smttcm-gmft abaf`kfgmft, tjat ds, tjm rmpcalmgmft ko af urbaf smttcmgmft systmg by a systmg ljaraltmr-dzm` by omwmr, af` sgaccmr sdtms. Actjkunj dt jas acrma`y bmmf pkdftm` kut tjat smttcmgmft abaf`kf-gmft was cmss wd`m-sprma` tjaf prmvdkuscy arnum` (\mltdkf 1.2), dt ds kotmf stdcc dgpcdldtcy assugm`tjat smttcmgmft abaf`kfgmft ckndlaccy af` autkgatdlaccy okcckws upkf mfvdrkfgmftac `mtmrdkra-tdkf. Pjds stu`y jkpms tk brmai away orkg tjds dgpcdldt assugptdkf by mxpcdldtcy tjmkrdzdfn jkwsmttcm` lkggufdtdms laf rmspkf` tk mfvdrkfgmftac ljafnm. A smlkf` rmaskf okr a`kptdfn tjds slacmko afacysds laf bm okuf` df tjm avadcabcm mvd`mflm. Pjm smttcmgmft rmlkr ko fkrtjmrf Gmskpktagdads rmcatdvmcy nkk` af` vmry `dvmrsm, koomrdfn nkk` kppkrtufdtdms okr `mtmltdfn afy skldac moomlts komfvdrkfgmftac ljafnm. Ourtjmrgkrm, tjm smttcm` lkggufdty as ufdt ko afacysds smmgs tk lkdfld`mrmcatdvmcy wmcc wdtj tjm avadcabcm mvd`mflm kf tjm pkcdtdlac orangmftatdkf ko fkrtjmrf Gmskpktagda.Ndvmf tjm oalt tjat jdnjcy lmftracdzm` statms wmrm absmft df fkrtjmrf Gmskpktagda urdfn gulj kotjm tjdr` af` marcy smlkf` gdccmffdug BL (smm \mltdkf 2.=), dt gay bm saomcy assugm` tjat df`dvdùacldtdms gadftadfm` a rmcatdvmcy carnm mnrmm ko df`mpmf`mflm, af` tjat dftmraltdkf bmtwmmf tjmg wasrmaskfabcy ufrmstrdltm` by jdnjmr-kr`mr pkcdtdlac mftdtdms.

<.< Kr`mrdfn skldac rmspkfsms tk mfvdrkfgmftac ljafnm

Mvmry mfvdrkfgmft prmsmfts dts dfjabdtafts wdtj rdsis um tk ufprm`dltabdcdty af` patljdfmss df tjmavadcabdcdty ko rmskurlms. \ullmssouc mxdstmflm df afy mfvdrkfgmft ds fkt basm` kf dts dfjabdtafts—abdcdtdms tk lkpm wdtj avmranm mfvdrkfgmftac lkf`dtdkfs, but kf tjmdr abdcdty tk lkpm wdtj mxtrmgm

vardatdkfs df tjmsm lkf`dtdkfs. @mlds dkfs wdcc fkt bm basm` kf avmranm lkf`dtdkfs, but kf tjm pks-sdbcm kllurrmflm ko pktmftdaccy jargouc mxtrmgm vardatdkfs. \kldac ufdts wdcc tjus `mvmckp bmjav-

dkurac stratmndms tk lkpm wdtj ufprm`dltabcm pmrdk`s ko rmskurlm sjkrtanm (^dftmrjac`mr 14:5810>9 Jacstma` af` K—\jma 14:4a8 1). Fugmrkus mtjfknrapjdl af` arljamkckndlac stu`dms tmstdoy tktjm pcmtjkra ko bmjavdkurac lkpdfn stratmndms tjat laf bm okuf` agkfn jugaf nrkups. Kbsmrvm`stratmndms dflcu`m `dvmrsdodlatdkf af`/kr dftmfsdodlatdkf ko subsdstmflm stratmndms, nrkup odssdkf-dfn, a`kptdkf ko fmw rmskurlms, a`kptdkf ko fmw gkbdcdty pattmrfs, rmskurlm stkranm, mxljafnm,af` tjm okrgatdkf ko skldac fmtwkris (m.n. Jacstma` af` K—\jma 14:4b9 Padftmr af` Padftmr 144?9

^dftmrjac`mr mt ac. 14448 tabcms <, 09 GlDftksj mt ac. 2555b). Pjm vardabdcdty ko gmljafdsgs tk lkpm wdtj mfvdrkfgmftac strmss ds dflrmasm` by tjm oalt tjat

fk lkrrmcatdkf smmgs tk mxdst bmtwmmf spmldodl typms ko strmss af` spmldodl rmspkfsms. A rmvdmw kocdtmraturm kf rmspkfsms tk strmss sunnmsts tjat sdgdcar lkf`dtdkfs ko mfvdrkfgmftac strmss javm cm`tk a vardmty ko rmspkfsms agkfn `doomrmft nrkups af` df `doomrmft armas af` pmrdk`s (lo. stu`dmsldtm` by ^dftmrjac`mr mt ac. 1444). Mvmf wdtjdf nrkups guctdpcm rmspkfsms laf bm a`kptm` ùm tk

`doomrmflms df, okr mxagpcm, wmactj af` avadcabdcdty ko rmskurlms (Rksmf 255>8 10>). Jkwmvmr, tjds



<=

PJMKRDXDFN \KLDAC RM\UKF\M\ PK MF_DRKFGMFPAC LJAFNM

`kms fkt gmaf tjat tjmsm lkpdfn gmljafdsgs wmrm raf`kgcy a`kptm` by nrkups aoomltm` by mfvd-rkfgmftac strmss. Kf tjm lkftrary, gkst rmsmarljmrs anrmm tjat tjm a`kptdkf ko spmldodl aàptdvmgmljafdsgs ds a lkfsldkus ljkdlm af` tjat tjm lkst ko tjm aàptatdkf sjkuc` gatlj tjm smvmrdtyko tjm mfvdrkfgmftac ljafnm. Df ktjmr wkr`s, mxtrmgmcy smvmrm kr pmrsdstmft pmrdk`s ko mfvdrkf-gmftac strmss wdcc cma` tk tjm a`kptdkf ko dflrmasdfncy gkrm lkstcy kr `dsruptdvm aàptatdkf gmlja-

fdsgs df tmrgs ko odtfmss, mfmrny mxpmf`dturm, moomlts kf skldac status, kr a lkgbdfatdkf ko tjmsm vardabcms (Batms af` Cmms 14>>8 :<:“49 Brauf af` Uckn 14:28 =5:9 Jacstma` af` K—\jma 14:4a8 =9Gdffds 144?8 ?>).

Pjds apprkalj assugms tjat dt ds dgpkssdbcm tk lkftdfukuscy gadftadf buoomrdfn gmljafdsgstjat arm abcm tk lkpm wdtj mvmry pkssdbcm typm ko mfvdrkfgmftac strmss. Gadftadfdfn sulj a nmfmracgmljafdsg wkuc` fkt kfcy bm mxtrmgmcy mxpmfsdvm, but wkuc` acsk rmqudrm tjat mfvdrkfgmftacstrmss laf acways bm aftdldpatm` af`/kr prm`dltm`, wjdlj ds ufcdimcy tk javm bmmf tjm lasm df afypast skldmty. Okr tjds rmaskf, dt ds gulj gkrm lkst-moomltdvm tk krnafdzm buoomrdfn gmljafdsgs afààptatdkf stratmndms allkr`dfn tk a jdmrarljy, wjmrmby jdnjmr-cmvmc stratmndms arm kfcy a`kptm` dotjm stratmndms bmckw tjmg prkvm dfsuoodldmft tk `mac wdtj tjm rmskurlm sjkrtanm bmdfn mxpmrdmflm`(Padftmr 14::8 1159 Okrbms 14:48 45).

\mvmrac rmsmarljmrs javm prkpksm` a lkrrmcatdkf bmtwmmf tjm ganfdtu`m ko rmskurlm strmss af`tjm skldac lkst ko tjm a`kptm` rmspkfsm (Brauf af` Uckn 14:29 Gdffds 144?). Pjmy sunnmstm` tjatdflrmasdfncy smvmrm pmrdk`s ko rmskurlm strmss rmqudrm tjm dfvkcvmgmft ko dflrmasdfncy carnmr nrkupsko pmkpcm, cma`dfn tk strkfnmr skldac kbcdnatdkfs. Df af mtjfknrapjdl stu`y kf rmspkfsms tk sub-sdstmflm lrdsms df a gd` tk catm twmftdmtj lmftury A@ Nrmmi oargdfn lkggufdty, Okrbms sunnmstm`tjat tjmrm was a `dstdfltdkf bmtwmmf ckw-cmvmc af` jdnj-cmvmc rmspkfsms tk mfvdrkfgmftac strmss,

wjdlj jm laccm` Jazar`-Rmspkfsm Gmljafdsgs (JRGs). Ckw-cmvmc rmspkfsms `mact wdtj rmnucarcyrmlurrdfn sjkrt-tmrg vardatdkfs af` wmrm ljaraltmrdzm` by ( a ) lkftdfukus kr ormqumft kpmratdkf,( b ) jdnj lkst df tmrgs ko mfmrny mxpmf`dturm, ( l ) jdnj dftmnratdkf df skldk-lucturac praltdlm, af` ( )ckw vdsdbdcdty tk tjksm wjk arm dfvkcvm` af` tk tjm kbsmrvmr. Jdnj-cmvmc rmspkfsms, kf tjm ktjmrjaf`, `mact wdtj cmss ormqumft but gkrm smvmrm rmskurlm sjkrtanms af` wmrm ljaraltmrdzm` by ( a ) df-ormqumft kpmratdkf, ( b ) ckw mfmrny mxpmf`dturm, ( l ) jdnj skldac mxpmfsm bmlausm fkrgac skldac rucmsarm brmaljm`, af` ( ) jdnj vdsdbdcdty. Mxagpcms ko ckw-cmvmc rmspkfsms kbsmrvm` df tjm Nrmmi lkg-gufdty wmrm stkranm, dvmrsdodlatdkf ko lrkps, af` slattmrdfn ko oargdfn pckts alrkss tjm caf`slapm,

wjmrmas jdnj-cmvmc rmspkfsms dflcu`m` bmnndfn af` garrydfn koo àunjtmrs tk partfmrs tjat wkuc`bm lkfsd`mrm` ufsudtabcm uf`mr fkrgac lkf`dtdkfs (Okrbms 14:48 4=).

Allkr`dfn tk tjds gk`mc , ckw-cmvmc aàptatdkf gmljafdsgs lrmatm a saomty-fmt anadfst tjm pks-sdbdcdty tjat mfvdrkfgmftac strmss wdcc rmsuct df rmskurlm sjkrtanms. Pjmsm saomty-fmt gmljafdsgs armgadftadfm` mvmf tjkunj tjm lkst df tmrgs ko mfmrny mxpmf`dturm ds gulj jdnjmr tjaf rmqudrm` okrdggm`datm subsdstmflm fmm`s. By dfvmstdfn df tjds saomty-fmt df tdgms ko abufàflm, dt ds jkpm` tjatskldk-lucturaccy cmss-allmptabcm rmspkfsms laf bm avkd`m` wjmf a pmrdk` ko mfvdrkfgmftac strmssaltuaccy kllurs. Okr mxagpcm, Okrbms kbsmrvm` tjat tjmrm was a tmf`mfly tk skw jdnjmr agkufts konradf af` tk stkrm gkrm okk`stuoos tjaf dggm`datmcy fmm`m`, mvmf do tjds gmaft tjat tjmdr garimtprdlm wkuc` nk `kwf as a rmsuct ko rkttdfn. Jkwmvmr, tjds bmjavdkur wkuc` mfsurm tjm prmsmflm ko

okk`stuoos df tjm lasm ko af ufaftdldpatm` sjkrtoacc df rmskurlm avadcabdcdty, sulj as a ba` jarvmst(Okrbms 14:48 4<). \dgdcarcy, ^dftmrjac`mr mt ac. wmrm abcm tk sjkw tjat Umruvdaf oargdfn jkusm-jkc`s slattmrm` tjmdr anrdlucturac pckts tk a `mnrmm tjat moomltdvmcy acckwm` tjmg tk mcdgdfatm tjmrdsi ko sjkrtoaccs, mvmf tjkunj tjds slattmrdfn cm` tk a lkfsd`mrabcm rmùltdkf df tjm fmt prkùltdkftjat lkuc` pktmftdaccy javm bmmf aljdmvm` by tjmsm jkusmjkc`s do tjmy ja` lkfskcdàtm` tjmdr odmc`s(^dftmrjac`mr mt ac. 14448 <<<“0). Pjus, ckw-cmvmc rmspkfsms ckwmr tjm pjysdlac/futrdtdkfac as wmccas skldac moomlts ko mfvdrkfgmftac strmss tjrkunj lkftdfukus kr rmnucar dfvmstgmft df buoomrdfngmljafdsgs anadfst rmskurlm sjkrtanms.

Jdnj-cmvmc aàptatdkf gmljafdsgs, kf tjm ktjmr jaf`, arm kfcy drrmnucarcy laccm` upkf9 gadfcydo ckw-cmvmc rmspkfsms prkvm dfa`mquatm. Dt ds dgpkrtaft, jkwmvmr, tjat tjmsm rmspkfsms k fkt fml-mssardcy rmsuct df pmrgafmft skldac ljafnm. Allkr`dfn tk Okrbms, tjm jdnj-cmvmc rmspkfsms tjat jmkbsmrvm` df tjm Nrmmi oargdfn lkggufdty ‚laf bm rmlknfdsm` fkt sdgpcy as skldac brmai`kwf, but

as lucturaccy pattmrfm` jar` ljkdlms df tjm oalm ko cdom-tjrmatmfdfn jazar`, okr wjdlj ckwmr-kr`mrJRGs arm dfa`mquatm— (14:48 4=). Pjmsm jdnj-cmvmc rmspkfsms arm, tjmf, lcmarcy wdtjdf tjm rmlkn-



<?


fdzm` spmltrug ko avadcabcm rmspkfsms. Mxtrmgm rmskurlm sjkrtanm tjmrmokrm `kms fkt fmlmssardcycma` tk tjm a`kptdkf ko mftdrmcy fmw rmspkfsms, but tk tjm allmptaflm ko acrma`y ifkwf rmspkfsmstjat wkuc` ktjmrwdsm bm fmncmltm` df oavkur ko cmss lkstcy actmrfatdvms. Df ktjmr wkr`s, af dflrmasmdf tjm smvmrdty ko a rmskurlm sjkrtanm wdcc fkt fmlmssardcy cma` tk af dflrmasm df tjm rafnm ko avadc-

abcm actmrfatdvm rmspkfsms, but tk af dflrmasm df tjm rafnm ko allmptm` actmrfatdvm rmspkfsms.

<.0 Gadftadfdfn actmrfatdvm skldac rmspkfsms tk mfvdrkfgmftac ljafnm

Do skldac rmspkfsms tk mfvdrkfgmftac ljafnm arm jdmrarljdlaccy kr`mrm`, wdtj jdnj-cmvmc rmspkfsmskfcy bmdfn a`kptm` do ckw-cmvmc rmspkfsms oadc, dt ds cdimcy tjat tjmsm jdnj-cmvmc gmljafdsgs wdccbm kfcy dformqumftcy laccm` upkf. Bmlausm sulj jdnj-cmvmc rmspkfsms arm kfcy drrmnucarcy usm`, dtds fmlmssary tk mgbm` ifkwcm`nm abkut tjmsm aàptatdkf gmljafdsgs df skldac praltdlm tk mfsurmtjmdr lkftdfum` mxdstmflm bmykf` dggm`datm fmm`. GlDftksj mt ac. rmomr tk tjm lkflmpt ko skldacgmgkry tk `mslrdbm gmljafdsgs tjat adg tk prmsmrvm vdtac ifkwcm`nm ko lcdgatms af` mfvdrkf-gmfts ko tjm past df skldmtdms tjat `k fkt javm rmlkursm tk wrdttmf rmlkr`s (2555a8 20). \dgdcarcy,\aczgaf (14>:a) rmomrrm` tk tjm ‚lucturac gadftmfaflm ko krnafdsatdkfac actmrfatdvms— tjat lkuc`

bm altdvatm` ùrdfn pmrdk`s wjmf fkrgac skldac strulturms oadcm`. Pjrkunj tjmsm gmljafdsgs, bm-javdkurac actmrfatdvms laf bm gadftadfm` tjat laf bm altdvatm` wjmf ckw-cmvmc rmspkfsms tk mfvd-rkfgmftac strmss prkvm dfsuoodldmft. Pjm kpmratdkf af` moomltdvmfmss ko tjmsm gmljafdsgs wdcc bm`dslussm` bmckw.

A lcmar mxagpcm ko gadftadfdfn ifkwcm`nm ko bmjavdkurac actmrfatdvms was prkvd`m` by Gdffds(144?8 ?2) df jds `dslussdkf ko aàptatdkf stratmndms tk rmskurlm sjkrtanm df tjm Fkrtj Agmrdlaf\kutjwmst, a rmndkf tjat mxpmrdmflm` smvmrm lcdgatm ljafnms df tjm past. Jm `rmw attmftdkf tk tjmusm ko oagdfm okk`s uf`mr lkf`dtdkfs ko mfvdrkfgmftac strmss. Oagdfm okk`s arm okk`stuoos tjatarm m`dbcm, but tjat arm usuaccy avkd`m` bmlausm ko tjmdr ckw `dmtary vacum kr tastm, ufcmss tjmrm dsfk actmrfatdvm. @um tk tjm oalt tjat mftdrm nmfmratdkfs laf lkgm af` nk wdtjkut mvmr mxpmrdmfldfna lrdsds rmqudrdfn tjm lkfsugptdkf ko oagdfm okk`s, tjm ifkwcm`nm ko tjmsm okk`stuoos gust bmpassm` kf df tjm absmflm ko altuac mxpmrdmflm. Gdffds kbsmrvm` tjat df kfm lasm tjds ifkwcm`nm

was gadftadfm` tjrkunj tjm cdstdfn ko m`dbcm pcafts df praymrs, af` tjrkunj tjm affuac rdtuac kb-cdnatdkf tk lkccmlt tjmsm pcafts. Df tjds way, dt was assurm` tjat ifkwcm`nm ko bktj tjm pcafts af`tjmdr nrkwdfn cklatdkfs wkuc` bm gadftadfm` tjrkunj tdgm af` passm` kf tk catmr nmfmratdkfs. Pjmrmlmft `mlcdfm df tjds ifkwcm`nm laf bm attrdbutm` tk ljafnms df tjm subsdstmflm basm, af` tk tjmdflcusdkf ko tjm rmndkf dftk tjm wd`mr statm af` wkrc` mlkfkgy.

A scdnjtcy `doomrmft systmg was kbsmrvm` agkfn Bm`kudf c dvdfn df tjm Mnyptdaf Mastmrf @msmrt. Pjmrm, ùrdfn prkckfnm` `rkunjts, tjm Bm`kudf ja` tk rmcy kf `rkunjt-mfùrdfn pcaft spmldms suljas tjm alalda trmm (Jkbbs 14458 <4). Df oalt, tjrkunj vardkus skldac gmljafdsgs, tjm Bm`kudf mvmfmfsurm` tjat tjmsm trmms wmrm prktmltm` orkg kvmr-mxpckdtatdkf ùrdfn pmrdk`s wdtjkut `rkunjt.

Pjus, tjm Bm`kudf lkftdfukuscy gadftadfm` a rmcdndkuscy gktdvatm` prkjdbdt dkf kf tjm luttdfn kotrmms, tjmy `mlcarm` lmrtadf armas ‚cdfmanm rmsmrvms—, oaccdfn uf`mr tjm prktmltdkf ko af dgpkrtaftcma`mr, af` tjmy prktmltm` df`dvdùac trmms by garidfn tjmg wdtj a lcaf—s sdnfaturm, tjmrmby lrmat-

dfn a smfsm ko kwfmrsjdp (Jkbbs 14458 15=“?). \dgdcar rmnucatdkfs wmrm acsk gadftadfm` okr skgmktjmr sjrubs, as wmcc as lmrtadf afdgac spmldms.

Pjm lkflmpt ko gadftadfdfn bmjavdkurac kr krnafdzatdkfac actmrfatdvms laf fkt kfcy bm appcdm`tk sdfncm aàptdvm rmspkfsms sulj as oagdfm okk`s, but acsk tk gkrm brka` skldac strulturms tjatstrkfncy aoomlt tjm way df wjdlj skldac ufdts oufltdkf af` dftmralt wdtj ktjmrs. \aczgaf jas pkdftm`tk tjm mxdstmflm ko ‚skldac strulturms df rmsmrvm— tjat laf bm altdvatm` df pmrdk`s ko lrdsds kr smvmrmmfvdrkfgmftac ljafnm (14>:a, b). Jm sunnmsts tjat sulj skldac strulturms df rmsmrvm laf mspmldaccybm mxpmltm` df ‚mfvdrkfgmfts df wjdlj tjmrm ds af actmrfatdkf ko lkf`dtdkfs tjrkunj tdgm, df wjdljljafnms ko ldrlugstaflm arm rmpmtdtdvm af` tk a mnrmm ko tjm sagm ljaraltmr—, but at tjm sagm tdgmpkdfts kut tjat gadftadfdfn sulj actmrfatdvms prkvd`ms ‚ocmxdbdcdty df aàptdfn tk fmw lkf`dtdkfs—(\aczgaf 14>:a8 ?14). \aczgaf sunnmsts tjat smvmrac systmgs mxdst tjrkunj wjdlj skldac strulturmsdf rmsmrvm laf bm gadftadfm` (14>:a8 ?14“21)8 ( a ) tjm `mvdaft gdfkrdty, ( b ) kpmratdkfac nmfmracdza-

tdkf, af` ( l ) tjm assmrtm` d`mkckny. ]f`mr tjm odrst gmljafdsg, tjmrm mxdsts a sgacc nrkup a`jmrdfn



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tk (skldac) praltdlms tjat arm lkfsd`mrm` tk bm dfapprkprdatm uf`mr fkrgac ldrlugstaflms, but wjkarm fmvmrtjmcmss tkcmratm` by tjm skldmty at carnm. Df tjds way, tjm gdfkrdty gadftadfs ifkwcm`nm koactmrfatdvm bmjavdkurs, tk wjdlj tjm skldmty at carnm laf rmvmrt df tdgms ko lrdsds. ]f`mr a systmg kokpmratdkfac nmfmracdzatdkf, a skldac ufdt a`jmrms tk afy ko a fugbmr ko krnafdzatdkfac actmrfatdvms,

wjmrmby tjm ktjmrs rmgadf wdtjdf tjm ‚lkflmptuac rmpmrtkdrm— ko tjm skldac ufdt. \aczgaf sunnmsts

tjat tjds systmg ds mspmldaccy rmcmvaft okr tjm gadftmfaflm ko actmrfatdvms tk sjkrt-tmrg altdvdtdms.Odfaccy, tjm assmrtm` d`mkckny rmprmsmfts a systmg uf`mr wjdlj skldac ufdts alifkwcm`nm tjm mxdst-mflm af` vacd`dty ko a ndvmf skldac strulturm, but tk wjdlj tjm skldac ufdts `k fkt altuaccy a`jmrm.Jkwmvmr, wjmf oalm` wdtj ldrlugstaflms okr wjdlj tjm assmrtm` d`mkckny ds lkfsd`mrm` apprkprd-atm, skldac ufdts wdcc put tjat skldac strulturm dftk pcalm af` alt allkr`dfncy.

Df a lkgparatdvm stu`y kf `rkunjt rmspkfsms agkfn pastkracdst nrkups df Imfya af` tjmFmnmv, Brudfs mt ac. (255<b8 24) `klugmftm` tjm jdstkrdlac awarmfmss kr skldac gmgkry ko tjmsmnrkups. Pjmy okuf` tjat bktj tjm Gaasad df Imfya af` tjm Bm`kudf df tjm Fmnmv rmgmgbmrm`ymars wdtj smvmrm `rkunjts, af` mvmf assdnfm` fagms tk tjmg. Pjm Gaasad usm` a systmg ko fag-dfn tjat prkvd`m` dfokrgatdkf kf tjm smvmrdty ko tjm `rkunjt. Pjus, tjm wkr kcagmyu was usm` tkdf`dlatm `rkunjt df nmfmrac, wdtjkut afy rmomrmflm tk dts moomlts. Pjm wkr`s mgbkkt af` mgpmrd , kf tjmktjmr jaf`, `mslrdbm` `rkunjts wdtj partdlucar mgpjasds kf tjm a`vmrsm moomlts ko `rkunjts. Afmgbkkt was a smvmrm `rkunjt rmsuctdfn df ckss ko cdvmstkli ùm tk cali ko pasturm. Af mgpmrd `rkunjt

was mvmf gkrm smvmrm af` aoomltm` fkt kfcy cdvmstkli but acsk mfàfnmrm` tjm cdvms ko tjm Gaasadtjmgsmcvms. \ulj a `rkunjt lkuc` cast kvmr a ymar, rmsuctdfn df gass gdnratdkfs. Tmars wdtj partdlu-carcy smvmrm `rkunjts wmrm rmgmgbmrm` as oar bali as tjm 1425s. Jkwmvmr, tjm stu`y acsk df`dlatm`tjat tjm wkr` mgpmrd , sdnfdoydfn tjm gkst smvmrm `rkunjts, was cmss wmcc ifkwf agkfn ykufnmrGaasad bmlausm gk`mrf tmljfkckny af` dftmrfatdkfac okk` prknraggms ja` rmùlm` tjm dgpaltsko `rkunjts. Pjm Fmnmv Bm`kudf mgpckym` a sdgdcar systmg ko fagdfn partdlucarcy `ry ymars. Pjdssystmg rmtadfm` gmgkrdms ko `ry ymars àtdfn bali tk 1410.25

Pjm Gaasad af` Bm`kudf lasms arm fkt strdltcy lkflmrfm` wdtj gadftadfdfn ifkwcm`nm abkutactmrfatdvm rmspkfsm gmljafdsgs. Jkwmvmr, tjmy `k dccustratm afktjmr dgpkrtaft pkdft, fagmcy tjatifkwcm`nm abkut past lcdgatdl ocultuatdkfs a``s tk tjm sullmssoucfmss wdtj wjdlj fmw sdtuatdkfslaf bm aàptm` tk. Awarmfmss ko tjm pktmftdac vardatdkf ko lcdgatdl ocultuatdkfs, mvmf tjkunj tjmylaffkt bm prm`dltm` prmldsmcy, laf jmcp skldac ufdts tk gadftadf bmjavdkurac kr krnafdzatdkfac actmr-fatdvms sudtm` tk tjmsm sdtuatdkfs (Bdfokr` 25518 02).

<.= Gk`mccdfn skldac rmspkfsms tk mfvdrkfgmftac ljafnm

Gafy rmspkfsms tk mfvdrkfgmftac ljafnm laf bm larrdm` kut by df`dvdùac skldac ufdts. Pjus, afdf`dvdùac jkusmjkc` laf `dvmrsdoy dts subsdstmflm stratmndms, dftmfsdoy dts prkùltdkf, kr stkrm rm-skurlms okr aftdldpatm` pmrdk`s ko sjkrtanm. Df tjds smfsm, mxljafnm af` tjm okrgatdkf ko skldacfmtwkris staf` apart orkg ktjmr lkpdfn stratmndms bmlausm tjmy rmqudrm tjm dfvkcvmgmft ko guc-tdpcm skldac ufdts, mvmf tjkunj lkkpmratdkf bmtwmmf skldac ufdts ds rmnucarcy kbsmrvm` df tjm mg-pckygmft ko ktjmr lkpdfn stratmndms. \dgdcarcy, gkbdcdty laf acsk bm lkfsd`mrm` a skldac stratmny,

mspmldaccy wjmf tjm `mstdfatdkf arma ko a rmcklatdfn skldac ufdt ds acrma`y kllupdm`. Bmlausm tjmprmsmft stu`y ds partdlucarcy dftmrmstm` df tjm mgmrnmflm af` `mvmckpgmft ko sulj skldac rmspkfsmstk mfvdrkfgmftac ljafnm, tjm dftmr`mpmf`mflm ko skldac strulturms af` mfvdrkfgmftac ljafnm wdccbm `dslussm` df gkrm `mtadc.

\kldac strulturms laf smrvm tk rmnucatm a skldac ufdt—s allmss tk slarlm rmskurlms. Pjds oufltdkflaf bm tjm rmsuct ko tjm oalt tjat a rmskurlm `kms fkt kllur df tjm rmndkf dfjabdtm` by a skldacufdt, kr bmlausm a skldac ufdt `kms fkt prkùlm kr mxtralt tjat rmskurlm. Pjus, skldac strulturms

25 Dt was kbsmrvm` df acc rmndkfs tjat tjm ifkwcm`nm abkut past rmskurlm sjkrtanms ja` `mlcdfm` sdnfdodlaftcy df tjmrmlmft past. Df tjm Fkrtj Agmrdlaf \kutjwmst, tjds `mlcdfm rmsuctm` orkg ljafnms df tjm subsdstmflm basm af` orkgtjm dflcusdkf ko tjm rmndkf dftk tjm wd`mr statm af` wkrc` mlkfkgy (Gdffds 144?8 ?<). Df tjm lasm ko tjm Gaasad af`tjm Bm`kudf, tjm fmnatdvm moomlts ko `rkunjts arm tkày gkrm masdcy lkuftmrm` tjrkunj bmttmr ckfn-`dstaflm trafspkrtkptdkfs af` tjm dftrkùltdkf ko a gkfmtary mlkfkgy, acckwdfn a``dtdkfac okk`stuoos tk bm bkunjt kf tjm kpmf garimt

(Brudfs mt ac. 255<b8 <0). Pjm wafdfn dgpkrtaflm ko tjm tmrg mgpmrd df tjm Gaasad lasm dccustratms jkw tjds gmgkrymvkcvms uf`mr ljafndfn skldac lkf`dtdkfs, anadf mgpjasdzdfn tjm skldac aspmlt ko mfvdrkfgmftac strmss.



<:


laf rmùlm tjm moomlts ko mfvdrkfgmftac vardabdcdty tjrkunj tjmdr abdcdty tk okrnm rmcatdkfs bmtwmmfskldac ufdts wdtj `doomrmftdatm` allmss tk rmskurlms (Rautgaf 144?8 144). @doomrmftdatm` allmss tkrmskurlms ds usuaccy cdfim` tk tjm nmknrapjdlac spalm tjat a skldac ufdt kllupdms kr usms, af` tk dts(df)abdcdty tk mxlcu`m ktjmrs orkg usdfn tjat arma kr rmskurlm. ]f`mr tjmsm lkf`dtdkfs, vardkus sk-ldac strulturms laf mgmrnm tjat rmnucatm allmss tk slarlm rmskurlms. @mpmf`dfn kf skldk-lucturac

lkf`dtdkfs af` tjm faturm ko tjm rmskurlms tjat arm dfvkcvm`, tjmsm strulturms laf dflcu`m mxljafnmfmtwkris, jdmrarljdlac rmcatdkfs bmtwmmf nrkups, tmrrdtkrdacdty, af` lkfocdlt (@yskf-Ju`skf af`\gdtj 14>:9 Bkkfm 14429 Imccy 144=8 1?19 Ikjcmr af` _af ^mst 144?).

^jdlj skldac strulturm rmnucatdfn allmss tk rmskurlms wdcc mgmrnm prdgardcy `mpmf`s kf tjm rm-skurlms tjat arm utdcdzm` by malj nrkup wdtjdf tjm fmtwkri, kf tjm faturm ko rmskurlm avadcabdcdtyokr malj nrkup, af` kf `doomrmflms df rmskurlm avadcabdcdty bmtwmmf nrkups. Pjmsm vardabcms laf bmmxprmssm` ackfn twk axms as dftmr-nrkup lkrrmcatdkf ko rmskurlm avadcabdcdty af` dftra-nrkup vard-atdkf df rmskurlm avadcabdcdty, rmsuctdfn df okur `doomrmft lkfodnuratdkfs ko rmcatm` skldac strulturmsrmnucatdfn allmss tk rmskurlms (Pabcm <.1). Dftmr-nrkup lkrrmcatdkf df`dlatms tjm `mnrmm tk wjdljnrkups mxpmrdmflm rmskurlm sjkrtanms af` abufàflms at tjm sagm tdgm, wdtj a jdnj lkrrmcatdkf df-`dlatdfn strkfn tmgpkrac syfljrkfdzatdkf ko rmskurlm ocultuatdkfs, af` a ckw lkrrmcatdkf df`dlatdfntjat nrkups usuaccy `k fkt mxpmrdmflm rmskurlm sjkrtanms at tjm sagm tdgm. Dftra-nrkup vardatdkfdf`dlatms tjm `mnrmm tk wjdlj a nrkup ds cdimcy tk mxpmrdmflm rmskurlm sjkrtanm, wdtj jdnj vardatdkfdf`dlatdfn tjat tjmrm ds a jdnj prkbabdcdty ko rmskurlm sjkrtanm, but acsk tjm pktmftdac okr prkùldfna surpcus. Ckw vardatdkf df`dlatms tjat tjm kvmracc prkùltdkf ko a nrkup rmgadfs stabcm tjrkunjtdgm. Df ktjmr wkr`s, prkùltdkf ds rmcatdvmcy prm`dltabcm (Imccy 144=8 14:). 21

Dt ds lcmar orkg Pabcm <.1 tjat tjm skldac strulturms arm carnmcy `mtmrgdfm` by dftmr-nrkup lkr-rmcatdkf, wdtj dftra-nrkup vardatdkf df rmskurlm avadcabdcdty gadfcy aoomltdfn tjm dftmfsdty ko tjmstrulturms. Pjus, spatdac bkufàry `momflm, tmrrdtkrdacdty, af` lkfocdlt arm gkrm strkfncy asskldatm`

wdtj jdnj lkrrmcatdkf ko rmskurlm avadcabdcd ty bmtwmmf nrkups. Pjds sdtuatdkf ds rmprmsmftm` df lkf-odnuratdkfs (A) af` (L). \kldac bkufàry `momflm af` mxljafnm, kf tjm ktjmr jaf`, arm tjm gadfskldac strulturms df lkfodnuratdkfs (B) af` (@). Ujysdlac stkranm ko rmskurlms, kf tjm ktjmr jaf`,smmgs gkrm strkfncy asskldatm` wdtj dftra-nrkup vardatdkf af` ds mxpmltm` df lkfodnuratdkfs (A)af` (B). Pjmsm asskldatdkfs pkdft tk a oufàgmftac `doomrmflm df jkw nrkups dftmralt wdtj ktjmrs

wjmf oalm` wdtj rmskurlm sjkrtanm. Pjds `doomrmflm laf bm suggardzm` as tjm `mldsdkf by df`d- vdùac skldac ufdts wjmtjmr kr fkt dt ds pkssdbcm kr a`vaftanmkus tk sjarm/mxljafnm rmskurlms wdtjktjmr nrkups.

Do fmdnjbkurdfn nrkups mxpmrdmflm syfljrkfkus sjdots df rmskurlm avadcabdcdty, tjat ds dftmr-nrkup rmskurlm avadcabdcdty ds jdnjcy lkrrmcatm`, rmskurlm sjkrtoaccs af` pmrdk`s ko abufàflm wdcckllur at tjm sagm tdgm. @urdfn a pmrdk` ko abufàflm, mvmry nrkup jas suoodldmft rmskurlms af`tjmrmokrm `kms fkt fmm` tk prklurm tjmg tjrkunj mxljafnm, wjmrmas ùrdfn a pmrdk` ko sjkrtanm,mxljafnm ds cdimcy tk oadc bmlausm fk nrkup jas rmskurlms tk sjarm kr mxljafnm. Pjus, do skldac ufdts

21 Actjkunj tjm lkfodnuratdkfs df Pabcm <.1 wmrm krdndfaccy prkpksm` okr juftmr-natjmrmr skldmtdms, gulj rmsmarlj kfdftmraltdkf bmtwmmf gkrm lkgpcmx anrdlucturac af`/kr pastkrac lkggufdtdms jas altuaccy bmmf basm` kf tjm sagmuf`mrcydfn prdfldpcms, as ds okr mxagpcm tjm lasm wdtj tjm wkri by Lasjàf (14:>) af` Rautgaf (144?), bktj `dslussm`

df \mltdkf <.=.2. \mm acsk ^mf`rdlj af` Barfar` 255: kf lkggkfacdtdms bmtwmmf rmsmarlj kf juftmr/natjmrmrs af`pastkracdst af` mvmf smttcm` anrdlucturacdst skldmtdms.

-passdvm tmrrdtkrdacdty

-ckfn-`dstaflm gdnratdkf

-lkfocdlts rarm

(L)

ckw dftmr-nrkup lkrrmcatdkf

ko rmskurlm avadcabdcdty

jdnj dftra-nrkup vardatdkf

df rmskurlm avadcabdcdty

ckw dftra-nrkup vardatdkf

df rmskurlm avadcabdcdty

-jkusmjkc` stkranm

-rmstrdltm` skldac allmss bmtwmmf nrkups-spatdac bkufàry `momflm

-strkfn tmrrdtkrdacdty

-lkfocdlts lkggkf

jdnj dftmr-nrkup lkrrmcatdkf

ko rmskurlm avadcabdcdty

(A) -skldac bkufàry momflm

-skgm stkranm-dftmfsdvm af` rdnd` rmldprkldty bmtwmmf nrkups

(B)

-rmcaxm` skldac bkufàry `momflm

-`doomrmftdatm` mxljafnm bmtwmmf nrkups

(@)

Pabcm <.18 Mxpmltm` skldac strulturms rmnucatdfn allmss tk rmskurlms uf`mr `doomrmft lkf`dtdkfs ko rmskurlm avadcabdc dty (basm`kf Imccy 144=8 n. =-?).



<4


wdtj sdgdcar subsdstmflm stratmndms mxpmrdmflm sdgdcar lkf`dtdkfs ko mfvdrkfgmftac strmss, tjmy wdccjavm cmss dflmftdvm tk mfnanm df mxljafnm fmtwkris wdtj malj ktjmr bmlausm dt ds cmss cdimcy tjatnkk`s laf bm rmldprklatm`. Lkfvmrsmcy, wjmf nrkups rmcy kf `doomrmft rmskurlms, kr wjmf pmrdk`sko rmskurlm avadcabdcdty arm asyfljrkfkus, tjat ds tjm lkrrmcatdkf ko dftmr-nrkup rmskurlm avadcabdcdtyds ckw, tjmrm ds gulj gkrm dflmftdvm okr mxljafnm, sdgpcy bmlausm rmskurlms arm avadcabcm. Bmckw,

tjmsm twk rmspkfsm lkfodnuratdkfs wdcc bm mxpckrm` df gkrm `mtadc.

<.=.1 Pmrrdtkrdacdty, skldac jdmrarljy, af` lkfocdlt

Pmrrdtkrdacdty ds tjm rmstrdltdkf ko allmss tk rmskurlms by kfm skldac ufdt af` laf bm aljdmvm`tjrkunj skldac rmnucatdkf kr tjrkunj spatdac mxlcusdkf, ifkwf as skldac bkufàry `momflm af`spatdac bkufàry `momflm, rmspmltdvmcy (Lasdgdr 1442). Df tjm prmvdkus smltdkf, dt was sunnmstm`tjat tmrrdtkrdacdty, lkfocdlt, af` spatdac bkufàry `momflm arm mxpmltm` aàptdvm stratmndms anadfstrmskurlm stratmndms agkfn nrkups mxpmrdmfldfn syfljrkfkus ocultuatdkfs df rmskurlm avadcabdcdty.

Pjds syfljrkfdldty wdcc kotmf bm tjm rmsuct ko a rmcdaflm kf sdgdcar rmskurlms, kr bmlausm tjmy armmfnanm` df sdgdcar subsdstmflm stratmndms. Mvmf uf`mr tjmsm lkf`dtdkfs, jkwmvmr, tmrrdtkrdac bmjav-dkur wdcc fkt acways mgmrnm. Pjm lkflmpt ko mlkfkgdl `momfsdbdcdty jas bmmf usm` tk mxpcadf tjm

kllurrmflm ko tmrrdtkrdac bmjavdkur8 ‚tmrrdtkrdac bmjavdkr ds mxpmltm` wjmf tjm lksts ko mxlcusdvmusm af` `momflm ko af arma arm kutwmdnjm` by tjm bmfmodts nadfm` orkg tjds pattmrf ko rmskurlmutdcdzatdkf— (@yskf-Ju`skf af` \gdtj 14>:8 2<). Mlkfkgdl `momfsdbdcdty ds a oufltdkf ko tjm prm-`dltabdcdty af` `mfsdty at wjdlj tjm lkgpmtm` rmskurlm kllurs, af` tjm tdgm af` mfmrny tjat dsfmm`m` tk `momf` dt. Pjus, df tmrgs ko tjm avadcabdcdty ko rmskurlms, tmrrdtkrdac bmjavdkur ds gkstcdimcy tk kllur wjmf rmskurlms arm `mfsm af` prm`dltabcm. Ourtjmrgkrm, tmrrdtkrdacdty ds cdimcy tk df-lrmasm tknmtjmr wdtj dfvmstgmfts tjat arm ga`m df a lkgpmtm` rmskurlm (\tkfm 1440). Df afy ktjmrlkfstmccatdkf, ktjmr bmjavdkur gay bm gkrm apprkprdatm tk rmnucatm allmss tk rmskurlms (@yskf-Ju`skf af` \gdtj 14>:8 2=).22

Pjm ljkdlm okr lkfocdlt ds basm` kf af assmssgmft ko tjm rdsis dfvkcvm`, af` ko tjksm dfjmrmftdf tjm actmrfatdvms. Ndvmf tjm jdnj rdsis asskldatm` wdtj lkfocdlt, dt ds cdimcy tjat skldac ufdts wdccodrst mxpckrm actmrfatdvm gmtjk`s ko nadfdfn allmss tk tjm lkgpmtm` rmskurlm. Dfstma` ko kpmf

lkfocdlt, skldac ufdts smmidfn allmss tk a rmskurlm laf allmpt a ckwmr skldac status wdtj rmspmlt tktjm skldac ufdt lkftrkccdfn tjm rmskurlm, kr a skldac ufdt laf gkvm away. A skldac jdmrarljy ds kfcycdimcy tk mgmrnm do tjm skldac ufdt lkftrkccdfn tjm lkftmstm` rmskurlm bmfmodts orkg tjm allmptaflmko subkr`dfatm skldac ufdts, af` do skldac ufdts smmidfn allmss tk tjm lkgpmtm` rmskurlm arm wdccdfntk allmpt a ckwmr pksdtdkf (Bkkfm 14428 <12). Gkvmgmft ds kfcy pkssdbcm do tjm rmskurlm laf bmkbtadfm` mcsmwjmrm (Larfmdrk 14>58 ><=). Do tjmsm rmqudrmgmfts arm fkt gmt, lkfocdlt bmlkgms afmlkfkgdlaccy a`vaftanmkus af` skgmtdgms ufavkdàbcm stratmny tk nadf allmss tk a rmskurlm. Dftjds smfsm, vdkcmflm af` waroarm arm fkt dfjmrmftcy `doomrmft orkg actmrfatdvm gmtjk`s ko rmskurlmprklurmgmft bmlausm tjm `mldsdkf tk mfnanm df lkfocdlt tk nadf allmss tk rmskurlms `mrdvms orkgtjm sagm assmssgmft ko rdsis af` kppkrtufdtdms as wkuc` javm actmrfatdvm rmspkfsms.

Pjm lkrrmcatdkf bmtwmmf lkfocdlt af` rmskurlm avadcabdcdty was dfvmstdnatm` by Mgbmr af`Mgbmr (1442). Pjmy lkfùltm` a lrkss-lucturac mtjfknrapjdl stu`y kf tjm ormqumfly af` lausms

ko waroarm. Pjmdr adg was tk dfvmstdnatm wjmtjmr tjmrm was a lkrrmcatdkf bmtwmmf waroarm af` `m-tmrdkratdfn mfvdrkfgmftac lkf`dtdkfs. Pjm uf`mrcydfn d`ma was tjat rmskurlm slarldty, kr ufmquacallmss tk rmskurlms, wkuc` cma` tk lkgpmtdtdkf. Mgbmr af` Mgbmr usm` tjm Jugaf Rmskurlm ArmaOdcms (JRAO) mtjfknrapjdl sagpcm tk tmst tjds jypktjmsds. Pjmy afacysm` a sagpcm ko 1:? gadfcyfkf-statm skldmtdms af` ckkim` okr a lkrrmcatdkf bmtwmmf waroarm af` a fugbmr ko skldk-lucturac

vardabcms dflcu`dfn tjrmat ko faturac `dsastmrs, tjrmat ko oagdfm, ljrkfdl rmskurlm slarldty, af` smv-mrac skldac lkf`dtdkfs tjat wmrm kotmf assugm` tk dflrmasm tjm pktmftdac okr waroarm. Pjm tjrmat kofaturac `dsastmrs af` oagdfm was arnum` tk bm prmsmft wjmf tjm mtjfknrapjdl cdtmraturm df`dlatm`tjat skldmtdms omarm` a `dsastmr kr oagdfm, mvmf tjkunj tjmsm mvmfts ja` fkt taimf pcalm ùrdfn tjmdrrmlmft past. Pjds afacysds df`dlatm` tjat omar ko faturm, tjat ds, tjm pmrlmdvm` pkssdbdcdty tjat skgm

22 Okr mxagpcm, @yskf-Ju`skf af` \gdtj (14>:8 2=) usm` tjm tmrg supmrabufàflm tk `mslrdbm sdtuatdkfs df wjdlj a

rmskurlm ds sk abufàft tjat tmrrdtkrdacdty ds mlkfkgdlaccy af` mfmrnmtdlaccy ufvdabcm, sk tjat acckwdfn ktjmrs tk usm tjmrmskurlm ormmcy ds tjm bmst skcutdkf (lo. Barfar` 14428 odn. 0.1).



05


faturac `dsastmr kr oagdfm wkuc` lausm ckss ko vdtac rmskurlms, af` ljrkfdl rmskurlm slarldty wmrmnkk` prm`dltkrs ko waroarm. Ourtjmr afacysds rmvmacm` tjat omar ko a faturac `dsastmr was prkbabcyacsk a lausm ko waroarm. Df tjksm skldmtdms wjmrm tjm mtjfknrapjdl stu`dms rmvmacm` a omar ko faturac`dsastmrs, lkfocdlt af` waroarm wmrm kotmf mf`mgdl af` rmsuctm` df tjm lapturdfn ko rmskurlms, mvmf

wjmf tjmrm was fk sjkrtanm at tjat tdgm. Dt smmgs, tjmf, tjat df gafy skldmtdms waroarm gay df`mm`

javm bmmf altdvmcy usm` as a buoomrdfn stratmny anadfst ufprm`dltabcm rmskurlm slarldty (Mgbmr af`Mgbmr 14428 2=>).

Pjm prklmssms tjat arm dfvkcvm` df tjm mgmrnmflm ko tmrrdtkrdacdty af` lkfocdlt arm cdimcy tk bmdftmfsdodm` by `mgknrapjdl prmssurm kf rmskurlms. Do tjm fugbmr ko pmkpcm rmcydfn kf a ndvmfrmskurlm dflrmasms, tjm pmr-lapdta rmturf `mlrmasms af` mvmftuaccy a nrkup gay `mld`m tk altdvmcyrmsdst nrkwtj af` mxljafnm, rmsuctdfn df af dflrmasm` pktmftdac okr lkfocdlt (Xjafn mt ac. 255>81421:). Pjm lkgpcmx dftmraltdkf bmtwmmf rmskurlm usm af` tjm dflmftdvm okr mxljafnm bmtwmmfskldac ufdts wdtj sdgdcar subsdstmflm stratmndms jas bmmf gk`mccm` by Ikjcmr af` _af ^mst (144?).

Allkr`dfn tk tjmg, skldac ufdts basm tjmdr `mldsdkf kf wjmtjmr tk lkkpmratm wdtj ktjmrs af` sjarm/mxljafnm a rmskurlm, kr tk alt df`dvdùaccy, kf tjm rdsi asskldatm` wdtj kbtadfdfn tjat rmskurlm. Dotjm avmranm prkùltdkf ko a nrkup ds bmckw tjm subsdstmflm fmm`s ko malj df`dvdùac nrkup gmg-bmr, but a gmgbmr laf pktmftdaccy prkùlm suoodldmft rmskurlms okr jdgsmco ùm tk ufprm`dltabcm

vardabdcd ty, tjat gmgbmr ds bmttmr koo altdfn df`mpmf`mftcy. Do a gmgbmr alts df`mpmf`mftcy, tjmrmds fk rdsi tjat jm jas tk sjarm kr mxljafnm jds pktmftdaccy abkvm-avmranm prkùltdkf wdtj uf`mr-prkùldfn nrkup-gmgbmrs. Lkfvmrsmcy, do avmranm nrkup prkùltdkf ds abkvm tjm subsdstmflm fmm`sko df`dvdùac gmgbmrs, nrkup gmgbmrs wdcc cdimcy rmgadf wdtjdf tjm nrkup bmlausm afy ufprm`dlt-abcm sjkrtoaccs laf bm lkgpmfsatm` by tjm prkùltdkf orkg ktjmr n rkup gmgbmrs. Pjus, do skldacufdts wdtj sdgdcar subsdstmflm stratmndms mxpmrdmflm sdgdcar lkf`dtdkfs ko mfvdrkfgmftac strmss, tjmy

wdcc javm cmss dflmftdvm tk mfnanm df mxljafnm fmtwkris wdtj malj ktjmr bmlausm dt ds cmss cdimcy tjatnkk`s laf bm rmldprklatm . Mvmf tjkunj safltdkfs kf ormm-rd`dfn wdcc cdimcy mxdst, tjat ds prkodtdfnorkg a systmg kr fmtwkri wdtjkut dfvmstdfn df dt, sulj safltdkfs wdcc bmlkgm dflrmasdfncy stradfmàf` gay mvmftuaccy brmai `kwf, rmsuctdfn df lkgpmtdtdkf, tmrrdtkrdacdty, af` lkfocdlt.

<.=.2 Mxljafnm fmtwkris af` skldac strulturmMxljafnm as a buoomrdfn gmljafdsg anadfst rmskurlm sjkrtanm ds mspmldaccy mxpmltm` agkfn nrkupsmxpmrdmfldfn asyfljrkfkus ocultuatdkfs df rmskurlm avadcabdcdty. Mxljafnm fmtwkris oufltdkf asbuoomrdfn gmljafdsgs anadfst rmskurlm sjkrtanm bmlausm tjmy pkssmss a spatdac as wmcc as tmgpk-rac lkgpkfmft (Gdfl af` \gdtj 14:48 ?=9 Gdffds 144?8 4). Pjrkunj tjmdr spatdac lkgpkfmft, mx-ljafnm fmtwkris acckw tjm `dstrdbutdkf ko rmskurlms orkg armas wjmrm tjmy arm wd`mcy avadcabcm tkarmas ko slarldty. Pjm tmgpkrac lkgpkfmft ko mxljafnm fmtwkris acckws partdldpafts tk alqudrm rm-skurlms wdtjkut `drmltcy rmldprklatdfn. Df ktjmr wkr`s, tjmrm laf bm a tdgm-can bmtwmmf tjm alqudrm-gmft ko rmskurlms af` tjmdr paygmft. Mspmldaccy tjm tmgpkrac lkgpkfmft ko mxljafnm fmtwkris dscdimcy tk bm dfocumflm` by tjm skldac rmcatdkfs mxdstdfn bmtwmmf tjm partdldpatdfn skldac ufdts bmlausm`mcaym` rmldprkldty rmqudrms skldac ufdts tk trust malj ktjmr tjat af mxljafnm wdcc bm rmldprklatm` ata catmr pkdft df tdgm. Gafdpucatdkf ko skldac rmcatdkfs bmtwmmf skldac ufdts laf tjmrmokrm aoomlt tjm

faturm ko mxljafnm taidfn pcalm bmtwmmf tjmsm ufdts. ^jmrmas Brauf af` Uckn arnum` tjat ‚sustadfm` dflrmasms df tjm dftmfsdty ko dftmnratdkf wdcc

kllur as lkflkgdtafts ko sustadfm` dflrmasms df rmndkf-wd`m uflmrtadfty kr rdsis ardsdfn orkg mfvdrkfgmftac ljafnm— (14:28 =5:), Rautgaf (144?) prkpksm` a gkrm spmldodl lkrrmcatdkf bmtwmmfmfvdrkfgmftac ljafnm af` tjm mgmrnmflm kr rmkrnafdzatdkf ko mxljafnm fmtwkris. \jm sunnmstm`tjat mxljafnm fmtwkris wdcc prmomrmftdaccy mgmrnm bmtwmmf cklatdkfs tjat arm fkt mquaccy vucfmr-abcm tk mfvdrkfgmftac ljafnm (Rautgaf 144?8 2519 ^jacckf 255?8 odn. 2). Pjds pkdft ko vdmw lk-dfld`ms wdtj lkfodnuratdkfs (B) af` (@) ko Pabcm <.1, ljaraltmrdzm` by jdnj dftmr-nrkup vardaflm dfrmskurlm allmss. Pjus, do rmndkfs mxpmrdmflm` `doomrmflms df mfvdrkfgmftac vardabdcdty, dt gdnjt bmmxpmltm` tjat mxljafnm fmtwkris wdcc `mvmckp bmtwmmf tjmsm rmndkfs, kr tjat mxdstdfn fmtwkris armrmdfokrlm` kr strmfntjmfm`. \dgdcarcy, Rma` af` CmBcafl javm sjkwf tjrkunj tjmkrmtdlac gk`mccdfnjkw twk nrkups mxpmrdmfldfn `doomrmft cmvmcs ko rmskurlm avadcabdcdty tjrkunj tdgm af` spalm laf



01


attadf a jdnjmr avmranm prkùltdkf kvmr tdgm tjrkunj lkkpmratdkf af` tjmrmokrm javm a lkgpmtd-tdvm a`vaftanm kvmr nrkups tjat mxpmrdmflm kfm ko tjmsm cmvmcs ko rmskurlm avadcabdcdty mxlcusdvmcy(255<8 >2).

Jkwmvmr, Rautgaf assugm` tjat a sdgdcar subsdstmflm mlkfkgy mxdstm` df malj rmndkf, basm`kf tjm sagm rmskurlms. ]f`mr sulj a slmfardk, sjkrtanms df kfm rmndkf lkuc` kfcy bm accmvdatm`

tjrkunj dgpkrts orkg mcsmwjmrm. Do df kfm rmndkf guctdpcm subsdstmflm mlkfkgdms rmcydfn kf `do-omrmft rmskurlms mxdstm , dt ds cdimcy tjat skldac fmtwkris wdcc mgmrnm bmtwmmf skldac ufdts partdld-patdfn df `doomrmft mlkfkgdlac systmgs. Pjds gmafs tjat do skldac ufdts mxpmrdmflm mfvdrkfgmftacstrmss, tjmy wdcc prmomrabcy mstabcdsj kr dfvmst df skldac rmcatdkfs mdtjmr wdtj skldac ufdts tjat cdvm dfrmndkfs wjmrm tjmrm ds cmss mfvdrkfgmftac strmss, kr wdtj skldac ufdts tjat pursum `doomrmft subsdst-mflm stratmndms (lo. Imccy 144=8 255“1). Hkjfskf af` Marcm pkdft tk tjm sdgdcardty bmtwmmf tjm lkf-lmpts ko mlkfkgy af` fdljm as mxprmssdkfs ko subsdstmflm spmldacdzatdkfs wdtjdf jugaf skldmtdms(25558 22), tjmrmby rmdfokrldfn tjm `dstdflt faturm ko malj stratmny af` tjm pktmftdac okr mxljafnmbmtwmmf tjmdr praltdtdkfmrs. Lasjàf (14:>) jas sjkwf tjat mlkfkgdl spmldacdzatdkf wdtjdf a cdg-dtm` rmndkf df`mm` cma`s tk strkfnmr mxljafnm rmcatdkfs bmtwmmf spmldacdzm` nrkups tjaf bmtwmmfnrkups praltdsdfn gkrm nmfmracdzm` stratmndms.

Dt jas ckfn bmmf rmlknfdzm` tjat mxljafnm fmtwkris arm kotmf budct kf, af` lkuljm` df tjm tmr-gdfkckny ko skldac strulturms sulj as idf, nmf`mr, anm, lcass, mtjfdldty, af` aflmstry. @mpmf`dfnkf tjm `mtmrgdfdfn strulturm af` tjm slacm ko tjm fmtwkri, rmac, pmrlmdvm`, kr lkfstrultm` sjarm`d`mftdtdms bmtwmmf tjm mfnanm` skldac ufdts laf mxdst. Okr tjat rmaskf, mxljafnm fmtwkris af` skldacstrulturms as `mslrdbm` abkvm arm rmcatm` lkflmpts tjat laf bm `doodluct tk `dsmftafncm. Pjds dftmr-`mpmf`mflm bmtwmmf mxljafnm fmtwkris af` ktjmr skldac fmtwkris laf bm `mslrdbm` tjrkunj tjmlkflmpt ko rmldprkldty. Rmldprkldty ds tjm mxljafnm ko nkk`s af`/kr smrvdlms, wjmrmby ndvdfn lrm-atms af kbcdnatdkf tk rmturf nkk`s ko mquac vacum by tjm rmlmdvdfn party. Rmldprkldty laf bm rafimòrkg nmfmracdzm` tjrkunj bacaflm` tk fmnatdvm rmldprkldty, wjmrmby tjm fmm` tk rmldprklatm nkk`s

wdtj mquac vacum af` `drmltcy at tjm tdgm ko tjm altuac mxljafnm dflrmasms orkg nmfmracdzm` tk bac-aflm` rmldprkldty. Nmfmracdzm` rmldprkldty ds ljaraltmrdstdl ko jkusmjkc`s kr sgacc lkggufdtdms,

wdtj rmldprkldty bmlkgdfn dflrmasdfncy bacaflm` as skldac `dstaflm bmtwmmf skldac ufdts dflrmasms.Fmnatdvm rmldprkldty dflcu`ms tjmot af` rad`dfn (\ajcdfs 14>28 odn. =.19 Hkjfskf af` Marcm 255580>“=5).2<

\mvmrac rmsmarljmrs javm dfvmstdnatm` tjm lkrrmcatdkf bmtwmmf mfvdrkfgmftac ljafnm af` tjm`mvmckpgmft ko mxljafnm fmtwkris af` skldac strulturms (m.n. Brauf af` Uckn 14:29 Gdfl af`\gdtj 14:49 Rautgaf 144?9 Rkwm 2552). Okr mxagpcm, Fmttcm (144?9 144:) okuf` a lkrrmcatdkfbmtwmmf cafnuanm `dvmrsdty af` mfvdrkfgmftac rdsi. Af afacysds ko tjm `dstrdbutdkf ko cafnuanmsalrkss tjm nckbm sunnmstm` tjat tjm fugbmr ko cafnuanms was fmnatdvmcy lkrrmcatm` wdtj tjm rdsi kolrkp oadcurm. Df armas wdtj a ckw rdsi ko lrkp oadcurm, tjm fugbmr ko cafnuanms was jdnj, wjmrmasdf armas wdtj a jdnj rdsi ko lrkp oadcurm, tjm fugbmr ko cafnuanms was ckw. Bmlausm cafnuanms pcaya oufàgmftac rkcm df lkggufdlatdkf, tjmdr `dstrdbutdkf laf smrvm as a prkxy okr skldac fmtwkrismxdstdfn bmtwmmf spatdaccy smparatm` lkggufdtdms. Pjm fmnatdvm lkrrmcatdkf bmtwmmf cafnuanm `d-

vmrsdty af` mfvdrkfgmftac rdsi tjmrmokrm sunnmsts tjat skldac fmtwkris arm df`mm` partdaccy sjapm`

by mfvdrkfgmftac lkf`dtdkfs.

20

Lasjàf kbsmrvm` af mvmf strkfnmr lkrrmcatdkf bmtwmmf mfvdrkfgmftac vardabdcdty af` tjmmgmrnmflm ko skldac strulturms adgm` at tjm lrmatdkf ko a skldac mfvdrkfgmft oavkurabcm tk mx-ljafnm (2551a). ]sdfn a nckbac lrkss-lucturac sagpcm, Lasjàf okuf` tjat lcdgatdl vardatdkf af`prm`dltabdcdty wmrm agkfn tjm strkfnmst prm`dltkrs ko mtjfdl `dvmrsdty. Mtjfdldty ds jmrm `modfm` asaf d`mftdty tjat ds rmlknfdzm` by tjm mtjfdl nrkup dtsmco, as wmcc as by kutsd`mrs. Mtjfdldty ds usuaccybasm` kf a lkggkf aflmstry af` kotmf dflcu`ms pmrlmdvm` kr lkfstrultm` mcmgmfts ko idfsjdp, alkggkf cafnuanm, af` a lkggkf past (smm \mltdkf >.<.1). Df armas wdtj af ufprm`dltabcm mfvdrkf-gmft, af` gkrm partdlucarcy ufprm`dltabcm radfoacc, mtjfdl `dvmrsdty was ckw. Pjmsm lkf`dtdkfs acsk

2< Fktm tjat mvmf nmfmracdzm` rmldprklac mxljafnms arm lkfùltm` tk aljdmvm pmrskfac nadf. Df oalt, pmrskfac nadf, jkw-mvmr `modfm`, ds dfjmrmft df mvmry rmldprklac mxljafnm9 ktjmrwdsm ndvdfn kr sjardfn skldac ufdts wkuc` ruf tjm rdsi kobmdfn mxpckdtm` by ormm-rd`mrs attmgptdfn tk nmt nkk`s wdtjkut rmldprklatdfn (Bkkfm 14428 2>1).

20 Fmttcm, as wmcc as Lasjàf df tjm okcckwdfn mxagpcm, lkgpmfsatm` okr tjm pkssdbdcdty tjat ckwmr cafnuanm `dvmrsdty, as wmcc as mtjfdl `dvmrsd ty df Lasjàf—s lasm-stu`y, lkuc` javm rmsuctm` orkg ckwmr pkpucatdkf `mfs dtdms.



02


cm` tk jdnjmr dftra-mtjfdl ckyacty, tjat ds, tjm `mnrmm tk wjdlj nrkup-gmgbmrs oavkur ktjmrs wdtjdftjm sagm mtjfdl nrkup kvmr kutsd`mrs (Lasjàf 2551b8 >?1“2). Lasjàf arnum` tjat tjds lkrrmca-tdkf laf bm mxpcadfm` by tjm rkcm ko mtjfdldty df ‚prkvd`dfn skldac dfsuraflm anadfst ufprm`dltabcmrdsis—, rmsuctdfn df tjm okcckwdfn nmfmracdzatdkf8 ‚wjmrm mfvdrkfgmftac ufprm`dltabdcdty rmqudrmsrmcdaflm kf rmldprklac kr rm`dstrdbutdvm gmljafdsgs agkfn a spatdaccy `dspmrsm` nrkup, mtjfdl `d-

vmrsdty sjkuc` bm ckwmr— (2551a8 4>4). Pjus, mtjfdldty oufltdkfm` as a sjarm` d`mftdty adgm` at lrm-atdfn a skldac mfvdrkfgmft df wjdlj rmldprkldty tmf`s tk bm gkrm bacaflm` kr mvmf nmfmracdzm` (lo.Jkrkwdtz 14:=8 :19 Bmftcmy 14:>8 02). Pjds kbsmrvatdkf, tjmf, strmfntjmfs tjm lkrrmcatdkf bmtwmmfcafnuanm `dvmrsdty af` mfvdrkfgmftac vardabdcdty.

<.=.< Jypktjmsdzdfn skldac rmspkfsms tk mfvdrkfgmftac ljafnm

\uggardzdfn, tjm prmsmft `dslussdkf jas sjkwf tjat skldac strulturms pcay af dgpkrtaft rkcm dfrmùldfn tjm moomlts ko mfvdrkfgmftac ljafnm. Gkrm spmldodlaccy, dt ds arnum` tjat skldac fmtwkrisadgm` at acckwdfn af` rmnucatdfn mxljafnm wdcc mgmrnm kr wdcc bm dftmfsdodm` bmtwmmf skldac ufdtsmxpmrdmfldfn `doomrmft cmvmcs ko mfvdrkfgmftac rdsi, mdtjmr bmlausm tjmy cdvm df `doomrmft mfvdrkf-gmfts, kr bmlausm tjmy mgpcky `doomrmft subsdstmflm stratmndms. Dt ds ourtjmrgkrm sunnmstm` tjat tjm

mgmrnmflm ko skldac fmtwkris rmsts kf tjm wdccdfnfmss ko skldac ufdts tk mfnanm df mxljafnm fmtwkris. Rmskurlms arm ufcdimcy tk bm mxljafnm` do mfvdrkfgmftac strmss agkfn skldac ufdts wdtjdftjm mxljafnm fmtwkri jappmfs sdguctafmkuscy okr malj skldac ufdt. Ourtjmrgkrm, mxljafnm ds cmsscdimcy tk taim pcalm do df`dvdùac skldac ufdts rdsi javdfn tk sjarm wdtj uf`mr-prkùldfn skldac ufdts.]f`mr sulj ldrlugstaflms, prklmssms tjat arm adgm` at rmnucatdfn allmss tk rmskurlms wdcc cdimcymgmrnm, tk mfsurm tjat tjm lkftrkccdfn skldac ufdt laf gmmt dts subsdstmflm fmm`s wjmf mxpmrdmfldfnmfvdrkfgmftac strmss. Actmrfatdvmcy, lkfocdlt gay ardsm kr dftmfsdoy.

Basm` kf tjmsm lkfsd`mratdkfs, dt ds fkw pkssdbcm tk okrgucatm jypktjmsms rmnar`dfn tjm okrga-tdkf, gadftmfaflm, af` `dsdftmnratdkf ko skldac fmtwkris at vardkus slacms af` uf`mr vardkus mf-

vdrkfgmftac lkf`dtdkfs. Pjmsm jypktjmsms arm tjm okcckwdfn8 ( a ) uf`mr rmskurlm strmss af` wdtjdfsdgdcar mfvdrkfgmfts, tjat ds mfvdrkfgmfts wdtj a sdgdcar rdsi rmndgm, lkgpmtdtdkf kvmr slarlmrmskurlms bmtwmmf skldac ufdts wdcc dflrmasm9 af` ( b ) uf`mr dflrmasdfn rmskurlm strmss, lkkpmratdkf

wdcc mgmrnm bmtwmmf skldac ufdts tjat mxpmrdmflm `doomrmft rmndgms ko mfvdrkfgmftac rdsi, okr mx-agpcm ùm tk `doomrmft mfvdrkfgmftac lkf`dtdkfs, kr as a rmsuct ko `doomrmft subsdstmflm prkùl-tdkf stratmndms. ^dtjdf tjm lkftmxt ko tjm prmsmft rmsmarlj oklussdfn kf skldac rmspkfsms tk catmtjdr`-marcy smlkf` gdccmffdug BL lcdgatm ljafnm df fkrtjmrf Gmskpktagda, tjmsm jypktjmsms lafbm rmpjrasm` as okcckws8 ( a ) dt ds tk bm mxpmltm` tjat, as a rmsuct ko mfvdrkfgmftac strmss, skldac rm-catdkfs bmtwmmf sm`mftary anrdlucturac lkggufdtdms wdcc `mvmckp ackfn lkgpmtdtdvm cdfms df kr`mrtk dgprkvm malj lkggufdtdms— ljaflm ko survdvac af` allmss tk slarlm af` tjmrmokrm lkftmstm` rm-skurlms, af` ( b ) sm`mftary af` (smgd-)fkga`dl nrkups wdcc `mvmckp lkkpmratdvm gmljafdsgs mfsur-dfn gutuac survdvac af` gaxdgdzatdkf ko tjmdr rmspmltdvm subsdstmflm stratmndms. Pjm arljamkckndlaclkrrmcatms ko malj ko tjmsm jypktjmsms wdcc bm `dslussm` bmckw.

<.? Arljamkckndlac lkrrmcatms ko lkgpmtdtdkf af` lkkpmratdkf

Df tjm prmsmft stu`y, twk gadf prkxy rmlkr`s wdcc bm mgpckym` tk stu`y tjm mnrmms ko lkgpmtdtdkfaf` lkkpmratdkf bmtwmmf skldac ufdts8 tjm smttcmgmft rmlkr` ko fkrtjmrf Gmskpktagda, af` tjmjdstkrdlac rmlkr` tjat prkvd`ms `mtadcs abkut tjm lkfstmccatdkf ko fkrtjmrf Gmskpktagdaf skldmtyùrdfn tjm tjdr`-marcy smlkf` gdccmffdug BL. Pjm smttcmgmft rmlkr` wdcc smrvm as a prkxy ko lkg-pmtdtdkf af` lkkpmratdkf bmtwmmf sm`mftary lkggufdtdms, wjmrmas tjm jdstkrdlac rmlkr` wdcc klu-gmft tjm okrgatdkf af` rmkrnafdzatdkf ko skldac rmcatdkfs bmtwmmf sm`mftary lkggufdtdms af`(smgd-)fkga`dl lkggufdtdms. Pjm ljkdlm okr tjmsm rmlkr`s wdcc bm `dslussm` bmckw, as wdcc smvmraca``dtdkfac prkxdms tjat laf pktmftdaccy suppkrt tjm arnugmft ga`m jmrm.

Jugaf `dspmrsac alrkss tjm caf`slapm ds fkt raf`kg9 dt rmocmlts skldac strulturm as gulj asdt rmocmlts tjm mfvdrkfgmft dtsmco. \mttcmgmft systmgs arm krnafdzm` allkr`dfn tk a fugbmr ko

mfvdrkfgmftac af` skldac prdfldpcms (Rkbmrts 144?8 odn. 1.=). @mpmf`dfn kf wjdlj prdfldpcm dsndvmf prdkrdty, a fugbmr ko smttcmgmft systmgs laf mgmrnm, rafndfn orkg ouccy fulcmatm` tk ouccy



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gdccmffdug BL df fkrtjmrf Gmskpktagda arm nmfmraccy fkt lkflmrfm` wdtj mlkfkgy, dflcu`dfnmxljafnms bmtwmmf sm`mftary af` (smgd-)fkga`dl lkggufdtdms, actjkunj rmomrmflms tk sulj dftmr-altdkfs `k kllur df lmrtadf pmrdk`s.

Jkwmvmr, tmxts okr tjm catm tjdr`-marcy smlkf` gdccmffdug BL prkvd`m dfokrgatdkf kf a `doomr-mft aspmlt ko mxljafnm fmtwkris, fagmcy tjm skldac lkftmxt df wjdlj sulj fmtwkris kpmratm. Pjds

lkftmxt lkfsdsts ko tjm skldac d`mftdtdms ko tjm partdldpafts, tjat ds, tjksm aspmlts ko skldac d`mftdtytjat arm sjarm` by malj partdldpaft af` tjat okrg tjm basds okr rmldprkldty. Df \mltdkf <.?, dt wassunnmstm` tjat tjmsm d`mftdtdms laf oufltdkf as a prkxy okr tjm mxdstmflm ko mxljafnm fmtwkris. Dt dsfkt arnum` tjat tjm mxdstmflm ko a sjarm` d`mftdty ds mquac tk tjm mxdstmflm ko af mxljafnm fmtwkri,but tjat sulj fmtwkris wdcc gkrm masdcy mgmrnm bmtwmmf skldac ufdts sjardfn lkggkf d`mftdtytradts, af` tjat tjmsm fmtwkris wdcc bm gkrm moomltdvm df accmvdatdfn mfvdrkfgmftac strmss. Allkr`dfntk tjds vdmw, sjarm` d`mftdtdms wdcc bm mgpjasdzm` by skldac ufdts partdldpatdfn df tjm sagm mxljafnmfmtwkris. Ljaptmr > wdcc `dsluss tjm okrgatdkf af` spatdac `dstrdbutdkf ko sjarm` d`mftdtdms dffkrtjmrf Gmskpktagda, af` mvacuatm wjdlj skldac ufdts wmrm dfvkcvm`.

<.> Lkflcusdkfs

Dt laf bm arnum` tjat, `mspdtm tjm carnm vardmty ko rmspkfsms tk mfvdrkfgmftac strmss, tjmsm rm-spkfsms laf bm nrkupm` allkr`dfn tk kfm ko twk `doomrmft prdfldpcms8 tjm asskldatm` skldac af`/krmfmrnmtdl lkst kr `dsruptdvmfmss ko a ndvmf rmspkfsm, af` tjm faturm ko rmskurlm avadcabdcdty. Pjmodrst prdfldpcm `dltatms tjat rmspkfsms wdtj a ckw lkst wdcc bm a`kptm` bmokrm rmspkfsms tjat javm ajdnjmr lkst kr tjat arm gkrm `dsruptdvm. Ckw-cmvmc rmspkfsms `mac wdtj rmnucarcy kllurrdfn sgacc-slacm sjkrtanms, wjmrmas jdnj cmvmc-rmspkfsms `mac wdtj dflrmasdfncy smvmrm ocultuatdkfs, kotmf ataf dflrmasdfncy nrmatmr skldac lkst kr dfvkcvdfn carnmr skldac nrkups. ^jmrmas ckw-cmvmc rmspkfsmsarm strkfncy mgbm``m` df skldac praltdlm, tjm dformqumft kpmratdkf ko jdnj-cmvmc rmspkfsms rmqudrmstjm mxdstmflm ko moomltdvm gmljafdsgs okr tjm trafsgdssdkf ko ifkwcm`nm abkut tjmsm rmspkfsmstjrkunj pmrdk`s wjmf tjmy arm fkt rmqudrm`. Gkst dgpkrtaftcy, jdnj-cmvmc lkpdfn gmljafdsgssjkuc` fkt bm lkfsd`mrm` as ufdqum rmspkfsms, but as skldk-lucturaccy strulturm` bmjavdkurac actmr-

fatdvms okr pmrdk`s wjmf tjm rmnucar allmptm` rafnm ko stratmndms turfs kut tk bm dfa`mquatm. Pjm smlkf` kr`mrdfn prdfldpcm `dltatms tjat uf`mr spmldodl lkf`dtdkfs ko rmskurlm avadcabdcdty,lmrtadf skldac rmspkfsms arm gkrm cdimcy tk mgmrnm tjaf ktjmrs. \kldac rmspkfsms tk mfvdrkfgmftacljafnm, tjat ds tjksm rmspkfsms dfvkcvdfn guctdpcm skldac ufdts, arm ouf`agmftaccy lkflmrfm` wdtjtjm `mldsdkf wjmtjmr kr fkt dt ds a`vaftanmkus tk mxljafnm rmskurlms wdtj ktjmrs. Dt ds mxpmltm`tjat skldac ufdts wdcc mxljafnm df rmskurlm fmtwkris do tjmrm arm `doomrmflms df rmskurlm avadcabdcdty.Do rmskurlm avadcabdcdty ds syfljrkfkus alrkss guctdpcm skldac ufdts, altdfn df`mpmf`mftcy ds a bmttmrstratmny tk buoomr anadfst rmskurlm sjkrtanm, af` tmrrdtkrdacdty af` lkfocdlt arm gulj gkrm cdimcy tkmgmrnm.



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tjat afldmft Gmskpktagdaf ldvdcdzatdkf, kr Fkrtj \yrdaf okr tjat gattmr, prdfldpaccy oklusm` kftjmsm vaccmys, tjm Irafzjónmc pjmfkgmfkf bmdfn a fktabcm mxlmptdkf. Rmlmft survmys adgm` tk lkr-rmlt tjds bdas.2=

Pjds ljaptmr adgs tk `dsluss tjm strmfntjs af` wmaifmssms ko survmy mvd`mflm, sunnmstdfntjat statdstdlac afacysds laf af` df`mm` gust odcc df skgm ko tjm naps dfjmrmft df arljamkckndlac

survmy àta. Dt starts wdtj af kutcdfm ko tjm cdgdtatdkfs af` pktmftdac ko survmy àta, oklusdfn kfFmar Mastmrf survmy praltdlms. Pjds `dslussdkf oklusms kf tjrmm imy dssums8 ( a ) tjm vdsdbdcdty ko ar-ljamkckndlac pmrdk`s df suroalm artmoalt lkccmltdkfs (\mltdkf 0.2), ( b ) tjm prkbcmgs asskldatm` wdtjljrkfkckny lkfstrultdkf (\mltdkf 0.<), af` ( l ) tjm lkftmgpkrafmdty prkbcmg (\mltdkf 0.0). Pjmrmokcckws a `dslussdkf ko tjm tjmkry tjat ds fmlmssary tk trafscatm survmy àta dftk jdstkrdlac pkpuca-tdkf cmvmcs. Pjrmm stmps arm lkfsd`mrm` jmrm8 ( a ) sdgucatdkf ko sdtm lkftmgpkrafmdty, ( b ) mst dgatdkfko tktac kllupdm` arma, af` ( l ) rmlkfstrultdkf ko kf-sdtm pkpucatdkf `mfsdtdms. Dt ds arnum` jmrm tjattjds prklmùrm ds sudtm` tk `klugmft trahmltkrdms ko nrkwtj af` `mlcdfm, ratjmr tjaf df`dvdùac smt-tcmgmft jdstkrdms. Pjus, dt jas a jdnj lkgparatdvm vacum, af` dt wdcc bm usm` okr tjat purpksm jmrm.Lkgpcmgmftardcy tk tjds `mgknrapjdl rmlkfstrultdkf, rafi-sdzm afacysds wdcc bm larrdm` kut kf tjmstu`dm` smttcmgmft systmgs df kr`mr tk stu`y tjmdr krnafdzatdkfac aspmlts. \mltdkf 0.? wdcc `dslusstjm gmtjk`kckndlac aspmlts ko rafi-sdzm afacysds, af` lkfsd`mr tjm vardkus mxpcafatdkfs tjat javmbmmf koomrm` okr `doomrmft rafi-sdzm `dstrdbutdkfs. Df Ljaptmr =, tjm `mgknrapjdl af` rafi-sdzmafacysms wdcc bm pmrokrgm` kf àtasmts orkg tjrmm survmys df fkrtjmrf Gmskpktagda, fagmcy tjmBdrmldi-Mupjratms @ag \urvmy (B-M@\), tjm Bacdij \urvmy (B\), af` tjm Fkrtj Hazdra \urvmy(FH\).

0.2 Dftmrprmtdfn survmy mvd`mflm8 cdgdtatdkfs af` pkssdbdcdtdms

\tradnjtokrwar` dftmrprmtatdkf ko tjm rmsucts ko arljamkckndlac survmys ds dgpkssdbcm. Gafy stu`dmsjavm jdnjcdnjtm` tjm `doodluctdms ko dftmrprmtdfn arljamkckndlac suroalm lkccmltdkfs df tmrgs ko sdtmfugbmrs, sdzms, af` kllupatdkfs ko sdtms (m.n. Aggmrgaf 14:19 Rm`gaf 14:29 ^dcidfskf 2555a9Baffdfn 2552). Pjmsm `doodluctdms stmg partcy orkg tjm alifkwcm`nmgmft tjat tjm lkgpksdtdkf ko

partdlucar suroalm lkccmltdkfs ds sjapm` by a carnm vardmty ko skldk-lucturac prklmssms af` tjat sur-oalm lkccmltdkfs as pmrlmdvm` by arljamkckndsts arm tjm rmsuct ko vmry lkgpcmx tapjkfkgdlac prkl-mssms. Afy attmgpt tk dftmrprmt arljamkckndlac suroalm lkccmltdkfs gust tjmrmokrm taim dftk allkufttjm pkssdbdcdty tjat ( a ) tjm sdtms af` caf`slapm omaturms tjat arm rmlknfdzm` `k fkt rmprmsmft tjm

wjkcm spmltrug ko sdtms af` omaturms tjat mxdstm` df tjm past9 ( b ) tjm suroalm lkccmltdkf `kms fktrmocmlt tjm trum `dvmrsdty ko gatmrdacs af` pmrdk`s tjat ds prmsmft at a survmym` cklatdkf9 af` ( l ) tjmsuroalm lkccmltdkf kms fkt fmlmssardcy prkvd`m dfsdnjt dftk tjm skldk-lucturac prklmssms cma`dfn uptk tjm `mpksdtdkf.

Marcy survmys oklusm` kf tmcc-sdtms tjat arm masdcy d`mftdodm` orkg tjm nrkuf`, kotmf orkg tjmsmat ko a lar, af` kf amrdac/satmccdtm dganmry af` staf` kut as gahkr okld ko jugaf altdvdty. Pjmgkst dgpkrtaft lkfsmqumflm ko tjds stratmny ds tjat sgaccmr, fkf-gkuf`m` sdtms, sulj as pastkraclagpsdtms, wdcc dfvardabcy bm uf`mrrmprmsmftm`. \mvmrac survmy prkhmlts javm dflcu`m` af koo-sdtm

trafsmlt-wacidfn lkgpkfmft tk assmss tjm `mnrmm tk wjdlj tjm caf`slapm bmtwmmf tmccs ds odccm` wdtjarljamkckndlac rmgadfs (m.n. ^dcidfskf af` Pulimr 144=9 ]r 25509 ^dcidfskf 2550). Apart orkg tjmrmlknfdtdkf ko gafy fkf-jabdtatdkf omaturms, af` df oalt a lkftdfukus arljamkckndlac caf`slapm,sulj dftmfsdvm survmys javm acsk rmsuctm` df tjm rmlknfdtdkf ko ckw smttcmgmft sdtms tjat wkuc` fktjavm bmmf okuf` by cmss dftmfsdvm survmys (Rm`gaf 14:28 <>>). A ourtjmr bdas tkwar` carnm sdtmslaf bm dftrkùlm` by tjm nmkgkrpjkckny ko a rmndkf. Df rdvmr vaccmys, accuvdac sm`dgmftatdkf lafokr mxagpcm masdcy lkvmr mftdrm ocat sdtms af` mvmf sgaccmr tmccs. Jmavy mrksdkf gay rmsuct df tjmlkgpcmtm rmgkvac ko mftdrm kllupatdkf caymrs orkg tjm ocafis ko smttcmgmft gkuf`s (Ukstnatm14408 =5). Pjm dflcusdkf ko nmkgkrpjkckndlac rmsmarlj df survmy gmtjk`kckny jas acckwm` tjm

2= Mxagpcms arm tjm a`d Aědě survmy (Bmrfbmli 144<), tjm survmys df tjm arma bmtwmmf tjm Mupjratms af` Bacdij _accmys(Mdfwan 144<9 @aftd 144>), tjm ^mstmrf Ijabur survmy (Jkcm 144>a), tjm survmy ko tjm Hmbmc Bdsjrd tk tjm skutj ko

tjm Mupjratms (Cÿffqvdst 255?), af` tjm â`d Jagar \urvmy arkuf` Pmcc Ljumra af` Ijarab \ayyar (jttp8//wmb.ufd-orafiourt.`m/ob54/vkr`mrasarlj/survmy.jtg (Allmssm` 1? Fkvmgbmr, 255>)).



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GMPJK@\ OKR PJM RMLKF\PR]LPDKF KO RMNDKFAC \MPPCMGMFP PRMF@\

rmlkfstrultdkf ko aftjrkpknmfdl dfocumflm kf tjm caf`slapm tjrkunj tdgm, af` tjm mvacuatdkf koprkbcmgs ko sdtm prmsmrvatdkf af` vdsdbdcdty. A ourtjmr stmp ds tjm rmlknfdtdkf ko caf`slapms ko sur-

vdvac af` caf`slapms ko `mstrultdkf, rmsuctdfn df af apparmftcy ufmvmf `dstrdbutdkf af` survdvac kosdtms af` pmrdk`s alrkss spalm (^dcidfskf 2555a8 224).

Dt was rmlmftcy fktm` tjat tjmrm ds a carnm `dslrmpafly bmtwmmf tjm rmsucts ko odmc` survmys lkf-

ùltm` df Nrmmlm af` Dtacy, af` df tjm Fmar Mast (^dcidfskf mt ac. 2550). A rmvdmw ko guctdpcm rm-lmft survmys df bktj armas sjkwm` tjat tjm fugbmr ko rmlkr`m` sdtms pmr squarm idckgmtrm okr FmarMastmrf survmys ds oar bmckw tjat okr gk`mrf survmys df tjm Gm`dtmrrafmaf, gadfcy Nrmmlm. At odrstsdnjt, tjds dslrmpafly appmarm` tk rmsuct orkg tjm rmcatdvmcy ckw dftmfsdty ko Fmar Mastmrf survmys,as lkgparm` tk survmys mcsmwjmrm. Jkwmvmr, lkgpardskf ko tjm rmsucts af` stratmndms ko smvmracfkrtjmrf Gmskpktagdaf survmys sunnmstm` tjat ktjmr oaltkrs tjaf pkst-`mpksdtdkfac prklmssms krsurvmy bdasms gay javm bmmf rmspkfsdbcm okr tjds `dslrmpafly. Odrstcy, tjm fkrtjmrf Gmskpktagdafsurvmys tjat dflcu`m` a odmc`wacidfn lkgpkfmft okuf` rmcatdvmcy omw sdtms tjat wkuc` fkt ktjmr-

wdsm javm bmmf okuf` wdtj cmss dftmfsdvm stratmndms. \mlkf`cy, dfvmstdnatdkf ko smltdkfs rmsuctdfnorkg gk`mrf `dnndfn altdvdtdms sunnmstm` tjat accuvdatdkf was fkt kr barmcy kbslurdfn sdtms kut-sd`m rdvmr vaccmys. Odfaccy, dt was sunnmstm` tjat dt ds gkrm moodldmft tk gaim fmw gu`brdlis tjaftk rmusm kc` kfms, rmsuctdfn df rmcatdvmcy gdfkr `mstrultdkf ko kc` sdtms df tjm smarlj okr budc`dfngatmrdacs. Pjmsm pkdfts sunnmst tjat a survmy tjat lkgbdfms dftmfsdvm odmc`-wacidfn wdtj satmccdtm/amrdac dganmry afacysds laf assmgbcm a rmcatdvmcy nkk` rmlkr` ko arljamkckndlac omaturms df a rmndkf(^dcidfskf mt ac. 25508 14?).

Kf tjm cmvmc ko tjm df`dvdùac sdtm, tmcc okrgatdkf prklmssms wdcc cdimcy lkvmr marcy pmrdk`s wdtjtjm kvmrbur`mf ko catmr kllupatdkfs. As a rmsuct, pkttmry orkg tjm marcdmr pmrdk`s wdcc bm cmss rmp-rmsmftm` df tjm suroalm assmgbcanm, af` afy dftmrprmtatdkf basm` kf tjm fugbmr ko sjmr`s af`tjmdr kllurrmflm kf tjm suroalm gay bm bdasm`. Jkwmvmr, tjmrm ds skgm rmaskf tk bmcdmvm tjat tjdskvmrbur`mfdfn gay bm cmss prkbcmgatdl okr Marcy/Gd``cm Brkfzm Anm sdtms tjaf okr marcdmr pmrdk`s.

^dcidfskf (2555a) jas pckttm` tjm ratdk ko kllupatdkfs kf tmccs vmrsus kllupatdkfs at ckw sdtms kocmss tjaf = g jdnj tjrkunj tdgm okr tjm Pmcc Bmyàr \urvmy arma, af` okuf` tjat partdlucarcy tjmtjdr` gdccmffdug BL rmprmsmfts a pmrdk` ùrdfn wjdlj smttcmgmft fulcmatm` kf jdnj tmccs. Aotmr tjatpmrdk`, tjm sdnfdodlaflm ko tmcc-basm` smttcmgmft `mlrmasm`, df oavkur ko ckwmr af` sgaccmr sdtms.

Pjds `mvmckpgmft sunnmsts tjat tjdr` gdccmffdug BL kllupatdkfs df partdlucar wdcc bm jdnjcy vds-dbcy df tjm Hmzdraj. Mvd`mflm orkg rmslum mxlavatdkfs df tjm Bdrmldi-Mupjratms @ag arma sunnmststjat tjmrm, tkk, tjdr` gdccmffdug kllupatdkf ds partdlucarcy wmcc rmprmsmftm` kf tmccs af` tjmrmokrmjdnjcy vdsdbcm (smm \mltdkf =.2.1). Pjm `dslrmpafly ko tmcc-basm` vmrsus ckw sdtm kllupatdkf ds cmssprkfkuflm` urdfn tjm Gd``cm Brkfzm Anm, sunnmstdfn ckwmr vdsdbdcdty okr tjds pmrdk`, but wdtj tjmlavmat tjat kvmrbur`mf orkg catmr pmrdk`s ds acsk rmcatdvmcy cdgdtm`. 2?

Pjmrm ds acsk `dslussdkf abkut tjm `mnrmm tk wjdlj tjm arljamkckndlac suroalm assmgbcanm rm-ocmlts tjm ljrkfkckndlac lkgpkfmfts ko a sdtm. \urvmys usuaccy assugm tjat tjmrm ds a pksdtdvm lkr-rmcatdkf bmtwmmf tjm suroalm assmgbcanm af` tjm arljamkckndlac lkftmfts ko a sdtm. Tmt dt laffkt bmaslmrtadfm` tjat acc pmrdk`s prmsmft df a tmcc wdcc bm mquaccy rmprmsmftm` kf tjm suroalm. Okr mxagpcm,suroalm assmgbcanms gay bm subhmltm` tk strkfnmr mrksdkf tjaf burdm` ar tmoalts, gmafdfn tjat carnm

kr jdnj-odrm` sjmr`s wdcc `kgdfatm tjm rmlkr` (Ukstnatm 14408 =5). Pjm prmomrmflm ko df`dvdùacsurvmykrs tk pdli up jdnjcy vdsdbcm sjmr`s gay cmavm lmrtadf ufrmgariabcm typms uf`mrrmprmsmftm .Ourtjmrgkrm, rm-usm ko gu`brdlis, kr lkfstrultdkf ko gu`brdlis orkg martj taimf orkg tmccs, gayrmsuct df tjm `dspcalmgmft ko arljamkckndlac gatmrdac. Jkwmvmr, rmsmarlj at sdtms tjat arm survmymàs wmcc as mxlavatm` smmgs tk sunnmst tjat tjmrm ds skgm anrmmgmft bmtwmmf catmr lmragdl pmrdk`sdfomrrm` orkg survmy, af` tjksm altuaccy mxlavatm`. Urm-pkttmry pmrdk`s, kf tjm ktjmr jaf`, kotmfnk uffktdlm` af` tjmdr prmsmflm laf kfcy bm aslmrtadfm` tjrkunj mxlavatdkf. \dgdcarcy, tjm kf-sdtm`dstrdbutdkf ko sjmr`s kf tjm suroalm ds lkrrmcatm` tk past smttcmgmft af` altdvdty armas ko tjm sdtm.

2? A sdgdcar trafsdtdkf orkg fulcmatm`, tmcc-basm` kllupatdkf tk `dspmrsm` kllupatdkf kf fkf-gkuf`m` sdtms jas bmmf

fktm` okr tjm Aguq _accmy, but tjmrm tjm trafsdtdkf kllurrm` bmtwmmf tjm Drkf Anm af` tjm \mcmuld` pmrdk`s (Lasafa255>8 25<“0).



0:


Df bktj lasms, tjm lkrrmcatdkf ds fkt vmry strkfn, but suoodldmft tk usm dt as af df`dlatdkf ko sdtm sdzm(Cykffmt 25558 >, lo. Rm`gaf af` âtskf 14>5 af` Ocaffmry 14>?, but smm Ikjcgmymr 14:1 af`\ljdoomr 14:>8 12?, <=<).

Pjm rmsucts orkg arljamkckndlac survmys arm tjus fktjdfn gkrm tjaf a sagpcm. Hust jkw rmprm-smftatdvm tjds sagpcm ds, af` jkw gulj ko tjm tktac assmgbcanm ds altuaccy rmlkvmrm , arm tjm gadf

dssums tjat rmsmarljmrs javm tk a``rmss tk lkrrmltcy dftmrprmt tjmdr àta. Pjm lkggmfts ga`m abkvmsunnmst tjat tjm sdtm rmlkvmry ratm okr Fmar Mastmrf survmys laf bm rmcatdvmcy nkk`, `mpmf`dfn kftjm gmtjk`kckny tjat jas bmmf a`kptm`. Pjmrm ds ourtjmrgkrm rmaskf tk bmcdmvm tjat tjm prmsmflmko gatmrdac kf tjm suroalm àtdfn tk a spmldodl pmrdk` rmocmlts usm ko tjm sdtm ùrdfn tjat pmrdk`.

A``dtdkfaccy, tjm suroalm assmgbcanm smmgs tk rmocmlt, do afytjdfn, tjm gdfdgac kllupatdkf ko asdtm. Pjmrmokrm, wjmf tjm suroalm assmgbcanm ds lkgbdfm` wdtj dfokrgatdkf kf sdtm gkrpjkckny,sdtm sdzms gay bm rmaskfabcy mstdgatm`. Basm` kf tjmsm lkfsd`mratdkfs, dt laf bm sunnmstm` tjat rm-ndkfac survmys tjat dflcu`m koo-sdtm odmc`-wacidfn af`/kr afacysds ko amrdac/satmccdtm dganmry javmtjm jdnjmst prkbabdcdty ko rmlkr`dfn arljamkckndlac omaturms. Ourtjmrgkrm, df kr`mr tk aljdmvm rmcd-abcm sdtm-sdzm mstdgatms pmr pmrdk`, tjm suroalm ko tjm sdtm jas tk javm bmmf `dvd`m` dftk sub-armasùrdfn survmydfn tk acckw rmlknfdtdkf ko sjdotdfn pattmrfs ko kllupatdkf tjrkunj tdgm. As rmnar`stjm prkbcmg ko dftmrprmtdfn artmoalt `mfsdtdms af` `dstrdbutdkfs, dt wdcc jmrm bm assugm`, as ds altu-accy `kfm by acc survmys afacysm` jmrm, tjat tjm rmlkr`m` sdtms arm smttcmgmfts ratjmr tjaf spmldac-purpksm sdtms, ufcmss tjmrm arm strkfn df`dlatdkfs tk tjm lkftrary. 2> Pjds assugptdkf gay, af` dfoalt cdimcy wdcc, dftrkùlm a gahkr bdas df tjm prmsmft rmlkfstrultdkf, but ufcmss gkrm odmc`wkri dsuf`mrtaimf tjmrm ds fk way ko lkrrmltdfn dt. Pjm prmsmft afacysds ds tjmrmokrm uf`mrtaimf df tjm ouccawarmfmss tjat dt laf kfcy rmlkfstrult vmry lru`m trmf`s tjat arm subhmlt tk gafy bdasms af` tjat

wdcc cdimcy bm lkrrmltm` as fmw mvd`mflm bmlkgms avadcabcm.Jkwmvmr, dt gust acsk bm rmacdzm` tjat okr skgm rmndkfs, arljamkckndlac survmys rmgadf tjm

sdfncm gkst dgpkrtaft skurlm ko dfokrgatdkf af` prkvd`m a gulj-fmm`m` lkftmxtuacdzatdkf kotjm omw mxlavatdkfs larrdm` kut df tjmsm rmndkfs. @mspdtm dts mvd`mft cdgdtatdkfs, survmy mvd`mflmds tkk vacuabcm tk bm lkgpcmtmcy mxlcu`m` orkg afy rmndkfac afacysds. Lkflcu`dfn, tjmf, dt smmgstjat lkgbdfdfn mvd`mflm orkg survmys af` mxlavatdkfs jas tjm nrmatmst pktmftdac ko jdnjcdnjtdfnrmndkfac trmf`s tjrkunj tdgm.

0.< Urkbcmgs ko pjasm-basm` ljrkfkckny

\tu`dms basm` kf survmy àta rmcy kf gatmrdac tjat jas bmmf lkccmltm` orkg tjm suroalm, ratjmr tjafkbtadfm` orkg mxlavatdkfs. Okr catm Fmkcdtjdl af` catmr sdtms, pkttmry orangmfts arm nmfmraccy tjmgkst abufàft gatmrdac, af` tjmrmokrm tjm gkst sudtabcm ljrkfkckndlac garimrs. Dt ds assugm` tjatgatmrdac prmsmft kf tjm suroalm ko a sdtm df skgm way rmocmlts tjm usm af` kllupatdkf ko tjat sdtm.Basm` kf tjds assugptdkf, survmym` arljamkckndlac sdtms arm àtm` tk pjasms ko wjdlj artmoaltsarm prmsmft kf tjm suroalm ko tjm sdtm.2: ^dtjkut stratdnrapjdl àta kbtadfm` orkg mxlavatdkf, sdtmkllupatdkf pjasms laffkt bm gkrm prmldsmcy mstabcdsjm` tjaf tjm tdgm-`mptj ko tjm prmvadcdfn ar-ljamkckndlac ljrkfkckny acckws. Do a ndvmf pkttmry typm laf okr mxagpcm bm àtm` tk wdtjdf a lmf-

tury, tjm lmftury bmlkgms tjm sgaccmst ufdt ko tdgm wdtjdf wjdlj kllupatdkf sdnfdodm` by tjat typmko pkttmry laf bm àtm` do kfcy survmy mvd`mflm ds avadcabcm.

Ukttmry, as tjm gkst abufàft ljrkfkckndlac garimr df survmy lkccmltdkfs, ds nmfmraccy àtm`tjrkunj stycdstdl vardatdkf, af` tjds wdcc cdimcy cma` tk tjm dgpksdtdkf ko pjasms upkf lucturm ljafnm,kr ratjmr dts gatmrdac rmgadfs. Pjm `mcdfmatdkf ko pjasms dfdtdaccy jmcps tk brdfn kr`mr dftk tjm vard-

2> Dt ds okr mxagpcm pkssdbcm tjat sgaccmr sdtms rmprmsmftm` tmgpkrary lagps kr anrdlucturac statdkfs tjat wmrm fkt kllu-pdm` ymar-rkuf`, but as Jkrfm jas sjkwf (144<8 0>), dt gay bm mxtrmgmcy `doodluct tk `dstdfnudsj bmtwmmf sulj statdkfsaf` pmrgafmft `wmccdfns.

2: Df tjm okcckwdfn `dslussdkf, af` drrmspmltdvm ko jkw a ljrkfkckndlac ufdt ds laccm` mcsmwjmrm, tjm tmrg pjasm ds usm`tk `msdnfatm tjm sgaccmst ljrkfkckndlac ufdt tjat laf bm d`mftdodm` df arljamkckndlac gatmrdac lucturm `mvmckpgmft. Apjasm ds usuaccy `dstdfnudsjm` by `mcdfmatdfn a partdlucar smt ko omaturms, attrdbutms, kr artmoalts appmardfn tknmtjmrokr a lmrtadf agkuft ko tdgm. Pjm tmrg pjasm ds prmomrrm` abkvm sdgdcar fktdkfs sulj as stratug, kr cmvmc as tjmsm

arm stratdnrapjdl ufdts tjat arm strdltcy spmaidfn ufrmcatm` tk lucturac `mvmckpgmft af` lmrtadfcy laffkt bm appcdm` tkgatmrdac ydmc`m` by suroalm survmys.



04


atdkf kbsmrvm` df tjm arljamkckndlac rmlkr`, af` acckws arljamkckndsts tk `mvmckp a vklabucary tk`dsluss tjds vardatdkf. At a catmr stanm, jkwmvmr, tjm rawbalis ko pjasm-basm` ljrkfkckny bmlkgmapparmft (Uckn af` Jaftgaf 1445). Pjm odrst `rawbali ds tjat a pjasm-basm` ljrkfkckny dgpcdmstjat lucturm ljafnm ds stmp-wdsm, ratjmr tjaf lkftdfukus. By dgpksdfn pjasms kf lucturm ljafnm,dt ds assugm` tjat pjasms wmrm stabcm pmrdk`s wdtjkut vardatdkf, dftmrspmrsm` by sjkrt pmrdk`s ko

ljafnm. \mlkf`cy, pjasms laf gasi vardmty, mspmldaccy wjmf tjmdr ùratdkf ds vmry ckfn. Do a ckfnpmrdk` ko tdgm ds `dvd`m` df omw pjasms, dt bmlkgms `doodluct tk stu`y tjm lkrrmcatdkf bmtwmmf luc-turm ljafnm af` ktjmr `daljrkfdl prklmssms, okr mxagpcm lcdgatm ljafnm (Uckn af` Jaftgaf 14458005“1). Pjdr`cy, pkttmry typms tjat arm df usm okr af mxlmptdkfaccy ckfn pmrdk` arm kotmf fmncmltm` dftjm prklmss ko pjasm `mcdfmatdkf df oavkur ko typms wdtj sjkrtmr cdom-spafs tjat bmttmr df`dlatm `da-ljrkfdl ljafnms. Pjds gay bm trum orkg a pmrspmltdvm ko ljrkfkckny lkfstrultdkf, but wjat tjmsmckfn-cdvdfn typms sdnfdoy ds mxaltcy tjm kppksdtm, fagmcy tjat ackfnsd`m ljafnm, tjmrm ds lkfsd`mrabcmlkftdfudty bmtwmmf pjasms. Dt ds kfcy tjm arljamkckndst—s prm`dcmltdkf okr wdtj ljafnm tjat fmncmltstjds lkftdfudty (lo. Ukrtmr 255>8 >2). Odfaccy, tjmrm ds tjm sdtm lkftmgpkrafmdty prkbcmg, wjdlj wdccbm `dslussm` df tjm okcckwdfn smltdkf. Uckn af` Jaftgaf arm, jkwmvmr, awarm tjat8 ‚Ujasm basm`ljrkfkckndms arm tjus kotmf a lkgprkgdsm bmtwmmf wjat ds fmm`m` af` wjat ds attadfabcm, bmtwmmfa `msdrm tk uf`mrstaf` as gulj ko tjm kbsmrvm` vardatdkf as pkssdbcm af` tjm fmlmssdty ko lkfvmy-dfn dfokrgatdkf tk kfm—s lkccmanums— (14458 005).

0.0 Pjm lkftmgpkrafmdty prkbcmg

Gafy stu`dms ko survmy ata mxpcdldtcy kr dgpcdldtcy assugm tjat sdtms atm` tk tjm sagm ljrkfkcknd-lac pjasm wmrm lkftmgpkrafmkus af` wmrm kllupdm` tjrkunjkut tjm mftdrm pjasm. Pjm assugptdkfko sdtm lkftmgpkrafmdty gay bm oacsm wjmf sdtms wmrm kfcy kllupdm` okr a sjkrtmr pmrdk` ko tdgm

wdtjdf a pjasm, af` fkt ùrdfn tjm mftdrm pjasm. As mxlavatdkfs kotmf sjkw dftmrspmrsm` pmrdk`sko kllupatdkf af` abaf`kfgmft, dt ds rmaskfabcm tk assugm tjat sdtms wmrm pmrdk`dlaccy `msmrtm`,rmnar`cmss ko tjm lausm. Mspmldaccy do a pjasm castm` okr guctdpcm lmfturdms, dt ds cdimcy tjat sdtms wmrmmstabcdsjm` kr abaf`kfm` wdtjdf tjat pjasm, but gatmrdac lucturm ackfm wkuc` fkt bm suoodldmft tk

`mtmlt tjds sjkrtmr cdomspaf. Do acc sdtms orkg a partdlucar pjasm arm lkfsd`mrm` lkftmgpkrafmkus,tjmrm ds a rdsi ko lkuftdfn gkrm sdtms tjaf altuaccy mxdstm` at afy pkdft df tdgm ùrdfn tjat pmrdk`,bmlausm skgm sdtms mxdstm` smqumftdaccy ratjmr tjaf syfljrkfdlaccy. Lkfsmqumftcy, pkpucatdkf ms-tdgatms basm` kf sdtm fugbmrs wdcc bm tkk jdnj, af` sdtm latljgmft af` tmrrdtkry afacysms wdcc bmocawm`. Acrma`y as marcy as 14?=, Aàgs rmlknfdzm` df jds stu`y kf smttcmgmft df tjm @dyaca Basdftjm prkbcmg ko kvmrpkpucatdfn tjm caf`slapm wdtj sdtms df tjm lasm ko smqumftdac dfstma` ko lkf-tmgpkrafmkus kllupatdkfs (14?=8 120). Pjds kbsmrvatdkf ds vardkuscy cabmccm` tjm prkbcmg ko kvmr-mstdgatm` gaps (Aggmrgaf 14:18 >>), kr tjm lkftmgpkrafmdty prkbcmg (\ljaljt 14:0).

Pjm kbvdkus skcutdkf tk tjm gmftdkfm` prkbcmgs ds tk dflrmasm ljrkfkckndlac `dslrdgdfatdkf uptk tjm pkdft tjat sdtms laf bm assugm` tk bm kllupdm` ùrdfn af mftdrm pjasm. Ljrkfkckndlac `ds-lrdgdfatdkf ko pjasms, jkwmvmr, ds af kfnkdfn prklmss tjat kfcy skcvms tjm lkftmgpkrafmdty prkb-cmg df tjm ckfn tmrg. Df tjm absmflm ko bmttmr ljrkfkckndms, ktjmr gmtjk`s javm bmmf mgpckym`

tk lkgpmfsatm okr tjm lkftmgpkrafmdty prkbcmg.Uckn sunnmstm` cdom-jdstkrdms okr malj sdtm (Uckn 14>0 quktm` df ^mdss 14>>). Jm `dvd`m` pjasms

dftk sgaccmr tdgm ufdts, af` assdnfm` tktac sdtm sdzm tk tjm gd``cm ufdt ko malj pjasm, af` sgaccmrsdzms tk tjm dfdtdac af` odfac ufdts ko malj pjasm. Pktac sdtm sdzm okr tjm mftdrm pjasm was tjmf lac-lucatm` by a``dfn tjm sdtm sdzms ko malj tdgm ufdt tknmtjmr. Pjus, sdtms nrmw af` `mlcdfm` wdtjdf asdfncm pjasm. mdss (14>>) sunnmstm` `dvd`dfn tjm tktac agkuft ko kllupdm` jmltarms df a pjasm bytjm cmfntj ko tjm pjasm df ymars, as a gmasurm ko smttcmgmft dftmfsdty. Jkwmvmr, bktj apprkaljmsstdcc assugm tjat sdtms mxdstm` ùrdfn af mftdrm pjasm, actjkunj tjm apprkalj kutcdfm` by ^mdss dscdimcy tk `mocatm altuac kllupdm` lugucatdvm sdtm sdzm pmr pjasm. \ugfmr (1445) d`mftdodm` lkftmg-pkrafmkus smttcmgmft by assugdfn tjat smttcmgmfts kllupdm` ùrdfn twk lkfsmlutdvm pjasms wmrmdfjabdtm` ùrdfn af` arkuf` tjm trafsdtdkf bmtwmmf tjmsm pjasms, af` by assugdfn tjat sdtms kl-lupdm` ùrdfn tjrmm lkfsmlutdvm pmrdk`s wmrm kllupdm` ùrdfn tjm gd`-pkdft ko tjm gd``cm pjasm.

Ljapgaf (14448 >2) prkpksm` tjat lcustmrs ko sdtms rmprmsmft smqumftdac kllupatdkf ko af arma



=5


by tjm sagm sgacc nrkup, oavkurdfn rmsd`mftdac gkbdcdty ko a sgacc nrkup kvmr a carnm sm`mftarypkpucatdkf as af mxpcafatdkf okr tjm nrmat fugbmr ko kbsmrvm` sdtms ùrdfn spmldodl pjasms. Pjdsskcutdkf assugms, jkwmvmr, tjat tjmrm was a jdnj `mnrmm ko gkbdcdty, af` `kms fkt lkgpmfsatm okrtjm ùratdkf ko df`dvdùac pjasms.

0.0.1 \dgucatdfn sdtm lkftmgpkrafmdty

Budc`dfn kf marcdmr apprkaljms, @mwar (1441) sunnmstm` a sdgucatdkf gmtjk` okr mstabcdsjdfn lkf-tmgpkrafmkus sdtm kllupatdkfs. Pjds gmtjk` usms assugptdkfs sdgdcar tk \ugfmr—s prkpksdtdkfskutcdfm` abkvm. Okcckwdfn tjm rmlknfdtdkf tjat tjm trafsdtdkfs bmtwmmf pjasms rmprmsmft imy pkdftsdf tjm kllupatdkfac jdstkry ko sdtms, @mwar `mvmckpm` a sdtm typkckny basm` kf tjm prmsmflm krabsmflm ko arljamkckndlac gatmrdac orkg lkfsmlutdvm pjasms. ^dtjkut stratdnrapjdl mvd`mflm, tjmrmcatdkf bmtwmmf arljamkckndlac odf`s orkg lkfsmlutdvm pjasms rmgadfs ufifkwf. Acsk, tjm àtmko tjm odf` wdtjdf tjm pjasm tk wjdlj dt ds àtm` rmgadfs ufifkwf. Pjus, a odf` orkg a jypktjmtd-lac pjasm Z lkuc` bmckfn tk tjm bmndffdfn ko pjasm Z, wjmrmas a odf` orkg subsmqumft pjasm Tlkuc` bmckfn tk tjm mf` ko tjat pjasm. Pjm assugptdkf tjat tjmsm odf`s sdnfdoy kllupatdkf okr tjmmftdrm cmfntjs ko pjasms Z af` T rufs lkuftmr tk tjm prmsmflm ko sdnfdodlaft kllupatdkfac naps at

tjm sdtm (Odn. 0.1).Do a pjasm castm` okr guctdpcm lmfturdms, dt laffkt bm assugm` tjat kllupatdkf castm` okr tjm

mftdrm ùratdkf ko tjm pjasm, af` kllupatdkf okr kfcy part ko tjm pjasm gust bm rmlikfm` wdtj. Astjm pjasm acrma`y rmprmsmfts tjm sgaccmst ufdt ko tdgm tjat laf bm `dstdfnudsjm` df tjm arljamkcknd-lac rmlkr`, dt ds dgpkssdbcm tk ifkw okr jkw ckfn a sdtm mxdstm` wdtjdf tjat pjasm. As a rmsuct, dt dsacsk dgpkssdbcm tk ifkw wjdlj sdtms mxdstm` sdguctafmkuscy.

Pjm imy tk skcvdfn tjds prkbcmg ds tk bm okuf` df tjm trafsdtdkf pkdfts bmtwmmf arljamkckndlacpjasms. Pwk assugptdkfs arm ga`m tk skcvm tjm lkftmgpkrafmdty prkbcmg8 ( a ) do twk lkfsmlutdvmpjasms arm prmsmft at a sdtm, dt ds assugm` tjat tjm sdtm was kllupdm` at cmast at tjm trafsdtdkf pkdftbmtwmmf tjmsm pjasms (lo. \ugfmr 1445)9 af` ( b ) do a sdtm was kllupdm` at tjm bmndffdfn af` mf` koa pjasm, dt ds assugm` tjat tjm sdtm was acsk kllupdm` ùrdfn tjm rmst ko tjat pjasm. Assugptdkf ( a )ds basm` kf tjm d`ma tjat sdtms wdtj gatmrdac orkg twk lkfsmlutdvm pjasms javm a jdnjmr prkbabdcdty ko

bmdfn kllupdm` ùrdfn tjm trafsdtdkf bmtwmmf tjmsm pjasms, tjaf sdtms wdtj gatmrdac orkg kfcy kfmko tjmsm pjasms. Pjds lkflmpt ko prkbabdcdty ds tjmf mxtmf`m` df assugptdkf ( b ), rmsuctdfn df a ‚`y-fagdl prkbabdcdty gk`mc— ko smttcmgmft abaf`kfgmft af` mstabcdsjgmft (^dcidfskf 2555a8 204).

Pjmsm assugptdkfs laf bm rmprmsmftm` nrapjdlaccy by dflcu`dfn tjm star tdfn af` mf` pkdfts koafy ndvmf pjasm as `dslrmtm pkdfts df tdgm, t

1 af` t

2 (Odn. 0.2). \dtms arm tjmf lcassdodm` allkr`dfn

tk wjmtjmr kr fkt tjmy wmrm kllupdm` at afy kfm ko tjmsm pkdfts. Df tjds way, okur `doomrmft kl-lupatdkf typms a “ laf bm `dstdfnudsjm` okr jypktjmtdlac pjasm T. A typm a sdtm ds kllupdm` at t

1

but fkt at t 2 . Pjds gmafs tjat tjm sdtm acrma`y mxdstm` df pjasm Z, but was abaf`kfm` skgmwjmrm

ùrdfn pjasm T. A typm b sdtm ds kllupdm` at t 1 af` t

2 , af` by assugptdkf ( b ) dt okcckws tjat tjm sdtm

was kllupdm` ùrdfn tjm mftdrm cmfntj ko pjasm T. A typm l sdtm was kllupdm` at pkdft t 2 but fkt

at t 1 sk kllupatdkf gust javm startm` skgmwjmrm df pjasm T af` lkftdfum` dftk tjm fmxt pjasm.

Kllupatdkf ko a typm ` sdtm ds fkt attmstm` at mdtjmr pkdft t 1 kr t

2 , af` mstabcdsjgmft af` abaf`kf-

gmft ko typm ` sdtms gust javm taimf pcalm mftdrmcy wdtjdf pjasm T. Ljafnms df tjm ratdks bmtwmmftjmsm kllupatdkf typms laf pktmftdaccy df`dlatm ckfn-tmrg smttcmgmft pattmrf ljafnms. Okr mxagpcm,a jdnj ratdk ko typm ` sdtms gay df`dlatm a jdnj smttcmgmft ocux, wjmrmby smttcmgmfts arm rmnucarcyrmcklatm`. Lkfvmrsmcy, a carnm fugbmr ko typm b sdtms lkuc` df`dlatm ckfn-tmrg smttcmgmft stabdcdty(@mwar 1441).

pjasm Z pjasm XpjasmT

rmac kllupatdkf

rmlkfstrultm` kllupatdkf

nap nap

Odn. 0.18 @dslrmpafly bmtwmmf rmac pmrdk`s ko kllupatdkf at a sdtm okr jypktjmtdlac pjasms Z, T, af` X, af` tjm pmrdk` ko kl-

lupatdkf as dt wkuc` bm rmlkfstrultm` orkg survmy f`s orkg tjat sdtm.



=1


Odn. 0.28 Kllupatdkf typms a “ okr jypktjmtdlac pjasms Z, T, af` X, af` trafsdtdkf pkdfts t 1 af` t

2 . Cmttmrs a “ l df`dlatm tjm pmrdk`

ko tdgm ùrdfn wjdlj tjmsm sdtm typms wmrm lmrtadfcy kllupdm`. Cmttmr ` df`dlatms a katdfn pmrdk` ko tdgm df pjasm T ùrdfn wjdlj tjm sdtm was kllupdm`. @asjm` cdfms df`dlatm a pmr dk` ko tdgm ùr dfn wjdlj tjm s dtm gay javm bmmf kllupdm` (aotmr @mwar14418 n. <).

Pjds prklmùrm ko lcassdoydfn sdtms laf bm rmpmatm` okr lkfsmlutdvm pmrdk`s af` okr guctdpcmsdtms, wjmrmby t

2 ko afy ndvmf pjasm mquacs t

1 ko tjm okcckwdfn pjasm. Pjm rmsuctdfn lcassdodlatdkf

ko sdtms allkr`dfn tk kllupatdkf typm laf bm usm` tk nmfmratm mquatdkfs ko sdtm abaf`kfgmft af`mstabcdsjgmft ratms. Dt ds assugm` tjat smttcmgmft abaf`kfgmft af` mstabcdsjgmft arm rmcatdvmcylkftdfukus prklmssms af` tjat mvmry sdtm jas af mquac prkbabdcdty ko bmdfn abaf`kfm` kr mstab-cdsjm`. Pjm sdtm abaf`kfgmft ratm A

kll ko a ndvmf pjasm ds tjmf laclucatm` as tjm fugbmr ko sdtms

tjat ds abaf`kfm` ùrdfn a pjasm, tjat ds, acc typm a af` ` sdtms, `dvd`m` by p, tjm ùratdkf ko tjmpjasm df ymars8

(1) Akll

7 ( a + ` ) / p

Pjm sdtm mstabcdsjgmft ratm Mkll

ds sdgdcarcy laclucatm` as tjm fugbmr ko sdtms mstabcdsjm` ùrdfn apjasm, tjat ds, acc typm l af` typm ` sdtms, `dvd`m` by p8

(2) Mkll

7 ( l + ` ) / p

Dt ds fkw pkssdbcm tk sdgucatm tjm avmranm fugbmr ko sdguctafmkuscy kllupdm` sdtms ùrdfn apjasm. Pjds sdgucatdkf starts wdtj tjm fugbmr ko sdtms mxdstdfn at t

1

, a +b , af` sdgucatms okr mvmryymar uftdc t

2 tjm prkbabdcdty tjat a sdtm ds abaf`kfm` af`/kr mstabcdsjm`. Pjm sdtm abaf`kfgmft

prkbabdcdty mquacs Akll

, wjmrmas tjm sdtm mstabcdsjgmft prkbabdcdty ds mquac tk Mkll

. Bmlausm ko tjmgmtjk` usm` tk laclucatm A

kll af` M

kll , tjm fugbmr ko sdtms at t

2 wdcc dfvardabcy mquac kr apprkalj

b +l . Okr mvmry ymar, tjm fugbmr ko sdguctafmkuscy mxdstdfn sdtms ds fktm` af` tjmsm fugbmrs armusm` tk laclucatm tjm avmranm fugbmr ko sdguctafmkuscy mxdstdfn sdtms ùrdfn tjat pjasm (@mwar1441). Df ourtjmr laclucatdkfs, tjds avmranm fugbmr ds taimf tk bm rmprmsmftatdvm okr pkdft t

1.= , tjat

ds, tjm gd``cm ko a pjasm. Pjm fugbmr ko sdguctafmkuscy mxdstdfn sdtms ds fkw ifkwf okr pkdftst 1 af` t

2 , rmspmltdvmcy tjm startdfn af` mf` pkdfts ko a pjasm, af` pkdft t

1.= , tjm gd``cm ko tjat

pjasm.24

0.0.2 Mvacuatdfn tjm sdtm lkftmgpkrafmdty gk`mc af` dts rmsucts

Pjm sdtm lkftmgpkrafmdty gk`mc jas smvmrac wmaifmssms rmsuctdfn orkg dts gatjmgatdlac af` tjmk-rmtdlac assugptdkfs. Odrst, tjm gk`mc laffkt `mac wdtj guctdpcm smqumftdac kllupatdkfs ùrdfn asdfncm pjasm, as laf bm dccustratm` by tjm okcckwdfn mxagpcm. ^jmf tjm àta kf rmac kllupatdkf orkgOdn. 0.1 arm mftmrm` dftk tjm gk`mc—s okrgat ko typm a “ kllupatdkfs, dt wkuc` rmsuct df tjm sdtm bm-dfn typm l ùrdfn pjasm Z, typm b ùrdfn pjasm T, af` typm a ùrdfn pjasm X do tjmrm wmrm fk ktjmrkllupatdkf pmrdk`s. Pjds mxagpcm sjkws tjat @mwar—s gk`mc ds ufabcm tk `mtmlt tjm kllupatdkf napdf pjasm Z. Gkrm nmfmraccy, tjds gmafs tjat tjm gk`mc oadcs tk `mtmlt guctdpcm kllupatdkfs wdtjdf a

24 Pjm sdgucatdkfs wmrm lkgputm` wdtj tjm \mt@yf2 lkgputmr prknrag tjat ds a scdnjtcy gk`dodm` vmrsdkf ko tjm prk-nrag prkvd`m` df @mwar 1441. Pjm gadf `doomrmflm ds tjat tjm \mt@yf2 vmrsdkf usms a Ukdsskf `dstrdbutdkf dfstma` ko

a sdgpcm prkbabdcdty okr tjm laclucatdkf ko tjm ljaflm tjat a sdtm ds abaf`kfm` kr mstabcdsjm`. Pjm prknrag acckws tjmsdgucatdkfs tk bm rmpmatm` 1555 tdgms pmr pjasm tk ljmli tjm stabdcdty ko tjm mstdgatms.

pjasm Z Z-T pjasm T pjasm XT-X

aaa

lll

```

bbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbb

t 1 t 2



=2


sdfncm pjasm (@mwar 14408 1=5). Pjus, tjds rmlkfstrultdkf ds stdcc kfcy af apprkxdgatdkf ko tjm rmackllupatdkf, but dt bmttmr rmocmlts tjm uflmrtadftdms abkut kllupatdkf cmfntj tjaf tjm assugptdkftjat tjm sdtm mxdstm` okr tjm mftdrm cmfntj ko mvmry pjasm okr wjdlj gatmrdac ds mvd`mflm .

Ourtjmrgkrm, oadcurm tk d`mftdoy af kllupatdkf jdatus orkg survmy àta ljafnms tjm kllupatdkftypm ko a sdtm. Paim a sdtm okr wjdlj survmy mvd`mflm df`dlatms a lkftdfukus smqumflm okr twk sul-

lmssdvm pjasms tjat, wjmf mxlavatm`, sjkws a `mstrultdkf caymr bmtwmmf tjmsm pjasms. Pjds wkuc`gmaf tjat a sdtm tjat was okrgmrcy lkfsd`mrm` a typm l sdtm df tjm odrst pjasm, af` a typm a sdtm df tjmsmlkf`, ds fkw a typm ` kllupatdkf df bktj pjasms. Dfput ko tjmsm `doomrmft kllupatdkf typms dftjm lkftmgpkrafmdty sdgucatdkf wdcc rmsuct df scdnjtcy ckwmr mstdgatms ko lkftmgpkrary sdtms df tjmlasm ko twk typm ` sdtms as lkgparm` tk a typm l af` typm a sdtm. Acsk, tjm abaf`kfgmft ratm df tjmodrst pjasm wdcc bm scdnjtcy ckwmr, af` tjm sdtm mstabcdsjgmft ratm df tjm smlkf` pjasm wdcc bm scdnjtcyjdnjmr (@mwar 14418 ?15“11). Lkfsd`mrdfn tjm rmcatdvmcy carnm fugbmr ko sdtms, tjm moomlts kf tjmmstdgatms wdcc bm gdfkr.

A tjdr` prkbcmg dfvkcvms tjm assugptdkf tjat sdtms wdtj gatmrdac ko twk lkfsmlutdvm pjasms armkllupdm` ùrdfn tjm trafsdtdkf bmtwmmf tjmsm pjasms. Pjds assugptdkf lkftra`dlts tjm dftudtdvm d`matjat tjds trafsdtdkf ds a pmrdk` ko ljafnm, pkssdbcy dflcu dfn, kr rmsuctdfn orkg, abaf`kfgmft kr tjmrmpcalmgmft ko kfm lucturac nrkup by afktjmr. Pjds d`ma ds, jkwmvmr, fkt fmlmssardcy lkrrmlt af``mrdvms orkg a lkflmptuac gdsuf`mrstaf`dfn ko wjat a pjasm rmprmsmfts. Af arljamkckndlac pjasmrmprmsmfts a partdlucar smt ko omaturms, attrdbutms, kr kbhmlts appmardfn tknmtjmr okr a lmrtadf pmrdk`df tdgm. Pjds lkgbdfatdkf ds subhmlt tk ljafnm, af` kflm sdnfdodlaft ljafnm jas kllurrm`, dt laf bm`msdnfatm` a fmw pjasm. A trafsdt dkf bmtwmmf twk pjasms ds, jkwmvmr, kfcy rarmcy allkgpafdm` by aljafnm ko tjm tktac asskldatm` dfvmftkry kr acc ko dts attrdbutms. Kfcy do sulj strkfn vardatdkf ds kb-smrvm`, gdnjt tjm trafsdtdkf bmtwmmf twk pjasms gay altuaccy lkdfld`m wdtj a pkssdbcm smttcmgmftabaf`kfgmft okcckwm` by rmkllupatdkf by afktjmr lucturac nrkup. Gkrm lkggkfcy, jkwmvmr, kfmkr gkrm typms wdcc larry kvmr tjm odrst dftk tjm smlkf` pjasm. Pjm `dstdfltdkf bmtwmmf pjasms dstjmrmokrm prdgardcy a prkùlt ko tjm lurrmft arljamkckndlac `dslkursm, dts jdstkry, af` dts lkflmp-tdkf ko ljafnm, af` kfcy rarmcy a trum rmocmltdkf ko smttcmgmft abaf`kfgmft af` rmkllupatdkf koa sdtm. Df ktjmr wkr`s, tjmrm ds fk a prdkrd rmaskf wjy a sdtm gay fkt bm kllupdm` at tjm trafsdtdkfbmtwmmf twk pjasms.

Okurtjcy, tjm sdtm lkftmgpkrafmdty gk`mc assugms lkfstaft ratms ko sdtm abaf`kfgmft ( Akll )

af` sdtm mstabcdsjgmft ( Mkll ) okr malj pjasm. Pjds gay fkt fmlmssardcy rmocmlt rmac dty as tjmrm gay

javm bmmf gkgmfts ko rmndkfac `mstrultdkf, okr mxagpcm rmsuctdfn orkg martjquaims kr lkfocdlt.Df tjmsm lasms, tjm rmlkfstrultm` fugbmr ko sdguctafmkuscy kllupdm` smttcmgmfts wkuc` bm ocawm`.\ulj rmndkfac `mstrultdkfs arm kotmf rmlkfstrultm` usdfn a lkgbdfatdkf ko stratdnrapjdlac, jds-tkrdlac, lucturac, af` ra`dklarbkf ljrkfkckndms. Pjm lkgbdfatdkf ko ra`dklarbkf àtms wdtj ktjmrtypms ko mvd`mflm gay, jkwmvmr, cma` tk ‚suli df af` sgmar moomlts—. Af abrupt mvmft ds sgmarm`kut kvmr tdgm tjrkunj tjm dfjmrmft dgprmldsdkf ko ra`dklarbkf àtms. Urmldsmcy àtm` jdstkrdlacmvmfts, kf tjm ktjmr jaf`, tmf` tk ‚suli df— gkrm pkkrcy àtm` mvd`mflm, mspmldaccy do tjat mvd`mflmds ra`dklarbkf àtm`. Pjrkunj tjds prklmss, oacsm mvmft jkrdzkfs gay bm lrmatm` (Badccdm 144:). Afmxagpcm ko sulj af mvmft jkrdzkf ds tjm attrdbutdkf ko `mstrultdkfs at smvmrac sdtms tk tjm Aiia`daf

idfns \arnkf af` Farag-\df, rmlkr`m` df tmxts, mvd`mflm` by mxlavatdkfs af` suppksm`cy sup-pkrtm` by ra`dklarbkf àtms. Pjm usm ko jdstkrdlac tmxts kfcy tk pdfpkdft `mstrultdkfs ds jagpmrm`by tjm oalt tjat rucmrs kotmf lcadgm` gkrm `mm`s tjaf tjmy altuaccy larrdm` kut. Odfaccy, lucturacljrkfkckndms arm rarmcy suoodldmftcy `mtadcm` tk àtm `mstrultdkfs, mvmf at fmdnjbkurdfn sdtms, gkrmprmldsmcy tjaf 155 ymars.

Odotjcy, Idftdnj (1440) prkpksm` tk rmvdsm @mwar—s gk`mc df kr`mr tk rmgkvm smvmrac ktjmrdfjmrmft ocaws. Allkr`dfn tk Idftdnj, @mwar—s sdgucatdkf ko tjm fugbmr ko lkftmgpkrary sdtms`kms fkt taim dftk allkuft dfokrgatdkf orkg typm ` sdtms, af` tjm fugbmr ko lkftmgpkrary sdtmsds laclucatm` df`mpmf`mftcy ko pjasm cmfntj. Jm acsk sjkwm` tjat tjm stafàr` `mvdatdkf rmsuctdfnorkg tjm sdgucatdkf gay bm ufrmacdstdlaccy ckw ùm tk tjm prknrag—s budct-df cdgdt ko kfcy kfm sdtmabaf`kfgmft af`/kr mstabcdsjgmft pmr ymar. Idftdnj—s rmvdsdkfs dflcu`m` a oufàgmftac `doomr-mflm bmtwmmf typm b sdtms kf tjm kfm jaf`, af` typm a , l , af` ` sdtms kf tjm ktjmr jaf`. Jds gk`mc

was budct arkuf` tjm assugptdkf tjat typm b sdtms arm oufàgmftaccy `doomrmft tjaf tjm ktjmr typmsbmlausm tjmdr kllupatdkf mxtmf`s bmykf` tjm ùratdkf ko a pjasm. Kllupatdkf cmfntj ko tjm ktjmr



=<


sdtms ds mssmftdaccy tjm sagm, kfcy tjm pkdft df tdgm ùrdfn wjdlj tjmy wmrm kllupdm` vardms. Idftdnjtjmrmokrm koomrm` fmw laclucatdkfs okr kllupatdkf cmfntj ko tjmsm twk typms. Jds mstdgatdkfs ko tjmfugbmr ko lkftmgpkrary sdtms arm nmfmraccy jdnjmr tjaf tjksm `mrdvm` orkg @mwar—s sdgucatdkf.

Df a rmspkfsm, @mwar (1440) arnums tjat Idftdnj—s rmvdsdkfs tk tjm krdndfac gk`mc `mrdvm orkg a`doomrmft uf`mrstaf`dfn ko tjm lkflmpts uf`mrcydfn tjm gk`mc. Dfstma` ko arnudfn tjat typm b sdtms

kf tjm kfm jaf` af` typm a , l , af` ` sdtms kf tjm ktjmr arm oufàgmftaccy `doomrmft as rmnar`s kl-lupatdkf cmfntj, @mwar lkflmdvms tjmsm sdtms as rmprmsmftdfn `doomrmft kllupatdkf spafs kf a lkf-tdfukus dstrdbutdkf. Df sulj a `dstrdbutdkf, typm b sdtms rmprmsmft sdtms wdtj tjm ckfnmst kllupatdkfspafs. Acsk, Idftdnj—s rmvdsm` okrgucas okr laclucatdfn sdtm kllupatdkf spafs skgmtdgms oadc tk gmmtaf dgpkrtaft lrdtmrdkf okr typm b sdtms, fagmcy tjat tjmdr kllupatdkf cmfntj gust bm ckfnmr tjaf tjmùratdkf ko a pjasm. Odfaccy, wjmrmas @mwar—s sdgucatdkf prkvd`ms a stafàr` `mvdatdkf ko tjm ms-tdgatm` fugbmr ko lkftmgpkrary sdtms, Idftdnj—s rmvdsm` okrgucas `k fkt. Pjm stafàr` `mvdatdkfpartcy rmocmlts tjm fugbmr ko typm ` sdtms ùrdfn a pjasm af` sdnfdodms ljafnms df sdtm abaf`kfgmftaf` mstabcdsjgmft ratms. \uggardzdfn, tjmf, tjmrm ds fk fmm` tk appcy Idftdnj—s rmvdsm` okrgucas,actjkunj tjmy `k rmprmsmft a vdabcm actmrfatdvm tk @mwar—s krdndfac sdgucatdkf. Bktj autjkrs anrmm,jkwmvmr, tjat tjmrm ds a nrmat fmm` okr gk`mcs ko sdtm lkftmgpkrafmdty df tjm stu`y ko survmy àta(lo. ^dcidfskf 2555a8 20:“4).<5

A odfac kbhmltdkf tk @mwar—s sdgucatdkf gay bm tjat dt dftrkùlms a fugbmr ko ufvmrdodabcm vardabcms, cma`dfn tk wjat lkuc` bm laccm` a o ckatdfn rmlkfstrultdkf ko lkftmgpkrary sdtms. Pjmsm vardabcms arm tjm assugptdkf ko a stma`y ratm ko A

kll af` M

kll , as wmcc as tjm `mrdvm` prkbabdcdty tjat

a sdtm ds mstabcdsjm` kr abaf`kfm`. Jkwmvmr, tjm usm ko tjmsm vardabcms `kms fkt cma` tk a rmlkf-strultdkf tjat ds mftdrmcy ufsuppkrtm` by tjm àta. At tjm trafsdtdkf pkdfts bmtwmmf pjasms, tjat ds,pkdfts t

1 af` t

2 , tjm fugbmr ko lkftmgpkrafmkus sdtms ds mftdrmcy basm` kf tjm prmsmflm kr absmflm

ko arljamkckndlac gatmrdac. Pjm fugbmr ko rmlkfstrultm` sdtms at pkdfts t 1 af` t

2 ds tjmrmokrm fkt

prkbabdcdstdl kr ockatdfn. Okr pkdft t 1.=

, tjm fugbmr ko lkftmgpkrafmkus sdtms ds partcy basm` kftjm prmsmflm ko arljamkckndlac gatmrdac, tjat ds, tjm typm b sdtms, af` partcy kf a sdgucatdkf usdfn

Akll

af` Mkll

. A `dstdfltdkf laf tjmrmokrm bm ga`m bmtwmmf tjm fkf-prkbabdcdstdl faturm ko pkdftst 1 af` t

2 kf tjm kfm jaf`, af` tjm partcy prkbabdcdstdl faturm ko pkdft t

1.= kf tjm ktjmr jaf`. Pjus,

tjm `mnrmm tk wjdlj tjm rmlkfstrultdkf ds ockatdfn ds cdgdtm`, af` tjmrm rmgadf pkdfts df tjm rmlkf-strultdkf tjat `drmltcy rmocmlt tjm uf`mrcydfn arljamkckndlac àta.

Pjm rmsucts orkg tjm sdgucatdkf rmprmsmft a prkbabcm avmranm fugbmr ko lkftmgpkrafmkuscykllupdm` sdtms pmr arljamkckndlac pjasm. Df ktjmr wkr`s, tjmrm ds acways a ljaflm tjat tjm altuacfugbmr ko kllupdm` sdtms was mdtjmr jdnjmr kr ckwmr. Df kr`mr tk acckw a bmttmr dftmrprmtatdkf kotjm sdgucatdkf rmsucts, tjm pktmftdac gaxdgug af` gdfdgug fugbmr ko sdtms pmr pjasm wdcc acskbm df`dlatm`. Pjm gaxdgug fugbmr ko kllupdm` sdtms pmr pjasm ds lkfsd`mrm` tk bm mquac tk tjmgaxdgug fugbmr ko sdtms tjat a survmy `mtmltm` okr tjat pjasm. Pjm gdfdgug fugbmr ko kllu-pdm` sdtms pmr pjasm ds lkfsd`mrm` mquac tk tjm fugbmr ko typm b sdtms pmr pjasm, as tjmsm sdtms javmtjm nrmatmst prkbabdcdty ko bmdfn lkftdfukuscy kllupdm`. Pjm `doomrmflms bmtwmmf tjm sdgucatdkfrmsucts af` tjm pktmftdac rafnm wdcc bm prmsmftm` smparatmcy okr malj survmy rmndkf (\mltdkf =.<).

0.0.< Mstdgatdfn tktac kllupdm` arma

\mttcmgmfts nk tjrkunj lylcms ko nrkwtj af` `mlcdfm, af` `doomrmft statms ko abaf`kfgmft, `m-pmf`dfn kf a fugbmr ko vardabcms, dflcu`dfn mfvdrkfgmft, mgknrapjy, af` skldac af` lucturac oal-tkrs. Dt ds tjmrmokrm tk bm mxpmltm` tjat smttcmgmft sdzm wdcc vary tjrkunj tdgm, af` tjat fkt acc partsko tjm smttcmgmft wdcc bm kllupdm` at tjm sagm tdgm. Jkusms, kr parts tjmrmko, laf bm bktj pmrga-fmftcy af` tmgpkrardcy abaf`kfm` (lo. Kttk 255?8 2=:). Uoàczfmr (25518 <0) fktms tjat jkusmjkc`lylcms mgmrndfn orkg, okr dfstaflm, bdrtj, gkrtacdty, af` garrdanms arm a strkfn gktdvatdkf okr tjmgk`dodlatdkf af`/kr rmbudc`dfn ko jkusms, df turf dfocumfldfn smttcmgmft krnafdzatdkf as a wjkcm.

Pjmsm lylcms, jkwmvmr, appmar tk bm rmcatdvmcy sjkr t df ùrat dkf, pmrjaps castdfn fk gkrm tjaf kfm

<5 Urmvdkus appcdlatdkfs ko @mwar—s gk`mc tk survmy àta orkg vardkus parts ko tjm Fmar Mast laf bm okuf` df Fmmcy af` ^rdnjt 1440, Ikuljkuiks 144:, Ukcckli 1444, Cykf 2555, af` Rdstvmt 255=.



=0


nmfmratdkf. Mfvdrkfgmftac lylcms gay ko lkursm cast ckfnmr (Jkrfm 14408 >4). Jkrfm (14408 >4)sunnmsts tjat mspmldaccy sgacc smttcmgmfts arm cdimcy tk suoomr orkg sulj lylcms, ùm tk tjm rmcatdvmcysmvmrm dgpalt ko `mgknrapjdl ljafnms, as lkgparm` tk smttcmgmfts wdtj carnmr pkpucatdkfs.

\mttcmgmft cklatdkf af` mxpafsdkf laf bm cdgdtm` by tjm avadcabdcdty ko caf` okr budc`dfn jkusms.Do a smttcmgmft ds cklatm` kf a tmcc, tjm sckpms ko tjm tmcc laf cdgdt mxpafsdkf ko tjm smttcmgmft. Ldty

waccs laf javm a sdgdcar moomlt. A stu`y ko tjm vdccanm ko Q`mdr, \yrda, df`dlatm` tjat mxpafsdkf kotjds vdccanm was dgpm`m` by tjm prmsmflm ko a lmgmtmry, nkk` quacdty arabcm caf`, af` tjm fmlms-sdty tk rmsmrvm kpmf caf` okr tjm pasturanm ko afdgac jmr`s (Aurmfljm af` @msoarnms 14:<). Pjdssunnmsts tjat, wjmf nkk` skdcs arm slarlm, af` tjmrmokrm df jdnj `mgaf`, tjmy wdcc fkt acways bmusm` okr smttcmgmft. Ratjmr, sulj armas gay rmgadf prdgardcy rmsmrvm` okr anrdlucturac kr pastkracprkùltdkf. \mttcmgmft wdcc tjmf mdtjmr bm gkvm` tk cmss omrtdcm skdcs, kr tk fkf-arabcm caf`s. Acsk,

wjmf arabcm caf` ds df jdnj `mgaf`, caf` prdlms kr tjmdr mqudvacmfts gay bm sk jdnj as tk rmstrdltjkusm sdzms af` smttcmgmft sdzms df nmfmrac (Iragmr 14:28 1?0). \ulj af mfvdrkfgmft wkuc` rmsuctdf jdnjcy lkgpaltm` smttcmgmfts. ^dtjdf sulj af mfvdrkfgmft, kllupafts ko a sdtm gay lkfsd`mrrmusdfn kc` parts ko a smttcmgmft as a vdabcm kptdkf wjmf tjm fmm` ardsms, okr mxagpcm as a rmsuct kopkpucatdkf nrkwtj, dfstma` ko mxpaf`dfn tjm smttcmgmft kftk usmouc arabcm caf`.

Pjm arljdtmlturac lkgpksdtdkf ko a smtt cmgmft ds vmry o cud`, as ds lcmarcy dc custratm` by Aurmfljmaf` @msoarnms— lasm-stu`y ko Q`mdr (14:<). Jkusms arm lkfstrultm`, `mgkcdsjm`, rmbudct, kr gk`d-odm` allkr`dfn tk tjm wjdgs af` fmm`s ko tjm kllupafts. Pjmsm altdvdtdms ljafnm tjm caykut ko tjmsmttcmgmft tjrkunj tdgm, af` gay acsk dgpalt kf tjm kvmracc pkpucatdkf `mfsdty wdtjdf tjm smt-tcmgmft. Af dftmrmstdfn kbsmrvatdkf ds tjm `doomrmflm df kf-sdtm pkpucatdkf `mfsdtdms basm` kf tjmùratdkf ko kllupatdkf ko tjat sdtm. Ukst-gm`dmvac, prm-gk`mrf Arabdl arljdtmlturm ds mssmftdaccyanncutdfatdvm df faturm, cma`dfn tk lugucatdvm odccdfn df ko kpmf spalms df a smttcmgmft, mspmldaccybmlausm gafy pkst-gm`dmvac Arabdl smttcmgmfts calim` a lmftrac autjkrdty rmnucatdfn tjm usm kospalm. Pjds cma`s tk tjm kc` tkwf lmftrms bmdfn tjm gkst mfsmcy budct-up parts ko smttcmgmfts, wdtjtjm jdnjmst pkpucatdkf `mfsdtdms. Aurmfljm af` @msoarnms kbsmrvm tjat mxpafsdkf dftk prmvdkuscyufkllupdm` armas kfcy kllurs wjmf acc caf` wdtjdf tjm vdccanm ds budct up. Pjds mxpafsdkf gay, jkw-mvmr, at tjm sagm tdgm bm allkgpafdm` by abaf`kfgmft ko kc`mr parts ko tjm vdccanm, prmsugabcybmlausm tjm fmwmr parts prkvm gkrm pcmasaft tk cdvm df (Aurmfljm af` @msoarnms 14:<8 1:<“=).

^jmf a sdtm—s tktac kllupdm` arma ds mstdgatm` orkg arljamkckndlac àta, tjm faturm ko tjm sdtmaf` tjm pkst-`mpksdtdkfac prklmssms altdfn upkf tjm gatmrdac orkg wjdlj tjm mstdgatm ds `mrdvm`gust bm taimf dftk allkuft. Gkst sdtms df tjm survmys afacysm` jmrm arm tmccs, gmafdfn tjat kc`mrpmrdk`s gay bm kbslurm` by catmr `mpksdtdkfs. Pjds gmafs tjat parts ko kr tjm mftdrm pmrdk` gaybm absmft orkg a suroalm lkccmltdkf, wjdlj df turf dfocumflms tjm mstdgatm ga`m okr tjm kllupdmàrma ùrdfn tjat pmrdk`. Pjmrm ds, jkwmvmr, rmaskf tk bmcdmvm tjat tjds prkbcmg ds cmss appcdlabcmtk tjm fkrtj Gmskpktagdaf Brkfzm Anm tjaf tk ktjmr pmrdk`s. Brkfzm Anm kllupatdkfs at gafytmccs smmg tk javm bmmf by oar tjm gkst mxtmfsdvm ko acc pmrdk`s, rmùldfn tjm ljaflm tjat tjmy wmrmlkgpcmtmcy kbslurm` by catmr kllupatdkfs. Mstdgatdkfs ko Brkfzm Anm kllupatdkf sdzms smmg,tjmf, gkrm rmcdabcm tjaf okr gafy ktjmr pmrdk`s (smm \mltdkf 0.2).

Pjm mstdgatdkf ko df`dvdùac sdtm sdzms ds prkbcmgatdl wjmf @mwar—s gmtjk` okr mstabcdsjdfn

sdtm lkftmgpkrafmdty ds usm`. Pjds gmtjk` mstabcdsjms tjm fugbmr ko lkftmgpkrafmkuscy kllu-pdm` sdtms okr tjrmm pkdfts df mvmry pjasm, t 1, t

1.= , af` t

2 . Jkwmvmr, pkdft t

2 ko afy pjasm ds mqudvacmft

wdtj pkdft t 1 ko tjm okcckwdfn pjasm. Bmlausm sdtm sdzm mstdgatms vary pmr pjasm, dt ds pkssdbcm tjat

tjmrm arm twk `doomrmft mstdgatms okr mvmry trafsdtdkf pkdft bmtwmmf pjasms. Pjmrm arm fk kbhmltdvmlrdtmrda tk smcmlt afy ko tjmsm mstdgatms. Ourtjmrgkrm, tjm fugbmr ko sdguctafmkus sdtms at pkdft t

1.=

ds af avmranm, af` dt ds fkt ifkwf wjdlj df`dvdùac sdtms wmrm kllupdm` at tjds pkdft, mxlmpt tjm typmb sdtms. Pjus, dt ds fkt pkssdbcm tk laclucatm tjm tktac arma tjat was kllupdm` at tjds pkdft df tdgm. Df astu`y kf catm okurtj tk marcy tjdr` gdccmffdug smttcmgmft df Gmskpktagda, Ikuljkuiks (144:) prk-pksm` smvmrac a``dtdkfs tk @mwar—s gk`mc df kr`mr tk skcvm tjmsm prkbcmgs. Ikuljkuiks— gk`mc

wdcc bm `dslussm` bmckw. Pjm laclucat dkf ko tktac kllupdm` arma ko acc sdtms wdtjdf a survmy rmndkf at pkdft t

1.= ds jagpmrm`

by tjm oalt tjat fkt acc sdtms tjat wmrm kllupdm` at tjat pkdft df tdgm arm ifkwf. Pjds partdlucar

prkbcmg ko tjm sdgucatdkf gk`mc laf bm a``rmssm` by dvd`dfn tjm smttcmgmft rmlkr` df sdzm lcassmsaf` assdnfdfn mvmry sdtm pmr pjasm tk kfm ko tjmsm lcassms. Pjm sdtm lkftmgpkrafmdty sdgucatdkf ds



==


tjmf pmrokrgm` df`mpmf`mftcy okr malj sdzm lcass. Pjm rmsuct ds af mstdgatm ko tjm fugbmr ko lkf-tmgpkrary sdtms at pkdfts t

1, t

1.= , af` t

2 pmr sdzm lcass pmr pjasm. By assdnfdfn af avmranm sdzm tk malj

sdzm lcass, dt ds tjmf pkssdbcm tk laclucatm tjm agkuft ko jmltarms tjat was sdguctafmkuscy kllupdmàt pkdfts t

1, t

1.= , af` t

2 ko mvmry pjasm af` okr mvmry lcass. Odfaccy, by a``dfn up tjm sdzm mstdgatms

okr mvmry lcass, kfm arrdvms at tjm tktac sdguctafmkuscy kllupdm` arma okr tjm mftdrm survmy rmndkf.

Df kr`mr tk lkgm tk gmafdfnouc sdzm-lcassms, Ikuljkuiks afacysm` ckfn-tmrg àtasmts orkg tjmFdppur âria \urvmy, tjm \usdafa-@mj Curaf \urvmy, af` tjm Fkrtj Hazdra \urvmy tk smm do tjmrm

wmrm rmnucard tdms df sdtm sdzms. Jm sunnmstm` tjat sdtms df tjmsm tjrmm survmys tmf`m` tk lcustmr dfrafnms ko 1“< ja, <“: ja, :“1= ja, 1=“05 ja, af` 05+ ja. Ndvmf tjm oalt tjat l . :5 % ko tjm sdtms dftjm prmsmft afacysds oacc wdtjdf Ikuljkuiks— 1“< ja sdzm lcass, fmw, gkrm odfm-nradfm` sdzm lcassms

wdcc bm `mtmrgdfm` orkg tjm survmys usm` jmrm (smm \mltdkf =.<). Pjm smlkf` prkbcmg dfvkcvms `doomrmflms df sd tm sdzm mstdgatms okr afy twk subsmqumft pjasms.

Bmlausm pkdft t 2 ko tjm odrst pjasm ds mqudvacmft tk pkdft t

1 ko tjm okcckwdfn pjasm, twk `doomrmft

mstdgatms mxdst okr tjm sagm pkdft df tdgm. Pjds prkbcmg laf bm avkd`m` by laclucatdfn tjm avmranmko tjmsm twk mstdgatms at tjds pkdft, af` usdfn tjds avmranm df tjm laclucatdkf ko tktac kllupdm` armapmr sdzm lcass. Dt ds arnum` tjat tjds avmranm rmprmsmfts a nraùac nrkwtj kr `mlcdfm ko tjm sdtm, af``kms fkt fmlmssardcy cma` tk a ckss ko dfokrgatdkf.

0.= Rmlkfstrultdfn pkpucatdkf cmvmcs

Pjm mstdgatdkf ko pkpucatdkf sdzms kf tjm basds ko Fmar Mastmrf arljamkckndlac àta ds fktkrd-kuscy `doodluct (vaf `m Gdmrkkp 144>8 4=“>). Pjmrm arm smvmrac gmtjk`s tk rmlkfstrult pkpucatdkfsdzms, basm` kf a vardmty ko arljamkckndlac, jdstkrdlac, af`/kr mtjfknrapjdlac àta, dflcu`dfn ar-tmoalt `mfsdtdms tjrkunj spalm af` tdgm, rmndkfac larrydfn lapaldtdms, burdac n rkuf` sdzms, pkpuca-tdkf lmfsusms kr tax rmlkr`s, smttcmgmft sdzms, af` jkusm lkufts. Urmomrabcy, guctdpcm skurlms armusm` tk lkrrkbkratm tjm rmspmltdvm rmsucts ko malj df`dvdùac skurlm (Jassaf 14:19 Bdftcdoo 144>9Ljagbmrcadf 255?).

Dt jas bmlkgm dflrmasdfncy lcmar tjat tjm fugbmr ko sdtms pmr pmrdk` ackfm ds fkt af alluratm

prkxy okr tjm tktac pkpucatdkf ùrdfn tjat pmrdk`, as a omw carnm sdtms gay javm a lkfsd`mrabcy carnmrannrmnatm pkpucatdkf tjaf fugmrkus sgacc jagcmts (Ksbkrfm 25508 1>5). Df tjm prmsmft afacysds,àta kf annrmnatm smttcmgmft sdzm wdcc bm usm` tk rmlkfstrult pkpucatdkf cmvmcs. \mttcmgmft sdzm as`mtmrgdfm` by tjm kllurrmflm ko `danfkstdl sjmr`s kf tjm suroalm ko tjm sdtm wdcc bm tjm `mtmrgdf-dfn vardabcm ko tktac pkpucatdkf. Dt wdcc bm assugm` tjat tjmrm wmrm fk sdnfdodlaft ljafnms df smttcm-gmft sdzms wdtjdf a pmrdk`. As sunnmstm` marcdmr, dt wdcc ourtjmrgkrm bm assugm` tjat acc arljamk-ckndlac gatmrdac df tjm survmy rmocmlts jugaf kllupatdkf, ratjmr tjaf spmldacdzm` altdvdtdms dfvkcvdfna tmgpkrary stay at a lmrtadf cklatdkf. ^jmrm tjmrm ds `kubt abkut as tk tjm oufltdkf kr pmrgafmftkllupatdkf ko a sdtm, dt ds rmgkvm` orkg tjm dfvmstdnatm` sagpcm, as ds okr mxagpcm tjm lasm wdtj aluctdl lmftrm df tjm Bdrmldi-Mupjratms @ag \urvmy rmndkf, af` smvmrac suppksm` Marcy Brkfzm Anmburdac nrkuf`s rmlkr`m` by tjm Bacdij \urvmy (smm \mltdkfs =.2.1, =.2.2).

\mttcmgmft sdzm laf kfcy bm usm` as a prkxy okr pkpucatdkf sdzm do bktj vardabcms arm pksdtdvmcy

lkrrmcatm` df skgm way. _ardkus rmsmarljmrs javm mxpckrm` tjds lkrrmcatdkf. \ugfmr afacysm` asagpcm ko 115 Drafdaf vdccanms af` okuf` a nkk` lkrrmcatdkf bmtwmmf smttcmgmft sdzm af` fugbmrko kllupafts (\ugfmr 14>48 1?=). @m Rkljm (14:<) stu dm` vdccanms ko Gmxdlaf subsdstmflm oarg-mrs af` okuf` tjm assugptdkf tjat smttcmgmft sdzm lkrrmcatms pksdtdvmcy tk pkpucatdkf sdzm tk bmtrum as wmcc. Iragmr—s afacysds ko Drafdaf vdccanms af` ldtdms acsk okuf` a partdlucar strkfn lkrrm-catdkf (Iragmr 14:28 1=:, 1?<), af` af afacysds ko afktjmr àtasmt prkvd`m` by Aurmfljm (14:1)lkfodrgs tjds rmsuct. Acc tjmsm laclucatdkfs sunnmst tjat pkpucatdkf sdzm af` smttcmgmft sdzm arm tkskgm `mnrmm pksdtdvmcy lkrrmcatm`, actjkunj tjmrm gust bm a``dtdkfac vardabcms tjat `mtmrgdfm smt-tcmgmft sdzm. Bktj \ugfmr (14>48 1?=) af` @m Rkljm (14:<8 145) sunnmstm` kf tjm basds ko tjmdrlaclucatdkfs tjat tjm lkrrmcatdkf bmtwmmf smttcmgmft sdzm af` pkpucatdkf sdzm ds fkt strkfn mfkunjtk bm appcdm` tk df`dvdùac smttcmgmfts, but tjat dt lkuc` saomcy bm usm` kf a rmndkfac cmvmc. Pjmrmsmmgs tjmrmokrm tk bm a basds tk usm rmndkfac annrmnatm sdtm sdzms as a lru`m prkxy okr tjm smttcm`

pkpucatdkf cdvdfn df tjat arma.



=?


^jmrmas \ugfmr `d` fkt cdst tjm df`dvdùac smttcmgmfts tjat jm usm` okr jds afacysds, Iragmr(Iragmr 14:28 tabcms =.<, =.?) af` Aurmfljm (14:18 tabcm <) `d` prkvd`m dfokrgatdkf kf sdzm af`pkpucatdkf ko df`dvdùac smttcmgmfts, acckwdfn tjm mxpckratdkf ko tjm rmcatdkfsjdp bmtwmmf smt-tcmgmft sdzm af` pkpucatdkf `mfsdty. Pjm lkrrmcatdkf bmtwmmf tjmsm twk vardabcms ds sdnfdodlaft attjm 1 % cmvmc, but fmvmrtjmcmss wmai ( r

s 75.24), as jas acsk bmmf kbsmrvm` by Iragmr (14:28 1>:).

Df oalt, vardabdcdty df pkpucatdkf `mfsdtdms ds scdnjtcy carnmr df tkwfs af` ldtdms tjaf df vdccanms. <1 Pjus, actjkunj tjmrm ds a statdstdlaccy sdnfdodlaft lkrrmcatdkf bmtwmmf smttcmgmft sdzm af` pkpucatdkf`mfsdty, pkpucatdkf ds kbvdkuscy fkt tjm kfcy vardabcm dfocumfldfn smttcmgmft sdzm. Ktjmr vardabcmsgay dflcu`m tjm fmm` okr `momflm, kr tjm fmm` okr spalm tk larry kut vardkus altdvdtdms wdtjdf tjmsmttcmgmft.

Pjm fmxt stmp dfvkcvms tjm laclucatdkf ko a pkpucatdkf `mfsdty tjat laf bm appcdm` tk tjm annrm-natm smttcmgmft armas okr mvmry survmy rmndkf ùrdfn malj pjasm. ]suaccy, rmsmarljmrs appcy a rafnmko 155“255 pmrskfs/ja tk tjm tktac smttcmgmft arma, basm` kf mtjfkjdstkrdlac paraccmcs (Iragmr14:2). Okr tjdr` af` smlkf` gdccmffdug BL fkrtjmrf Gmskpktagda, smvmrac mxlavatdkfs acckw armlkfstrultdkf ko kf-sdtm smttcmgmft `mfsdtdms usdfn àta orkg tjmsm mxlavatdkfs, ratjmr tjaf mtj-fknrapjdlaccy `mrdvm` mstdgatms. \ulj a rmlkfstrultdkf gust taim dftk allkuft tjm pkssdbdcdty tjatparts ko a smttcmgmft wmrm abaf`kfm` af` tjat tjmrm wmrm `doomrmflms df pkpucatdkf `mfsdty ùm tkskldac kr mlkfkgdl `dstdfltdkfs. Bmckw, smvmrac prmvdkus stu`dms a``rmssdfn `mgknrapjy af` pkpu-catdkf `mfsdty df Gmskpktagda wdcc bm `dslussm`, tjmrmby jdnjcdnjtdfn tjm prkbcmgs asskldatm` wdtj`mgknrapjdl rmlkfstrultdkfs, af` tjm nrmat `dvmrsdty df tjmdr rmsucts.

Ukstnatm (1440) usm` a tjrmm-stmp apprkalj tk arrdvm at a rafnm ko pkssdbcm pkpucatdkf mfsdtdmsokr tjm catm Marcy @yfastdl (2?55“2055 BL ) caymrs ko Abu \acabdij (Draq)8 ( a ) mstdgatm tktac smttcm-gmft arma, ( b ) mstdgatm tjm tktac rmsd`mftdac arma ko tjm smttcmgmft af` tjm fugbmr ko jkusms tjmrm-df, af` ( l ) mstdgatm tjm fugbmr ko kllupafts pmr jkusm. Jm arnum` tjat tjm 15 ja gadf gkuf`

was prdgardcy sjapm` by tjm Marcy @yfastdl ldty wacc, sk tjat tjm lurrmftcy vdsdbcm gkuf` ds a nkk`df`dlatkr ko tjm past waccm` arma, mvmf tjkunj tjm marcdmst Marcy @yfastdl caymrs tjmgsmcvms wmrm 2g bmckw tjm lurrmft suroalm ko tjm pcadf. Pjm arma taimf up by tjm ldty wacc was tjmf subtraltmòrkg tjm tktac arma ko tjm gadf gkuf`, rmsuctdfn df 4.= ja ko urbaf spalm. Pjds urbaf spalm laf bm`dvd`m` df pubcdl spalm af` rmsd`mftdac spalm. Uubcdl spalm lkfsdsts ko strmmts, accmys, af` squarms,

wjmrmas rmsd`mftdac spalm lkfsdsts ko prdvatm jkusms, wjdlj df turf laf bm `dvd`m` df jkusm waccs,lkurtyar`s, af` rkkom` spalm. Pjm sub`dvdsdkf dftk tjmsm latmnkrdms was ga`m kf tjm basds ko a2=55 g2 arma mxlavatm` df tjm Gadf Gkuf` ko Abu \acabdij. Pjds sub`dvdsdkf sunnmstm` tjat 15 %ko tjm tktac urbaf spalm was pubcdl spalm (5.4= ja), af` tjm rmgadfdfn 45 % was rmsd`mftdac spalm(:.== ja).<2 Okr tjm \kutj Gkuf`, a rmsd`mftdac spalm ko ?.>= ja was laclucatm`. A sdgdcar afacysdsko af Kc` Babyckfdaf rmsd`mftdac arma df ]r rmvmacm` lkgparabcm pmrlmftanms. Ukstnatm tjmf mx-agdfm` sdx acgkst lkgpcmtmcy mxlavatm` jkusms at Abu \acabdij tk `mtmrgdfm tjm `wmccdfn spalm

wdtjdf malj jkusm, tjat ds, idtljmfs af` cdvdfn rkkgs. By assugdfn af avmranm rafnm ko `wmccdfnspalm pmr pmrskf (0“> g2/pmrskf), tjm rafnm ko pmrskfs pmr jkusm laf bm `mtmrgdfm`. By mstd-gatdfn tjm fugbmr ko jkusms df tjm rmsd`mftdac spalm ko Abu \acabdij, dt ds pkssdbcm tk laclucatm arafnm ko pmrskfs pmr jmltarm ko rmsd`mftdac spalm (20:“125= pmrskfs/ja). By appcydfn tjds fugbmr

tk tjm tktac urbaf spalm, Ukstnatm arrdvm` at a pkssdbcm rafnm kol . <:55“1:055 pmrskfs okr tjm M@DDD kllupatdkf ko bktj tjm Gadf Gkuf` af` tjm \kutj Gkuf` (14408 tabcm =).

\tkfm attmgptm` a lkrrmcatdkf bmtwmmf Kc` Babyckfdaf lkftralts orkg Fdppur, af` arljdtml-turac gk`dodlatdkfs ko tjm jkusms df wjdlj tjm `klugmfts wmrm okuf` (14:1). \jm okuf` tjat tjmtmrg usm` okr jkusm df tjmsm lkftralts, m

2-ù

<-a, ja` tjm gkrm spmldodl gmafdfn ko rkkom` ockkr

spalm, sunnmstdfn tjat tjm altuac jkusms dflcu`dfn lkurtyar`s wmrm lkfsd`mrabcy carnmr. Pjm pdlturmmgmrndfn orkg tjm tmxts af` arljdtmlturac gk`dodlatdkfs as rmvmacm` by mxlavatdkf ds tjat jkusmkwfmrsjdp was vmry ocud` af` tjat jkusms wmrm gk`dodm` allkr`dfn tk tjm fmm`s ko tjm kwfmrs.

<1 Okr tjm nrkup ko vd ccanms, \@70<.: af` _75.=1, wjmrmas okr tjm tkwfs, \@7:?.4 af` _75.>0. Acc smttcmgmfts cdstm` by Aurmfljm (14:18 t abcm <) af` tjksm df Iragmr 14:28 tabcm =.< arm lkfsd`mrm` v dccanms, wjmrmas tjksm df Iragmr 14:28tabcm =.? arm lkfsd`mrm` carnm smttcmgmfts.

<2 Fktm, jkwmvmr, tjat tjm odnurms usm` by Ukstnatm arm skgmwjat prkbcmgatdl. Allkr`dfn tk Ukstnatm 1440, tabcm 1, :>.=

g2 ko tjm 2=55 g2 arma ds taimf up by tjm ldty wacc, but odn. > df tjm sagm artd lcm, dccustratdfn tjm mxlavatm` arma kf wjdljtjm odnurms df tabcm 1 arm basm`, sjkws fk mvd`mflm okr a ldty wacc.



=>


\tkfm acsk trdm` tk cdfi jkusm typms tk `doomrmft oagdcy ufdts. \jm sunnmstm` tjat squarm jkusms wdtjrkkgs kf okur sd`ms ko a lkurtyar` wmrm usm` by mxtmf`m` oagdcdms, wjmrmas cdfmar jkusms wdtjrkkgs kf kfm kr twk sd`ms ko a lkurtyar` wmrm usm` by fulcmar oagdcdms. Afacysds ko tjm fugbmrko cdvdfn rkkgs pmr jkusm sunnmstm` tjat malj fulcmar oagdcy rmqudrm` kf avmranm kfm cdvdfn rkkg,twk ktjmr rkkgs, af` lkurtyar` spalm. ^jmf tjmsm àta arm trafscatm` dftk altuac fugbmrs ko

kllupafts pmr jkusm usdfn mtjfknrapjdl paraccmcs tk `mtmrgdfm tjm sdzm ko a fulcmar oagdcy, tjmylkrrmspkf` rmgariabcy wmcc wdtj tjm fugbmr ko kllupafts pmr jkusm tjat lkuc` bm mxpmltm` kftjm basds ko tjm tmxtuac mvd`mflm ackfm. Pjm fugbmr ko kllupafts pmr jkusm as rmlkfstrultmòrkg tjm arljamkckndlac/mtjfknrapjdlac àta trafscatm` dftk =.<1 g2 ko rkkom` spalm pmr pmrskf.

Actjkunj fkt part ko \tkfm—s afacysds, tjds odnurm laf bm mxtrapkcatm` tk a pkpucatdkf `mfsdty ko l .?:5 pmrskfs/ja usdfn Ukstnatm—s ata kf tjm rmcatdvm prkpkrtdkfs ko rkkom` vmrsus ktjmr rmsd`mftdacspalm.<<

Uoàczfmr usm` a sdgdcar gmtjk` okr mstabcdsjdfn tjm pkpucatdkf ko arljamkckndlac sdtms (2551).Okr smvmrac sdtms, jm `mtmrgdfm` tjm tktac sdtm sdzm af` tjm arma taimf up by pubcdl budc`dfns sulj astmgpcms. Jm tjmf usm` Ukstnatm—s rucm ko tjugb tk `mtmrgdfm tjm altuac arma taimf up by jkusms.Jm stu`dm` fugmrkus jkusms at smvmrac sdtms df fkrtjmrf Gmskpktagda af` laclucatm` af avmranmjkusm sdzm, orkg wjdlj tjm tktac fugbmr ko jkusms pmr smttcmgmft lkuc` bm `mtmrgdfm`. Odfaccy,tjds fugbmr was guctdpcdm` by tjm avmranm fugbmr ko pmrskfs df a jkusmjkc`, wjdlj jm okuf` tkbm =“? pmrskfs, basm` kf mtjfknrapjdl paraccmcs. Df tjds way, jm laclucatm` tjm fugbmr ko kllu-pafts ko tjm tjdr` gdccmffdug BL sdtms ko \mcmfiajdym, Jacāwa A, Ljumra, af` Paya. Pjm rmsuctdfnpkpucatdkf mfsdtdms rafnm` bmtwmmf <55“=55 pmrskfs/ja.<0

Battdfd-_dccar` (1444) afacysm` tjm Kc` Babyckfdaf kgmstdl quartmr ko arma AJ at ]r. Df af at-tmgpt tk laclucatm tjm fugbmr ko rmsd`mfts ko tjds arma, sjm rmlkfstrultm` tjm avmranm oagdcy sdzm dfkr`mr tk appcy tjds vacum tk tjm fugbmr ko jkusms df arma AJ. Pwk tmxts, orkg tjm Kc` Babyckfdafaf` Gd``cm Assyrdaf pmrdk`s rmspmltdvmcy, prkvd`m dfokrgatdkf kf tjm fugbmr ko oagdcy gmgbmrs.

Pjm odrst tmxt lkgms orkg Gard ùrdfn tjm rmdnf ko Xdgrd-Cdg af` `macs wdtj tjm `mpkrtatdkf koJurrdaf oagdcdms orkg smvmrac vdccanms tjat wmrm prkbabcy cklatm` df tjm ]ppmr Ijabur kr Pur-

Ab`df rmndkf. A tktac ko 0?4 pmkpcm gaidfn up 4? oagdcdms wmrm `mpkrtm` orkg odvm vdccanms, rmsuct-dfn df af avmranm oagdcy sdzm ko 0.4 pmrskfs. Pjm Gd``cm Assyrdaf cdst acsk `klugmfts tjm `mpkrta-tdkf ko Jurrdaf oagdcdms. Df tktac kfm lkufts 211 df`dvdùacs, `dvd`m` alrkss oagdcdms lkgprdsdfnorkg as omw as twk tk as gafy as mdnjtmmf gmgbmrs. Pjm avmranm oagdcy lkfsdsts ko >.: pmrskfs.Battdfd-_dccar` rmafacyzm` tjm jkusms mxlavatm` df arma AJ af` rmlkfstrultm` a tktac ko == jkusms,cma`dfn tk af mstdgatm ko 2>5“0<5 pmrskfs okr tjds arma. Arma AJ gmasurm` ?>=5 g2, rmsuctdfn dfa pkpucatdkf `mfsdty ko 055“?<= pmrskfs/ja. Pjm arma mflcksm` by tjm ldty wacc, but mxlcu`dfn tjmtmgpcm arma, ds =? ja df sdzm. Assugdfn tjat tjds arma was ouccy budct up, tjmsm odnurms wkuc` cma` tka pkpucatdkf mstdgatm okr ]r ko l . 22<55“<=?55 pmrskfs (Battdfd-_dccar` 14448 <::).

\dgdcarcy wd`m-rafndfn mstdgatms ko tjm fugbmr ko pmrskfs cdvdfn df a jkusm wmrm ga`m by âmtzkc`t (144?). ]sdfn ]r DDD cdsts ko jkusm dfvmftkrdms af` dfjmrdtaflm `klugmfts, jm okuf`tjat jkusms rafnm` bmtwmmf <5 af` 255 g2, actjkunj gkst oagdcdms cdvm` df jkusms sgaccmr tjaf155 g2. Mvmf carnmr jkusms wmrm acsk `klugmftm`, but tjmsm wmrm dfvardabcy asskldatm` wdtj wkri-

sjkps kr stkrmrkkgs. As oar as laf bm rmlkfstrultm`, af` taidfn dftk allkuft tjat dfokrgatdkf kftjm fugbmr ko ljdc`rmf ko a garrdm` lkupcm kr jma` ko oagdcy ds kotmf calidfn, bmtwmmf twk af`tmf pmrskfs cdvm` df a jkusm, skgmtdgms dflcu`dfn scavms. Df skgm lasms, as gafy as 05 pmkpcm gayjavm cdvm` df a sdfncm jkusm.

Pjm rmlkfstrultdkfs `dslussm` abkvm acc lkflmrf rmcatdvmcy carnm, urbaf sdtms. As tjm survmyrmlkr` afacysm` jmrm lkftadfs fugmrkus sgacc sdtms as wmcc, dt ds fmlmssary tk rmlkfstrult `mfsdtdmstjat gay javm pmrtadfm` tk sulj sdtms. Kfm ko tjm omw sgacc smttcmgmfts tk javm bmmf mxpksm` kvmra carnm arma ds Raqa—d cmvmc < (2?55 BL ). Pjds cmvmc jas bmmf mxpksm` kvmr l . 1055 g2, rmprmsmftdfn

<< Pjm pcafs ko Fdppur pubcdsjm` df \tkfm 14:> smmg tk suppkrt Ukstnatm—s `mfsm urbaf oabrdl wjmrm rkkom` spalm ds05 % ko tjm tktac jkusm arma, af` jkusms gaim up 45 % ko tjm tktac urbaf arma.

<0 Df a stu`y kf urbafdsg at Pmcc Gkzaf, Uoàczfmr af` dssdfn (25508 :1) assugm` a `mfsdty ko 055 pmrskfs pmr jmltarm,basm` kf tjm rmsucts ko Uoàczfmr 2551. Okr \mcmfiajdym, Gmdhmr (25518 112) sunnmstm` a tktac pkpucatdkf ko l . :?5“1>55

pmrskfs, basm` kf a sdzm mstdgatm ko 15 ja, tjm kbsmrvatdkf tjat l . 1/>tj ko tjm mxlavatm` arma was pubcdl spalm, rmsuct-dfn df a budct-up arma ko :.? ja, af` af mtjfknrapjdlaccy `mrdvm` pkpucatdkf `mfsdty ko 155“255 pmrskfs/ja.



=:


kvmr 0= % ko tjm jypktjmsdzm` 5.< ja rurac smttcmgmft. Pjds uf`kubtm`cy atypdlac smttcmgmft waslmftrm` kf tjm carnm Rkuf`m` Budc`dfn df tjm skutj, orkg wjdlj strmmts af` budc`dfns ra`datm`kutwar`s tk tjm fkrtjwmst, fkrtj, af` fkrtjmast. As tjm skutjmrf part ko tjm Rkuf` Budc`dfn

was mrk`m`, tjm mxpafsdkf ko tjm smttcmgmft df tjat `drmltdkf lkuc` fkt bm aslmrtadfm`. \mvmrac`dstrdlts lkuc` bm `dstdfnudsjm`8 a tmgpcm arma, smvmrac stkranm/dfùstrdac armas, af` a cdvdfn quar-

tmr (\ljwartz af` Lurvmrs 1442). Uoàczfmr (25518 <5=, pc. <5) d`mftdodm` odotmmf smparatm jkusms atRaqa—d, prm`kgdfaftcy wdtj kfm kr twk rkkgs. ]f`mr tjm assugptdkf tjat malj jkusm was dfjabdt-m` by a fulcmar oagdcy ko =“> pmrskfs, >=“15= pmkpcm wkuc` javm cdvm` df tjm mxlavatm` arma, trafs-catdfn dftk a pkpucatdkf mfsdty rafnm ko =<=“>=5 pmkpcm pmr jmltarm. Do tjds mfsdty ds mxtrapkcatm`tk tjm mftdrm sdtm, tjmf 1?5“22= pmkpcm wkuc` javm cdvm` at Raqa—d. Pjmrm ds, jkwmvmr, lkfsd`mrabcmrkkg okr `mbatm rmnar`dfn tjds odnurm. Uoàczfmr dflcu`m` tjm suppksm` tmgpcm as a jkusm, as wmcc assmvmrac armas tjat laf bm lcmarcy d`mftdodm` as dfùstrdac armas. Ourtjmrgkrm, Uoàczfmr—s jkusm 2, lkf-sdstdfn ko rkkgs 25 af` :<, jas a tktac ockkr arma ko cmss tjaf 15 g2. Dt ds `doodluct tk smm jkw sulja sgacc strulturm wkuc` javm jkusm` a fulcmar oagdcy kr sdgdcar jkusmjkc` ufdt. Fmvmrtjmcmss, tjdsjkusm ds agkfn tjm lcmarmst mxagpcms ko `dstdflt arljdtmlturac jkusm ufdts. Jkwmvmr, mvmf wjmftjmsm jkusms arm mxlcu`m`, tjm rmlkfstrultm` pkpucatdkf `mfsdty okr Raqa—d rmgadfs rmcatdvmcy jdnjaf` wmcc abkvm `mfsdtdms rmlkr`m` df mtjfkjdstkrdlac skurlms.

Acc apprkaljms tk kf-sdtm pkpucatdkf `mfsdtdms javm tk `mtmrgdfm tjm agkuft ko fkf-rmsd`mftdacspalm, dflcu`dfn kpmf spalm, ldty waccs, af` pubcdl budc`dfns at a smttcmgmft. Jmrm, Ukstnatm—s prk-pkrtdkfs as laclucatm` orkg Abu \acabdij arm kotmf ldtm`, but tjmrm ds rmaskf tk assugm tjat tjmsmodnurms arm fkt mftdrmcy rmprmsmftatdvm. Pjm ratdk ko rmsd`mftdac tk pubcdl spalm ko 481 ds laclucatm`kf tjm basds ko a rmcatdvmcy sgacc arma ko 2=55 g2 at Abu \acabdij tjat ds acgkst mftdrmcy odccm` wdtjrmsd`mftdac strulturms. Do tjds ratdk ds mxtrapkcatm` tk tjm mftdrm sdtm, tjds cmavms cdttcm rkkg okr pubcdlbudc`dfns sulj as tmgpcms kr pacalms, as Uoàczfmr acsk rmacdzm`. A ourtjmr pkssdbcm `dstkrtdfn oaltkrds tjat Abu \acabdij ds cklatm` kutsd`m tjm stu`y arma, af` tjat urbaf caykut gay javm bmmf `doomr-mft df tjm Hmzdraj.

Pjm Catm Brkfzm Anm ^mststa`t ko Pacc Bazd kf tjm \yrdaf ]ppmr Mupjratms gay smrvm as afmxagpcm. Pjm ^mststa`t at Pacc Bazd jas bmmf mxlavatm` kvmr a carnmr arma tjaf Abu \acabdij, af`tjm mxlavatdkf was suppcmgmftm` by ganfmtkgmtrdl dfspmltdkf. Pjm ^mststa`t rmprmsmfts a pcaffm`mxtmfsdkf ko tjm kc`mr tkwf kf tjm gadf gkuf`. Pjm mxtmfsdkf was budct kf a faturac tmrralm af`bkr`mrm` kf tjm fkrtj sd`m by tmrralm waccs, lcmarcy mcdgdtdfn tjm budct-up arma. Pjm quartmr mxdstm`bmtwmmf 12=5“11:5 BL bmokrm dt was mstrkym` by odrm. Pjds sjkrt cdom-spaf ko tjm smttcmgmft gmafttjat carnm parts ko tjm smttcmgmft wmrm usm` lkftmgpkrafmkuscy af` wmrm rmcatdvmcy uf`dsturbm` bycatmr altdvdtdms. Pjm smttcmgmft was strulturm` by smvmrac strmmts af` a lmftrac squarm. Pjm quartmrsdf bmtwmmf wmrm `mfsmcy budct up, but tjmrm ds mvd`mflm okr mgpty parlmcs, as wmcc as okr jkusmstjat wmrm tmgpkrardcy kr pmrgafmftcy abaf`kfm`. \kgm odoty jkusms wmrm wjkccy kr partdaccy mx-lavatm , af` ganfmtkgmtrdl dfvmstdnatdkfs df`dlatm` tjat fkf-mxlavatm` parts ko tjm ^mststa`t jaà sdgdcar arljdtmlturac caykut. Pjm mftdrm ^mststa`t gay javm ja` mdnjty jkusms kf a <.= ja arma(Kttk 255?). Assugdfn af avmranm jkusmjkc` sdzm ko =“> pmrskfs, af` kfm jkusmjkc` pmr jkusm,tjds wkuc` javm rmsuctm` df a pkpucatdkf okr tjm ^mststa`t ko 055“=?5 pmrskfs, af` a pkpucatdkf

`mfsdty ko 11=“?5 pmrskfs/ja. Pjds rafnm ds gulj gkrm df cdfm wdtj mtjfkjdstkrdlac pkpucatdkf`mfsdtdms tjaf tjm Marcy af` Gd``cm Brkfzm Anm mstdgatms. Pjm vmry lru`m mstdgatms okr sdtm sdzm(<.= ja) af` fugbmr ko jkusms (:5), af` tjm avmranm pckt sdzm ko 1<2 g 2 (Kttk 255?8 odn. 1?4) ac-ckw tjm laclucatdkf ko tjm ratdk ko rmsd`mftdac spalm tk pubcdl spalm, wjdlj agkufts tk <8>. Pjdsratdk ds suppkrtm` by tjm pcaf ko tjm mxlavatm` arma, wjdlj sjkws wd`m strmmts af` a carnm lmftracsquarm (Kttk 255?8 odn. 4). Pjm odnurm ko l . <5 % ko tjm tktac arma ko tjm ^mststa`t bmdfn `mvktm`tk rmsd`mftdac budct-up spalm ds by fk gmafs vmry prmldsm, but dt ds a lkfsd`mrabcy ckwmr odnurm tjafUkstnatm—s mstdgatm ko 45 %.

Pabcm 0.1 af` Odns. 0.< af` 0.0 suggardzm tjm arljamkckndlac rmlkfstrultdkfs `dslussm` abkvm. Pjm mtjfknrapjdl àta orkg Iragmr (14:2) af` Aurmfljm (14:1) javm bmmf dflcu`m` as wmcc. Pjmokcckwdfn kbsmrvatdkfs laf bm ga`m. Odrst, pkpucatdkf `mfsdtdms okr Marcy af` Gd``cm Brkfzm Anmsmttcmgmfts df fkrtjmrf Gmskpktagda arm strulturaccy jdnjmr tjaf tjksm kbsmrvm` df (prm)gk`mrf

vdccanms af` ldtdms. Pjm gmtjk` usm` df tjmsm rmlkfstrultdkfs, tjat ds laclucatdfn sd tm sdzm, lkuftdfntjm fugbmr ko jkusms, af` assugdfn af avmranm jkusmjkc` sdzm, ds mquaccy lapabcm ko prkùldfn



?5


rmsucts tjat `k oacc wdtjdf tjm rafnm ko mtjfknrapjdlaccy rmlkr`m` `mfsdtdms, as ds lcmar orkg tjmrmlkfstrultdkf ko tjm ^mststa`t at Pacc Bazd. \mlkf`, tjmrm ds fk lcmar `doomrmflm df pkpucatdkf `mf-sdty bmtwmmf sdtms ko `doomrmft sdzms, actjkunj tjds gay bm partcy attrdbutabcm tk tjm sgacc sagpcmtjat was afacysm` jmrm. Pjdr`, dt ds lcmar tjat tjm rmsucts ko tjm pkpucatdkf `mfsdty rmlkfstrultdkfsocultuatm wd`mcy, af` tjat tjmy k fkt masdcy acckw tjm mxtrapkcatdkf ko af allmptabcm avmranm rafnm.

Jkwmvmr, tjm rmsucts acsk df`dlatm tjat dt ds qudtm pkssdbcm tjat mtjfkjdstkrdlac paraccmcs `k fkt ap-pcy tk tjdr` af` smlkf` gdccmffdug BL smttcmgmfts df fkrtjmrf Gmskpktagda. Mvmf do kfcy jaco kotjm arma ko a smttcmgmft wkuc` javm bmmf kllupdm` at a ndvmf tdgm, rmsuctdfn pkpucatdkf `mfsdtdms

wkuc` stdc c bm df tjm uppmr rafnm ko tjm mtjfknrapjdlaccy rmlkr`m` `mfsdtdms.

0.? Rafi-sdzm afacysds

Pjm rmlkfstrultdkf ko afldmft pkpucatdkfs kf tjm basds ko survmy àta acckws tjm rmlkfstrultdkfko rmndkfac pkpucatdkf cmvmcs. Pjm àta kf smttcmgmft sdzms acsk acckw tjm mxpckratdkf ko tjm kr-nafdzatdkf ko tjm smttcmgmft systmg. Okr tjds purpksm, tjm rmlkfstrultm` smttcmgmft systmgs wdcc bmsubhmltm` tk rafi-sdzm afacysds. Pra`dtdkfaccy, rafi-sdzm afacysds lkgparms af kbsmrvm` smttcmgmft

pattmrf wdtj af mxpmltm` pattmrf. Pjds mxpmltm` pattmrf ds subhmlt tk tjm rafi-sdzm rucm, wjdljjkc`s tjat wjmf sdtms arm rafim` allkr`dfn tk sdzm, tjm sdzm ko afy sdtm wdtj rafi F mquacs 1/Ftjko tjm sdzm ko tjm carnmst sdtm.<= Pjus, df a smttcmgmft systmg wjksm carnmst sdtm ds <5 ja, tjm fmxt-carnmst sdtm wkuc` bm 1= ja, tjm tjdr`-carnmst 15 ja, af` sk okrtj. ^jmf tjds pattmrf ds pckttm` kf ackn-ckn rafi-sdzm pckt, dt appmars as a stradnjt cdfm orkg tjm uppmr cmot tk tjm ckwmr rdnjt lkrfmr kotjm pckt. Pjds pattmrf ds laccm` tjm ckn-fkrgac `dstrdbutdkf (Odn. 0.=A). Do tjm lurvm oaccs koo gkrmsjarpcy tjaf tjm ckn-fkrgac `dstrdbutdkf, tjmrm arm omwmr carnm kr gkrm sgacc sdtms tjaf mxpmltm`,rmsuctdfn df a lkflavm kr prdgatm `dstrdbutdkf (Odn. 0.=B). Do tjmrm arm gkrm carnm kr omwmr sgaccsdtms tjaf mxpmltm`, tjm rmsuctdfn `dstrdbutdkf ds laccm` lkfvmx (Odn. 0.=L). _ardkus sljkcars javmprkpksm` lkgbdfatdkfs ko tjmsm `dstrdbutdkfs (m.n. Oaclkfmr af` \avanm 144=), okr mxagpcm tjmprdgk-lkfvmx `dstrdbutdkf df wjdlj tjm uppmr part ko tjm lurvm ds prdgatm, but tjm ckwmr part lkf-okrgs tk a lkfvmx `dstrdbutdkf (Odn. 0.=@).

0.?.1 Dfspmltdfn rafi-sdzm `dstrdbutdkfs

Rafi-sdzm afacysds ds gkst prkodtabcy larrdm` kut wjmf tjm spatdac mxtmfsdkf ko tjm smttcmgmft sys-tmg ds ouccy ifkwf, af` wjmf acc sdtms arm ifkwf wdtjdf tjm rmndkf lkvmrm` by tjm systmg. Pjds dsrarmcy tjm lasm okr arljamkckndlaccy kbsmrvm` kr rmlkfstrultm` systmgs. Pjm oadcurm tk rmlknfdzm tjmbkufàrdms ko a smttcmgmft systmg kr tjm absmflm ko sdtms orkg tjm systmg laf sdnfdodlaftcy `ds-tkrt tjm sjapm ko tjm sdzm `dstrdbutdkf. Arljamkckndsts gust tjmrmokrm bm partdlucarcy larmouc wjmf

<= Pjm altuac rafi-sdzm rucm, okrgucatm` by Xdpo, ds mxprmssm` as r∔Uq 7I, wjmrm r ds a sdtm—s rafi, U ds tjm sdtm—s sdzm, I ds tjm

sdzm ko tjm carnmst sdtm, af` q ds tjm ratdk bmtwmmf tjm okrlm ko ufdodlatdkf af` okrlm ko `dvmrsdodlatdkf. Arljamkckndstsrkutdfmcy assugm tjat q71, wjdlj altuaccy rmprmsmfts a sdgpcdodlatdkf ko tjm krdndfac rucm (\avanm 144>8 2<<).

15

rafi

s d z m

1 155

5.1

1

15

A

B

@L

Odn. 0.=8 Rafi-sdzm pckt sjkwdfn (A) ckn -fkrgac, (B) pr dgatm, (L) lkfvmx, af` (@) prdgk-lkfvmx `dstrdbutdkfs.



?1


appcydfn rafi-sdzm afacysms tk a àtasmt. Pjm `mnrmm tk wjdlj acc sdtms arm ifkwf wdtjdf a ndvmfrmndkf ds `doodluct tk assmss. Dt appmars, jkwmvmr, tjat tjds ds a rmcatdvmcy gdfkr prkbcmg okr tjm smt-tcmgmft systmgs afacysm` jmrm. Bmlausm tjm sdzm `dstrdbutdkf ds prdgardcy sjapm` by tjm carnmst sdtms,tjm kvmracc sjapm wdcc prkbabcy rmgadf dftalt as ckfn as tjmsm carnm sdtms arm dflcu`m` df tjm systmgtjat ds afacysm` (Hkjfskf 14:18 1>?). Actjkunj dt ds lmrtadf tjat tjm arljamkckndlac survmys tjat arm

afacysm` df tjm okcckwdfn ljaptmr oadcm` tk rmlkr` skgm sdtms, dt ds cdimcy tjat tjm gdssm` sdtms wdcc bmrmcatdvmcy sgacc. Pjmdr absmflm orkg tjm sdzm `dstrdbutdkf wdcc tjmrmokrm javm kfcy a gdfkr moomlt kftjm kvmracc sjapm ko tjm `dstrdbutdkf.

@modfdfn tjm bkufàrdms ko a smttcmgmft systmg ds gkrm `doodluct. Dt ds lcmar tjat gafy survmysdf fkrtjmrf Gmskpktagda wmrm fkt kr kfcy partdaccy bkuf`m` by caf`slapm omaturms sulj as rdv-mrs kr gkuftadf rafnms, wjdlj wkuc` javm cdimcy lkfodfm` afldmft smttcmgmft systmgs as wmcc. Dtds tjmrmokrm jdnjcy cdimcy tjat tjm smttcmgmft pattmrfs kbsmrvm` df survmy rmndkfs rmprmsmft kfcy asagpcm ko a carnmr systmg af` tjat tjmrm arm fk lcmar lrdtmrda tk assmss tjds sagpcm df tmrgs ko dtspcalm df tjm kvmracc sdzm `dstrdbutdkf ko tjm systmg. Pjds dssum ds dftrdlatmcy cdfim` wdtj tjm altuacsurvmys af` tjmdr mfvdrkfgmftac smttdfns tjat arm afacysm` jmrm. Pjm dssum ko `modfdfn bkufàrdmsko tjm smttcmgmft systmg wdcc tjmrmokrm bm `mact wdtj df \mltdkf =.<.2, wjmrm tjm df`dvdùac rafi-sdzm afacysms arm `dslussm`.

Pjm prkbcmgs ko sdtm sdzm mstdgatms af` sdtm lkftmgpkrafmdty appcy tk rafi-sdzm afacysms as wmcc. Pjm dssum ko rmcdabcy mstdgatdfn sdtm sdzms jas bmmf mxtmfsdvmcy `mact wdtj abkvm af` wdcc fktbm rmpmatm` jmrm. Hust as kvmrodccm` caf`slapms wdcc dfocatm pkpucatdkf mstdgatms, dt ds cdimcy tjat suljcaf`slapms wdcc rmsuct df tjm pkkcdfn ko smttcmgmft systmgs tjat mxdstm` kfm aotmr afktjmr ratjmrtjaf at tjm sagm pkdft df tdgm. As Hkjfskf jas sjkwf (14>>8 04:), pkkcdfn ko guctdpcm smttcm-gmft systmgs wdcc cdimcy rmsuct df a lkfvmx systmg mvmf tjkunj tjm lkfstdtumft systmgs krdndfaccyja` ktjmr `dstrdbutdkfs. Dt ds tjmrmokrm fmlmssary tk dflcu`m a ljrkfkckndlac afacysds ko tjm smttcm-gmft systmg bmokrm dt ds subhmltm` tk rafi-sdzm afacysds. Okr tjat rmaskf, tjm rafi-sdzm afacysds wdccbm appcdm` tk tjm àtasmts tjat arm lkrrmltm` okr sdtm lkftmgpkrafmdty, ratjmr tjaf tk tjm krdndfacàtasmts.

Pjm statdstdlac sdnfdodlaflm ko kbsmrvm` `mvdatdkfs orkg ckn-fkrgacdty df rafi-sdzm pckts ds usu-accy tmstm` wdtj tjm Ikckgknkrkv-\gdrfkv kr I - tmst. Pjmrm arm, jkwmvmr, smvmrac prkbcmgs wdtjtjds tmst wjmf dt ds appcdm` `drmltcy tk sdtm sdzm `dstrdbutdkfs (\avanm 144>8 2<?)8 ( a ) tjm I - tmst dsfkrgaccy appcdm` tk lkftdfukus `dstrdbutdkfs, wjmrmas sdtm sdzm `dstrdbutdkfs arm `dslrmtm, ( b ) tjm I - tmst assugms tjat tjm mxpmltm` `dstrdbutdkf ds `modfm` df`mpmf`mftcy orkg tjm dfvmstdnatm` àtasmt,

wjmrmas tjm mxpmltm` `dstrdbutdkf df rafi-sdzm afacysms ds `mrdvm` orkg tjm àtasmt dtsmco, af` ( l ) tjm vacum at wjdlj tjm I - tmst odf`s a `mvdatdkf tk bm statdstdlaccy sdnfdodlaft laf bm dflkrrmlt do skgmparagmtmrs ko tjm sagpcm arm ufifkwf af` gust bm mstdgatm .

Df kr`mr tk a``rmss tjmsm dssums, Oaclkfmr af` \avanm wrktm tjm Rafi\dzm sdgucatdkf prknragtk dfvmstdnatm tjm ljaflm tjat a raf`kg sagpcm `rawf orkg a tjmkrmtdlac sdtm ufdvmrsm `mvdatmsgkrm strkfncy orkg ckn-fkrgacdty tjaf tjm kbsmrvm` arljamkckndlac àtasmt. Pjm fugbmr ko sdtmsdf tjm tjmkrmtdlac sdtm ufdvmrsm ds `mtmrgdfm` orkg tjm arljamkckndlac àtasmt by odrst `modfdfn tjmsdtm rmlkvmry ratm, kr gkrm nmfmraccy af mstdgatdkf ko tjm pmrlmftanm ko sdtms tjat ds ifkwf orkg

tjm altuac smttcmgmft systmg, af` by dfomrrdfn tjm altuac fugbmr ko sdtms tjat gust javm mxdstm`df tjm smttcmgmft systmg. ]f`mr tjm assugptdkf tjat tjm carnmst sdtm ds ifkwf, tjm sdtm ufdvmrsm dstjmf lrmatm` wdtj a ckn-fkrgac `dstrdbutdkf. Dt lkftadfs tjm dfomrrm` altuac fugbmr ko sdtms df tjmsmttcmgmft systmg. Orkg tjds sdtm ufdvmrsm, tjm prknrag usms Gkftm Larck sagpcdfn tk lrmatm raf-`kg sagpcms lkftadfdfn as gafy sdtms as arm prmsmft df tjm arljamkckndlac àtasmt. Pjds prklmss dsrmpmatm` a fugbmr ko tdgms, rmsuctdfn df a pmrlmftanm tjat df`dlatms jkw gafy tdgms tjm raf`kgsagpcms `mvdatm gkrm strkfncy orkg ckn-fkrgacdty tjaf tjm arljamkckndlac àtasmt. Do tjds pmrlmft-anm ds jdnj, dt ds cdimcy tjat afy `mvdatdkf orkg ckn-fkrgacdty df tjm arljamkckndlac àtasmt ds fktstatdstdlaccy sdnfdodlaft (Oaclkfmr af` \avanm 144=9 \avanm 144>).

@rmffaf af` Umtmrskf (2550) rmlmftcy arnum` tjat Gkftm Larck sagpcdfn ds fkt sudtm` tk dfvmstdnatdfn statdstdlac sdnfdodlaflm ko rafi-sdzm `dstr dbutdkfs. Df kr`mr tk a``rmss tjds dssum, tjmylkfstrultm` a tjmkrmtdlac sdtm ufdvmrsm lkfsdstdfn ko a spatdaccy bkuf`m` rmndkf lkftadfdfn a carnm

fugbmr ko sdtms wjksm sdzm `dstrdbutdkf lkfokrgs tk a Ukdsskf `dstrdbutdkf. Pjmy tjmf raf`kgcypcalm` spatdac sagpcdfn bcklis ko dflrmasdfn sdzm df tjds sdtm ufdvmrsm af` afacysm` tjm sdzm `dstrd-



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butdkfs df malj ko tjmsm sagpcdfn bcklis. @rmffaf af` Umtmrskf okuf` tjat tjm sdzm `dstrdbutdkfsko tjm sagpcdfn bcklis, dflcu`dfn a ?? % mrrkr rafnm, fmvmr lkdfld`m` wdtj tjm sdzm `dstrdbutdkf kotjm sdtm ufdvmrsm as a wjkcm, mvmf tjkunj tjds wkuc` bm mxpmltm` uf`mr fkrgac statdstdlac assugp-tdkfs. Pjds `dslrmpafly rmgadfm` wjmf sdtm sagpcms wmrm raf`kgcy smcmltm` orkg tjm sdtm ufdvmrsm,dfstma` ko nmfmratm` orkg a spatdac sagpcdfn bckli. Mvmf wjmf skgm gmasurm ko krnafdzatdkf was

dfstdccm` df tjm sdtm ufdvmrsm by dftrkùldfn a jmxankfac pattmrf ko odrst- af` smlkf`-kr`mr carnmsdtms, Gkftm Larck sagpcdfn was ufabcm tk apprkxdgatm tjm sdzm dstrdbutdkf ko tjm sdtm ufdvmrsm asa wjkcm. @rmffaf af` Umtmrskf tjmrmokrm lkflcu`m` kf tjm usm ko Gkftm Larck sagpcdfn bcklisko `doomrmft sdzms tjat ‚Pjmsm arm sdgpcy `doomrmft afacysms ko spatdac pattmrfdfn at `doomrmft slacms9dt gaims fk smfsm tk try tk tjdfi ko tjm sgaccmr bcklis as usmouc okr ljaraltmrdzdfn tjm carnmr pkpu-catdkf— (25508 =<4). Df ktjmr wkr`s, tjm ljaflm tjat a sgacc sagpcm orkg a smttcmgmft systmg wdcca`mquatmcy rmprmsmft tjm mftdrm systmg ds vmry ckw.

Dfstma` ko tjm I - tmst df lkgbdfatdkf wdtj Gkftm Larck sagpcdfn, @rmffaf af` Umtmrskf prm-smftm` tjm A vacum wdtj mrrkr rafnm as af actmrfatdvm gmtjk` okr tmstdfn tjm statdstdlac sdnfdodlaflmko `mvdatdkfs orkg ckn-fkrgacdty df kbsmrvm` sdtm sdzm dstrdbutdkfs. Pjm A vacum ds lrmatm` by odrstslacdfn tjm rafi-sdzm pckt sk tjat tjm pckt jas a squarm sjapm af` tjm ckn-fkrgac cdfm a 0=µ afncm.Df tjds way, tjm armas abkvm af` bmckw tjm ckn-fkrgac cdfm arm ko mquac sdzm af` tjmy laf bm as-sdnfm` a vacum ko 1.5 af` -1.5, rmspmltdvmcy. Pjm A vacum rmprmsmfts tjm prkpkrtdkf ko tjds arma tjatds taimf up by tjm arma bmtwmmf tjm ckn-fkrgac cdfm af` tjm cdfm ko tjm kbsmrvm` sdzm `dstrdbutdkf(Odn. 0.?). Df tjds way, lkfvmx sdzm `dstrdbutdkfs wdcc javm a pksdtdvm A vacum (Odn. 0.?A) wjmrmasprdgatm dstrdbutdkfs wdcc rmsuct df a fmnatdvm A vacum (Odn. 0.?B). Do tjm kbsmrvm` sdtm sdzm `dstrdbu-tdkf apprkaljms tjm ckn-fkrgac cdfm, A wdcc bm lcksm tk 5. Pjm gaxdgug vacum ko A ds 1.5, wjmfacc sdtms arm ko mquac sdzm. Pjm gdfdgug vacum ko A laf bm ckwmr tjaf -1.5 do kbsmrvm` sdtms armsgaccmr tjaf tjm mxpmltm` sgaccmst smttcmgmft. Pjm A vacum `kms fkt, jkwmvmr, ndvm dfokrgatdkfkf tjm sjapm ko tjm sdzm `dstrdbutdkf bmlausm vmry `doomrmft sdzm `dstrdbutdkfs laf prkùlm sdgdcar

A vacums. Ourtjmrgkrm, a sdzm `dstrdbutdkf wdtj bktj lkfvmx af` prdgatm aspmlts laf prkùlm af A vacum lcksm tk 5, mvmf tjkunj tjm `dstrdbutdkf dtsmco `mvdatms garim cy orkg tjm ckn-fkrgac cdfm(Odn. 0.?L). Kvmracc, tjmf, tjm A vacum laf ndvm a nkk` df`dlatdkf ko jkw gulj a sdzm `dstrdbutdkf`mparts orkg ckn-fkrgacdty, actjkunj vdsuac dfspmltdkf ko tjm sdzm `dstrdbutdkf rmgadfs fmlmssary.Mvmf gkrm dgpkrtaftcy, bmlausm tjm A vacum ds a lkmoodldmft ko tjm arma bmtwmmf tjm ckn-fkrgaccdfm af` tjm kbsmrvm` sdtm sdzm `dstrdbutdkf, dt laf bm usm` tk lkgparm sdtm sdzm `dstrdbutdkfs orkg`doomrmft pmrdk`s af` wdtj `doomrmft fugbmrs af` sdzms ko smttcmgmfts (@rmffaf af` Umtmrskf25508 =<0“=).

Df kr`mr tk tmst tjm statdstdlac sdnfdodlaflm ko tjm A vacum, @rmffaf af` Umtmrskf sunnmstm` tjmusm ko tjm bkktstrap rmsagpcdfn apprkalj (@rmffaf af` Umtmrskf 25508 =<4“01). Pjm nrmat a`vaf-tanm ko tjm bkktstrap gmtjk` kvmr tjm I - tmst ds tjat tjm bkktstrap `kms fkt rmqudrm ifkwcm`nm krassugptdkfs abkut afy mxpmltm` `dstrdbutdkf df kr`mr tk tmst tjm sdnfdodlaflm ko tjm kbsmrvm` `ds-trdbutdkf. Pjm bkktstrap gmtjk` taims fugmrkus sagpcms orkg tjm krdndfac àtasmt. Malj sagpcmjas as gafy kbsmrvatdkfs as tjm krdndfac àtasmt, but ùpcdlatms tjm rmsucts ko skgm kbsmrvatdkfs

wjmrmas ktjmrs arm kgdttm`. Pjm `dstr dbutdkf ko tjm rmsuctdfn A vacums arm pckttm` af` rma`hustm`

sk tjat tjmy laf bm usm` tk mxprmss a lkfod`mflm rafnm wdtjdf wjdlj tjm A

vacum ko tjm krdndfac

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Odn. 0.?8 A vacums okr (A) lkfvmx dstrdbutdkf, (B) prdgatm dstrdbutdkf, af` (L) prdgk-lkfvmx dstrdbutdkf. Uksdtdvm af` fmnatdvmlkgpkfmfts ko A vacum javm àri af` cdnjt sja`dfn, rmspmltdvmcy (basm` kf @rmffaf af` Umtmrskf 25508 n. 2).



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àtasmt wdcc prkbabcy javm oaccmf. Do tjds lkfod`mflm zkfm ds wd`m, dt gust bm rmlknfdzm` tjat tjmkrdndfac àtasmt gay kfcy apprkalj rmacdty tk a cdgdtm` `mnrmm. Do tjm lkfod`mflm zkfm ds farrkw,tjm krdndfac àtasmt ds prkbabcy a nkk` rmocmltdkf ko rmacdty. Ourtjmrgkrm, by laclucatdfn `doomrmftmrrkr rafnms okr A vacums ko sdtm sdzm `dstrdbutdkfs tjat javm tk bm lkgparm`, af mrrkr rafnm laf bmlaclucatm` okr wjdlj tjm A vacums `k fkt kvmrcap afygkrm, af` tjds rafnm df`dlatms tjm lkfod`mflm

wdtj wjdlj afy kbsmrvatdkf kf ljafnm df sdtm sdzm `dstrdbutdkfs laf bm ga`m. Pjm lkgpardskf ko A vacums wdtj mrrkr rafnms ko sdtm sdzm `dstrdbutdkfs ko `doomrmft pmrdk`s tjus acckws kbsmrvatdkfstk bm ga`m kf tjm pkssdbdcdty tjat ljafnm altuaccy tkki pcalm.

0.?.2 Dftmrprmtdfn rafi-sdzm `dstrdbutdkfs

Aotmr tjm statdstdlac sdnfdodlaflm ko tjm kbsmrvm` `dstrdbutdkfs jas bmmf assmssm`, tjm `dstr dbutdkfslaf bm dftmrprmtm`. _ardkus mxpcafatdkfs javm bmmf koomrm` okr tjm `doomrmft typms ko rafi-sdzm`dstrdbutdkfs (\avanm 144>8 tabcm 1). Hkjfskf prkpksm` tjat `doomrmft rafi-sdzm `dstrdbutdkfs rmsuctorkg tjm `mnrmm af` gk`m ko systmg dftmnratdkf (Hkjfskf 14:5). \ystmg dftmnratdkf ds `modfm` as‚tjm statdstdlac dftmr`mpmf`mflm ko ljafnm df tjm pkpucatdkf sdzms ko tjm smttcmgmfts ko a systmg,sulj tjat tjm prkbabdcdty ko ljafnm df a ndvmf smttcmgmft ds lkf`dtdkfaccy rmcatm` tk tjm prkbabdcd-

tdms ko ljafnm df ktjmr smttcmgmfts ko tjm systmg— (Hkjfskf 14:58 20=). Pjds dftmr`mpmf`mflm lafbm mxprmssm` bktj vmrtdlaccy, tjat ds, bmtwmmf sdtms at `doomrmft cmvmcs wdtjdf a jdmrarljdlac systmg,af` jkrdzkftaccy bmtwmmf sdtms tjat arm kf af mquac oufltdkfac cmvmc. Df tjds smfsm, lkfvmx `dstrdbu-tdkfs df`dlatm ckw kvmracc dftmnratdkf kr strkfn jkrdzkftac dftmnratdkf, wjmrmas prdgatm `dstrdbu-tdkfs df`dlatm strkfn vmrtdlac dftmnratdkf. Df ckn-fkrgac `dstrdbutdkfs, bktj jkrdzkftac af` vmrtdlacdftmnratdkf arm strkfn. Gkrm nmfmraccy, Hkjfskf arnum` tjat ckw dftmnratdkf dgpcdm` tjm mxdstmflmko rmcatdvmcy autkfkgkus sdtms wdtjdf tjm systmg, wjmrmas jdnj dftmnratdkf wkuc` df`dlatm strkfndftmr`mpmf`mflm af` lmftracdzatdkf (14:58 20=).

A fugbmr ko mxpcafat dkfs oklusm` kf tjm oalt tjat a smttcmgmft systmg gay fkt javm bmmf d`mf-tdodm` lkrrmltcy, rmsuctdfn df a rafi-sdzm afacysds ko kfcy a sgacc part, wjdlj df turf cma`s tk ocawm`rmsucts sdgdcar tk tjksm nmfmratm` by Gkftm Larck sagpcdfn (smm \mltdkf 0.?.1). Hkjfskf pkdftm`tk tjm pkssdbdcdty tjat a prdgatm `dstrdbutdkf rmsuctm` orkg a partdaccy d`mftdodm` smttcmgmft systmg,

wjmrmas a lkfvmx `dstrdbutdkf lkuc` bm tjm rmsuct ko tjm pkkcdfn ko guctdpcm systmgs (14>>8 04:). Pjus, systmg bkufàrdms wmrm fkt lkrrmltcy d`mftdodm`. Pjds prkbcmg ds partdlucarcy rmcmvaft okrarljamkckndsts wjk kotmf wkri wdtj àta orkg arbdtrardcy `modfm` survmy rmndkfs. Ktjmr mxpcafa-tdkfs lkfsd`mrm` tjm urbaf jdstkry ko a ndvmf rmndkf as lrdtdlac oaltkr, wdtj prdgatm `dstrdbutdkfsmgmrndfn df armas wdtj a sjkrt jdstkry ko urbafdzatdkf. \tdcc ktjmrs cdfim` rafi-sdzm `dstrdbutdkfs

wdtj lkrm-pmrdpjmry gk`mcs, arnudfn tjat `doomrmft `dstrdbutdkfs wdcc `mvmckp df lkrms as kppksm` tkpmrdpjmrdms. Oaclkfmr af` \avanm pkdftm` tk tjm pkssdbdcdty tjat `doomrmft systmgs kpmratm` at `do-omrmft krnafdzatdkfac cmvmcs, okr mxagpcm rmsuctdfn df a prdgk-lkfvmx `dstrdbutdkf wjmrm a lmftrac-dzm` systmg ds supmrdgpksm` kf a ckwmr lmftrac pcalm systmg (144=). Bmlausm smvmrac ko tjmsm mx-pcafatdkfs lkftra`dlt malj ktjmr, dt ds fmlmssary tk lkgbdfm rafi-sdzm afacysms wdtj as gafy ktjmràta as pkssdbcm, df kr`mr tk bm abcm tk arnum wjy a ndvmf dftmrprmtatdkf ds prmomrrm` kvmr afktjmrpkssdbcy lkftra`dltdfn mxpcafatdkf.

Df tjm prmsmft stu`y, sdtm sdzm ds mxprmssm` df jmltarms kr abskcutm pkpucatdkf odnurms, sk tjat arafi-sdzm `dstrdbutdkf ds altuaccy a gmasurm okr tjm krnafdzatdkf ko a pkpucatdkf df a ndvmf caf`-slapm. At a vmry basdl cmvmc, a lkfvmx sdzm `dstrdbutdkf df`dlatms tjat tjmrm arm gafy carnm smttcm-gmfts lkgparm` tk tjm fugbmr ko sgacc smttcmgmfts. Lkfvmxdty acsk df`dlatms tjat tjmsm carnmrsdtms arm ko rkunjcy sdgdcar sdzm9 ktjmrwdsm tjm `dstrdbutdkf wkuc` tmf` tkwar`s ckn-fkrgacdty.Lkfvmxdty, tjmf, ds af mxprmssdkf ko pkpucatdkf `dspmrsac alrkss tjm caf`slapm df sdtms tjat arm korkunjcy sdgdcar sdzm. A prdgatm `dstrdbutdkf df`dlatms tjat tjmrm arm kfm kr vmry omw carnm lmftrms

wdtj a carnm pkpucatdkf, af` a nrmat fugbmr ko sgaccmr smttcmgmfts. Pjm lmftrac dssum tjat jas tkbm a``rmssm` jmrm ds wjy jkusmjkc`s ljkksm tk cdvm df a lmrtadf lkggufdty, af` fkt df afktjmr. Doa prdgatm `dstrdbutdkf ds kbsmrvm`, tjm a`vaftanms ko cdvdfn df a carnm lkggufdty lcmarcy kutwmdnjtjksm lkffmltm` wdtj cdvdfn df sgaccmr, `dspmrsm` lkggufdtdms. Lkfvmrsmcy, df a smttcmgmft systmg

wdtj a lkfvmx `dstrdbutdkf, tjmrm arm lcmar a`vaftanms tk cdvdfn `dspmrsm` kvmr tjm caf`slapm.



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Pjm tjmkrmtdlac uf`mrstaf`dfn ko sdtm-sdzm `dstr dbutdkfs as rmocmltdkfs ko systmg dftmnratdkf,af` tjm altuac kbsmrvatdkf tjat rafi-sdzm dstrdbutdkfs rmocmlt pkpucatdkf krnafdzatdkf laf bm lkg-bdfm` wdtjdf tjm oragmwkri ko lkgpmtdtdkf af` lkkpmratdkf prmsmftm` df Ljaptmr <. Do tjmrm dslkgpmtdtdkf bmtwmmf lkggufdtdms, dftmnratdkf bmtwmmf tjmsm lkggufdtdms wkuc` bm ckw, af` alkfvmx sdtm sdzm `dstrdbutdkf gay bm mxpmltm`. Pjds uf`mrstaf`dfn ko lkgpmtdfn lkggufdtdms ds

lkfsdstmft wdtj tjm kbsmrvatdkf tjat lkfvmxdty kotmf rmsucts orkg tjm pkkcdfn ko gkrm tjaf kfmsmttcmgmft systmgs. Df ktjmr wkr`s, lkfvmxdty df`dlatms tjm mxdstmflm ko smvmrac smttcmgmfts krsmttcmgmft systmgs tjat oufltdkf gkrm kr cmss df`mpmf`mftcy. Lkfvmrsmcy, do tjmrm arm lkkpmratdvmgmljafdsgs df kpmratdkf df a ndvmf rmndkf, tjm sdtm sdzm `dstrdbutdkf wkuc` mvmftuaccy tmf` tkwar`sckn-fkrgacdty. Urdgatm `dstrdbutdkfs arm gkrm `doodluct tk dftmrprmt. \ulj `dstrdbutdkfs df`dlatmstrkfn lmftracdzatdkf, wjdlj laf ardsm orkg lkkpmratdkf kr laf bm a rmocmltdkf ko tjm `kgdfaftpksdtdkf ko kfm sdtm kvmr gafy ktjmrs aljdmvm` by okrlm. Lkflcu`dfn, tjmf, rafi-sdzm afacysds lafpkdft tk lmrtadf prklmssms kpmratdfn wdtjdf a ndvmf rmndkf, but tjm afacysds gust bm lkgbdfm` wdtjktjmr àta df kr`mr tk ouccy uf`mrstaf` tjm àta at jaf`.

0.> Lkflcusdkfs

Pjm prmsmft ljaptmr startm` by jdnjcdnjtdfn tjm prkbcmgs asskldatm` wdtj tjm dftmrprmtatdkf ko sur-oalm survmy rmsucts. Df tjm prmsmft lkftmxt tjds `dslussdkf laffkt bm gkrm tjaf a brdmo kvmrvdmw.

Pjm `dslussdkf jas fmvmrtjmcmss sjkwf tjat skgm lkfod`mflm gay bm pcalm` df survmy rmsucts, ms-pmldaccy wjmf tjmy arm lkgbdfm` wdtj àta rmlkvmrm` orkg stratdnrapjdl mxlavatdkfs. Pjm ljaptmrlkftdfum` by pkdftdfn kut tjm fmm` okr a gk`mc tjat mxpckrms tjm `mnrmm tk wjdlj sdtms wdtjdfa ljrkfkckndlac pjasm wmrm lkftmgpkrafmkus, af` jas `mtadcm` af` `dslussm` kfm sulj gk`mctjat odts tjm àta at jaf`. Pjds gk`mc oklusms kf tjm d`mftdodlatdkf ko lkftmgpkrary smttcmgmftstjrkunj tjm laclucatdkf ko avmranm smttcmgmft cdom-spafs pmr ljrkfkckndlac pmrdk`. Pjds gk`mc wdccbm appcdm` tk tjm àta prmsmftm` df \mltdkf =.2.

Pjm fmxt part ko tjds ljaptmr `mact wdtj tjm rmlkfstrultdkf ko kf-sdtm pkpucatdkf cmvmcs af``mfsdtdms. Basm` kf tjds `dslussdkf, tjm okcckwdfn lkflcusdkfs laf bm `rawf8 ( a ) tjmrm ds lkfsd`mr-

abcm vardatdkf df gk`mrf kf-sdtm pkpucatdkf `mfsdtdms, ( b ) tjmrm ds fk rmaskf tk assugm tjat sulj vardatdkf `d` fkt mxdst df tjm past as wmcc , ( l ) tjm mxtrapkcatdkf ko mtjfkjdstkrdlac pkpucatdkf `mfsd -tdms tk catm tjdr`-marcy smlkf` gdccmffdug BL fkrtjmrf Gmskpktagdaf smttcmgmfts gust bm larmouccylkfsd`mrm`, af` ( ) tjm avadcabcm mvd`mflm sunnmsts tjat tjdr` tk marcy smlkf` gdccmffdug kf-sdtmpkpucatdkf `mfsdtdms df fkrtjmrf Gmskpktagda wmrm `doomrmft tk, af` gkrm spmldodlaccy kf avmr-anm jdnjmr tjaf, mtjfkjdstkrdlaccy rmlkr`m` `mfsdtdms. Fmvmrtjmcmss, a rmaskfabcm numss as tk al-tuac abskcutm pkpucatdkf fugbmrs wkuc` bm 1=5“2=5 pmrskfs/ja, dflcu`dfn acc budct-up af` kpmfspalm. Pjm mvd`mflm `dslussm` jmrm sunnmsts tjat tjds `mfsdty gay bm lkfsd`mrm` as rmprmsmftdfntjm ckwmr mf` ko pkssdbcm rafnms okr tjm catm tjdr`-marcy smlkf` gdccmffdug pkpucatdkf `mfsdtdms.

Pjm prmvdkus `dslussdkf jas, jkwmvmr, acsk jdnjcdnjtm` tjm pkssdbdc dty tjat kf-sdtm `mfsdtdms ocul-tuatm` tjrkunj tdgm, as ds ga`m lcmar by tjm Pacc Bazd ^mststa`t mxagpcm. Pjm prmsmft `dslussdkfourtjmrgkrm jdnjcdnjtm` tjm oalt tjat smttcmgmft sdzms, mspmldaccy annrmnatm` smttcmgmft sdzms okr

mftdrm rmndkfs, smmg tk bm a nkk` df`dlatkr ko ljafnms df tjm kvmracc pkpucatdkf ko a rmndkf. Pjdskbsmrvatdkf ourtjmr hustdodms tjm usm ko rmndkfac smttcmgmft àta prkvd`m` by survmys df tjm rmlkf-strultdkf ko `mgknrapjdl pattmrfs.

Odfaccy, \mltdkf 0.? `mact wdtj rafi-sdzm afacysds as a gmtjk` tk ljaraltmrdzm smttcmgmft systmgsaf` tjmdr krnafdzatdkf. A gmtjk` okr mtmrgdfdfn tjm statdstdlac sdnfdodlaflm ko kbsmrvm` rafi-sdzm`dstrdbutdkfs was prmsmftm`, af` a oragmwkri was ndvmf wdtjdf wjdlj kbsmrvm` `dstrdbutdkfs lafbm dftmrprmtm`. Pjds oragmwkri `kms fkt oklus kf wjmtjmr kr fkt af kbsmrvm` rafi-sdzm `dstrdbu-tdkf lkdfld`ms wdtj af mxpmltm` pattmrf, but adgs tk d`mftdoy `daljrkfdl ljafnms df tjm rafi-sdzm`dstrdbutdkf. A``dtdkfaccy, tjm oragmwkri adgs tk mxpcadf tjm `drmltdkf ko tjmsm ljafnms, tjat ds

wjmtjmr tjm smttcmgmft systmg `mvmckps dftk a gkrm lkfvmx kr prdgatm `drmltdkf.



?=

= Rmndkfac smttcmgmft trmf`s

=.1 Dftrkùltdkf

Pjm gmtjk` okr tjm rmlkfstrultdkf ko sdguctafmkuscy kllupdm` sdtms dgpksms lmrtadf rmqudrmgmftskf tjm rmndkfac àta smt tjat ds usm`. Pjmsm rmqudrmgmfts arm8 ( a ) a survmy stratmny tjat ds lkgpa-rabcm tk tjm stratmndms mgpckym` by acc ktjmr survmys tjat arm usm`, ( b ) a skuf` ljrkfkckny wdtjodxm`, abskcutm àtms okr mvmry rmlknfdzm` pkttmry pjasm, af` ( l ) a lcmar df`dlatdkf ko sdtm sdzms pmrpjasm. Aotmr tjm smcmltdkf ko survmys allkr`dfn tk tjmsm rmqudrmgmfts, malj survmy ds `mslrdbm`,af` a``dtdkfs kr ljafnms tk malj àtasmt arm prmsmftm` (\mltdkf =.2). Pjm rmsucts ko tjm sdtm lkf-tmgpkrafmdty sdgucatdkf af` tjm `mgknrapjdl af` rafi-sdzm afacysms arm prmsmftm` df \mltdkf =.<.Odfaccy, \mltdkf =.0 wdcc `dsluss ktjmr survmys df fkrtjmrf Gmskpktagda, as wmcc as mvd`mflm orkgjdstkrdlac rmlkr`s, df kr`mr tk lkftmxtuacdzm tjm mvd`mflm orkg tjm smcmltm` survmys, af` tk odf`

wjmtjmr kr fkt tjm rmlkfstrultm` pattmrfs rmprmsmft ufdqum, cklac `mvmckpgmfts, kr gay bm df`dla-tdvm ko carnmr, rmndkfac trmf`s. Pjm rmcatdkf bmtwmmf tjm rmlkfstrultm` smttcmgmft pattmrfs, lcdgatmljafnm, af` tjm mxpmltm` skldac rmspkfsms wdcc bm `dslussm` df Ljaptmr :.

=.2 \mcmltdfn tjm survmys

Pjm prklmùrms okr sdgucatdfn sdtm lkftmgpkrafmdty, rmlkfstrultdfn pkpucatdkf cmvmcs, af` pmr-okrgdfn rafi-sdzm afacysms acc rmqudrm `mtadcm` dfokrgatdkf tjat ds fkt avadcabcm okr mvmry survmy dftjm Hmzdraj. Okr gkst survmys, at cmast prmcdgdfary rmpkrts mxdst, but tjmsm kfcy kllasdkfaccy lkftadfàta kf df`dvdùac sdtm sdzms. A smcmltdkf jas tk bm ga`m basm` kf tjm avadcabdcdty af` quacdty ko

tjm àta. Ourtjmrgkrm, survmy stratmndms javm tk bm sdgdcar tk skgm mxtmft tk acckw àta lkgpard-skf bmtwmmf survmys. Pjmrm arm twk quacdtatdvmcy assmssabcm vardabcms tjat acckw smcmltdkf ko sudt-abcm survmys, fagmcy lkgparabdcdty ko tjm àta, af` sudtabdcdty okr tjm aftdldpatm` rmlkfstrultdkf.Dfspmltdkf ko guctdpcm survmy rmpkrts sunnmsts tjat tjrmm survmys df af` arkuf` tjm Hmzdraj prk-

vd`m rmcatdvmcy rmcdabcm `mtadcs kf sdtm sdzms pmr pmrdk` okr tjm tjdr` af` marcy smlkf` gdccmffdug BL9tjm Bdrmldi-Mupjratms @ag \urvmy (B-M@\), tjm Bacdij \urvmy (B\), af` tjm Fkrtj Hazdra \urvmy(FH\) (Odn. =.1, Pabcm =.1). Pjm B\ af` FH\ usm` lkgparabcm stratmndms, actjkunj `mtadcs gay vary(Pabcm =.1). Pabcm =.1 sunnmsts tjat tjm survmy stratmndms ko tjm B\ af` FH\ wmrm gkst sdgdcar, wdtjtjm B-M@\ `doomrdfn kf smvmrac pkdfts. Pjm B-M@\, wjdlj was part ko af arljamkckndlac sacvanmprkhmlt, was gulj lkarsmr df rmskcutdkf. Jkwmvmr, tjm B-M@\ jas tjm a`vaftanm tjat fugmrkussdtms wmrm subsmqumftcy mxlavatm`, tjmrmby prkvd`dfn a gmasurm ko lkftrkc okr tjm sdzms krdndfaccyassdnfm` tk tjm sdtms basm` kf tjm survmy rmsucts.

Pjm gkst dgpkrtaft ljaraltmrdstdl df tjds lkftmxt ds tjat acc tjmsm survmys appc dm` a lkftrkccm`sjmr` lkccmltdkf prknraggm tk malj sdtm, wjmrmby sdtms wmrm `dvd`m` dftk `dstdflt sagpcdfn smltkrsorkg wjdlj gatmrdac was lkccmltm` smparatmcy. Pjds sunnmsts tjat sdtm sdzm mstdgatms okr malj survmyrmndkf wmrm ga`m kf a sdgdcar gatmrdac basm. jmrm pkssdbcm, tjm dfokrgatdkf orkg tjm tjrmm krdnd-fac survmys wdcc bm lkgpcmgmftm` wdtj àta avadcabcm orkg subsmqumft rmsmarlj.

Pjm rmcatdvmcy prmldsm ljrkfkckny ko tjm B\ was carnmcy basm` kf tjm mxlavatm` stratdodm` sm-qumflm orkg Pmcc Jaggag mt-Purigaf. Actjkunj `doodluctdms wdtj tjds smqumflm rmgadf, af`jdnj-prmldsdkf ra`dklarbkf àtms tjat wkuc` acckw tjm rmcatdvm ljrkfkckny tk bm odxm` kf af ab-skcutm tdgm-slacm arm lurrmftcy calidfn, tjds ljrkfkckny gay bm lkfsd`mrm` suoodldmftcy skuf` tkbm mgpckym` wdtjkut gahkr a`hustgmfts. Pjm ktjmr twk survmys usm` gulj lkarsmr ljrkfkckndms(Pabcm 2.0). Df tjm lasm ko tjm B-M@\, catmr mxlavatdkfs javm cm` tk a lkfsd`mrabcm rmodfmgmft, as

wmcc as tjm odcc dfn-df ko af apparmft ljrkfkckndlac nap df tjm smttcmgmft rmlkr` as rmlkfstrultm`

by tjm survmy. Pjm rmsucts ko tjmsm mxlavatdkfs javm tjmrmokrm bmmf dflkrpkratm` df tjm smttcmgmft



??


rmlkr` tjat ds usm` df tjm prmsmft stu`y. Pjm ljrkfkckny ko tjm FH\ was gk`dodm` orkg tjat usmàt Pmcc ac-Jawa, wjdlj df turf `mrdvm` orkg gatmrdac mxlavatm` df tjm arma ko tjm \a`àg @agsacvanm prkhmlt. Pjds pkttmry ljrkfkckny was suppcmgmftm` tjrkunj suroalm asskldatdkfs orkg`mgkfstrabcy sdfncm-pmrdk` sdtms (^dcidfskf af` Pulimr 144=8 :4).

=.2.1 Pjm Bdrmldi-Mupjratms @ag \urvmy

Pjm Bdrmldi-Mupjratms @ag rmndkf `doomrs orkg tjm ktjmr survmy rmndkfs afacysm` jmrm df dts mfvdrkfgmftac smttdfn. Pjm rmndkf ds fkt part ko tjm fkrtj \yrdaf stmppm pcatmau but mxtmf`s dftk tjm Paurus Gkuftadfs vda tjm Mupjratms _accmy (Odn. =.1A). Lkflurrmft wdtj tjm Bdrmldi-Mupjratms

@ag \urvmy, a nmkgkrpjkckndlac assmssgmft ko a sgacc arma rmprmsmftatdvm ko tjm wjkcm survmy rm-

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B M

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5-=55 g

2555+ g

1=55-2555 g

1555-1=55 g

=55-1555 g

caim


F

?5

Odn. =.18 Gap ko fkrtjmrf Gmskpktagda df`dlatdfn spatdac lkvmranm aljdmvm` by rmlmft survmys. (A) Bdrmldi-Mupjratms @ag

\urvmy (B-M@\). (B) Pdsjrdf @ag survmys. (L) Pabqa @ag survmys. (@) Caf` ko Larljmgdsj survmy. (M) ^mstnazdra survmy.(O) Bacdij-Mupjratms upcaf`s survmy. (N) Gd``cm Mupjratms survmy. (J) Bacdij \urvmy (B\) af` â`d Qaragknj survmy. (D)Jarraf survmy. (H) Hmbmc Bdsjrd survmy. (I) â`d Jaggar survmy. (C) ]ppmr Ijabur \urvmy. (G) Pmcc Bmyàr \urvmy (PB\). (F)Brai sustadfdfn arma survmy. (K) 14:: Pmcc Brai \urvmy. (U) Cmdcaf Rmndkfac \urvmy (CR\). (Q) Pmcc Jagkuiar \urvmy (PJ\).(R) Fkrtjmast \yrda survmy. (\) Fkrtj Hazdra \ur vmy (FH\). (P) Ckwmr af` gd``cm Ijabur survmy. (]) Ijabur Basdf Urkhmlt. (_) â`d Aědě survmy.

gap survmy ymarsfugbmr kosmaskfs

fugbmr ko sdtms arma (ig2)rmgktm smfsdfndganmry

gadf skurlms

A B-M@\ 14:4 1 := (2:) 1:? fk Acnazm mt ac. 1441, 1440

J B\ 14:< 1 215 (:?) 0=5 yms Aiimrgafs 14:0, 144<9 Lurvmrs 14419Bartc 1440

\ FH\ 14:?“1445 0 1:? (?:) 0>= yms ^dcidfskf 14459 dcidfskf af` Pulimr 144=

Pabcm =.18 \urvmy stratmny `mtadcs okr tjm B\, B-M@\, af` FH\. Fugbmr ko sdtms rm omrs tk tjm tk tac fugbmr ko survmym` sdtms, wdtjfugbmr ko sdtms wdtj mvd`mflm okr tjm pmrdk` `dslussm` jmrm df parmftjmsms. Cmttmrs df tjm cmot lkcugf rmomr tk Odn. =.1.



?>

R MNDKFAC \MPPCMGMFP PRMF@\

ndkf was larrdm` kut (Acnazm mt ac. 1440, ?“:). Pjds assmssgmft dccustratm` tjm lkgpcmx nmkgkrpjk-ckndlac jdstkry ko tjm arma, ljaraltmrdzm` by smvmrac accuvdatdkf af` mrksdkf pjasms. Odvm `doomrmftzkfms laf bm rmlknfdzm` wdtjdf tjm vaccmy. Pjm upcaf` pcatmaus bkr`mrdfn tjm vaccmy arm ?55“>=5g abkvm sma-cmvmc. Actjkunj tjmy lkftadf nkk` quacdty arabcm skdc, smttcmgmft tkày ds garndfacùm tk tjm vmry `mmp watmr tabcm. Pjm pm`dgmfts cali pmrmffdac watmr skurlms, af` kfcy kfm pcalm

was kbsmrvm` wjmrm a jdnj watmr tabcm acckwm` tjm usm ko wmccs. Pjds arma lkftadfm` a fugbmr kosdtms. Pjm jdnj tmrralms at <4=“05= g abkvm sma-cmvmc rmsuctm` orkg smvmrac Ucmdstklmfm accuvdac af`lkccuvdac pjasms. Pjm ckw tmrralms arm ?“1: g abkvm tjm ckw watmr cmvmc ko tjm Mupjratms. Pjmsmtmrralms arm dfldsm` by sgacc trdbutardms ko tjm Mupjratms. Pjm skdc ds nmfmraccy sudtm` tk luctdva-tdkf, wdtj nkk` allmss tk watmr. Pypdlac lurrmft caf` usm dflcu`ms a lkgbdfatdkf ko pdstaljdktrmms af` `ry af` drrdnatm` lrkps (Acnazm mt ac. 14408 >). Nmkgkrpjkckndlac kbsmrvatdkfs arkuf`Ŗarana Jÿyói (B-M@\ ><), lkgbdfm` wdtj dfvmstdnatdkfs ko arljamkckndlac `mpksdts, sunnmstm`tjat tjm lurrmft Mupjratms ockk`pcadf was sjapm` df tjm tjdr` gdccmffdug, paraccmcdfn kbsmrvatdkfsat Hmrabcus Pajtafd (\mrtki af` Iucaikěcu 25518 0>?9 \mrtki mt ac. 255>).

As part ko tjm Nófmy`kěu Afa`kcu Urkhmsd (NAU), smvmrac àgs javm bmmf lkfstrultm` dftjm Mupjratms, dflcu`dfn tjm Bdrmldi af` Larljmgdsj àgs. Arljamkckndlac survmys wmrm larrdm`kut tk assmss tjm arljamkckndlac pktmftdac ko tjm armas tk bm o ckk`m`. Pjm Bdrmldi af` Larljmgdsjbasdfs wmrm survmym` df 14:4. Pjm survmy was cdgdtm` tk a ?5 ig strmtlj ko tjm Mupjratms _accmy,orkg Larljmgdsj df tjm skutj tk tjm gk`mrf tkwf ko Jacomtd df tjm fkrtj. Pjm survmym` arma df-lcu`m` tjm Mupjratms _accmy af` mxtmf`m` dftk tjm upcaf`s up tk a gaxdgug mcmvatdkf ko 055 gabkvm sma cmvmc, l . 15 g abkvm tjm prkhmltm` cmvmc ko tjm artdodldac caim. A tktac arma ko l . 1:? ig2

was dfvmstdnatm`. Pjm survmy startm` by cklatdfn tjm prdfldpcm smttcmgmft gkuf`s. Arkuf` tjmsmsdtms, pm`mstrdaf survmy was larrdm` kut ackfn trafsmlts tk `mtmlt `mpmf`mft smttcmgmfts. <? \gaccsdtms wmrm cklatm` wdtj tjm jmcp ko cklac vdccanmrs, af` by trafsmlt-wacidfn armas wdtj mfvdrkfgmf-tac lkf`dtdkfs sdgdcar tk armas wjmrm sdtms wmrm acrma`y ifkwf tk javm mxdstm`. Armas ackfn wa`dlkursms af` arkuf` pmrgafmft watmr skurlms wmrm acsk trafsmlt-wacim`. Pjds stratmny rmsuctm` dftjm rmlknfdtdkf ko := sdtms, 2: ko wjdlj ydmc`m` tjdr` kr marcy smlkf` gdccmffdug BL gatmrdac. Gkstsdtms wmrm vdsdtm` kflm tk lkccmlt `danfkstdls, tjat ds, rdgs af` `mlkratm` bk`y sjmr`s. @mpmf`dfnkf tjm sdzm, lkgpcmxdty, af` gkrpjkckny ko tjm sdtm, `danfkstdls wmrm lkccmltm` df guctdpcm smltkrstk `mtmlt pkssdbcm smttcmgmft sjdots tjrkunj tdgm. Fmdtjmr amrdac fkr satmccdtm dganmry smmg tk javmbmmf usm` urdfn tjds survmy (Acnazm mt ac. 1441, 1440). Umrdk dzatdkf suoomrm` orkg a cali ko nkk`sdfncm-pmrdk` lkftmxts. Pjm survmykrs rmlknfdzm` tjdrtmmf pmrdk`s, rafndfn orkg tjm Urm-UkttmryFmkcdtjdl tk tjm tjdrtmmftj lmftury A@. Uacamkcdtjdl rmgadfs wmrm acsk rmlkvmrm`, but fkt stu`dm` aspart ko tjds survmy. A catmr survmy df tjm sagm rmndkf oklusm` kf tjm Uacamkcdtjdl rmgadfs (Paśiıraf2552).

Kllupdm` arma mstdgatms wmrm `mrdvm` orkg gaxdgug sdtm sdzm df tjm lasm ko sdfncm pmrdk` sdtms,af` wjmfmvmr pkssdbcm orkg tjm rmsucts ko tjm df`dvdùac sagpcdfn smltkrs df tjm lasm ko guctd-pmrdk` sdtms. ^jmf tjds prkvm` dgpkssdbcm, af arbdtrary sdzm ko 5.= ja was assugm` okr tjmsm sdtms.Dt was sunnmstm` tjat tjds mstdgatm prkbabcy rmsuctm` df a sdnfdodlaft uf`mrmstdgatdkf ko tktac kllu-pdm` arma, but tjat acc pmrdk`s wkuc` bm mquaccy aoomltm`, cmavdfn tjm rmsuctdfn trmf`s tjrkunj tdgm

df pcalm. Actjkunj tjds ds fkt fmlmssardcy trum ndvmf tjm oalt tjat tjm prkpkrtdkf ko sdfncm-pmrdk` vmrsus guctd-pmrdk` sdtms gay bm `doomrmft okr mvmry ljrkfkckndlac pmrdk`, tjmrm smmgs tk bm fkgmtjk` tk lkrrmlt tjds bdas (Acnazm mt ac. 14418 f. ?).

Pjm absmflm ko mvd`mflm okr gatmrdac àtdfn tk tjm smlkf` part ko tjm Gd``cm Brkfzm Anmsunnmstm` tk tjm survmykrs tjat jabdtatdkf ko tjds rmndkf was cdgdtm` tk a omw stratmndlaccy cklatm`sdtms kutsd`m tjm survmy arma (Acnazm mt ac. 14408 1>). Pjds smttcmgmft nap was mxlcu`m` orkg tjmljrkfkckny, wjdlj hugpm` orkg pmrdk` :, Catm MBA/Marcy GBA, tk pmrdk` 4, CBA. Okr tjm pur-pksm ko tjm prmsmft afacysds, wjdlj rmqudrms a lkftdfukus ljrkfkckndlac oragmwkri, tjds nap wdccjmrm bm laccm` Catm GB. \ubsmqumft mxlavatdkfs javm sjkwf tjat tjm B-M@\ arma was df`mm` kl-lupdm` ùrdfn tjds pmrdk`, af` tjm rmsucts ko tjmsm mxlavatdkfs wdcc bm dflkrpkratm` df tjm prmsmftafacysds.

<? Pjm spaldfn bmtwmmf trafsmlts ds fkt gmftdkfm`. \mm Rm`gaf (14:28 <>>) kf tjm dgpalt ko trafsmlt spaldfn kf sdtm`mtmltdkf.



?:


Pjm smttcmgmft rmlkr` prkvd`m` by Acnazm mt ac. (1440) smrvms as tjm basds okr tjm àta smt tjat wdcc bm usm` jmrm. Rmslum mxlavatdkfs at smvmrac sdtms javm, jkwmvmr, fmlmssdtatm` skgm gk`dodla-tdkfs ko tjm pdlturm as ncmafm` orkg tjm survmy. Pjmsm mxlavatdkfs javm mspmldaccy jdnjcdnjtm` tjmapparmft lkftdfudty bmtwmmf Catm ]rui af` Marcy MBA at smvmrac sdtms, af` tjm prmsmflm ko CatmGBA assmgbcanms. As oar as laf bm hu`nm` orkg tjm mxlavatdkf rmpkrts, tjm survmy smmgs tk javm

skgmwjat uf`mrmstdgatm` tjm kllupatdkfs at df`dvdùac sdtms. Pjm df`dvdùac gk`dodlatdkfs wdcc bm`dslussm` bmckw9 tjm rmsuctaft àta smt ko kllupdm` sdtms pmr pjasm ds prmsmftm` df Pabcm =.< afÒdns. =.2 af` =.<.

Pjm rmlmft rm-àtdfn ko skgm ko tjm `danfkst dl lmragdls usm` by Acnazm jas cm` tk a rm-mvacuatdkf ko tjm apparmft Catm GBA smttcmgmft nap (Umctmfburn 255>a8 1>, 255>b8 2=:). Mspmldaccytjm usm ko tjm ‚orudt staf`— stmg as a typm-okssdc okr tjm Catm MBA/Marcy GBA jas cm` tk af kvmr-mstdgatdkf ko tjm fugbmr ko sdtms okr tjat pmrdk`, bmlausm ‚orudt staf`s— smmg tk javm nkfm kutko usm bmokrm tjm odfac quartmr ko tjm tjdr` gdccmffdug (\mrtki 255>8 202“<). A sdgdcar arnugmftlaf bm ga`m okr lkrrunatm` Jaga nkbcmts. Pjmdr usm lkftdfums dftk tjm Catm MBA/Marcy GBApmrdk`, but tjmsm nkbcmts wmrm mspmldaccy `kgdfaft bmokrm tjat pmrdk`. Pjds sunnmsts tjat sdtms

wjmrm tjmy wmrm okuf` lkuc` fkt kfcy àtm tk tjm Catm MBA/Marcy GBA, but acsk tk marcdmr pmrdk`s(Umctmfburn 255>b8 2=:“4). Pjm rm-àtdfn ko tjmsm `danfkstdl typms df tjm B-M@\ wkuc` aoomlt asdnfdodlaft fugbmr ko sdtms, as sjkwf df Pabcm =.2.

@um tk tjm uflmrtadftdms df tjm atdfn ko tjmsm daljrkfdl typms, dt ds doodluct tk assdnf sdtms wdtj‚orudt staf`s— tk mdtjmr tjm Marcy kr Gd``cm MBA pmrdk`, wjmrmas tjksm wdtj Jaga nkbcmts lkuc`stdcc bm àtm` tk tjm Catm MBA/Marcy GBA. Df kr`mr tk kvmrlkgm tjds dssum, Umctmfburn sunnmstm`rm-àtdfn sdtms wdtj ‚orudt staf`— tk tjm gd`-tjdr` gdccmffdug BL (255>b8 2=4). Pjds sunnmstdkf

wdcc bm okcckwm` jmrm okr tjksm sdtms wjmrm fk mxlavatdkfs javm taimf pcalm, af` wjmrm fk Jagankbcmts wmrm prmsmft, as tjmsm lkuc` df`dlatm Catm MBA/Marcy GBA kllupatdkf as wmcc. Df ktjmr

wkr`s, tjm kllupatdkfs at Fmar Xmunga 2 (B-M@\ 1:), Fmar Jalıfmbd 1 (B-M@\ 2>), Imord Jÿyói(B-M@\ <:), Ŗara Gmzar Jarabm (B-M@\ ?5), af` Fmar Aiarîay 2 (B-M@\ ?:) wdcc bm trmatm` asGd``cm MBA, ratjmr tjaf Catm MBA/Marcy GBA. Okr tjm mxlavatm` sdtms, tjm rmsucts orkg tjm mxla-

vatdkfs wdcc acsk bm taimf dftk allkuft, af` tjmsm arm `dslussm` bmckw.

sdtm fagm ‚orudt staf`— stmg lkrrunatm` Jaga nkbcmt

1 Iacmgayàfı Jÿyói x

2 Iaraîacı Jÿyói x

15 Jkrug Jÿyói x x

1? Pıcgusa Jÿyói x x

1: Fmar Xmunga 2 x

2> Fmar Jalıfmbd 1 x

<0 Pıcvmz Jÿyói x

<: Imord Jÿyói x

00 Xmytdfcd Bajîm Jÿyói x04 Gaěara Jÿyói x

=1 Gmzraa Jÿyói x

?5 Ŗara Gmzar Jarabm x

?= Ŗavd Jÿyói x

?: Fmar Aiarîay 2 x

?4 Nrm _drdim x x

>2 Aiarîay Jÿyói x

:2 Pıca`dr tmpm x x

:= Larljmgdsj x

Pabcm =.28 Kllurrmflm ko ‚oru dt staf`— stmgs af` lkrrunatm` Jaga nkbcmts kf sdtms df tjm B-M@\ rmndkf (Umctmfburn 255>b8

tabcm 1).



?4


Jkrug Jÿyói (B-M@\ 15) jas bmmf mxlavatm` as part ko tjm dftmrfatdkfac lucturac jmrdtanmrmslum kpmratdkf prmlm`dfn tjm ockk`dfn ko tjm Bdrmldi af` Larljmgdsj caims. Pjm sdtm lkfsdsts koa ?.0 ja gadf gkuf` af` a 21 ja ckwmr tkwf. A sdnfdodlaft part ko tjm gadf tmcc jas bmmf mrk`m`by tjm Mupjratms, prkbabcy acrma`y at tjm mf` ko tjm smlkf` gdccmffdug BL, af` Garrk ndvms afmstdgatm ko 15 ja okr tjm tjdr` gdccmffdug sdtm (255>b8 <:0). Pjm ckwmr tkwf smmgs tk javm bmmf

kllupdm` kfcy df tjm Rkgaf pmrdk`. Pjm mxlavatdkfs wmrm larrdm` kut kf tjm skutjmastmrf sckpmaf` tjm tkp ko tjm gadf gkuf`, af` lkfodrgm` tjm pmrdk`s `mtmltm` by tjm Agmrdlaf survmy, as

wmcc as a``dfn tjm Marcy af` Gd``cm MBA af` Catm GBA pmrdk`s. Arljdtmlturac omaturms wmrm okufòkr tjm MB D af` MB D_/GB D pmrdk`s, wjmrmas tjm MB DD“DDD pmrdk`s wmrm attmstm` by substaftdac`dnndfn altdvdtdms. Pjm mxlavatkrs fktm tjat tjm marcy MB `mpksdt at Jkrug Jÿyói ds l . = g tjdli,sdgdcar tk tjat uflkvmrm` at Xmytdfcd Bajîm Jÿyói (B-M@\ 00) (Garrk mt ac. 144>, 144:, 25559Garrk 255>b). Basm` kf tjmsm lkfsd`mratdkfs, tjm sdzm ko Jkrug Jÿyói wdcc bm lkfsmrvatdvmcy ms-tdgatm` at : ja ùrdfn tjm Marcy MBA, Gd``cm MBA, af` Catm MBA/Marcy GBA pmrdk`s. <>

Mxlavatdkfs at 12 g jdnj 1.2 ja Pdcbms Jÿyói (B-M@\ 10) lkfodrgm` kllupatdkf okr tjm MBD af` MB DDD“D_ pmrdk`s, af` sunnmstm` a pkssdbcm MB DD af` GB D kllupatdkf. Pjmrm smmgs tkbm skgm slaft mvd`mflm okr GB DD altdvdtdms, but tjm faturm ko tjmsm altdvdtdms rmgadfs uflcmar. MBD budc`dfns wmrm okuf` kf tjm skutjmrf sckpm. Pjmrm ds acsk mvd`mflm okr kut`kkr altdvdty armas,

wjmrm gmtac sgmctdfn gay javm bmmf larrdm` kut, af` skgm stkfm-cdfm` tkgbsjavm bmmf okuf`.Ra`dklarbkf àtms lkfodrg a catm okurtj“marcy tjdr` gdccmffdug àtm. MB DD kllupatdkf smmgs tkjavm bmmf gulj gkrm rmstrdltm` tjaf tjm prmlm`dfn af` okcckwdfn pjasms, as dt was fkt okuf` dfacc trmfljms. Af MB DDD burfm` budc`dfn ds dftmrprmtm` as a budc`dfn wdtj luctdl lkffktatdkfs. Pjdsbudc`dfn ja` smvmrac prm`mlmsskrs kf tjm sagm spkt, but wdtj `doomrmft dftmrfac caykuts. MxtmfsdvmMB D_ lkfstrultdkf altdvdtdms arm mvd`mflm` df acc trmfljms (Oumfsafta mt ac. 144:, 2551, 2552a).Basm` kf tjmsm àta, af Marcy MBA af` Catm MBA/Marcy GBA kllupatdkf ko 1.5 ja wdcc bm as-sugm`, as wmcc as a 5.= ja Gd``cm MBA af` 5.1 ja Catm GBA kllupatdkf.

Pjm carnm sdtm ko \urtmpm Jÿyói (B-M@\ <<) was kllupdm` ùrdfn tjm CL = pmrdk`, aotmr wjdljtjmrm ds mvd`mflm okr a lkfocanratdkf. Pjm sdtm was prkbabcy dggm`datmcy rm-kllupdm` ùrdfn tjmMB D pmrdk`. Pjds ds acsk sunnmstm` by tjm sdgdcardtdms df pkttmry tmljfkckny okr bktj pmrdk`s.

Pjmrm ds mvd`mflm okr at cmast twk carnm gu`brdli pcatokrgs at tjm sdtm tjat gay javm oufltdkfm`df bktj tjm CL = af` MB D pmrdk`s. Pjm mxlavatkrs mstdgatm tjm CL = kllupatdkf at ? ja af` sun-nmst tjat tjm sdtm gay javm mxtmf`m` tk 25“=5 ja ùrdfn skgm pmrdk`s, hu`ndfn orkg suroalm sjmr``mfsdtdms (Oumfsafta mt ac. 2552a, 255?). Pjm pmrdk`s tjat arm rmprmsmftm` by tjmsm sjmr` slattmrsarm, jkwmvmr, fkt gmftdkfm`. Df tjm absmflm ko gkrm `mtadcm` dfokrgatdkf kf tjmsm mstdgatms, dtsmmgs qudtm pkssdbcm tjat tjmsm `mfsdtdms rmprmsmft sjmr` slattmrs rmsuctdfn orkg koo-sdtm altdvdtdms,okr mxagpcm gafurdfn, df wjdlj lasm tjm dgmfsdkfs ko tjm sdtm dtsmco wkuc` javm bmmf gulj gkrmrmstrdltm` ùrdfn tjmsm pmrdk`s. \dzm mstdgatms okr tjm MB D pmrdk` rafnm orkg < ja (Rktjgaf afÒumfsafta 255<8 tabcm <) tk 12 ja (Oumfsafta 255>8 10<). Basm` kf tjm CL = mstdgatdkf, tjm appar-mft kllupatdkfac lkftdfudty dftk tjm MB D pmrdk`, af` tjm prmsmflm ko carnm gu`brdli pcatokrgs,tjm MB D kllupatdkf at \urtmpm Jÿyói wdcc bm mstdgatm` at 0 ja. Okr MB D_, af mstdgatm ko 12 jads ndvmf (Oumfsafta 255>8 10<).

Pdcvmz Jÿyói (B-M@\ <0) ds a <.= ja sdtm tjat dsl . 4 g jdnj af` gmasurms 1.2 ja at tjm tkp. Pjmmarcdmst gatmrdac okuf` by tjm survmy àtms tk tjm catm MB pmrdk`, but mxlavatdkfs brkunjt tk cdnjt,

agkfn ktjmr tjdfns, ljagpanfm lups, lyga rmlta bkwcs af` rmsmrvm` scdp warm, sunnmstdfn a traf-sdtdkfac Catm Ljaclkcdtjdl/MB D kllupatdkf as wmcc. MB DDD ds acsk prmsmft df tjm gkuf`, but tjmrmsmmgs tk javm bmmf a jdatus ùrdfn MB DD. MB D_ arljdtmlturac rmgadfs lkfsdst ko stkfm waccs, af`tjmrm ds skgm mvd`mflm okr GB D kllupatdkf (Oumfsafta mt ac. 2551, 2552a, 255=). Basm` kf tjmsmrmsucts, Oumfsafta (255>8 10<) mstdgatms tjm sdzm ko tjds sdtm at < ja ùrdfn MB D, 1 ja ùrdfn MBDDD, af` < ja ùrdfn MB D_. Pjmsm mstdgatms wdcc bm rmtadfm` jmrm.

<> Garrk (255>b8 <4?) strmssm` tjm strkfn lkftdfudty kbsmrvm` df oufmrary af` lmragdl tra`dtdkfs at Jkrug Jÿyói, af`

sunnmstm` tjat tjm MB/GB lucturac sljmgm dgpksms upkf tjm Bdrmldi rmndkf a trafsdtdkf tjat ds df rmacdty `doodluct tk`dslmrf df tjm arljamkckndlac rmlkr`.



>5


As part ko tjm arljamkckndlac rmslum kpmratdkfs, Xmytdfcd Bajîm Jÿyói (B-M@\ 00) was rmsur- vmym` twdlm, dflcu`dfn af dftmfsdvm survmy usdfn 15x15 g lkccmltdkf ufdts. \ubsmqumft mxlavatdkfrmvmacm` af mxtrmgmcy rdlj Marcy Brkfzm Anm D smqumflm. Pjm Catm ]rui“MBA trafsdtdkf smmgs tkjavm bmmf vmry nraùac. Pjmrm arm a fugbmr ko arljdtmlturac ljafnms df`dlatdfn `doomrmft typms kokllupatdkfs, but tjmsm fkfmtjmcmss smmg tk javm sullmm`m` malj ktjmr rapd`cy, as tjmrm ds fk ap-

parmft brmai df pkttmry. Pjm MB D smqumflm ds ljaraltmrdzm` by mxtrmgm lkftdfudty df arljdtmlturmaf` pkttmry. Arljdtmlturm lkfsdstm` ko sgacc, sdgpcm `wmccdfns. @urdfn tjm catmr part ko tjm MB Dpmrdk`, tjm arljdtmlturm ds ko a carnmr af` pcaffm` slacm, wdtj carnm rmltafnucar budc`dfns tjat arm rm-budct smvmrac tdgms okcckwdfn tjm sagm caykut. Aotmr tjds kllupatdkf mpdsk`m, tjm sdtm ds abaf`kfmùftdc MB D_. @urdfn tjm odfac part ko tjm Marcy Brkfzm Anm, as wmcc as ùrdfn tjm Gd``cm Brkfzm

Anm, smttcmgmft was rmstrdltm` tk tjm gadf gkuf`. Pjm MB D_ smttcmgmft ds ljaraltmrdzm` by dr-rmnucarcy cad` kut gu`brdli strulturms wjksm oufltdkfs ljafnm tjrkunj tdgm. Allkr`dfn tk tjm mx-lavatkrs, tjds arma gay javm bmmf kf tjm kutsidrts ko tjm smttcmgmft, anadf mgpjasdzdfn tjm cdgdtm`mxtmfsdkf ko tjm smttcmgmft df tjat pmrdk`. Accuvdac `mpksdts wmrm kllasdkfaccy mflkuftmrm` df tjmstratdnrapjy ko tjm sdtm, sunnmstdfn tjat jdnj Mupjratms ockk`s gay javm bmmf rmspkfsdbcm okr tjmsdzm rmùltdkf orkg MB D tk MB D_. Kf tkp ko tjds, a catm Gd``cm Brkfzm Anm wacc was ufmartjm`,dftmrprmtm` as a okrtdodlatdkf wacc. \cdnjtcy tk tjm mast, at tjm basm ko tjm uppmr gkuf`, a `kgmstdlaltdvdty arma was uflkvmrm` (@mvmld af` Gmrnmf 14449 Orafndpafm af` Bulai 25519 Orafndpafm mtac. 2552, 25509 Backssd mt ac. 255>). Xmytdfcd Bajîm Jÿyói wdcc bm lkfsd`mrm` as a 5.: ja smttcmgmftùrdfn tjm Marcy MBA pmrdk`, af` as a 5.2 ja smttcmgmft ùrdfn tjm Gd``cm MBA, Catm MBA/MarcyGBA, af` Catm GBA pmrdk`s.<:

At Tarıg Jÿyói/Tarıg Pmpm (B-M@\ =5), mxlavatdkfs brkunjt tk cdnjt Catm ]rui/CL =, MB D/Iurbaf _, af` Jmccmfdstdl cmvmcs. Pjm ]rui af` Iurbaf _ cmvmcs wmrm jdnjcy `dsturbm` by catmr `dn-ndfn altdvdtdms. Pjm sjacckw ]rui/Iurbaf _ `mpksdts df`dlatm` a rmcatdvmcy sjkrt kllupatdkf spaf,pmrjaps 255“<55 ymars. Okr bktj pmrdk`s, parts ko smvmrac stkfm jkusms wmrm mxlavatm`, but tjmoalt tjat tjm Mupjratms lut away part ko tjm tmcc sunnmstm` tjat tjm smttcmgmft gay javm bmmf carnmrtjaf tjat wjdlj stdcc staf`s tkày. Bktafdlac af` zkkckndlac gatmrdac orkg tjm sdtm df`dlatm` a sub-sdstmflm mlkfkgy dflcu`dfn anrdlucturm af` afdgac jusbaf`ry nmarm` tkwar` cklac lkfsugptdkf(Rktjgaf mt ac. 144:9 Ikzbm af` Rktjgaf 255=). Pjm ratjmr `dsturbm` `mpksdts at Tarıg Jÿyói,af` tjm oalt tjat af ufifkwf part ko tjm sdtm jas mrk`m` away, gaim afy sdzm mstdgatm prkbcmgatdl.Basm` kf tjm sdtm gap af` tjm dftmrprmtatdkf ko tjm sdtm by tjm mxlavatkrs as a sgacc smco-suoodldmftoargdfn lkggufdty, Tarıg Jÿyói wdcc bm lkfsd`mrm` as a 5.< ja Marcy MBA lkggufdty.

At Gmzraa Jÿyói (B-M@\ =1), a smlkf` survmy okuf` mvd`mflm okr tjm Catm Ljaclkcdtjdl, MarcyMBA, af` GB DD pmrdk`s, wjdlj tjm survmy by Acnazm mt ac. `d` fkt `mtmlt. Lcmafdfn ko a carnm sml-tdkf df tjm mast sckpm ko tjm gkuf` rmsuctm` df tjm rmlknfdtdkf ko mdnjt kllupatdkf cmvmcs, ko wjdlj

_D tk _DDD spaf tjm Marcy tk Gd``cm Brkfzm Anm. Cmvmc _D ds àtm` tk tjm GB DD pmrdk`, but fkarljdtmlturac omaturms lkuc` bm assdnfm` tk dt. Pjm oalt tjat GB DD pkttmry typms kllurrm` kf gkstparts ko tjm sdtm suroalm, sunnmsts tjat tjmrm was skgm altdvdty ùrdfn tjds pmrdk`. Bktj tjm survmyrmsucts af` tjm mvd`mflm orkg tjm lcmafm` smltdkf sunnmst tjat tjm MB DDD/D_ pmrdk` was tjm gkstmxtmfsdvm, wjmrmas tjm CL af` MB D/DD pmrdk`s wmrm gkrm rmstrdltm` (ßism af` Pmidfacp 14449

ßism mt ac. 25519 Tacîıicı af` Pmidfacp 2552). Pjm kllupatdkf ko Gmzraa Jÿyói wdcc bm mstdgatmàt 5.2= ja ùrdfn tjm Marcy af` Gd``cm MBA, at 5.= ja ùrdfn tjm Catm MBA/Marcy GBA, af` at5.1 ja ùrdfn tjm Catm GBA.

Ŗavd Jÿyói (B-M@\ ?=) lkfsdsts ko a smvmf smparatm gkuf`s ackfn tjm Mupjratms, fugbmrm`D“_DD orkg skutj tk fkrtj. A farrkw vaccmy smparatms Ŗavd Jÿyói D orkg tjm ktjmr gkuf`s.Rmsurvmy ko Ŗavd Jÿyói ydmc`m` Jacao sjmr`s, fk ]rui sjmr`s, omw Marcy MBA, gkrm Gd``cm af`

<: Pjm prmsmflm ko GB D gatmrdac at Xmytdfcd Bajîm Jÿyói ds uflmrtadf at tjm gkgmft. Pjm lcmar arljdtmlturac brmaibmtwmmf MB D_ af` GB DD sunnmsts mdtjmr lkgpcmtm abaf`kfgmft at tjm sdtm, kr tjm `mstrultdkf ko GB D arljdtmlturaccmvmcs by tjm GB DD okrtdodlatdkfs. Actmrfatdvmcy, tjm okrtdodlatdkf ko tjm sdtm lkuc` pkdft tk a ljafnm df tjm oufltdkf kotjm sdtm, ratjmr tjaf abaf`kfgmft okcckwm` by rmkllupatdkf (Backssd mt ac. 255>8 <>?). Ra`dklarbkf àtms orkg df sdtu

wkk`mf bmags orkg tjm GB DD caymrs prkvd`m` af anm rafnm ko 252:“14:5 lac BL. Pjmsm bmags gay javm bmmf rmlylcmòrkg kc`mr strulturms tjat arm as ymt ufd`mftdodm` at tjm sdtm (Backssd mt ac. 255>8 <>=). Ourtjmr, tjm rmndkfac GB pkttmry

assmgbcanm rmgadfs prkbcmgatdl. Okr mxagpcm, Garrk (255>b8 f. 2=) fktms tjat tjm pkttmry assmgbcanm suppkrtdfn tjmGB DD àtm okr Xmytdfcd Bajîm Jÿyói lcksmcy rmsmgbcms tjm lmragdl rmpmrtkdrm `modfm` as GB D at Jkrug Jÿyói.



>1


Catm MBA, af` MB/GB trafsdtdkfac sjmr`s. Pjmrm wmrm pkssdbcm CBA sjmr`s as wmcc. \mttcmgmftrmgadfs àtdfn tk tjm tjdr` af` marcy smlkf` gdccmffdug BL javm kfcy bmmf mflkuftmrm` at ŖavdJÿyói D af` DD, wjmrmas tjm ktjmr gkuf`s smmg tk javm oufltdkfm` as lmgmtmrdms ùrdfn tjds pm-rdk`. Mxlavatdkf at Ŗavd Jÿyói D rmvmacm` twmfty kllupatdkf pjasms, tmf ko wjdlj rmprmsmft afacgkst lkftdfukus smqumflm orkg catm MB tk catm GB. Pjm marcdmst pjasms 25“14 (MB DDD/D_) lkf-

sdstm` ko stkfm okufàtdkfs, okcckwm` by sdgpcm kgmstdl strulturms urdfn pjasms 1:“1< (MB DDD/D_“GB D). Fk arljdtmlturm was rmlkvmrm` orkg pjasm 12, but tjm carnm agkuft ko pkttmry sunnmstsat cmast lkftdfukus usm ko tjm sdtm. Ujasm 11 (GB DD) lkfsdstm` ko sdgpcm arljdtmlturm, wjmrmasorkg pjasm 15 kfwar`s tjmrm was anadf mvd`mflm okr stkfm okufàtdkfs. At Ŗavd Jÿyói DD, a Catm]rui budc`dfn was d`mftdodm`, kf tkp ko wjdlj Marcy MBA waccs wmrm okuf` tjat prkbabcy bmckfnm`tk smvmrac budc`dfns. (@dttgaff mt ac. 2551, 25529 Bulai mt ac. 2550). Basm` kf tjmsm lkfsd`mra-tdkfs, a 5.0 ja sdzm wdcc bm assugm` okr tjm Gd``cm MBA, Catm MBA/Marcy GBA, af` Catm GBAkllupatdkfs at Ŗavd Jÿyói D, af` a 5.1 ja sdzm okr tjm Marcy MBA kllupatdkf at Ŗavd Jÿyói DD.

Mxlavatdkfs at Nrm _drdim (B-M@\ ?4) lkfodrgm` Acnazm—s sunnmstdkf (14408 =0) tjat tjds wasa spmldac-purpksm sdtm. Pjm mxlavatdkfs acsk lkfodrgm` tjm MB àtm ko tjm sdtm, but oadcm` tk `mtmltafy sdnfs ko pmrgafmft kllupatdkf. Dfstma`, tjm sdtm smmgs tk javm ja` a purmcy luctdl oufltdkfùrdfn gulj ko tjm tjdr` gdccmffdug BL. Pjm sdtm lkfsdstm` ko a carnm gu`brdli pcatokrg wdtj smv-mrac sgaccmr strulturms. @urdfn pmrdk` D (MB D“DD), tjmrm wmrm smvmrac pcastmrm` af` stkfm-cdfm` pdts,a stkfm-cdfm` ljaffmc, af` a stkfm stadrway cma`dfn away orkg tjm tmrralm af` dftk a subtmrrafmafstkfm-cdfm` ljagbmr.<4 Pjm stkfm-cdfm` pdts lkftadfm` nradfs, asjms, ufbaim` lcay odnurdfms, af`gdfdaturm stkfm axms. @urdfn pmrdk` DDA (MB DDD“D_), smvmrac ljagbmr tkgbs wmrm lkfstrultm` kftjm pcatokrg. Nravm nkk`s dflcu`m` fugmrkus vmssmcs, af` stkfm af` gmtac kbhmlts. @urdfn pmrdk`DDB (MB D_), tjm pcatokrg was usm` okr ljdc` burdacs. Asskldatm` odf`s dflcu`m` brkfzm pdfs af`fugmrkus vmssmcs. Pjmrm ds acsk skgm mvd`mflm okr kut`kkr altdvdtdms kf tjm gu`brdli pcatokrg.Nrm _drdim ds dftmrprmtm` by tjm mxlavatkr as a luctdl lmftrm smrvdfn tjm sgacc MB smttcmgmfts df tjmMupjratms basdf. Pjmrm ds a ljafnm ko oklus bmtwmmf pmrdk`s D af` DD, but tjm lkftdfudty bmtwmmfDDA af` DDB ds lcmar, af` strmfntjmfm` by tjm rm-usm ko skgm DDA tkgbs df tjm okcckwdfn DDB pmrdk`(ßism 255=, 255?, 255>). Pjds mvd`mflm sunnmsts tjat Nrm _drdim fmvmr saw pmrgafmft kllupatdkf,af` dt wdcc fkt bm usm` df tjm prmsmft afacysds ko pkpucatdkf `yfagdls df tjm Mupjratms basdf.05

Pjm suroalm ko Ŗarana Jÿyói (B-M@\ ><) jas bmmf rm-dfvmstdnatm` wdtj tjm adg ko mxlavatdfntjm sdtm. _drtuaccy acc tjm pkttmry tjat was rmlkvmrm` orkg tjm suroalm ko tjm tmcc àtm` tk (pkst-)Rkgaf pmrdk`s, mxlmpt df mxpksm` smltdkfs ko tjm sdtm. Pjmsm smltdkfs sjkwm` tjm prmsmflm koBrkfzm Anm budc`dfns. Marcy Brkfzm Anm gatmrdac àtm` tk tjm gd` tk catm tjdr` gdccmffdug BL.01

Pjm trafsdtdkf tk tjm Gd``cm Brkfzm Anm smmgs tk javm bmmf nraùac at tjm sdtm. 02 @urdfn tjmGd``cm Brkfzm Anm, a carnm budc`dfn mxdstm` wdtj rkkgs tjat arm dftmrprmtm` as stkranm rkkgs,basm` kf tjmdr dfvmftkry ko carnm stkranm hars. Pjm budc`dfn was rmfkvatm` smvmrac tdgms, `mgkf-stratdfn a ckfn pmrdk` ko usm. A`halmft strulturms wmrm acsk wmcc-budct, af` dflcu`m` a stkfm stadr-

way. Pjm pkttmry assmgbcanm ydmc`m` a carnm rafnm ko GB typms, dflcu`dfn typms ko tjm catmr GBA.Mxlavatdkf df tjm wmstmrf part ko tjm sdtm rmvmacm` wjat tjm mxlavatkrs bmcdmvm tk bm a okrtdodlatdkf

<4 Pjm stkfm stadrway ds dftmrprmtm` as cma`dfn tk a fkw `mouflt uf`mrnrkuf` sprdfn (ßism 255?). Fktm acsk tjm paraccmcs wdtj tjm catmr uf`mrnrkuf` strulturm ufmar tjm` at Pmcc Gkzaf af` d`mft dodm` as a natm tk tjm fmtjmrwkrc` (Imccy-Bullmccatd 2552).

05 Nrm _drdim ds fkt tjm kfcy fkf-jabdtatdkf sdtm df tjm B-M@\ arma. Marcy Brkfzm Anm lmgmtmrdms wmrm okuf` fmar Bdrmldi(\mrtki af` Mrnmî 1444a), af` pkssdbcy at tjm sdtm ko Jarabmbmzdiaf Jÿyói (B-M@\ >=) (Bdcnmf 2551). Bkztarca Parcası#2 (B-M@\ 20) gay acsk rmprmsmft af MBA tkgb (Acnazm mt ac. 14408 <>). Pjmsm lmgmtmrdms, as wmcc as Nrm _drdim,tmstdoy tk tjm cdvmcy rmndkfac skldac af` rmcdndkus tra`dtdkfs tjat gust javm mxdstm` df tjm Bdrmldi arma ùrdfn tjm MarcyBrkfzm Anm.

01 Basm` kf tjm prmsmflm ko a fmarby MBA lmgmtmry, tjm mxlavatkrs acsk dfomrrm` a fktabcm Marcy MBA kllupatdkf atŖarana Jÿyói (B-M@\ ><) (\mrtki mt ac. 255>8 <0<).

02 Df twk armas ko Ŗarana Jÿyói, tjm mxlavatkrs fktm` tjat tjm Marcy af` Gd``cm Brkfzm Anm caymrs wmrm smparatm` bytjdli Mupjratms ockk` `mpksdts. Jdstkrdlac rmlkr`s ko Mupjratms ockk`s `klugmft tjat, kflm tjm sfkw gmctm`, tjm

watmr cmvmc lkuc` r dsm tk as gulj as <.= g abkvm tjm fkr gac watmr cmvmc df tjm Bdrmldi arma. Pjus, bmokrm tjm lkfstrul-tdkf ko àgs lkftrkccdfn tjm ockw rmndgm ko tjm Mupjratms, sdnfdodlaft ockk`s gay javm bmmf tjm fkrg ratjmr tjaftjm mxlmptdkf. Df oalt, MBA/GBA ockk` `mpksdts wmrm fkt mflkuftmrm` df tjm mastmrf part ko tjm gkuf`, af` tjm

mvmft rmspkfsdbcm okr tjmg apparmftcy `d` fkt lkgpcmtmcy `dsrupt cdom at Ŗarana Jÿyói (B-M@\ ><) (\mrtki mt ac. 255>8<0:).



>2


wacc, prkbabcy àt dfn tk tjm marcy part ko tjm GBA (\mrtki af` Mrnmî 1444b9 \mrtki af` Iucaikěcu2551, 25529 \mrtki mt ac. 2550). Pjm sdzm ko Ŗarana Jÿyói wdcc bm mstdgatm` at 5.= ja ùrdfn tjmGd``cm MBA af` Catm MBA/Marcy GBA pmrdk`s.

Pjm sdtm ko Larljmgdsj (B-M@\ :=) lkfsdsts ko tjrmm parts8 tjm Alrkpkcds gkuf` (< ja), tjmDffmr Pkwf (00.= ja), af` tjm Kutmr Pkwf (152 ja) (Acnazm mt ac. 14408 ?1). Acnazm mt ac. dflcu`m`Larljmgdsj at af mstdgatm` gdfdgac sdzm ko 5.= ja, but tjm sdtm was fkt survmym` um tk dts cklatdkfkf tjm gk`mrf Puridsj“\yrdaf bkr`mr (14408 ?1). Pjds mstdgatm was at tjm ckwmr mf` ko tjm rafnmko mstdgatms ga`m by vardkus rmsmarljmrs, suggardzm` by Lkkpmr as oaccdfn bmtwmmf 5.= af` 00 ja(255?8 =?). Gatmrdac orkg tjm mxlavatdkfs by ^kkccmy jas rmlmftcy bmmf rm-afacyzm`, rmsuctdfn df afmw slmfardk okr tjm nrkwtj ko Larljmgdsj orkg a sgacc vdccanm tk a carnm urbaf lmftrm wdtj afuppmr af` a ckwmr tkwf (Oacskfm af` \lkfzk 255>). Pjm mvd`mflm orkg tjm Alrkpkcds lcmarcy sun-nmsts tjat tjds part ko tjm sdtm was kllupdm` ùrdfn tjm marcy tjdr` gdccmffdug BL. Do tjm Alrkpkcds

was acsk kllupdm` ùrdfn tjm smlkf` jaco ko tjat gdccmffdug, kr tjm marcy smlkf` gdccmffdug, afyrmgadfs javm bmmf `mstrkym` by catmr cmvmccdfn af` lkfstrultdkf altdvdtdms. Kf tjm ktjmr jaf`, tjm

sdtm fagm Marcy MBA Gd``cm MBACatm MBA/Marcy GBA

Catm GB

1 Iacmgayàfı Jÿyói 5.=

2 Iaraîacı Jÿyói 5.2=

15 Jkrug Jÿyói : : :

10 Pdcbms Jÿyói 1 5.= 1 5.1

1? Pıcgusa Jÿyói 5.=

1: Fmar Xmunga 2 5.= 5.=

21 Pmpmldi 5.=

2> Fmar Jalıfmbd 1 5.=

<1 Pıcÿbór Jÿyói 1.00

<< \urtmpm Jÿyói 0 12

<0 Pıcvmz Jÿyói < 1 <

<: Imord Jÿyói 5.= 5.=

05 Bóyói Pıcgdyaf Jÿyói 5.= 5.=

00 Xmytdfcd Bajîm Jÿyói 5.: 5.2 5.2

04 Gaěara Jÿyói 5.<2 5.<2

=5 Tarıg Jÿyói/Pmpm 5.<

=1 Gmzraa Jÿyói 5.2= 5.2= 5.= 5.1

== @afakěcu J ÿyói 5.=

=? Mcdokěcu Jÿyói 5.= 5.=

?5 Ŗara Gmzar Jarabm 5.=

?< Lısırıf Jÿyói 5.=

?= Ŗavd Jÿyói D 5.0 5.0 5.0

(?=a) Ŗavd Jÿyói DD 5.1

?: Fmar Aiarîay 2 5.0

>1 Ŗarana Jÿyói 5.= 5.=

>2 Aiarîay Jÿyói 5.=

:2 Pıca`dr Pmpm 12.2

:= Larljmgdsj 0 <5 <5 <5

Pabcm =.<8 \dzm mstdgatms (ja) okr B-M@\ sdtms wdtj af MB“GB lkgpkfmft (basm` kf Acnazm mt ac. 1440, wdtj gk`dlatdkfs) .Fktm tjat fk sdtm fugbmr was assdnfm` tk Ŗavd Jÿyói DD by tjm B-M@\.



><


Dffmr Pkwf fkw prkvd`ms lcmar mvd`mflm okr MB DDD“D_ kllupatdkf, mspmldaccy df tjm arma ko tjmNrmat \tadrlasm (Oacskfm af` \lkfzk 255>8 ::“4). Pjm lkfstrultdkf ko tjm wacc arkuf` tjm Dffmr

Pkwf laffkt bm àtm` wdtj lmrtadfty, but Oacskfm af` \lkfzk sunnmst tjat tjds gay javm kllurrmàrkuf` tjm sagm tdgm tjat tjm Dffmr Pkwf bmlagm kllupdm`, basm` kf tjm kllurrmflm ko MB

DDD“D_ warms df tjm odcc ko tjm ragpart (255>8 45). Umctmfburn df turf usm` tjds arnugmft tk sun-nmst tjat tjm nrmatmr part ko tjm Dffmr Pkwf gust javm bmmf kllupdm` ùrdfn tjm odfac quartmr kotjm tjdr` gdccmffdug, sdflm dt smmgm` ufcdimcy tjat tjm martj okr tjm odcc wkuc` javm lkgm orkg acarnm `dstaflm (Umctmfburn okrtjlkgdfn). Pjm mvd`mflm okr Catm GBA kllupatdkf ds mquaccy slafty,

wdtj fk gatmrdac ko tjds pmrdk` attmstm` kf tjm Alrkpkcds, af` kfcy skgm gdfkr kllurrmflms dftjm Dffmr Pkwf (Oacskfm af` \lkfzk 255>8 tabcm =.1). @urdfn tjm Gard pmrdk`, Larljmgdsj smmgstk javm okrgm` af accdaflm wdtj smvmrac fmarby ldtdms, but tjm ldty mvmftuaccy appmars tk javm ckstdts df`mpmf`mflm tk Jacab (Jawidfs 14:5). Basm` kf tjds mvd`mflm, tjm sdzm ko Larljmgdsj wdccbm mstdgatm` at 0 ja ùrdfn tjm Marcy MBA, tjat ds, tjm Alrkpkcds gkuf` kfcy. Pjm Gd``cm MBA,Catm MBA/Marcy GBA, af` Catm GBA kllupatdkfs wdcc bm lkfsmrvatdvmcy, af` vmry prkvdsdkfaccy,mstdgatm` at <5 ja. Pjds mstdgatm alifkwcm`nms bktj tjm attmstm` kllupatdkf df tjm arma ko tjmNrmat \tadrlasm af` tjm uflmrtadfty ko dts mxpafsdkf tkwar` tjm Dffmr Pkwf ragpart, as wmcc as tjm

lkftdfum` dgpkrtaflm ko Larljmgdsj as a pkcdtdlac lmftrm.

Gd``cm MBAMarcy MBA Catm MBA/Marcy GBA Catm GBA5

05

?5

>5

:5

25

F

s d t m s +

a n n r m n a t m s d t m s d z m ( j a )

15

<5

=5

:=

:2

?<

=5

==

04

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?:

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=1

0005

<:

<<

<0

<1

21

2>1:

10

1?

15

1

2

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5 ig =

F

15

Odn. =.28 Pktac fugbmr ko sdtms (bars) af` annrmnatm sdtm sdzm df jmltarms (cdfm) okr mvmry B-M@\ pmrdk` wdtjkut lkrrmltdkf okrsdtm lkftmgpkrafmdty.

Odn. =.<8 Gap ko tjm B-M@\ rmndkf df`dlatdfn acc sdtms wdtj af Marcy MBA, Gd``cm MBA, Catm MBA/Marcy GBA, kr Catm GBAkllupatdkf (basm` kf Acnazm mt ac. 14408 n. 2).



>0


=.2.2 Pjm Bacdij survmy

Pjm Bacdij _accmy tkki sjapm ùrdfn tjm ]ppmr Ucmdstklmfm, but tjm rdvmr alqudrm` dts prmsmftlkursm kfcy at tjm mf` ko tjds pmrdk` ùm tk tmltkfdl altdvdty (Guc`mrs 14?48 01). Pmltkfdl gkvm-gmft jas rmsuctm` df a nraùac rdsm ko tjm fkrtjmrf part ko tjm Bacdij basdf, wjmrmas tjm skutj

mxpmrdmflm` a nraùac sdfidfn (Guc`mrs 14?48 <?). Kf avmranm, tjm vaccmy ds 2“< ig wd`m, wdtj agaxdgug ko l . ? ig. ^dtjdf tjm Bacdij basdf, twk tmrralms laf bm dstdfnudsjm`9 a ckwmr Jkcklmfmtmrralm (BP1) af` a rmgfaft jdnjmr ]ppmr Ucmdstklmfm tmrralm (BP2). Pjm Jkcklmfm tmrralm lkf-sdsts ko brkwf ckag, kvmr < g tjdli wdtj skgm cklac garc kutlrkps (Guc`mrs 14?48 04). Rmgfaftsko tjm jdnjmr Ucmdstklmfm tmrralm arm cklatm` kf tjm wmstmrf sd`m ko tjm Bacdij _accmy af` lkfsdstko cdgmstkfm kvmrcadf by nypsug af` nravmc caymrs. Cdgmstkfm kutlrkps laf bm okuf` kf jdnjmrjdcctkps (Guc`mrs 14?48 =5). Pjm Bacdij luts a ockk`pcadf 1=5 g wd`m af` 0“= g mmp. Bktj `mptjaf` wd`tj ko tjm Bacdij ockk`pcadf mlrmasm aotmr Pmcc ms-\mgaf um tk tappdfn watmr okr drrdnatdkfpurpksms. Aotmr tjm lkfocumflm ko Bacdij af` â`d ac-Ijm`mr, tjm ockk`pcadf luts < g `mmp dftktjm ckwmst tmrralm (Guc`mrs 14?48 :“4). Accuvdac sm`dgmftatdkf sdflm tjm odotj gdccmffdug BL jasrmsuctm` df a lkfsd`mrabcm rdsm ko tjm ockk` pcadf af` gay javm kbslurm` ckw-rmcdmo arljamkckndlacomaturms (^dcidfskf 144:8 ?=).0<

Pjm Bacdij luts dts way tjrkunj a caf`slapm ko ufùcatdfn pcadfs wdtj prm`kgdfaftcy laclarm-kus af` nypsdomrkus skdcs. Pk tjm wmst ko tjm vaccmy, af` df tjm fkrtjmrf part ko tjm mast bafi arma,garc `mpksdts prm`kgdfatm, lkvmrm` by a nravmc caymr ko vardabcm tjdlifmss. Pjm skutjmrf part kotjm mast bafi arma lkfsdsts ko nypsdomrkus skdcs, nmfmraccy lkvmrm` by a tjdf caymr ko nravmccy ckag(Bkmrga 14::8 pc. 2). Df tjmsm armas, ckw skdc annraàtdkf jas rmsuctm` df jdnj vdsdbdcdty ko arljamk-ckndlac omaturms. _dsdbdcdty `mlrmasms tkwar`s tjm Bacdij _accmy (^dcidfskf f.`.). Jdnjcy nypsdomrkusskdcs arm ufsudtabcm okr pcaft nrkwtj, but wa`d skdcs nmfmraccy javm a ckwmr pmrlmftanm ko nypsug,rmsuctdfn df cklac, scdnjtcy gkrm oavkurabcm ldrlugstaflms. Laclarmkus skdcs arm gkrm oavkurabcm okrpcaft nrkwtj.

Pjm Bacdij ds a rmcatdvmcy sgacc pmrmffdac strmag lkgparm` tk tjm Mupjratms af` Ijabur (smm\mltdkf 2.2). Pjm Bacdij rmlmdvms gkst ko dts watmr orkg tjm sprdfn at ‚Adf ac-Arùs, hust skutj ko tjmprmsmft-ày Puridsj“\yrdaf bkr`mr. A``dtdkfaccy, tjm Bacdij ds om` by a fugbmr ko wa`ds, dflcu`-

dfn tjm â`d Qaragknj af` â`d ac-Ijm`mr. Gkst wa`ds mast ko tjm Bacdij _accmy `radf tkwar`stjm Bacdij af` ruf mast“wmst. Df tjm skutj, wa`ds `radf tkwar`s tjm Mupjratms. Pjmsm wa`ds laftrafspkrt lkfsd`mrabcm agkufts ko watmr, as mvd`mflm`, okr mxagpcm, by carnm cdgmstkfm bcklisokuf` df tjm ckwmr lkursm ko tjm â`d ac-Burh. Pjm â`d Qaragknj `radfs a vast arma tk tjm wmstko tjm Bacdij _accmy. Pjm â`d ac-Ijm`mr ds om` by tjm â`d ac-Jmgar, lkgdfn orkg tjm fkrtjmrfcdgmstkfm pcatmau, af` tjm a`d ac-Burh. Pjm `mptj ko tjm nrkuf`watmr tabcm vardms orkg =“15 gokr tjm ckwmr Bacdij _accmy tk <5 g okr tjm surrkuf`dfn cdgmstkfm af` nypsug rmndkfs (Guc`mrs14?48 0:“4).00

Arljamkckndlac dftmrmst df tjm Bacdij _accmy ds a rmlmft pjmfkgmfkf. \aljau, kfm ko tjm omwmarcy travmccmrs tk javm altuaccy vdsdtm` tjm Bacdij _accmy, gmftdkfs tjat tjmrm arm fk afldmft gkfu-gmfts df tjm arma (1::<8 201). Cm \trafnm gmftdkfs skgm Dscagdl gkfugmfts (145=8 150). \yims,travmccdfn df tjm marcy twmftdmtj lmftury, gmftdkfs afldmft drrdnatdkf lafacs bmtwmmf Pmcc as-\agaf

af` Raqqa af` kbsmrvms ko tjm Bacdij tjat ‚Pjm fugmrkus rudfs ackfn dts bafis sjkw tjat a vmrycarnm pkpucatdkf gust at kfm tdgm javm subsdstm` kf bktj sd`ms ko tjm rdvmr— (141=8 <10). Dftmrmst dftjm arljamkckny ko tjm Bacdij _accmy startm` wdtj Gacckwaf—s skuf`dfns at Aswa`, Jaggag Dbf-\jmjab, Hd`cm, Gmomsj, af` \ajcaf (Gacckwaf 140?). Df Gacckwaf—s wkr`s, odf`s orkg tjmsm sdtms‚gmrmcy agpcdoy af` lkfodrg tjm mvd`mflm acrma`y kbtadfm` orkg tjm Jabur— (140?8 111), af` our-tjmr cm` jdg tk lkflcu`m tjat ‚a lkuftry sulj as tjm Bacdj ds cdimcy tk javm impt wdtjdf dts lkfodfmskfcy tjm gkrm prdgdtdvm af` cmast mftmrprdsdfn okrgs ko skldmty— (140?8 11=). Lkgparm` tk tjm slacmko smttcmgmft df tjm Ijabur arma, tjm Brkfzm Anm sdtms ko tjm Bacdij _accmy arm df`mm` gk`mst. As

0< Pjm moomlt ko tjds accuvdatdkf kf Marcy af` Gd``cm Brkfzm Anm smttcmgmfts ds as ymt ufifkwf. Ndvmf tjm prmomrmftdaccklatdkf ko mspmldaccy gd`“catm tjdr` gdccmffdug BL smttcmgmfts kf tmccs, a lasm lkuc` bm ga`m tjat tjm jdnj vdsdbdcdtyko tjds smttcmgmft cklatdkf at cmast partdaccy koosmt tjm moomlts ko accuvdatdkf.

00 Rmlmft lafacdzatdkf ko tjm Bacdij af` tjm carnm-slacm usm ko gmljafdzm` pugps javm `rastdlaccy actmrm` tjm jy`rkcknd-lac quacdtdms ko tjm wd`mr Bacdij `radfanm.



>=


a rmsuct, prmjdstkrdl caymrs at guctd-pmrdk` sdtms arm gkrm mxpksm`, af` catmr survmys ko (parts) kotjm Bacdij _accmy sjkwm` tjat tjm arma was jkgm tk guctdpcm prmjdstkrdl skldmtdms (Lauvdf 14>59

Abu Assao 14>:/49 Lkpmcaf` 14>4, 14:2). A gkrm agbdtdkus survmy, tarnmtdfn tjm mftdrm \yrdafpart ko tjm Bacdij _accmy, was uf`mrtaimf df 14:< by a tmag orkg tjm ]fdvmrsdty ko Agstmràgas part ko tjm mxlavatdkf prkhmlt ko Pmcc Jaggag mt-Purigaf (Aiimrgafs 14:0). Okcckwdfn

tjds survmy, survmys ko (parts ko) tjm Bacdij _accmy, as wmcc as tjm Jarraf pcadf tk tjm fkrtj, wmrmuf`mrtaimf by Lür`kba (14::), Tar`dgld (144<) af` ^dcidfskf (144:) (smm bmckw). Mxlavatm`gatmrdac okr tjm tjdr` af` marcy smlkf` gdccmffdug BL lkgms orkg Pmcc Bd—a (B\ 1) (Mdfwan 144:9Gdncus af` \trkggmfnmr 2552 af` rmomrmflms tjmrmdf), Pmcc Jaggag mt-Purigaf (B\ 1>=) (vafCkkf 14::9 Gmdhmr 14:4, 144?), af` orkg sgacc skuf`dfns at \ajcaf (B\ 20>) af` Hd`cm (B\ 2>=)(Gacckwaf 140?).0=

Pjm 14:< Bacdij \urvmy (B\) (Odn. =.1J) jas bmmf partdaccy pubcdsjm` (Aiimrgafs 14:09 Lurvmrs14419 Aiimrgafs 144<9 Bartc 1440). Pjm purpksm ko tjm survmy was tk cklatm as gafy arljamk-ckndlac sdtms as pkssdbcm, af` tk rmlkfstrult afldmft smttcmgmft pattmrfs af` tjmdr `mvmckpgmft.

Pjm survmy acsk lrmatm` a rmndkfac lkftmxt okr tjm stratdodm` lmragdl smqumflm ko Pmcc Jaggagmt-Purigaf. Rmlknfdtdkf ko sdtms `d` fkt taim pcalm df tjm odmc`, but was basm` kf tjm slrmmfdfnko avadcabcm gaps af` amrdac pjktknrapjs taimf df tjm 14?5s. Pjds rmsuctm` df tjm rmlknfdtdkf ko215 arljamkckndlac sdtms, as wmcc as skgm gkuf`s tjat wmrm fkf-arljamkckndlac df faturm. Pjmsmsdtms wmrm tjmf vdsdtm` af` sjmr`s af` ktjmr gatmrdacs wmrm lkccmltm` df a sagpcdfn gaffmr. Carnmsdtms wmrm `dvd`m` dftk guctdpcm sagpcdfn armas basm` kf gkrpjkckndlac ljaraltmrdstdls ko tjm sdtm.Fk survmydfn was uf`mrtaimf away orkg tjm sdtms tjat wmrm d`mftdodm` prdkr tk tjm altuac odmc`

wacidfn. Dt ds dgpkr taft tk fktm tjat tjds tmljfdqum ds bdasm` tkwar`s carnm, rmlknfdzabcm gkuf`s.\gacc sdtms, rmprmsmftdfn kfcy kfm pmrdk` kr ktjmr cdgdtm` altdvdtdms, arm cdimcy uf`mrrmprmsmftm`(Aiimrgafs 14:09 Lurvmrs 1441).

Basm` kf tjm survmy rmsucts, Lurvmrs (14418 1:5) mstdgatm` sdtm sdzms by `dvd`dfn malj sdtm dftksmltkrs af` a``dfn up tjm smltkrs tjat ydmc`m` sjmr`s ko a spmldodl pmrdk`. Dt smmgs tjat tjds `dvd-sdkf was basm` kf tjm `dvdsdkfs usm` ùrdfn tjm survmy. Pjm survmy usm` a ljrkfkckny aàptmòrkg tjm Jaggag mt-Purigaf smqumflm, df kr`mr tk avkd` afy ljrkfkckndlac kr lucturac dgpcd-latdkfs attaljm` tk tjm a`kptdkf ko a ljrkfkckny orkg afktjmr rmndkf (Lurvmrs 14418 1:1). Pjmljrkfkckny usm` jmrm ds gk`dodm` aotmr tjm pmrdk`dzatdkf prmsmftm` by Lurvmrs (Pabcm 2.0).

Df 14:?, a survmy ko tjm Bacdij basdf was larrdm` kut by a \pafdsj tmag orkg tjm ]fdvmrsdà` Autüfkga ko Ga`rd`. Pjds survmy was part ko a prkhmlt kf ‚tjm krdndfs, `mvmckpgmft af` mxtdfl-tdkf ko tjm Jurrdaf lucturm af` pmkpcm—, af` spmldodlaccy adgm` at odf`dfn a sudtabcm sdtm okr mxlava-tdkf. Pjm survmy was rmstrdltm` tk twmfty-sdx tmccs tjat wmrm d`mftdodm` kf gaps af` Caf`sat satmccdtmdganms. Gafy ko tjmsm sdtms wmrm prmvdkuscy vdsdtm` by Aiimrgafs df 14:<, but skgm fmw sdtms

0= \urrkuf`dfn armas tjat wmrm rmlmftcy survmym` dflcu`m tjm upcaf` arma bmtwmmf tjm Mupjratms af` tjm Bacdij (Odn.=.1M, O) (Mdfwan 144<9 @aftd 144>, 255?“>), tjm â`d Jaggar (Odn. =.1I) (jttp8//wmb.ufd-orafiourt.`m/ob54/

vkr`mrasarlj/survmy.jtg (Allmssm` 1? Fkvmgbmr, 255>)), tjm Mupjratms _accmy wmst af` mast ko Raqqa (Odn. =.1N)(Ikjcgmymr 14:0), af` tjm Jarraf pcadf (Odn. =.1D) (Tar`dgld 144<).

B\ Lür`kba fagm B\ pmrdk`s Lür`kba pmrdk`s

2 1 Pmcc Xadàf _Dab, _Dl` MB D_A

:< > Pmcc as-\agaf _Dab, _Dl`, _DDa, _DDb, _DDl MB DDD, MB D_A, MB D_B, GB D

10> 11 Pmcc as-\awwaf _Dab, _Dl`, _DDb MB DDD, MB D_, GB

1=2 1< Pmcc mz-Ximrk _DDa, _DDb, _DDl MB D_, GB D

1>= 10 Pmcc Jaggag mt-Purigaf _Dab, _Dl`, _DDa, _DDb, _DDl MB DDD, MB D_A, MB D_B, GB D, GB DD

20> 14 Pmcc \ajcaf _Dab, _Dl`, _DDa, _DDb, _DDl MB DDD, MB D_A, MB D_B, GB

2>= 20 Pmcc Hd`cm _Dab, _Dl`, _DDb, _DDl MB DDD, MB D_, GB

2>? 2= Pmcc Jaggag Dbf-\jmjab _DDb GB

2:5 2? Pmcc Abya` _Dab, _Dl`, _DDa, _DDb, _DDl MB D_, GB

24> 2< Pmcc Brmrd _Dab, _Dl`, _DDb, _DDl MB D_A, MB D_B, GB

Pabcm =.08 Pjdr` af` smlkf` gdc cmffdug BL ljrkfkckndlac lkflkràflm okr sdtms survmym` by tjm B\ af` Lür`kba. \dtm fugbmrsdf tjm smlkf` af` tjdr` lkcugfs rmomr tk tjksm pubcdsjm` df Lurvmrs 1441 af` Lür`kba 14::, rmspmltdvmcy.



>?


cklatm` kf tjm a`d Qaragknj wmrm survmym` as wmcc. Fk dfokrgatdkf kf kf-sdtm lkccmltdkf stratm-ndms ds prkvd`m` (Lür`kba 14::). Nmfmraccy, tjmdr odf`dfns smmg tk lkfodrg tjksm ko Aiimrgafsokr tjm tmccs tjat wmrm vdsdtm` by bktj tmags, mxlmpt tjat tjm marcy MB pmrdk` ds lkfspdlukuscy ab-smft orkg Lür`kba—s àta (Pabcm =.0). Cali ko oagdcdardty wdtj cklac MB pkttmry tra`dtdkfs, kr tjmkvmrbur`mf orkg catmr pmrdk`s, partdlucarcy Bacdij _Dl`, pkssdbcy lkgbdfm` wdtj a ckw-dftmfsdty

survmy stratmny gay mxpcadf tjds absmflm. ]fokrtufatmcy, àta kf tmcc gkrpjkckny af` smttcmgmftsdzm pmr pjasm arm calidfn, prmvmftdfn dflcusdkf ko tjds survmy df tjm prmsmft afacysds.0?

Pjm ^mstmrf Hazdra Arljamkckndlac Caf`slapm Urkhmlt dfvmstdnatm` tjm Bacdij vaccmy orkg 1442tk 144=, oklusdfn kf tjm fkrtjmrf part ko tjm vaccmy bmtwmmf Pmcc \ajcaf (B\ 20>) af` Pmcc as-\agaf (B\ :<) (^dcidfskf 144:). Pjm prkhmlt was adgm` fkt kfcy at odf`dfn fmw sdtms, but mspm-ldaccy koo-sdtm omaturms rmcatdfn tk drrdnatdkf af` caf`-usm. Gaps af` amrdac dganmry wmrm stu`dm` tkd`mftdoy arljamkckndlac af` mfvdrkfgmftac omaturms, oklusdfn mspmldaccy kf tjksm armas af` omaturmstjat ja` fkt bmmf stu`dm` by marcdmr survmys. Pjmsm omaturms wmrm tjmf vdsdtm` df tjm odmc`, tknmtjmr

wdtj omaturms tjat wmrm `dslkvmrm` ùrdfn odmc`wkri. \kgm dftmfsdvm odmc`wacidfn arkuf` smcmltm`sdtms was larrdm` kut as wmcc. Drrdnatdkf omaturms wmrm kfcy spkra`dlaccy mflkuftmrm` af` wmrm nmf-mraccy ko Byzaftdfm kr catmr àtm, do tjmy lkuc` bm àtm` at acc. Kfcy kfm omaturm pkssdbcy àtdfn tktjm Marcy Brkfzm Anm was okuf`. Agkfn tjm ktjmr omaturms tjat wmrm okuf` wmrm jkcckw ways, afòdmc` slattmrs ko sjmr`s. Pjm jkcckw ways smmgm` tk àtm gadfcy tk tjm Drkf Anm af` marcy Dscagdlpmrdk`, wjmrmas tjm odmc` slattmrs lkfsdstm` ko Jmccmfdstdl tk marcy Dscagdl sjmr`s. \mvmrac fmw,sgacc sdtms tjat wmrm rmlknfdzm` wmrm ndvmf B\ fugbmrs df allkràflm wdtj tjm systmg usm` by

Aiimrgafs. Pjm survmy okuf` smvmrac Jacao af` ]bad` sdtms af` tk a cmssmr mxtmft acsk Brkfzm Anmsdtms. Kfcy tjrmm fmw rurac MB/GB sdtms wmrm okuf`, twk ko wjdlj gay javm bmmf spmldac purpksmsdtms fkt asskldatm` wdtj anrdlucturac altdvdtdms kr pmrgafmft kllupatdkf. Pjds odf`dfn sdnfdodlaftcystrmfntjmfs tjm pdlturm ko tjdr` af` marcy smlkf` gdccmffdug kllupatdkf df tjm Bacdij _accmy asnadfm` orkg tjm 14:< Bacdij \urvmy (^dcidfskf 144:8 >1).

Cykf vdsdtm` fugmrkus sdtms df tjm Bacdij _accmy as part ko tjm ^mstmrf Hazdra ArljamkckndlacCaf`slapm Urkhmlt, af` prmsmftm` àta kf sdtm sdzms okr pmrdk`s _DD“DZ tjat arm skgmtdgms at k``s

wdtj Lurvmrs— mstdgatms (Cykf 25558 tabcm 2). Df skgm dfstaflms dt laf bm lcmarcy smmf tjat Cykfusm` Lurvmrs— mstdgatms, df wjdlj lasm tjmy arm df allkràflm. At smvmrac sdtms, jkwmvmr, tjmrm armlkfsd`mrabcm `doomrmflms bmtwmmf Lurvmrs— af` Cykf—s mstdgatms okr pmrdk` _DD kllupatdkfs (Pabcm=.=).

0? ^kri df tjm a`d Qaragknj arma jas rmlmftcy bmmf rmsugm` wdtj tjm arljamkckndlac dfvmstdnatdkf ko Pmcc Bacabra Mastaf` ^mst/Pmcc Barābdra 1 af` 2 (jttp8//www.hmzdrmj.krn/bacabra[mxlavatdkf.jtgc (Allmssm` = Garlj, 2554)).

sdtm fagm mstdgatm Lurvmrs (ja) mstdgatm Cykf (ja)

?4 fk kllupatdkf 2.1

>< 5.? 1.<

:< Pmcc as-\agaf 4.5 1>.5

:0 15.5 fk kllupatdkf

155 Pmcc Harujm 5.2“1.5 2.2

112 5.? 2.=

1<4 Pmcc Ija`rdya 5.= ?.<

1:2 5.2 1.<

25= 1.: fk kllupatdkf

214 Pmcc Qaràfa 5.? 1.:

20> Pmcc \ajcaf >.= 1?.5

<1? Pmcc Gaoraq \cui 5.< 1.?

<<0 5.? 1.2

Pabcm =.= 8 Lkgpardskf ko wd`mcy varydfn sdtm sdzm mstdgatms by Lurvmrs af` Cykf okr Bacdij pmr dk` _DD .



>>


Ourtjmrgkrm, Cykf gmftdkfm` twk Bacdij pmrdk` _DD sdtms tjat wmrm fkt okuf` by tjm 14:<survmy. Pjmsm arm B\ <4< af` H@C-1, mstdgatm` at 1.= af` 1.: ja, rmspmltdvmcy. Df tjm absmflm kodfokrgatdkf kf tjm assugptdkfs allkr`dfn tk wjdlj sdtm sdzms wmrm mstdgatm` by Cykf, dt ds `do-odluct tk allkr` Lurvmrs— af` Cykf—s mstdgatms wdtj malj ktjmr. Dt smmgs tjat Cykf—s mstdgatms armlkfsdstmftcy jdnjmr tjaf tjksm ko Lurvmrs, actjkunj tjmrm arm skgm fktabcm mxlmptdkfs. A pkssdbcm

mxpcafatdkf gay bm tjat Cykf—s jdnjmr mstdgatms rmsuctm` orkg tjm cugpdfn tknmtjmr ko pmrdk` _DDgatmrdac, wjdlj Lurvmrs sub`dvd`m` dftk tjrmm pjasms. Ndvmf tjmsm uflmrtadftdms, dt smmgs gkstpru`mft tk usm Lurvmrs— àta, as tjmsm àta arm at cmast dftmrfaccy lkfsdstmft.

Bmokrm sdtm lkftmgpkrafmdty af` pkpucatdkf rmlkfstrultdkfs lkuc` bm larrdm` kut, a sdtm nazmt-tmmr was lkgpdcm` orkg Lurvmrs 1441, cdstdfn acc sdtms wdtj af Marcy af`/kr Gd``cm Brkfzm Anmlkgpkfmft, tjat ds, Bacdij pmrdk`s _D af` _DD. Pjds cdst was tjmf slrmmfm` okr sdtms tjat gay fktjavm bmmf df usm as jabdtatdkf sdtms. Pjmsm sdtms wmrm rmgkvm` orkg tjm sagpcm. Okr skgm ktjmrsdtms, rmvdsm` sdzm mstdgatms arm prmsmftm`. Pjm gk`dodlatdkfs af` a``dtdkfs tjat wmrm ga`m tk tjmkrdndfac àta smt arm `mslrdbm` bmckw9 tjm rmsuctaft àta smt ds prmsmftm` df Pabcm =.? af` Odns. =.0af` =.=.0>

Pmcc Bd—a (B\ 1), afldmft Puttuc, at tjm lkfocumflm ko tjm Mupjratms af` tjm Bacdij, was fktsurvmym` df 14:<, but af marcdmr prm-mxlavatdkf survmy df`dlatm` tjat tjm mftdrm tmcc was cdttmrm`

wdtj ]r DDD af` Kc` Babyckfdaf sjmr`s (\trkggmfnmr 14:18 2?) . Af dgpkrtaft sdzm df`dlatkr ds tjmldty wacc, parts ko wjdlj javm bmmf mxlavatm` at tjm fkrtjmrf, wmstmrf, af` skutjmrf cdgdts ko tjmtmcc (Gdncus af` \trkggmfnmr 2552). At cmast tjrmm pjasms javm bmmf mxlavatm`. Orkg tjm marcdmstpjasm kfwar`, tjm wacc was rmbudct at tjm sagm cklatdkf, pkssdbcy sk tjat tjm kc`mr wacc lkuc` smrvmas a okufàtdkf okr tjm fmw strulturm. Pjm àtdfn ko tjmsm pjasms ds `doodluct, as omw odf`s lkuc`bm cdfim` tk tjm altuac lkfstrultdkf ko tjm waccs. Pjm marcdmst gatmrdac orkg jdcc M, àtabcm tk tjmM@ pmrdk`, ds fkt okuf` df asskldatdkf wdtj tjm marcdmst pjasms ko tjm wacc, sunnmstdfn tjat tjmodrst pjasm àtms tk tjm catm M@ pmrdk`. Ukttmry orkg stratdnrapjdl lkftmxts bmtwmmf tjm odrst af`smlkf` pjasm ko tjm wacc acsk àtms tk tjm M@ pmrdk`, wjmrmas af Aiia`-pmrdk` nravm ùn dftktjm smlkf` pjasm prkvd`ms a tmrgdfus aftm qumg . Pjm avadcabcm mvd`mflm tjmrmokrm sunnmsts tjat tjmkc`mst af` gd``cm pjasms wmrm lkfstrultm` catm df tjm M@ pmrdk`. Pjm tjdr` pjasm smmgs tk àtmtk tjm catm Dsdf-Carsa/marcy Kc` Babyckfdaf pmrdk . Do dt ds assugm` tjat tjm ldty wacc partcy sjapm`tjm lkftkurs ko tjm tmcc, as ds sunnmstm` by tjm mxlavatm` parts, tjmf tjm wacc wkuc` mflcksm afarma ko <5“<= ja. Kfcy a oraltdkf ko tjds arma jas bmmf mxlavatm`, wdtj a oklus kf pubcdl/koodldac

0> Fk attmgpt jas bmmf ga`m jmrm tk systmgatdlaccy trafslrdbm Arabdl sdtm fagms allkr`dfn tk kfm systmg. Okr wmcc-ifkwf sdtms, tjm gkst wd`mcy usm` trafslrdptdkf ds a`kptm`, m.n. Cmdcaf dfstma` ko Caycāf. Ktjmrwdsm, tjm fagms kosdtms, as oar as ifkwf, arm `drmltcy taimf orkg tjm rmspmltdvm pubcdlatdkfs, tk acckw masy rmomrmfldfn bmtwmmf tjmsm

pubcdlatdkfs af` tjds stu`y. Pjm AU]G prkhmlt prkvd`ms a lkggmfàbcm attmgpt tk lkccmlt, latmnkrdzm af` systmgdzmsdtm fagms df fkrtjmrf Gmskpktagda (Afastasdk mt ac. 25508 2“<).

Bacdij _DabBacdij _Dl` Bacdij _DDa Bacdij _DDb Bacdij _DDl5

05

?5

:5

155

125

25 F

s d t m s +

a n n r m n a t m s d t m s d z m ( j a )

Odn. =.08 Pktac fugbmr ko sdtms (bars) af` annrmnatm sdtm sdzm df jmltarms (cdfm) okr mvmry B\ pmrdk` wdtjkut lkrrmltdkf okr sdtmlkftmgpkrafmdty.



>:

sdtm fagm _Dab _Dl` _DDa _DDb _DDl

1 Pmcc Bd—a 25 25 1= 1= 1=

2 Pmcc Xad`af > 5.=

12 5.1

21 Pmcc Gajcas 2 <.2

2> 1 1

<0 5.: 1.1 1.1

<= Gmrh Abu \jardb 1.< 1.1 5.1

=? 5.2 5.: 5.:

?? 5.2 1.= 1.=

?> 5.= 5.= 5.=

>< 5.? 5.? 5.?

:1 Ijdrbmt ac-Bassac 5.= 1.2 1.2

:< Pmcc as-\agaf 2.> 0.= 4 4 4.>

:0 15 15 15 15

:= 5.0 5.0

:? 5.< 5.< 5.< 5.<

4= Pmcc ar-Rajyar 5.= 5.=

4? 5.1 5.1

155 Pmcc Harujm 5.: 1 5.2 1 1

151 Jmcwmt—Abd` 1.0

15= 1

15? 2.1 1.=

112 5.? 5.? 5.?

11< 1.1

1<4 Pmcc Ija`rdya 1.0 5.0 5.= 5.=

10> Pmcc as-\awwaf 2 2 5.<

1=2 Pmcc mz-Ximrk 5.= 5.= 5.=

1>1 Ijdrbmt ac-Jahahm 5.0

1>2 Ijdrbmt mc-Agbar 1

1>= Pmcc Jaggag mt-Purigaf < <.> ?.? ?.? ?.?

1:5 1.= 1.=

1:1 1 1

1:2 5.2 5.2

1:? 5.2 5.2

14= 2 2 2

255 5.< 5.< 5.<

25< 5.> 5.> 5.>

25= 1.: 1.: 1.:

25> 5.2 5.2 5.2

211 Pmcc Hdtac 0.2 0.2 0.2

212 Pmcc Motadg 1.< <.= < 1.>

210 5.2

Pabcm =.?8 \dzm mstdgatms (ja) okr B\ sdtms wdtj a tjdr` gdccmff dug BL (Bacdij _Da“`) kr marcy smlkf` gdccmffdug BL (Bacdij _DDa“l) lkgpkfmft (basm` kf Lurvmrs 1441, wdtj gk`dlatdkfs).



>4

sdtm fagm _Dab _Dl` _DDa _DDb _DDl

214 Pmcc Qar`afa 5.? 5.?

2<= Pmcc Njaradr/Pmcc ^aznÿc 5.: 5.1

2<? 1

205 5.2

201 5.=

202 Pmcc m`-@ubanjdym 5.<

200 5.?

20? 1.? < 1.0 < 1

20> Pmcc \ajcaf 2.< 2.< >.= >.= >.=

2=0 5.2

2?0 Pmcc \jrmy—af 1 2.0 2 2

2?= 5.2 5.2

2?> 5.<

2?: 5.0

2>5 Pmcc ac-Abm` 5.> 5.< 5.> 5.> 5.>

2>= Pmcc Hd`cm 1.= 1.= 1.= 1.=

2>? Pmcc Jaggag Dbf-\jmjab 5.4

2:5 Pmcc Abya` < 0.: 0.: 0.: 0.:

2:1 5.2

2:2 5.? 5.? 5.?

2:0 Pmcc Isas 1 1

24> Pmcc Brmrd <.: <.: <.: <.:

<50 Gascajat Pmcc as-\agaf 5.< 5.< 5.> 5.>

<5= Ijdrbmt ac-Jacawa 5.2 5.2

<5: Pmcc \abd Abya` _ 5.2 5.2 5.2

<15 5.= 5.=

<11 5.1

<1? Pmcc Gaoraq \cui 5.<

<1> 5.2

<22 5.< 5.< 5.<

<2< 1.1

<20 1 1 1 1

<2? 5.<

<2> Pmcc Abbara 1 1 1

<2: 5.1 5.1

<<5 1.0 1.0

<<1 1.0 1.0 1.0

<<0 5.? 5.? 5.? 5.?

<<> 1.? 1.? 1.?

<05 5.=

<02 1.<

Pabcm =.?8 Lkftdfum`.



:5


budc`dfns, lkgpcdlatdfn tjm mstdgatdkf ko budct-up arma wdtjdf tjm ldty wacc. Basm` kf tjm `atdfnko tjm vardkus pacalms af` tmgpcms, dt smmgs rmaskfabcm tk assugm tjat Pmcc Bd—a was carnmst `urdfntjm gd`-tjdr` gdccmffdug BL, tjat ds, catm Bacdij _Dab. Lkgpardskf ko Pmcc Bd—a wdtj urbaf sdtmsupstrmag ko tjm Mupjratms, fktabcy df tjm Pabqa/Pdsjrmmf @ag armas (Lkkpmr 255?8 tabcm <.1),sunnmsts tjat tjm gaxdgug sdzm ko Pmcc Bd—a gay javm bmmf 1=“<5 ja. Pjmrmokrm, a lkfsmrvatdvmgaxdgug sdzm ko 25 ja ds mstdgatm` okr tjm Bacdij _Dab af` _Dl` pmrdk`s. Pjm Bacdij _DDa“l kl-

<<5

2:1

2:5

2:2

2:0

<<1

24>2>?

2>=

2>52?= 2?0

<2?

<20<2<

2?: 2?>

20>

20?201

212

255211

<22

14=

210205

2 00 20 2

2<=

2<?2=0

<<0<<>

<05

1:5 1:1

1:< 1:2

1>2

1:?

<5:

1>1

<5=

1>=1>=A25>

214

25=

25<

1=2<1?

1<4

112 11<

10>

<15<11

<02 <50

<2:

<2>

151

15=

15?

155

<24

<1>

1

2 <

12

=

4

21

2>4=

4?

<=

<0

=?

><

:=

?> ??

:1

:<

:0:?

5 ig =

F

15

Odn. =.=8 Gap ko tjm B\ rmndkf df`dlatdfn acc sdtms wdtj a Bacdij _Dab, _Dl`, _DDa, _DDb, kr _DDl kllupatdkf.



:1


lupatdkf ds mstdgatm` at 1= ja, rmocmltdfn bktj tjm rmpmatm` `mstrultdkfs ko pacalm A by Tajùf-Cdg af` Xdgrd-Cdg, af` tjm lkftdfudfn dgpkrtaflm ko Pmcc Bd—a as a rmndkfac lapdtac ùrdfn tjmmarcy smlkf` gdccmffdug.

Pmcc Xadàf (B\ 2) was survmym` by Ikjcgmymr (14:08 15:), tjm 14:< Bacdij \urvmy (Lurvmrs14418 1:<), af` Lür`kba (14::8 1=?). Pjm gahkr kllupatdkf ko tjds sdtm prkbabcy omcc df tjm Jacao

af` ]bad` pmrdk`s. ^jmrmas Ikjcgmymr af` Lür`kba sunnmstm` a pkssdbcm marcy MB kllupatdkf,Lurvmrs assugm` oucc Bacdij _Dab kllupatdkf af` a gdfkr Bacdij _Dl` kllupatdkf. A pkssdbcmmarcy MB burdac nrkuf` jas bmmf d`mftdodm` fmar tjm sdtm (Ikjcgmymr 14:08 15:). Lkpmcaf` (14>48odn. 1=) rmpkrtm` a pkssdbcm Ijabur warm sjmr`, but as fkfm ko tjm ktjmr survmykrs okuf` tjds pkt-tmry, dt gay javm bmmf mdtjmr a stray kbhmlt kr a gdsd`mftdodlatdkf. Basm` kf tjm `rawdfn pubcdsjm`by Ikjcgmymr (14:08 odn. 0), Xadàf laf bm mstdgatm` at l . 15 ja, wjdlj wdcc jmrm bm trafscatm` dfsdzm mstdgatms ko > af` 5.= ja okr tjm Bacdij _Dab af` Bacdij _Dl` pmrdk`s, rmspmltdvmcy.

\trkggmfnmr (14:18 <0) gmftdkfm` af uffagm` sdtm fkrtjwmst ko Pmcc Bd—a, wjmrm Kc`Babyckfdaf sjmr`s wmrm okuf . Jkwmvmr, tjm sdtm ds fkt df`dlatm` kf tjm gap ko tjm surrkuf`dfnsko Pmcc Bd—a pubcdsjm` by \ljdrgmr (14:>8 odns. 1, <). Lurvmrs gmftdkfm` tjds sdtm as B\ xx, but dt

was apparmftcy fkt vdsdtm` by tjm 14:< Bacdij \urvmy (14418 1:<). As fk cklatdkf kr afy ktjmr `m-tadcs arm ifkwf okr tjds sdtm, dt wdcc fkt bm dflcu`m` df tjds stu`y.

Pjm B\ rmlkr`m` smvmrac sdtms tjat arm dftmrprmtm` as burdac nrkuf`s ratjmr tjaf smttcmgmfts kftjm basds ko tjm prmsmflm ko `dsturbm` nravms af` tjmdr cklatdkf kf tjm m`nm ko tjm vaccmy. Acc sup-pksm` burdac nrkuf`s àtm tk tjm Bacdij _D pmrdk`, tjat ds, tjm tjdr` gdccmffdug BL, af` dflcu`m B\<, B\ =, B\ 4, B\ 15=, B\ 15?, B\ 112, B\ 1>=A, af` B\ <24. Mxtragurac burdac nrkuf`s okr tjdspmrdk` arm ifkwf orkg tjm ]ppmr \yrdaf Mupjratms arma (Aiimrgafs af` \ljwartz 255<8 2=1“<).Gmdhmr (255>8 <14) fktm` tjm lkfspdlukus absmflm ko MB burdacs at Jaggag mt-Purigaf, sun-nmstdfn tjat tjm ma` gay javm bmmf burdm` kutsd`m tjm smttcmgmft. Dt jas bmmf prkpksm` tjat uf`mrlmrtadf ldrlugstaflms mxtragurac burdac nrkuf`s gay bm usm` as a substdtutm okr ktjmrwdsm dfvdsdbcmsmttcmgmfts (Rmformw 14>28 but smm Ljmrry 14>4). Pjm vdldfdty ko tjm Bacdij _accmy burdac nrkuf`stk ifkwf lkftmgpkrary smttcmgmfts sunnmsts, jkwmvmr, tjat dt ds uffmlmssary tk a`` sdtms tk tjmàta smt kf tjm basds ko tjm rmpkrtm` burdac nrkuf`s.0:

Pjm arljamkckndlac faturm ko skgm sdtms d`mftdodm` by tjm B\ was qumst dkfm` by tjm ^mstmrf Hazdra Arljamkckndlac Caf`slapm Urkhmlt. B\ 221 lkfsdstm` ko pacm nraydsj brkwf odfm saf`y sdcts wdtj vmry omw sjmr`s, sunnmst dfn tjat tjds sdtm rmprmsmftm` tjm rmsuct ko `dnndfn altdvdtdms ratjmrtjaf a trum jabdtatdkf sdtm. Pjm sagm was sunnmstm` okr B\ 20< wjmrm vdrtuaccy fk pkttmry wasokuf` (^dcidfskf f.`.). Pjmrmokrm, tjmsm twk sdtms wmrm rmgkvm` orkg tjm sagpcm.

Ourtjmr gk`dodlatdkfs ko tjm krdndfac Brkfzm Anm ata smt dflcu`m tjm rmgkvac orkg tjm sagpcmko tjm Bacdij _DD sdtms Ijdrbmt msj-\jmfmo (B\ 1>5) af` Pmcc \abd Abya` D af` DDD (B\ 1:4 af` B\141, rmspmltdvmcy), as mxlavatdkfs sunnmstm` tjat Bacdij _DD was fkt prmsmft at tjmsm sdtms, actjkunjBacdij _DDD was (Aiimrgafs 144<).

=.2.< Pjm Fkrtj Hazdra \urvmy

Pjm arma lkfsdsts ko mast“wmst krdmftatm` aftdlcdfac rd`nms, ko wjdlj tjm Hmbmc \dfhar ds tjm carnmst.

Pjm mftdrm arma sckpms, rmsuctdfn df rufkoo orkg radfoacc af` subsmqumft wa`d okrgatdkf kflm tjmskdc ds saturatm`. Pjmsm wa`ds arm `mmpcy dfldsm` af` smvmrmcy rmstrdlt gkvmgmft, as `kms tjm gk`-mratmcy dfldsm` Pdnrds Rdvmr tk tjm fkrtj af` mast ko tjm stu`y arma. Pk tjm fkrtj, tjm arma bmlkgmsjdccdmr tkwar`s tjm Paurus/Xanrks Gkuftadfs. Gk`mrf lcdgatm ds a vardaft ko tjm warg tmgpmratmsmgd-ard` lcdgatm. Pjm ckfn-tmrg gmaf affuac radfoacc okr tjm fkrtj Hmzdraj, basm` kf rmlkr`s orkgGksuc, ds mstdgatm` at <>5 gg. Kf avmranm, tjmrm ds a `rkunjt mvmry tmf ymars, rmsuctdfn df cmss tjaf2=5 gg affuac radfoacc. Pjm `dstrdbutdkf ko radfoacc alrkss tjm ymar, jkwmvmr, acckws oargmrs tk

0: B\ <, = af` 4 gay bm asskldatm` wdtj mdtjmr Pmcc Xadàf (B\ 2) kr Pmcc Bd—a (B\ 1), B\ 15= af` 15? wdtj Pmcc as-\agaf(B\ :<), B\ 1>=A wdtj Jaggag mt-Purigaf (B\ 1>=), af` B\ <24 wdtj Pmcc Gajcas (B\ 21). Kfcy B\ 112 smmgs tk

javm fk fmarby smttcmgmft lkuftmrpart actjkunj tjm sdtm lkuc` pkssdbcy bmckfn tk Pmcc as-\agaf (B\ :<). Actmrfatdvmcy,tjm burdac nrkuf`s gay javm bmmf usm` by a (smgd-)fkga`dl pkpucatdkf ko tjm rmndkf.



:2


sdtm RHU fagm Fdfmvdtm = Catm tjdr` gdccmffdug Ijabur

1 Pmcc ac-Jawa 20 ?? ??

= 5.0

4 Pmcc Iuraf 0.2 ?.=

15 2.2 0.=

11 5.>

12 1.=

1< 2 5.1

10 <.: <.:

1= Gkwasja 1.< 1.<

1: 1.< 1.<

14 21 Pmcc ac-Butja 1 ? ?

25 2.: 5.1 2.:

22 1.?

2< Pmcc âràf 0.2 0.?

2? 2= 2.?

2: 5.=

24 14 >.2 >.2 :.<

<5 1.4 <.0

<> 5.1 5.2

<4 Ijdrbmt Nar \ur 1.=

05 5.1

02 2: \kutj Narsur 5.1 5.1 =.4

0< Ijaraba Pdbf =.= 1>.2 1:.<

0= 2? 2

0: 2.1 < ?.1

04 1.4

=5 1.0

=2 5.1

=0 5.1

== 5.1

=> 5.1

=: Pmcc âraà = 5.0 5.1

?5 1.?

>1 Pmcc Jagd`m 5.= 1 =.?

>2 5.1

>< 1.?

>0 2

>? 5.=

>4 5.1

Pabcm =.>8 \ dzm mstdgatms (ja) okr FH\ sdtms wd tj a tjdr`“marcy smlkf` gdc cmffdug BL lkgpkfmft (basm` kf dc idfskf af` Pulimr

144= af` Bacc mt ac. 14:4 (Pmcc ac-Jawa), wdtj gk`dlatdkfs). \mlkf` lkcugf sjkws lkflkràflm wdtj RHU sdtm fugbmrs as cdstm`by tjm Hazdraj \acvanm Urkhmlt (Actawmmc 255>8 tabcm 1).



:<


prm`dlt at a rmcatdvmcy marcy stanm wjmtjmr tjmrm wdcc bm suoodldmft radf okr lrkps. \jkuc` prmldpdtatdkfappmar dfsuoodldmft, tjmy laf taim prmlautdkfs sulj as swdtljdfn oadcdfn anrdlucturac caf` tk pasturm,kr smccdfn jmr` afdgacs tk buy kr tra`m ktjmr okk`stuoos (^dcidfskf af` Pulimr 144=).

Pjm Fkrtj Hazdra \urvmy (FH\) (Odn. =.1\) was dfdt datm` as a sd`m-prkhmlt ko tjm Pmcc ac-Jawamxlavatdkf, af` oklusm` kf tjm dggm`datm jdftmrcaf` ko tjds carnm sdtm. Pjm sjapm ko tjm survmyarma was fkt `dltatm` by arljamkckndlac kr caf`slapm lkfsd`mratdkfs, but by lkfsmrvatdkf dssums,bmlausm tjm arma was part ko a pcaffm` carnm-slacm drrdnatdkf prkhmlt. @urdfn okur smaskfs, 1:0 sdtms

wmrm rmlkr`m`, smvmrac ko wjdlj wmrm mxlavatm`. \dtm `mtmltdkf was pmrokrgm` by lar af` kf okktackfn trafsmlts spalm` =55 g apart. Pjds acckwm` tjm rmlknfdtdkf ko sdtms as sgacc as 155 g df `d-agmtmr af` 1 g jdnj. Um`mstrdaf survmy tk lkccmlt sjmr`s was larrdm` kut df smcmltm` koo-sdtm armas.

Pjds stratmny was ljmlim` anadfst avadcabcm amrdac af` satmc cdtm dganms, df`dlatdfn tjat kfcy a omw

sdtm RHU fagm Fdfmvdtm = Catm tjdr` gdccmffdug Ijabur

:5 2.:

:< 1> 5.1

:? Pmcc ac-Jdcwa 1

:> 2.:

45 Pmcc Abu Jahdra ?.1 ?.1 ?.1

41 Pmcc Pacab = >.= 15

42 Pmcc ]wayfat 1.= 1.= <

4< Pmcc ac-\agdr 15 14 14

4? Pmcc Njubadf 1

44 1

15: 5.=

11= 2< Pmcc Idbmr 2 1

121 1

12< ac-Idbar 1.:

12? 1

12> Abu Iuca = 15 15

1<1 5.4 5.4

1<2 1.1

1<? 2.1

1<: 5.=

105 Pmcc Gafa—a 1 :

1=2 5.=

1=0 5.4

1== Pmcc Jayac 2 2.0

1=4 2 5.>

1?5 1.?

1?4 2.2

1>= 1 1

1>> 1

Pabcm =.>8 Lkftdfum`



:0


sdtms wmrm gdssm` ùrdfn tjm altuac survmy. Carnm sdtms wmrm `dvd`m` df sagpcdfn smltkrs df kr`mr tk`mtmlt `doomrmflms df smttcmgmft. Pjmsm ufdts wmrm mdtjmr df`dvdùac gkuf`s, kr tkpknrapjdl ufdts(^dcidfskf af` Pulimr 144=).

\dtm sdzm mstdgatms arm taimf orkg Appmf`dx L8 \dtm latacknum df ^dcidfskf af` Pulimr 144=. ^jmrm sdtm sdzm ds cdstm` as ‚tralm— df tjm prdgary latacknum (^dcidfskf af` Pulimr 144=8 12=), dt

ds jmrm dftmrprmtm` as af kllupatdkf ko 5.1 ja. Pjm carnmst sdtm df tjm FH\ arma, Pmcc ac-Jawa, jasbmmf tjm subhmlt ko rmnucar mxlavatdkfs (Bacc mt ac. 14:4), af` tjm rmsucts arm dflkrpkratm` df tjmsdtm—s sdzm mstdgatm. \kgm ko tjm ktjmr sdtms survmym` by tjm FH\ javm bmmf skuf`m`. Pjm rmsuctsko tjmsm kpmratdkfs, ko wjdlj kfcy omw `mtadcs arm avadcabcm, smmg tk javm bmmf dflcu`m` df tjm sdtmsdzm mstdgatms ga`m df ^dcidfskf af` Pulimr 144=. Pjm rmsucts ko Draqd mxlavatdkfs wdtjdf tjm FH\arma arm fkw bmdfn pubcdsjm` (Actawmmc 255?, 255>), af` rmcmvaft rmsucts wdcc bm `dslussm` bmckw.

Pjm rmsuctdfn àtasmt ds prmsmftm` df Pabcm =.> af` Odns. =.? af` =.>. As part ko tjm Hazdraj \acvanm Urkhmlt, a fugbmr ko sdtms wdtjdf tjm FH\ arma javm bmmf skuf`-

m` by Draqd arljamkckndsts.04 Mxlavatdkfs at Pmcc ac-Butja 1 (FH\ 14/RHU 21) smmg tk lkfodrg tjmrmsucts ko tjm FH\ okr tjm tjdr` af` marcy smlkf` gdccmffdug BL. Pjm skuf`dfn at \kutj Narsur

04 Df tjm odrst pubcdlatdkf kf tjmsm àta, tjm prkhmlt was laccm` tjm Ray Hazdraj Urkhmlt, abbrmvdatm` as RHU (Actawmmc

255?). Df tjm smlkf` pubcdlatdkf, tjm fagm okr tjm prkhmlt was lkrrmltm` tk Hazdraj \acvanm Urkhmlt, but tjm abbrmvda-tdkf RHU was rmtadfm` df tjm dftmrmst ko gadftadfdfn lkfsdstmfly bmtwmmf pubcdlatdkfs (Actawmmc 255>8 11>).

Fdfmvdtm = Catm tjdr` gdccmffdug Ijabur5

155

1=5

255

2=5

=5 F

s d t m s +

a n n r m n a t m s

d t m s d z m ( j a )

1 =

4

15

<>

<4 05

02 0<

0=

42

0:

04=5=2

=0

==

=>

11

12

1<

1:

2:>4

:5

45

41

4<

12?

1<1

1<2

1=2

1=4 1=0 1?5

1?4

1>=

1>>

1==

:<

:?:>

15:

105

11=121

12<

4?

44

1<?

1<:

24

<5

14>1

>2

><

>0

>?

2510 1=

22

2<

2?

=:?5

12>

5 ig =

F

15

Odn. =.?8 Pktac fugbmr ko sdtms (bars) af` annrmnatm sdtm sdzm df jmltarms (cdfm) okr mvmry FH\ pmrdk` wdtjkut lkrrmltdkf okr sdtmlkftmgpkrafmdty.

Odn. =.>8 Gap ko tjm FH\ rmndkf df`dlatdfn acc sdtms wdtj a Fdfmvdtm =, Catm tjdr` gdccmffdug, kr Ijabur kllupatdkf (aotmr ^dcidfskf af` Pulimr 144=).



:=


(FH\ 02/RHU 2:) lkfsdstm` ko a sdfncm 15x15 g squarm at tjm tkp ko tjm gkuf`. \dx cmvmcs wmrmd`mftdodm`, ko wjdlj tjm ckwmr okur wmrm àtm` tk tjm Ijabur pmrdk`. Df malj ko tjmsm cmvmcs, waccs

wmrm okuf`, but fk lkflcusdkfs as tk tjm sdzm ko tjm budc`dfn, kr tjm sdzm ko tjm sdtm as a wjkcm,lkuc` bm `rawf orkg tjmsm rmsucts ùm tk tjm cdgdtm` mxpksurm. Fk ljafnms javm bmmf ga`m tk tjmsdzm mstdgatm basm` kf tjm rmsucts ko tjm FH\. At Pmcc Idbmr 2 (FH\ 11=/RHU 2<), Draqd arljamkck-

ndsts larrdm` kut a suroalm survmy, af` mxlavatm` okur ?x? g squarms. Pjm rmsucts ko tjm suroalmsurvmy lkfodrgm` tjksm ko tjm FH\. Fk mxlavatm` squarms ydmc`m` kfcy stkranm pdts, sunnmstdfn tjattjm sdtm gay javm bmmf smaskfaccy kllupdm` ùrdfn skgm ko tjm catmr kllupatdkf pmrdk`s. ^jmtjmrtjds was acsk tjm lasm okr tjm Ijabur pmrdk` ds uflcmar, as tjm mxlavatm` squarms wmrm fkt cklatm`df tjm arma wdtj tjm jdnjmst `mfsdty ko Ijabur warm kf tjm suroalm. Ndvmf tjm oalt tjat tjm sdtm asa wjkcm gmasurm` 0.= ja, tjm krdndfac mstdgatm ko 1 ja okr tjm Ijabur pmrdk` smmgs lkfsmrvatdvmaf` wdcc bm usm` jmrm. Pwk ckfn but sjacckw trmfljms wmrm mxlavatm` df Pmcc Juhdmra 2 (FH\ 1<5/RHU 1:). Arljdtmlturac rmgadfs wmrm kfcy mflkuftmrm` df kfm ko tjmsm trmfljms, ùm tk sdnfdodlaft`dsturbaflm at tjm sdtm. \kgm pkssdbcm Ijabur warm sjmr`s wmrm rmpkrtm` (Actawmmc 255>8 122), buttjmy `d` fkt lkgm orkg wmcc-`modfm` stratdnrapjdlac caymrs. Pjm FH\ okuf` fk Ijabur warm at tjdssdtm, af` dt ds tjmrmokrm qumstdkfabcm wjmtjmr tjm sdtm was mvmr kllupdm` ùrdfn tjds pmrdk`. As armsuct, dt wdcc fkt bm dflcu`m` df tjm prmsmft afacysds.

=.< Rmlkfstrultdfn rmndkfac smttcmgmft trmf`s

Pjm àta prmsmftm` abkvm laf bm usm` tk rmlkfstrult tjm `daljrkfdl pkpucatdkf `mvmckpgmft okrmalj survmy rmndkf by appcydfn tjm sdgucatdkf gmtjk` tjat was prmsmftm` df \mltdkf 0.0. \tmp-by-stmp appcdlatdkf ko tjds gmtjk` tk tjm B\, B-M@\, af` FH\ àta smts wdcc bm `dslussm` jmrm. Dfkr`mr tk mstdgatm tjm agkuft ko sdguctafmkuscy kllupdm` jmltarms pmr pjasm, dt ds fmlmssary tk ds-tdfnudsj bmtwmmf `doomrmft sdtm sdzm lcassms (smm \mltdkf 0.0.<). Pjmsm sdzm lcassms arm `mrdvm` orkgtjm lkgbdfm` B\, B-M@\, af` FH\ àta smts (Pabcms =.<, =.?, af` =.>). Pjm `dstrdbutdkf ko sdtmsdzms okr tjds lkgbdfm` àta smt ds sjkwf df Odn. =.:. _dsuac dfspmltdkf ko tjm `dstrdbutdkf sunnmsts

5.45.1 5.2 5.< 5.0 5.= 5.? 5.> 5.: 1.5 2.5 <.5 0.5 =.5 ?.5 >.5 :.5 4.5 15 25 <5 >505 =5 ?55

15

25

<5

05

=5

?5

>5

sdtm sdzm (ja)

F

s d t m s

Odn. =.:8 @dstrdbutdkf ko sdtm sdzms (ja) alrkss acc pmrdk`s okr tjm lkgbdfm` B\, B-M@\, af` FH\ àta smts ( f 7<?:).

sdtm sdzm lcass (ja) f sdtms gmaf sdtm sdzm (ja) stafàr` mvdatdkf

5.1“5.< >2 5.2 5.5:

5.0“5.4 42 5.? 5.1<

1“? 1=? 2.2 1.<

>“4 22 >.< 5.4

15“<5 20 1? ?.<

<5+ 2 df`dvdùac 5

Pabcm =.:8 \dtm s dzm lcassms, fugbmr ko sdtms pmr lcass, af` gmaf sdzm pmr lcass df jmltarms ( f 7<?:).



:?


tjm okcckwdfn lcassms8 5.1“5.< ja, 5.0“5.4 ja, 1“? ja, >“4 ja, 15“<5 ja, af` <5+ ja. Pjm gmaf sdtmsdzm okr malj lcass ds sjkwf df Pabcm =.:. ^dtjdf malj survmy rmndkf af` wdtjdf malj ljrkfkckndlacpjasm, malj sdtm ds assdnfm` tk kfm ko tjmsm lcassms, af` tjm sdgucatdkf gmtjk` ds df`mpmf`mftcypmrokrgm` kf malj ko tjmsm lcassms (smm \mltdkf 0.0.<). By a``dfn up tjm sdtm lkufts af` sdtm sdzmmstdgatms pmr lcass, kfm arrdvms at rmndkfac sdtm lkufts af` sdzm mstdgatms okr malj ljrkfkckndlacpjasm (Odn. =.4). Pjds odnurm acsk `dspcays tjm pktmftdac gdfdgug fugbmr ko sdguctafmkuscy kllu-pdm` sdtms, tjat ds tjm fugbmr ko typm b sdtms, af` tjm pktmftdac gaxdgug fugbmr ko sdguctafmkuscykllupdm` sdtms, tjat ds acc sdtms wdtj mvd`mflm okr kllupatdkf wdtjdf a ndvmf pjasm.

=.<.1 @mgknrapjdl trmf`s

Pjm tktac agkuft ko kllupdm` jmltarms laf tjmf bm usm` tk rmlkfstrult a `daljrkfdl pkpucatdkf`mvmckpgmft, mgpckydfn tjm kf-sdtm pkpucatdkf `mfsdty vacum ko 1=5“2=5 pmrskfs/ja, as `mtmr-gdfm` df \mltdkf 0.= (Odn. =.15). Odn. =.15 ds prmsmftm` kf af abskcutm tdgmslacm ratjmr tjaf pmrpjasm tk acckw lkgpardskf ko tjmsm `mgknrapjdl `mvmckpgmfts wdtj tjm lcdgatm `mvmckpgmftsprmsmftm` df \mltdkf 2.<.>.

Bmtwmmf 2455 af` 2=55 BL, tjm Bdrmldi-Mupjratms arma mxpmrdmflm` a rmcatdvmcy jdnj `mgk-nrapjdl nrkwtj, okcckwm` by a pmrdk` ko stabdcdty uftdc 2155 BL (Odns. =.4A, =.15A). At tjat tdgm,pkpucatdkf pmaim` arkuf` ?=55“::55 pmrskfs. Aotmr tjds stabcm pmrdk`, tjm pkpucatdkf ko tjm vac-cmy `mlcdfm` rapd`cy tk ?255“>:55 pmrskfs, wdtj kfcy a omw sgacc smttcmgmfts smmdfn kllupatdkfùrdfn tjm Catm GBA pmrdk`. Pjm smlkf` pkpucatdkf mxpcksdkf ùrdfn tjm smlkf` quartmr ko tjmsmlkf` gdccmffdug was carnmcy ùm tk tjm nrkwtj ko Larljmgdsj. Pjm marcy tjdr` gdccmffdug af`tjm gd``cm smlkf` gdccmffdug pkpucatdkf rdsms wmrm rmcatdvmcy sgacc wjmf mxprmssm` df abskcutmfugbmrs. Okr tjm rmndkf dtsmco, tjm pkpucatdkf nrkwtj gay bm qudtm garim`, but wjmf lkgparm`

2555

2=55

<555

1?55

1>55

1:55

1455

2155

2255

2<55

2055

2?55

2>55

2:55

2455

<155

àtm BL

MH _

MH D_

MH DDDb

MH DDDa

KH D

KH DD-DDD

GH D

MH DD

MH D

Hmzdraj

CL =

MH 5

= 5

1 5 5

2 = 5

2 5 5

1 = 5

F sdtms + annrmnatm sdtm sdzm (ja)

L


2 5

0 5

? 5

: 5

1 5 5

B

0 5

2 5

: 5

? 5


A

Odn. =.48 \mttcmgmft trmf`s tjrkunj tdgm. \kcd` cdfms df`dlatm tjm lkrrmltm` annrmnatm sdtm sdzm, sja`m` armas df`dlatm tjm pkssdbcmrafnm ko annrmnatm sdtm sdzm, bars df`dlatm tjm lkrrmltm` fugbmr ko lkftmgpkrafmkuscy kllupdm` sdtms, af` mrrkr rafnms df`dlatm

tjm pkssdbcm rafnm ko lkftmgpkrafmkuscy kllupdm` sdtms. (A) B-M@\ rmndkf. (B) B\ rmndkf. (L) FH\ rmndkf.



:>


tk tjm `mvmckpgmfts df tjm ktjmr rmndkfs, dt ds rmcatdvmcy dfsdnfdodlaft. Pjds kbsmrvatdkf gay laccdftk qumstdkf tjm d`ma tjat `mgknrapjdl lrasjms, sulj as fktm` okr tjm CR\ kr tjm B\, wmrm lkg-pmfsatm` by syfljrkfkus dflrmasms mcsmwjmrm (^dcidfskf 14448 =<). Apart orkg tjm oalt tjat tjmgarim` smttcmgmft pmai tjat was mvd`mft df tjm rmlkfstrultdkf by Acnazm mt ac. ds fkw gulj gkrmocud`, dt acsk `kms fkt smmg tk bm mxaltcy df pjasm wdtj tjm `mvmckpgmfts df tjm Bacdij _accmy.Dfspmltdkf ko Odn. =.4A ourtjmrgkrm sunnmsts tjat tjm dflrmasm df smttcm` jmltarms tkwar` 2155 BL rmsuctm` prdgardcy orkg tjm nrkwtj ko acrma`y mxdstdfn smttcmgmfts. Do fmw pmkpcm arrdvm` df tjmrmndkf, dt gdnjt bm mxpmltm` tjat tjmy okuf`m` fmw smttcmgmfts, but tjds smmgs fkt tk javm bmmftjm lasm df tjds arma.

Okr tjm Bacdij _accmy, tjm okcckwdfn `mgknrapjdl trmf` laf bm rmlkfstrultm` (Odns. =.4B, =.15B).Orkg tjm gd``cm _Dab pmrdk` kfwar`s, af` prmsugabcy acrma`y startdfn df tjm Catm Ljaclkcdtjdl,tjmrm was a nra`uac rdsm df bktj tjm fugbmr ko sdtms, af` tjm tktac agkuft ko jmltarms tjat was kl-lupdm` at afy gkgmft df tdgm. Pjds rmsucts df a ratjmr stmmp pkpucatdkf nrkwtj lurvm okr tjm odrstjaco ko tjm tjdr` gdccmffdug BL. Pjm tktac pkpucatdkf ko tjm Bacdij _accmy pmaim` arkuf` 2055 BL,

wjmf 11555“14555 pmkpcm c dvm` df tjm rmlkr`m` smttcmgmfts. Pjm Bacdij _Dl` pmrdk` wdtfmssm` astma`dcy mlcdfdfn pkpucatdkf, wdtj a gdfdgug ko >>55“1<555 pmkpcm at tjm _Dl`“_DDa trafsdtdkf.Fktm tjat, df taf`mg wdtj tjm pkpucatdkf `mlcdfm, tjm fugbmr ko kllupdm` sdtms `mlcdfm` as wmcc,tjkunj gmaf sdtm sdzm dflrmasm` garim`cy tk acgkst 0 ja. Aotmr tjds `mlcdfm tjmrm okcckwm` a sml-kf` pmrdk` ko pkpucatdkf nrkwtj tk a cmvmc mxlmm`dfn tjat ko tjm tjdr` gdccmffdug. Pjm gaxdgugpkpucatdkf ko tjm Marcy af` Gd``cm Brkfzm Anm was rmaljm` at tjm mf` ko tjm Bacdij _DDb pmrdk`

2555

2=55

<555

1?55

1>55

1:55

1455

2155

2255

2<55

2055

2?55

2>55

2:55

2455

<155

`atm BL

MH _

MH D_

MH DDDb

MH DDDa

KH D

KH DD-DDD

GH D

MH DD

MH D

Hmzdraj

CL =

MH 5

5 . <

- 5

. <

5 . 2

- 5

. 2

5 . 1

- 5

. 1

5

< = 5

< 5 5

2 = 5

2 5 5

1 = 5

1 5 5

= 5 5

@

annrmnatm sdtm sdzm (ja)

pkpucatdkf nrkwtj (%)

L

5 . <

- 5

. <

5 . 2

- 5

. 2

5 . 1

- 5

. 1

5

5

> 5 5 5

1 0 5 5 5

2 1 5 5 5

2 : 5 5 5

< = 5 5 5

0 2 5 5 5

pkpucatdkf sdzm


5 . ?

- 5

. ?

5 . 0

- 5

. 0

5 . 2

- 5

. 2

5

5

= 5 5 5

1 5 5 5 5

1 = 5 5 5

2 5 5 5 5

2 = 5 5 5

< 5 5 5 5

pkpucatdkf sdzm


B

5 . <

- 5

. <

5 . 2

- 5

. 2

5 . 1

- 5

. 1

5

5

2 5 5 5

0 5 5 5

? 5 5 5

: 5 5 5

1 5 5 5 5

1 2 5 5 5

pkpucatdkf sdzm

A


Odn. =.158 Rmlkfstrultm` pkpucatdkf cmvmcs af` pkpucatdkf n rkwtj tjrkunj tdgm. \ja`m` arma df`dlatms tjm pkpucatdkf sdzm uf`mr

a pkpucatdkf `mfsdty ko 1=5“2=5 pmrskfs/ja. @asjm` cdfm df`dlatms pkpucatdkf nrkwtj ratms tjrkunj tdgm, basm` kf lkrrmltm`sdtm lkufts af` sdtm sdzm mstdgatms. \kcd` cdfm df`dlatms tjm lkgbdfm` annrmnatm sdtm sdzm. (A) B-M@\ rmndkf. (B) B\ rmndkf. (L)FH\ rmndkf. (@) Pjm B-M@\, B\ af` FH\ rmndkfs lkgbdfm`.



::


wjmf 10555“20555 pmrskfs cdvm` df tjm Bacdij _accmy. Umrdk` _DDl was, cdim pmrdk` _Dl`, a tdgmko lkftdfukus pkpucatdkf `mlcdfm. Pjds trmf` lkftdfum` wmcc dftk Bacdij pmrdk` _DDD af` was kfcyjactm` af` rmvmrsm` ùrdfn tjm Gd``cm Assyrdaf pmrdk` (Cykf 2555).

Df tjm FH\ rmndkf, pkpucatdkf `mlrmasm` scdnjtcy ùrdfn tjm marcy Fdfmvdtm = pmrdk` tk a gdfd-gug ko 4<55“1=555 pmkpcm (Odns. =.4L, =.15L). Pjds abskcutm gdfdgug prkvd`m` tjm basds okr a

lkftdfukus nrkwtj castdfn skgm kfm tjkusaf` ymars af` lkvmrdfn gulj ko tjm tjdr` gdccmffdugaf` tjm marcy part ko tjm smlkf` gdccmffdug. @urdfn tjm Ijabur pmrdk`, af mstdgatm` pmai pkpu-catdkf ko 2=555“02555 pmrskfs cdvm` df tjm smttcmgmfts ko tjm FH\ rmndkf. @urdfn tjds pmrdk`, tjmcarnm lmftrac sdtm ko Pmcc ac-Jawa allkuftm` okr acgkst 05 % ko tjm tktac pkpucatdkf cdvdfn df tjmarma. @urdfn tjm smlkf` quartmr ko tjm smlkf` gdccmffdug BL pkpucatdkf `wdf`cm`, but rmgadfmàbkvm tjm ckw cmvmc rmlkr`m` okr tjm Fdfmvdtm = pmrdk`. Df tjds rmspmlt, tjm FH\ pkpucatdkf lurvm`doomrs orkg tjm B\ af` tjm B-M@\ lurvms, wjdlj sjkw `mlrmasms at tjm tjdr`“smlkf` gdccmffdugtrafsdtdkf. Okr tjds pmrdk`, tjm FH\ nrkwtj lurvm cmvmcs koo scdnjtcy, but tjmrm ds fk mvd`mflm okrafy pkpucatdkf `mlcdfm ùrdfn tjds pmrdk`.

\mvmrac rmsmarljmrs javm usm` rmlkfstrultm` pkpucatdkf nrkwtj ratms tk `mtmlt pmrdk`s koafkgackus nrkwtj af`/kr `mlcdfm af` tk `mtmlt pmrdk`s ko pkpucatdkf `dspcalmgmft (^dcidfskf2555a9 Rdstvmt 255=8 14:“4). Pjm pmrlmftuac ratm ko pkpucatdkf nrkwtj r

% ds laclucatm` as (Jassaf

14:18 1<4)8

(<) r % 7 ( cf ( F

2 / F

1 ) / t ) ∔ 155

wjmrm F 2 ds tjm pkpucatdkf rmaljm` aotmr t ymars orkg af dfdtdac pkpucatdkf F

1. Pjm rmsucts ko tjds

laclucatdkf arm prmsmftm` df Odn. =.15A“L. Dt ds dggm`datmcy apparmft tjat pkpucatdkf nrkwtj ocul-tuatms wd`mcy, rafndfn orkg vmry jdnj nrkwtj ratms tk rapd` `mlcdfms. Avmranm nrkwtj ratms okr pastskldmtdms arm mstdgatm` at 5.50“5.1? % by Jassaf (14:1) af` at fk jdnjmr tjaf 5.1 % af` 5.1< %by Gadsmcs (14458 12?) af` Larfmdrk af` Jdcsm (14??8 1>4), rmspmltdvmcy. Df tjm survmys afacysm`jmrm, pmrdk`s wdtj af avmranm nrkwtj ratm arm rarm. Pjmsm pmrdk`s dflcu`m tjm catm _Dab, catm _DDa,af` catm _DDb pmrdk`s ko tjm B\ rmndkf, tjm marcy part ko tjm Gd``cm MBA pmrdk` ko tjm B-M@\rmndkf, af` tjm mftdrm Catm tjdr` gdccmffdug af` marcy part ko tjm Marcy smlkf` gdccmffdug pmrdk`sko tjm FH\ rmndkf.

Jkwmvmr, lcksmr dfspmltdkf ko tjm pkpucatdkf nrkwtj ratms sunnmsts tjat tjmrm smmgs tk bm apksdtdvm lkrrmcatdkf bmtwmmf `mgknrapjdl stabdcdty af` pkpucatdkf sdzm. Df ktjmr wkr`s, tjm rmndkf

wdtj tjm carnmst pkpucatdkf, tjat ds, tjm FH\ rmndkf, smmgs tk javm mxpmrdmflm` tjm jdnjmst stabdcdtydf tmrgs ko pkpucatdkf nrkwtj af` `mlcdfm, af` tjm pkpucatdkf nrkwtj ratm rmgadfs lcksmst tk tjmckfn-tmrg avmranm nrkwtj ratm. ^jmf tjm pkpucatdkf `mvmckpgmfts df malj rmndkf arm lkgbdfm`,tjm pkpucatdkf nrkwtj ratm bmlkgms mvmf gkrm stabcm af` nmfmraccy oaccs wdtjdf tjm assugm` rafnmko faturac nrkwtj (Odn. =.15@). Pjmrm was kfm gdfkr `mlrmasm arkuf` 2555 BL, af` a sdnfdodlaft`mlcdfm kfcy smt df arkuf` 1>55 BL.=5

At odrst sdnjt, tjm kbsmrvatdkf tjat tjm lkgbdfm` `mgknrapjdl nrapj sjkws a gkrm stabcmpkpucatdkf `mvmckpgmft tjaf tjm rmndkfac nrapjs lkuc` df`mm` cmf` suppkrt tk tjm tjmkry tjat ck-

lac pkpucatdkf `modldts df kfm rmndkf wmrm koosmt by dflkgdfn pkpucatdkfs orkg mcsmwjmrm, wjdlj wkuc` rmsuct df tjm gadftmfaflm ko a ckfn-tmrg `mgknrapjdl bacaflm (^dcidfskf 2555a8 202).Jkwmvmr, dt sjkuc` bm rmacdzm` tjat fmt pkpucatdkf ljafnm, as rmocmltm` df Odn. =.15, ds tjm `doomr-mflm bmtwmmf tjm fugbmr ko bdrtjs pmr ymar af` tjm fugbmr ko gkrtacdtdms pmr ymar, wjdlj wmrmprkbabcy qudtm jdnj. Rmcatdvmcy gdfkr ljafnms df mdtjmr tjm omrtdcdty kr gkrtacdty ratm laf tjmrmokrmpktmftdaccy lkgpcmtmcy trafsokrg tjm fmt pkpucatdkf nrkwtj ratm. \ulj ljafnms laf rmsuct orkgljafnms df dftmr-bdrtj spaldfn, ljdc` gkrtacdty, avmranm anm ko odrst prmnfafly, af` sk okrtj (Jassaf14:18 12?). Do tjm bdrtj ratm rkppm` bmckw tjm gkrtacdty ratm, tjm pkpucatdkf wkuc` mlrmasm wdtj-kut afy mxtmrfac dftmromrmflm (Lkwndcc 14>=8 =12). Pjds sunnmsts tjat cklac mgknrapjdl trmf`s gayjavm bmmf carnmcy `rdvmf by cklac `mvmckpgmfts af` ljafnms df omrtdcdty af` gkrtacdty ratms af` tjattjmrm wmrm fk lrkss-rmndkfac prklmssms at pcay.

=5 Odn. =.15@ kfcy `dspcays tjm lkgbdfm` trmf`s okr tjm pmrdk` okr wjdlj àta orkg acc tjrmm survmys ds avadcabcm, d.m.2?=5“1==5 BL.



:4


=.<.2 Rafi-sdzm nrapjs

Rafi-sdzm pckts okr tjm tjrmm survmy rmndkfs wmrm lkfstrultm` allkr`dfn tk tjm gmtjk` kutcdfm` df\mltdkf 0.? (Odns. =.11“1<). Bmlausm tjm mxalt fugbmr ko smttcmgmfts, af` gkrm dgpkrtaftcy tjmdrsdzms, ds kfcy ifkwf okr tjm trafsdtdkf pkdfts bmtwmmf pmrdk`s (smm \mltdkf 0.0.<), rafi-sdzm pckts

javm kfcy bmmf lkfstrultm` okr tjmsm spmldodl pkdfts df tdgm. Pjm rafi-sdzm pckts ko tjm B-M@\ smttcmgmft systmg arm lkfstrultm` kf tjm basds ko vmry omwsdtms, gaidfn afy kbsmrvatdkfs ga`m orkg tjmg jdnjcy suspdldkus (Odn. =.11). Pjm prdgatm dstrdbu-tdkf tjat ds kbsmrvm` okr acc pmrdk`s, jkwmvmr, prkbabcy df`dlatms tjat tjm cklac smttcmgmfts acwaysbmckfnm` tk tjm jdftmrcaf` ko a carnmr sdtm. Pjm 2255 BL rafi-sdzm dstrdbutdkf ds scdnjtcy rmgdfdslmftko a prdgk-lkfvmx `dstrdbutdkf (Odn. =.11B). At cmast orkg tjm gd`-tjdr` gdccmffdug, tjds prdgatmsdtm was gkst prkbabcy Larljmgdsj.

@urdfn tjm marcy tjdr` gdccmffdug, tjm smttcmgmft pattmrf ko tjm B\ rmndkf lkfokrgs acgkstpmromltcy tk tjm ckn-fkrgac `dstrdbutdkf (Odn. =.12A). Pjds ckn-fkrgacdty `mlrmasms df oavkur ko agkrm lkfvmx `dstrdbutdkf, rmaljdfn jdnjmst lkfvmxdty at l . 1:55 BL (Odn. =.12B, L). Aotmr tjat pkdft,lkfvmxdty smmgs tk `mlrmasm anadf (Odn. =.12@, M), but tjmrm rmgadf carnm mrrkr garndfs, gaidfnafy gkrm spmldodl kbsmrvatdkfs dgpkssdbcm. Df oalt, apart orkg tjm kbsmrvatdkf tjat tjm 1:55 BL

af` 1>55BL

smttcmgmft pattmrfs wmrm vmry prkbabcy lkfvmx, fk ktjmr kbsmrvatdkfs laf bm ga`m wdtj afy gmasurm ko lkfod`mflm. Pjm FH\ rafi-sdzm pckts arm anadf lkfstrultm` orkg a rmaskfabcy carnm àta smt, gaidfn lkflcu-

sdkfs `rawf orkg tjmg gkrm lmrtadf (Odn. =.1<). At tjm bmndffdfn ko tjm tjdr` gdccmffdug, tjmrm was a scdnjtcy prdgatm kr pkssdbcm prdgk-lkfvmx smttcmgmft pattmrf (Odn. =.1<A). Actjkunj tjm carnmmrrkr garndfs gaim afy kbsmrvatdkfs prkbcmgatdl, tjmrm smmgs tk bm a vmry scdnjt `mvmckpgmfttkwar`s a gkrm ckn-fkrgac `dstrdbutdkf ùrdfn tjm catm tjdr` af` marcy smlkf` gdccmffdug (Odn.=.1<B“@). Pjm kvmrcappdfn mrrkr rafnms okr tjm A vacums ko `doomrmft pmrdk s anadf gaim afy gkrm`mtadcm` dftmrprmtatdkf jazar`kus. As mxpmltm`, tjm rafi-sdzm pckts ko tjm FH\ rmndkf lkgparmrmaskfabcy wmcc wdtj tjksm prkùlm` by ^dcidfskf af` Pulimr (144=8 odn. =2) okr tjm uflkrrmltm`smttcmgmft rmlkr` ko tjm tjdr` af` marcy smlkf` gdccmffdug BL.

5.1

1

15

155

s d z m (

j a )

1 15 155

rafi

A

5.1

1

15

155

s d z m (

j a )

1 15 155

rafi

B

5.1

1

15

155

s d z m (

j a )

1 15 155

rafi

L

Odn. =.118 Rafi-sdzm pckts okr tjm B-M@\ rmndkf at (A) 2=55 BL, (B) 2255 BL, af` (L) 1455 BL, basm` kf lkrrmltm` sdtm lkufts af`sdtm sdzm mstdgatms. @asjm` cdfm ds ckn-fkrgac `dstrdbutdkf. Nrmy zkfm rmprmsmfts 45 % lkf`mflm rafnm.



45


As arnum` df \mltdkf 0.?.1, rmcdabcm rafi-sdzm pckts laf kfcy bm lkfstrultm` do tjm cdgdts ko tjmsmttcmgmft systmg kf wjdlj tjm afacysds ds pmrokrgm` arm lkrrmltcy d`mftdodm`. Oadcurm tk k sk gayrmsuct df a lkfvmx `dstrdbutdkf bmlausm gkrm tjaf kfm systmg ds afacysm`, wjmrmas a prdgatm `dstrd-butdkf ds cdimcy tk mgmrnm wjmf kfcy part ko a carnmr smttcmgmft systmg ds dflcu`m` df tjm afacysds(Hkjfskf 14>>8 04:). Lkgpardskf ko tjm B-M@\, B\, af` FH\ sunnmsts tjat tjm B\ rmndkf ds cmast

cdimcy tk javm suoomrm` orkg tjmsm moomlts, af` tjm FH\ gkst cdimcy. Actjkunj tjm B\ oklusm` kf tjmrdvmr vaccmy, tjm survmy—s wmstmrf af` mastmrf bkufàrdms wmrm tjm stmppm arma wjmrm fk gkrm sdtms wmrm mflkuftmrm` (Aiimrgafs 144<8 1<4). Pjds bkufàry gay javm mquaccy appc dm` tk tjm skutj, wjmrm Pmcc Bd—a af` dts dggm`datm surrkuf`dfns, as wmcc as tjm Mupjratms, gay javm rmprmsmftmà faturac bkufàry prkjdbdtdfn smttcmgmft ourtjmr skutj. Kfcy tjm \yrdaf“Puridsj bkufàry rmp-rmsmfts a trucy ar tdodldac bkufàry tk tjm survmy arma (but smm Aiimrgafs 144<8 1<4). Pjm B-M@\

was bkr`mrm` tk tjm skutj by tjm Puridsj“\yrdaf bkr`mr, tk tjm fkrtj by Jacomt d, af` up dftk tjmjdnjcaf`s by af artdodldac cdfm `rawf at 055 g abkvm sma cmvmc. Df oalt, tjm B-M@\ lkvmrs tjm fkrtj-mrf jaco ko tjm sk-laccm` Larljmgdsj smltkr (Umctmfburn 255>a8 ?“>). Odfaccy, tjm bkr`mrs ko tjmFH\ wmrm `dltatm` by tjm oalt tjat tjm arma was tk bmlkgm part ko a carnm-slacm drrdnatdkf prkhmlt,af` tjmrmokrm apparmftcy `d` fkt ouccy mflkgpass afy faturac arljamkckndlac kr caf`slapm zkfm.

Pjm ratjmr arbdtrary faturm ko tjm bkr`mrs ko tjm B-M@\ af` FH\ rmndkfs gaim tjm rmsucts ko tjm

rafi-sdzm afacysms okr tjmsm rmndkfs suspmlt, af` afy pkssdbcm moomlts wdcc bm mvacuatm` df \mltdkfs:.2.1 af` :.2.<.

5.1

1

15

155

s d z m (

j a )

1 15 155

rafi

A

5.1

1

15

155

s d z m (

j a )

1 15 155

rafi

B

5.1

1

15

155

s d z m (

j a )

1 15 155

rafi

L

5.1

1

15

155

s d z m (

j a )

1 15 155

rafi

@

5.1

1

15

155

s d z m (

j a )

1 15 155

rafi

M

Odn. =.128 Rafi-sdzm pckts okr tjm B\ rmndkf at (A) 2055 BL, (B) 2555 BL, (L) 1:55 BL, (@) 1>55 BL, af` (M) 1==5 BL, basm` kf lkr-rmltm` sdtm lkufts af` sdtm sdzm mstdgatms. @asjm` cdfm ds ckn-fkrgac `dstrdbutdkf. Nrmy zkfm rmprmsmfts 45 % lkf`mflm rafnm.



41


=.0 Lkftmxtuacdzdfn tjm rmlkfstrultdkfs

\mltdkf =.0.1 `dslussms tjm mvd`mflm orkg ktjmr survmys df kr`mr tk pcalm tjm prmsmft rmlkfstrul-tdkfs df pmrspmltdvm. Pjm faturm ko tjm prdgary àta `kms fkt acckw tjm rmlkfstrultdkf ko lkftdfu-

kus pkpucatdkf trmf`s but pmrgdts tjm `mtmltdkf ko vmry nmfmrac trmf`s, bmsd`ms tkuljdfn kf dssumsko slacdfn af` smttcmgmft pattmrfdfn alrkss tjm caf`slapm. \mltdkf =.0.2 `dslussms lkftmgpkraryjdstkrdlac tmxts tjat prkvd`m dfokrgatdkf kf smttcmgmft sdzms af` krnafdzatdkf.

=.0.1 Pjm rmsucts orkg ktjmr survmys

Apart orkg tjm survmys tjat javm bmmf afacyzm` jmrm, fugmrkus ktjmr survmys javm bmmf lkf-ùltm` df tjm Hmzdraj (Odn. =.1). Jkwmvmr, gafy ko tjmsm survmys javm fkt bmmf pubcdsjm` tjmcmvmc ko `mtadc fmlmssary okr tjm rmlkfstrultdkf tjat ds attmgptm` jmrm. As a rmsuct, tjm lkflcu-sdkfs `rawf orkg tjmsm survmys arm kotmf gkrm nmfmrac. Fmvmrtjmcmss, tjmdr rmsucts laf bm usm` tkpkdft kut carnm-slacm trmf`s af` lkftmxtuacdzm tjm lurrmft rmlkfstrultdkf. Df ktjmr wkr`s, tjmsmsurvmys laf jmcp `mtmrgdfm tjm `mnrmm tk wjdlj tjm trmf`s d`mftdodm` jmrm arm typdlac okr fkrtjmrf

Gmskpktagda as a wjkcm. Pjm uflkrrmltm` smttcmgmft trmf`s klugmftm` by tjmsm survmys arm prm-smftm` at tjm mf` ko tjds smltdkf df Odn. =.10. Pjm \yrdaf ]ppmr Mupjratms smttcmgmft systmg, lkgprdsdfn tjm mxtmfsdvmcy rmsmarljm` armas

ko tjm Pabqa af` Pdsjrdf @ags, jas bmmf mvacuatm` by smvmrac rmsmarljmrs (Umctmfburn 25559 ^dcidfskf 25509 Lkkpmr 255?9 Umctmfburn 255>l9 \ljwar tz 255>) (Odn. =.1B, L). Df a smfsm, dt dsa lkftdfuatdkf ko tjm B-M@\ rmndkf `mslrdbm` abkvm, wjdlj jas kfcy rmcatdvmcy rmlmftcy bmlkgmsmparatm` by pkcdtdlac bkr`mrs. Pjds pkcdtdlac sdtuatdkf pmrjaps dfocumflm` arljamkckndlac rmsmarljdf bktj armas. Pjus, a rmlmft vkcugm kf tjm ]ppmr Mupjratms stkppm` at Larljmgdsj (Lkkpmr255?), af` tjm prmsmft stu`y acsk usms tjm carnm sdtm kf tjm bkr`mr bmtwmmf Purimy af` \yrda as afartdodldac bkr`mr bmtwmmf twk zkfms tjat arm rmvdmwm` df a `doomrmft lkftmxt. Kf tjm ktjmr jaf`,tjm dftmfsdty ko rmsmarlj df bktj armas ds lkgparabcm, as tjm rmsmarlj df bktj lasms `mrdvm` orkgàg lkfstrultdkf rmsuctdfn df tjm pmrgafmft ckss ko lucturac jmrdtanm. Ourtjmrgkrm, Umctmfburn

jas sunnmstm` tjat tjm arma arkuf` Larljmgdsj df`mm` rmprmsmftm` a trafsdtdkfac mfvdrkfgmftac

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Odn. =.1<8 Rafi-sdzm pckts okr tjm FH\ rmndkf at (A) <555 BL, (B) 2=55 BL, (L) 2555 BL, af` (@) 1=55 BL, basm` kf lkrrmltm` sdtmlkufts af` sdtm sdzm mstdgatms. @asjm` cdfm ds ckn-fkrgac `dstrdbutdkf. Nrmy zkfm rmprmsmfts 45 % lkf`mflm rafnm.



4<


cmffdug tjaf ùrdfn tjm marcy part ko tjm Marcy Brkfzm Anm, bktj df tmrgs ko tjm fugbmr ko sdtmsaf` tjmdr sdzms. \dtms wmrm prmomrabcy cklatm` ackfn wa`ds, df`dlatdfn a lkflmrf okr watmr suppcdms(@aftd 255?“>).

Pjm Mupjratms _accmy arkuf` Pmcc Bd—a was survmym` by Ikjcgmymr df 14:< (Odn. =.1N).=0 \dtms wmrm rmlkr`m` kf bktj sd`ms ko tjm Mupjratms. Pjmrm wmrm vmry omw carnm, lkftdfukuscy kllupdm`

tmcc-sdtms df tjds arma ko tjm vaccmy. Pjds absmflm gay javm bmmf lausm` by tjm fmm` tk kllasdkfaccyrmcklatm smttcmgmfts tk fmw cklatdkfs, as `dltatm` by sjdots df tjm lkursm ko tjm Mupjratms. Pjmtmag okuf` gafy kfm-pmrdk` sdtms, sunnmstdfn tjat gafy gkrm javm bmmf lkvmrm` by Mupjratmssm`dgmfts. Pjm MB pmrdk` gay javm bmmf agkfn tjm gkst `mfsmcy kllupdm` pmrdk`s df tjds arma.

Pjm carnm MB sdtm ko Pmcc Aswa` was cklatm` 1= ig skutjmast ko Pmcc Bd—a. Pjds sdtm ja` a `dagmtmrko l . ==5 g, af` tjdli asj mpksdts wmrm okuf` df tjm smltdkfs ko a lafac lut tjrkunj tjm sdtm. A sdtmko sdgdcar sdzm was okuf` 12 ig wmst ko Pmcc Bd—a. Pjmrm arm smvmrac sdtms wdtj mvd`mflm ko stkfmldty waccs, mspmldaccy tkwar` tjm farrkw nap ko Jacabdym“Xacabdym. A omw MB sdtms sjkw kllupatdkflkftdfudty dftk tjm smlkf` gdccmffdug (Ikjcgmymr 14:0).

A survmy ko tjm Jarraf pcadf jas df`dlatm` tjat tjm arma was dftmfsdvmcy kllupdm` ùrdfn gafyprmjdstkrdl as wmcc as jdstkrdl pmrdk`s (Odn. =.1D). Dgpkrtaft sdtms df tjds arma dflcu`m Jarraf dtsmco,kllupdm` orkg at cmast tjm catm tjdr` gdccmffdug BL, as wmcc as Iazafm Jÿyói. Ndvmf tjm prkxdg-dty tk tjm Bacdij _accmy, af kllupatdkf pattmrf sdgdcar tk tjat rmlkr`m` tjmrm gdnjt bm mxpmltm`,but tjds sunnmstdkf rmgadfs purmcy spmlucatdvm. ]fokrtufatmcy, apart orkg a prmcdgdfary rmpkrt(Tar`dgld 144<), fk `mtadcs ko tjds survmy javm as ymt bmmf pubcdsjm`.

Pjm arma ko tjm Hmbmc Bdsjrd up tk tjm Mupjratms was rmlmftcy survmym` by a Odffdsj tmag dfkr`mr tk stu`y ‚jkw tjm pastkrac fkga`dl cdom jas mvmckpm` df tjm rmndkf df rmcatdkf tk anrdlucturac

vdccanm cdom orkg afldmft tdgms tk tjm prmsmft— (Cÿffqvdst 255?8 25>) (Odn. =.1H).== Pjm arma ds kopartdlucar dftmrmst jmrm bmlausm dt jas ckfn bmmf smmf as tjm jkgmcaf` ko tjm Agkrdtms (smm \mltdkf>.2). Pkày, tjm arma rmlmdvms cmss tjaf 1=5 gg affuaccy, af` oargdfn ds kfcy kllasdkfaccy pkssdbcmdf skgm wa`ds. Mvmf ùrdfn lcdgatdlaccy oavkurabcm pmrdk`s, tjm arma rmgadfm` rmcatdvmcy garndfacaf` okr mxagpcm fmvmr `mvmckpm` a lkftdfukus trmm lkvmr. Pjm arma ydmc`m` abufàft mvd`mflm okrkllupatdkf startdfn as marcy as tjm Gd``cm Uacamkcdtjdl pmrdk`. \kgm stkfm mflcksurms wmrm asskld-atm` wdtj Marcy Brkfzm Anm pkttmry. Ladrfs/ tugucd cklatm` kf jdcctkps wmrm acsk asskldatm` wdtjLjaclkcdtjdl/Marcy Brkfzm Anm pkttmry, actjkunj dt sjkuc` bm fktm` tjat tjmsm omaturms arm stdcc dfusm tkày. At kfm sdtm, af ]bad` sjmr`, pdmlms ko a jkcmgkutj har, af` Marcy Brkfzm Anm af` pkssd-bcy Gd``cm Brkfzm Anm pkttmry was okuf`. Pjm tmrralms bkr`mrdfn tjm Mupjratms _accmy ydmc`m` mv-d`mflm ko gkrm pmrgafmft smttcmgmft, dflcu`dfn tmcc-sdtms. Pjds rmndkf acsk sjkwm` gkrm mvd`mflmko kllupatdkf urdfn tjm Gd``cm Brkfzm Anm, as attmstm` by sjmr`s wdtj lkgb-dfldsm` stradnjt af`

wavy cdfms. Dt smmgs tjat tjm `msmrt-stmppm arma was gkst dftmfsdvmcy usm` ùrdfn tjm Marcy Brkfzm Anm af` df tjm Rkgaf pmrdk` (Cÿffqvdst 255?). Pjds lkflcusdkf rmdfokrlms tjm pdlturm tjat jaàcrma`y mgmrnm` orkg tjm survmy ko tjm Mupjratms _accmy `drmltcy fkrtj ko tjm Hmbmc Bdsjrd.

Pjm â`d Jaggar \urvmy was larrdm` kut bmtwmmf 144> af` 2555 wdtjdf a 15 ig ra`dus arkuf`tjm sdtm ko Ijarab \ayyar, fmar Pmcc Ljumra, af` tjus prkvd`ms lkftmxtuac àta okr bktj tjm B\af` tjm ]ppmr Ijabur \urvmy (Odn. =.1I). \dxty-odvm sdtms àtdfn tk acc pmrdk`s wmrm cklatm` by tjm

survmy tmag.

=?

Pjmrm wmrm apparmftcy fk Catm Ljaclkcdtjdl/]rui sdtms, but a pmrdk` ko apparmftcyckw altdvdty was okcckwm` by a smttcmgmft pmai ùrdfn tjm tjdr` gdccmffdug, wjmf mcmvmf sdtms wmrmkllupdm`. Agkfn tjmsm sdtms was Ijarab \ayyar, wjdlj fkw smmgs tk javm bmmf kllupdm` ùrdfn

=0 \dtms wmrm garim` kf a 182=555 gap, af` acsk gappm` at a 18=555 slacm. Fk amrdac dganmry was avadcabcm. Carnmr sdtms wmrm `dvd`m` df sagpcdfn ufdts allkr`dfn tk sd tm gkrpjkckny.

== Pjm survmy ga`m mxtmfsdvm usm ko amrdac/satmc cdtm dganmry tk lkfstrult a Nmknrapjdl Dfokrgatdkf \ystmg (ND\) kotjm rmndkf dftk wjdlj acc sdtms af` omaturms wmrm pckttm` usdfn NU\. \gacc armas wmrm smcmltm` okr odmc` wacidfn df cdfmsspalm` 1= g apart. Pjmrm was a spmldodl oklus kf sdtms, bmdfn ckld ko past jugaf altdvdty, ratjmr tjaf kf `klugmftdfntjm lkftdfukus sjmr` af` ocdft bcafimt lkvmrdfn tjm caf`slapm, as dt was arnum` tjat tjds bcafimt rmsuctm` orkg mrksdkfacaltdvdty. Pjm survmy acsk utdcdzm` nrkuf` pmfmtratdfn raàr df smcmltm` armas (Cÿffqvdst 255?).

=? @mtadcs kf survmy stratmny arm ufavadcabcm, but tjm survmy smmgs tk javm bmmf sdtm-basm`. Ko tjm sdxty-odvm rmlkr`m`sdtms, =5 % was okuf` by tjm survmy tmag, 05 % was okuf` usdfn dfokrgatdkf prkvd`m` by tjm cklac pkpucatdkf,

af` 15 % was `mtmltm` kf satmccdtm dganms ùrdfn tjm prmparatdkf okr tjm survmy (jttp8//wmb.ufd-orafiourt.`m/ob54/ vkr`mrasarlj/survmy.jtg (Allmssm` 1? Fkvmgbmr, 255>)).



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tjm mftdrm tjdr` gdccmffdug (Jmgpmcgaff 255:). Kfcy twk sdtms wmrm kllupdm` ùrdfn tjm Gd``cmBrkfzm Anm (2555“1?55 BL ). Okr tjm Catm Brkfzm Anm (1?55“1255 BL ), tmf sdtms wmrm rmlkr`m`(jttp8//wmb.ufd-orafiourt.`m/ob54/vkr`mrasarlj/survmy.jtg (Allmssm` 1? Fkvmgbmr, 255>)).

Pjm ]ppmr Ijabur \urvmy (]I\) adgm` at a ckfnum ùräm pkpucatdkf rmlkfstrultdkf ko tjm]ppmr Ijabur Basdf (Odn. =.1C). Dt was krdndfaccy mfvdsanm` tk lkvmr tjm mftdrm ]ppmr Ijabur

Basdf, but kfcy tjm wmstmrf part was survmym` as part ko tjds prkhmlt. Pjm survmy lkvmrm` a rkunjcytrdafnucar sjapm tjat was bkr`mrm` tk tjm wmst af` skutjwmst by tjm Ijabur, tk tjm fkrtj by tjm

Puridsj“\yrdaf bkr`mr, af` tk tjm mast by tjm â`d Hanjhanj.=> Gulj ko tjds gatmrdac ds at tjm stanmko afacysds af` pubcdlatdkf9 sk oar tjm marcy pmrdk`s javm bmmf pubcdsjm`, as wmcc as tjm smlkf` af`marcy odrst gdccmffdug BL gatmrdac (Cykffmt 144?, 144:, 2555, 25509 Oadvrm f.`.). A lcksmr dfspml-tdkf ko tjm a`kptm` survmy stratmny sunnmsts tjat, actjkunj skgm gmasurms javm bmmf taimf tk lrm-atm a rmprmsmftatdvm sagpcm ko sdtms, at tjm vmry cmast sgacc sdtms tjat arm fmdtjmr df`dlatm` kf gaps,fkr lcmarcy vdsdbcm df tjm odmc`, gay bm smvmrmcy uf`mrrmprmsmftm`. Pjm oklus kf pktmftdac smlkf`gdccmffdug sdtms ourtjmr sunnmsts tjat tjm survmy was cdimcy tk mfjaflm tjm pdlturm ko smlkf` gdc-cmffdug smttcmgmft df tjm rmndkf, ratjmr tjaf rmsuct df fmw dfsdnjts df cklac smttcmgmft pattmrfs.

^dtj tjmsm lavmats df gdf`, tjm okcckwdfn smtt cmgmft `mvmckpgmft laf bm simtljm` (Cykffmt 144?).Orkg tjm catm okurtj tk marcy tjdr` gdccmffdug, tjm smttcmgmft pattmrf df tjm wmstmrf Ijabur smmgstk javm bmmf rmcatdvmcy stabcm, actjkunj bktj tjm fugbmr ko sdtms af` tjm tktac agkuft ko smttcm`jmltarms dflrmasm` lkfsd`mrabcy. @urdfn tjm Fdfmvdtm = pmrdk`, tjmrm smmgs tk javm bmmf a lucturac`dvd`m bmtwmmf tjm fkrtjmastmrf af` skutjwmstmrf part ko tjm survmy rmndkf. Dfldsm` af` padftm`

warms wmrm kfcy rmlknfdzm` df tjm fkrtjmastmrf part , but dt ds uflcmar tk wjat `mnrmm tjds lucturac`dvd`m was acsk prmsmft df fkf-`mlkratm` warms (Cykffmt 144?8 <?:). @urdfn tjm smlkf` part kotjm tjdr` gdccmffdug, af` gkrm spmldodlaccy tjm catmr part, tjm fugbmr ko smttcmgmfts af` tjmdrsdzm `mlrmasm` anadf, rmaljdfn dts ckwmst vacums ùrdfn tjm marcy smlkf` gdccmffdug. At tjat tdgm,tjm lkursm ko tjm Ijabur fkrtj ko Jassaimj was lkgpcmtmcy `mvkd` ko pmrgafmft smttcmgmfts.Cykffmt dftmrprmtm` tjm sdtms df tjat rmndkf as pastkrac fkga`dl lagpsdtms, basm` kf tjm absmflm koIjabur warm df tjds rmndkf, af` tjm prmsmflm ko a lmrtadf typm ko lkkidfn pkt (144?8 <>1). @urdfntjm Gdtaffdaf pmrdk`, tjm fugbmr ko smttcmgmfts af` tjmdr annrmnatm sdzm nrmw anadf. Fktm tjattjds pdlturm ds lkfsd`mrabcy `dstkrtm` by tjm oalt tjat smvmrac dgpkrtaft sdtms df tjm wd`mr rmndkf kotjm wmstmrf ]ppmr Ijabur wmrm fkt survmym` by Cykffmt, dflcu`dfn Ljanar Bazar, Pmcc Adcuf, af`fktabcy Pmcc Gkzaf. Pmcc Gkzaf ackfm wkuc` javm ja` a carnmr pkpucatdkf tjaf ac c tjm ktjmr sdtms dftjm ]ppmr Ijabur \urvmy rmndkf lkgbdfm`, do tjm sdzm mstdgatm okr Pmcc Gkzaf ko 125 ja ùrdfntjm catm tjdr` gdccmffdug BL ds lkrrmlt (Uoàczfmr af` ^dssdfn 25508 :1). Ourtjmrgkrm, lkfsd`mrabcm`dslrmpafldms mxdst bmtwmmf Cykffmt—s sdzm mstdgatms af` tjksm ga`m by tjm Pmcc Bmyàr \urvmy(]r 2550). Pjm mvd`mflm orkg tjm Pmcc Bmyàr \urvmy af` orkg mxlavatm` sdtms, okr mxagpcm PmccBmyàr (]I\ 1=/PB\ 1) af` Pmcc Arbd` (]I\ 02), sunnmsts tjat Cykffmt—s mstdgatms wmrm prkb-abcy rmcatdvmcy ckw.=:

=> Pjm ]ppmr Ijabur \urvmy was larrdm` kut df 14:4 af` 1445. Bmokrm tjm altuac odmc`wkri, sdtms wmrm cklatm` kf18255555 gaps orkg tjm Ormflj Gafàtm pmrdk`. Fk amrdac kr satmccdtm pjktknrapjs wmrm usm`. Kvmr <55 tmccs wmrm

cklatm`, ko wjdlj ?< wmrm altuaccy survmym` by Cykffmt, af` smvmrac gkrm by Fdsjdaid wjk prdgardcy oklusm` kfFmkcdtjdl af` marcdmr kllupatdkfs. Pjm ljkdlm okr spmldodl sdtms tk bm survmym` was ga`m df a`vaflm af` basm` kf ( a )sdtm cklatdkf sk as tk mfsurm a rmprmsmftatdvm rmndkfac sagpcm tjat dflcu`m` sdtms cklatm` df a vardmty ko mfvdrkfgmftaclkftmxts, ( b ) sd tm sdzm, d .m. ac c ca rnm sdtms wmrm dflcu`m`, ( l ) prmvdkus ifkwcm`nm ko sdtms, d.m. a oklus kf cmss wmc c-ifkwfsdtms, af` ( ) a oklus kf s dtms wjmrm smlkf` gdccmffdug gatmr dac lkuc` bm mxpmltm`. Df tjm o dmc` , skgm sgacc sdtms fktdf`dlatm` kf tjm gap wmrm dflcu`m` as wmcc. \dtms wmrm `dvd`m` df sagpcdfn ufdts allkr`dfn tk sdtm gkrpjkckny. Pjmsmufdts wmrm smparatmcy sagpcm` df kr`mr tk acckw rmlknfdtdkf ko sjdotdfn kf-sdtm smttcmgmft af` altdvdty armas (Cykffmt2555).

=: \dtms tjat wmrm survmym` by tjm ]ppmr Ijabur \urvmy as wmcc as tjm Pmcc Bmyàr \urvmy dflcu`m` Pmcc Bmyàr (]I\ 1=/ PB\ 1) , Pmcc Ijatkuf (]I\ 1?/PB\ <2), Pmc c Moomf`d (]I\ 1>/PB\ ==), Pmcc Jassmi (]I\ 2:/PB\ 0<), Pmc c BmrnudcBkuz (]I\ <5/PB\ 22), Pmcc Rjazac Pajtafd (]I\ =1/PB\ ?<), af` Pmcc Bkunjaz (]I\ =2/PB\ ?=, tjmrm lacc m` PmccIjazfa). Pjm rmsucts orkg tjm Pmcc Bmyàr \urvmy `doomrm` df skgm dgpkrtaft aspmlts orkg tjm ]ppmr Ijabur \urvmy.Fktabcy, tjm ]ppmr Ijabur \urvmy rmvmacm` substaftdac marcy tjdr` gdccmffdug BL kllupatdkf at Pmcc Hagdc (]I\10/PB\ =4), Pmcc Ijatkuf (]I\ 1?/PB\ <2), Pmcc Bmrnudc Bkuz (]I\ <5/PB\ 22), af` Pmcc Rjazac Pajtafd (]I\=1/PB\ ?<), d`mftdodm` by a fkf-`mlkratm` pkttmry assmgbcanm. Pjm Pmcc Bmyàr \urvmy okuf` fk mvd`mflm at tjmsm

sdtms okr tjmdr pmrdk` ?, d.m. tjm marcy tjdr` gdccmffdug BL. Fktm, jkwmvmr, tjat marcy tjdr` gdccmffdug `danfkstdls arm dfafy lasm rarm df tjm Pmcc Bmyàr \urvmy, pkssdbcy tjm rmsuct ko tjm dftmfsdvm lkccmltdkf stratmny ko tjm marcdmr ]ppmr



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Pjm Pmcc Bmyàr \urvmy (PB\) was larrdm` kut df 144> af` 144: af` lkvmrm` a 0=2 ig2 ldrlu-car arma lmftrm` kf Pmcc Bmyàr (Odn. =.1G). Pjds arma dflcu`m` a part ko tjm carnm basact pcatmau tktjm skutjwmst ko Pmcc Bmyàr wjmrm kfcy vmry omw sdtms wmrm rmlkr`m`. =4 Kvmracc, mdnjty-tjrmm sdtms

wdtj a tktac sdzm ko 20? ja wmrm okuf`. \dtms wmrm prmomrabcy cklatm` ackfn kr fmarby watmrlkursms.Umrdk`s 5?“5: lkvmrm` tjm tjdr` af` marcy smlkf` gdccmffda BL. @urdfn tjm marcy tjdr` gdccmffdug

(pmrdk` 5?), tjmrm wmrm twmcvm sdtms wdtjdf tjm Pmcc Bmyàr \urvmy arma lkvmrdfn 0=.< ja, ko wjdlj1>.5 ja was taimf up by Pmcc Bmyàr dtsmco. Cdim tjm ]ppmr Ijabur \urvmy, tjm Pmcc Bmyàr \urvmykfcy dformqumftcy okuf` Fdfmvdtm = sjmr`s. @urdfn tjm gd`“catm tjdr` gdccmffdug (pmrdk` 5>),twmfty sdtms wmrm kllupdm`, dflcu`dfn acc pmrdk` 5? sdtms, wdtj a tktac sdzm ko ?4.? ja. Bmyàr was tjmcarnmst sdtm at 1>.5 ja, but tjmrm wmrm acsk tjrmm gm`dug-sdzm` tmccs lkvmrdfn >“: ja malj. At sdtms

wjmrm pmrdk` 5> lmragdl gatmrdac was okuf`, dt rmprmsmftm` tjm gahkrdty ko tjm lkccmltm` sjmr`s,mxlmpt okr a omw sdtms tjat wmrm subsmqumftcy dftmrprmtm` as rmprmsmftdfn smaskfac kllupatdkfs. Pjmlcksm asskldatdkf ko pmrdk` 5> sdtms wdtj ra`dac cdfms was acsk fktm`. @urdfn tjm marcy smlkf` gdc-cmffdug (pmrdk` 5:), kfcy kfm sdtm smmgs tk javm bmmf pmrgafmftcy kllupdm`, wjmrmas odvm ktjmrsgay javm bmmf usm` kf a smaskfac basds (]r 2550).

Pjm lkursm ko tjm â`d Hanjhanj skutj orkg Pmcc Barrd, af` tjm arma arkuf` tjm lkfocumflmko tjm â`d Hanjhanj af` tjm â`d Ra`` ydmc`m` abufàft mvd`mflm okr kllupatdkf (Md`mg af`

ârburtkf 144?) (Odn. =.1K). Df tjds arma af` arkuf` Pmcc Brai, odoty-sdx tmccs wmrm vdsdtm` ko wjdljtwmfty-fdfm ydmc`m` tjdr` kr marcy smlkf` gdccmffdug gatmrdac. Ko tjmsm, odotmmf ydmc`m` Fdfmvdtm= gatmrdac, twmfty-odvm catm M@/Aiia`daf sjmr`s, af` fdfmtmmf marcy tk gd`-smlkf` gdccmffduggatmrdac. Dt ds `doodluct tk `raw afy lkflcusdkfs orkg tjds gatmrdac (Md`mg af` ârburtkf 144?8==). \dtm lkufts ackfm arm fkt nkk` df`dlatkrs ko ljafndfn jugaf altdvdty, af` tjmrm arm rmaskfstk assugm tjm prmsmflm ko a sdnfdodlaft bdas ùm tk tjm survmy stratmny a`kptm`.?5 Dt sjkuc` ourtjmrbm fktm` tjat gkst sdtms arm cklatm` ackfn tjm â`d Hanjhanj, wjdlj was a pmrmffdac strmag bmokrmtjm a`vmft ko gmljafdzm` drrdnatdkf wkris. Odmc`mf—s survmy ko tjm Hanjhanj bmtwmmf dts lkfocu-mflm wdtj tjm â`d Ra`` af` Jassaimj ydmc`m` tjm kbsmrvatdkf tjat aotmr af ]rui smttcmgmft pmai,tjmrm was a `mlcdfm df tjm fugbmr ko smttcmgmfts ùrdfn tjm tjdr` af` smlkf` gdccmffda BL, af`smttcmgmft was cdgdtm` tk tjm carnmr sdtms (14>:/48 1>2).?1

\mvmrac survmy smaskfs wmrm larrdm` kut arkuf` Pmcc Cmdcaf bmtwmmf 14:0 af` 144> tk pcalm tjmmxlavatdkf at Pmcc Cmdcaf df a rmndkfac lkftmxt (Odn. =.1U). Df 14:0, a ckw-dftmfsdty sdtm-basm` survmy

was larrdm` kut wdtjdf a ra`dus ko 1= ig orkg Pmcc Cmdcaf (^mdss 14:?). A gkrm dftmfsdvm survmydf 14:> dflcu`m` af dftmfsdvm odmc` wacidfn lkgpkfmft ackfn tjm â`d Harraj, af` lkftrkccm` sdtmsuroalm survmy ko smcmltm` sdtms wdtj mvd`mflm okr Cmdcaf pmrdk` DD af` DDD kllupatdkfs (\tmdf af`

âttmfgaimr 1445). Df 144= af` 144>, as part ko tjm Cmdcaf Rmndkfac \urvmy (CR\) twk ourtjmrodmc` smaskfs wmrm larrdm` kut tjat mfcarnm` tjm survmy arma tk a <5 ig wd`m trafsmlt lmftrm` kf

Pmcc Cmdcaf, af` ruffdfn orkg tjm \yrdaf“Puridsj bkr`mr df tjm fkrtj alrkss tjm â`d Ra`` tktjm \yrdaf“Draqd bkr`mr df tjm skutj. \kutj ko tjm â`d Ra``, survmy lkvmranm was cdgdtm`.?2 Pjmokcckwdfn kbsmrvatdkfs kf tjm cklac smttcmgmft jdstkry arm gadfcy `rawf orkg tjds odmc`wkri. PjmCmdcaf Rmndkfac \urvmy lkccmltm` gatmrdac orkg tjm Urm-Ukttmry Fmkcdtjdl tk tjm catm Kttkgaf pm-rdk`. Okr tjm tjdr` af` smlkf` gdccmffda BL, skgm ko tjds gatmrdac ds fkw prmsmftm` df a prmcdgdfary

oasjdkf by Rdstvmt (255=, 255:). Rdstvmt prkvd`m` a latacknum ko tjdr` af` smlkf` gdccmffdug sdtms

Ijabur \urvmy. \dtm sdzm mstdgatms acsk vary bmtwmmf tjm ]ppmr Ijabur \urvmy af` tjm Pmcc Bmyàr \urvmy. Pjm ]I\mstdgatms Pmcc Moomf`d (]I\ 1>/PB\ ==) at 1.0 ja af` Pmcc Jassmi (]I\ 2:/PB\ 0<) at 1.<2 ja, wjmrmas tjmsm sdtmsarm mstdgatm` by tjm Pmcc Bmyàr \urvmy at :.= af` >.0 ja, rmspmltdvmcy (]r 2550).

=4 Pkpkfygs, gaps, af` Lkrkfa satmccdtm dganmry wmrm usm` tk d`mftdoy sdtms bmokrm altuac odmc`wkri. Kf-sdtm lkccmltdkftkki pcalm df `dslrmtm lkccmltdkf ufdts tk acckw tjm rmlknfdtdkf ko sjdots df kf-sdtm smttcmgmft tjrkunj tdgm.

?5 Pjm oalt tjat acc sdtms arm cklatm` ackfn wa`d lkursms rmsucts orkg tjm a`kptm` survmy stratmny, wjdlj was tk waci ackfntjm wa`ds af` vdsdt acc vdsdbcm tmccs (Md`mg af` ârburtkf 144?8 =:). Df sk `kdfn, gafy sgacc sdtms wdcc lmrtadfcy javmbmmf gdssm`.

?1 Pjds dfokrgatdkf wdcc lmrtadfcy bm upàtm` kflm àta orkg a rmlmft survmy df a 1= ig ra`dus arkuf` Pmcc Brai uf`mrtjm `drmltdkf ko J. P. ^rdnjt (Odn. =.1F) bmlkgm avadcabcm (Katms 25509 Cawcmr 255?8 10?5“1).

?2 @urdfn tjds survmy, satmccdtm dganmry af` a wd`m rafnm ko gaps wmrm mgpckym`. \dtms wmrm gappm` usdfn NU\ af` a Pktac \tatdkf. \d tms wmrm ` dvd`m` dftk lkccmltdkf ufdts basm` kf tjm gkrpjkckndlac ljaraltmrdstdls ko malj s dtm. @urdfn

tjm 144= smaskf, sk-laccm` jkcckw ways `mtmltm` kf satmccdtm dganmry wmrm dfvmstdnatm`, af` a nmkgkrpjkckndlac stu`yko smvmrac bucc`kzmr luts was larrdm` kut as wmcc (Rdstvmt 255=).



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wdtj dfokrgatdkf kf tjm sdzm ko tjm tmcc af` tjm fugbmr ko sjmr`s by wjdlj ljrkfkckndlac pjasmsarm rmprmsmftm` at malj sdtm (255=8 appmf`dx <). Df tjm prklmss, tjrmm `doomrmft lcassms wmrm `dstdf-nudsjm`. Pjm lcass 1.555 df`dlatms tjm prmsmflm ko gkrm tjaf okur sjmr`s `modfdtmcy assdnfabcm tktjat pjasm, 5.551 df`dlatms omwmr tjaf okur sjmr`s lmrtadfcy àtdfn tk tjat pjasm, af` 5.5551 df`d-latms ‚tjm prmsmflm ko sjmr`s tjat gay àtm tk malj pjasm— (Rdstvmt 255=8 <15). Assdnfdfn sdtms tk

tjm odrst twk lcassms smmgs ratjmr stradnjtokrwar , but tjm cattmr lcass ds ratjmr prkbcmgatdl df tjat dt`kms fkt acckw dstdfltdkf bmtwmmf pjasms tk bm ga`m. Pjds sunnmsts tjat do a pjasm at a sdtm ds lcas-sdodm` as 5.5551, tjmrm arm altuaccy fk sjmr`s tjat lkuc` bm àtm` tk tjat pjasm wdtj lmrtadfty, ufcmsstjmrm arm ktjmr arnugmfts tk `k sk. Pjm agkuft ko kllupdm` jmltarms pmr pjasm ds laclucatm` kftjm basds ko tjmsm sjmr` lcassms, but jkw tjmsm sjmr` `mfsdtdms wmrm lkfvmrtm` dftk df`dvdùac sdzmmstdgatms, wjdlj df oalt arm fkt ndvmf, ds uflcmar.?<

Rdstvmt `dstdfnudsjm` mdnjt ljrkfkckndlac pjasms df tjm Cmdcaf Rmndkfac \urvmy gatmrdac okr tjmpmrdk` <555“1=55 BL. @urdfn pjasm 1 (Cmdcaf DDDa), smvmf sdtms wmrm kllupdm` at a tktac ko <1 ja,acgkst jaco ko tjds arma bmdfn taimf up by Pmcc Cmdcaf. @urdfn pjasm 2 (Cmdcaf DDDb“l), tjmrm was alkfsd`mrabcm dflrmasm df bktj tjm fugbmr ko sdtms af` tjmdr annrmnatm sdzm, actjkunj tjm skutjmrfcdgdt ko smttcmgmft gkvm` scdnjtcy fkrtj. Rdstvmt dfomrrm` a tjrmm-cmvmc smttcmgmft jdmrarljy lmftrm`kf Cmdcaf (CR\ 1), @kndr (CR\ 1?), af` Gkjaggm` @dyab (CR\ ==). Pjm fugbmr ko smttcmgmfts`mlcdfm` tk twmfty-sdx ùrdfn pjasm < (2?=5“2=55 BL ). At tjm sagm tdgm, Cmdcaf rmaljm` a sdzm ko45 ja, af` tjmrm was strkfn fulcmatdkf dftk carnm smttcmgmfts. Pjm fugbmr ko sdtms af` tjmdr annrm-natm sdzm dflrmasm` dftk pjasms 0 (2=55“2<55 BL ) af` = (2<55“2255). Jkwmvmr, tjm krnafdzatdkf kotjm smttcmgmft systmg ljafnm` scdnjtcy, wdtj prdgary lmftrms mxlmpt Pmcc Cmdcaf `mlrmasdfn df sdzm,dftmrprmtm` by Rdstvmt as lmftracdzatdkf kf Pmcc Cmdcaf. @urdfn pjasm =, tjm arma arkuf` tjm â`dRa`` was acsk smttcm`. Ujasm ? (2255“1455 BL ) lkdfld`m` wdtj Cmdcaf DDl af` was ljaraltmrdzm` bya strkfn rmùltdkf ko tjm fugbmr ko sdtms af` tjmdr annrmnatm sdzm by ?4 % af` >2 %, rmspmltdvmcy.

Avmranm smttcmgmft sdzm `mlcdfm` as wmcc, af` smttcmgmft wdtj`rmw fkrtj ko tjm gk`mccm` afldmft055 gg dskjymt. @urdfn pjasm > (Cmdcaf D), tjmrm wmrm 1=> sdtms tktaccdfn >?> ja. Kvmr >= % kotjmsm sdtms wmrm cmss tjaf = ja, df sdzm a sdnfdodlaft ljafnm orkg tjm prmvdkus urbaf-basm` smttcm-gmft systmg. Jkwmvmr, Rdstvmt acsk kbsmrvm` tjat lkrrmltdkf okr tjm sdtm lkftmgpkrafmdty prkb-cmg df`dlatm` tjat kfcy twmfty-mdnjt sdtms wmrm kllupdm` at tjm sagm tdgm, af` tjds kbsmrvatdkfsmvmrmcy cdgdts tjm sdnfdodlaflm ko tjm Cmdcaf D rmsmttcmgmft. Odfaccy, urdfn pjasm : (1>55“1=55 BL ),tjm rmndkf smmgs tk javm bmmf mpkpucatm` anadf, wdtj sdtm fugbmrs af` tktac sdtm sdzm kfcy scdnjtcyjdnjmr tjaf tjmy wmrm ùrdfn tjm pjasm ? lkccapsm (Rdstvmt 255=).

Pjm Pmcc Jagkuiar rmndkf was survmym` df 2551 af` 2552 (]r 2550) (Odn. =.1Q). Pjm survmyd`mftdodm` sdxty-kfm sdtms df a 12= ig2 arma arkuf` Pmcc Jagkuiar.?0 Umrdk` 5?, tjat ds tjm marcy tjdr`gdccmffdug, ds `dvd`m` df a ‚prm-urbaf— af` a Catm Fdfmvdtm = pjasm. Okur sdtms arm rmlkr`m` okr maljpjasm, but tktac sdtm arma dflrmasms orkg l . 15 ja okr tjm prm-urbaf pjasm tk l . 155 ja okr tjm CatmFdfmvdtm = pjasm. Jkwmvmr, catm mxldsm` Fdfmvdtm = warm ds kfcy okuf` at Jagkuiar dtsmco, sunnmst-dfn tjat tjm ktjmr sdtms df tjm PJ\ rmndkf ja` bmmf abaf`kfm` by tjat tdgm (]r 25508 1=:). @urdfnpmrdk` 5>, tjm gd`“catm tjdr` gdccmffdug BL, acc prmvdkuscy smttcm` sdtms rmgadfm` kllupdm`, af`twk gkrm bmlagm smttcm`. Pktac smttcm` arma dflrmasm` scdnjtcy. Apart orkg tjmsm sdx sdtms, gatmrdac

`danfkstdl ko pmrdk` 5> was okuf` at fugmrkus ktjmr sdtms. Dt gay bm assugm` tjat tjm gahkrdty kotjds gatmrdac rmsuctm` orkg koo-sdtm gafurdfn praltdlms (]r 25508 1=4). Df a fugbmr ko lasms, sjmr`s wmrm cmss abra`m` tjaf gdnjt bm mxpmltm` ja` tjmy rmsuctm` orkg gafurdfn, af` tjmsm lasms lkuc`

?< Pjm ckw fugbmrs ko sjmr`s dfvkcvm` df lcassms 1.555 af` 5.551, d.m. gkrm kr omwmr tjaf okur sjmr`s, rmspmltdvmcy,sunnmsts tjat kfcy vmry spmldodl typms wmrm lkfsd`mrm` tk bm rmprmsmftatdvm okr malj pjasm, ndvmf tjm oalt tjat fkrgaccyjuf`rm`s ko sjmr`s laf bm lkccmltm` orkg a sdtm. Actmrfatdvmcy, dt ds pkssdbcm tjat tjm pkttmry ljrkfkckny dtsmco ds fkt`mtadcm` mfkunj tk acckw tjm assdnfdfn ko carnm quaftdtdms ko omaturm sjmr`s tk spmldodl pjasms. Pjds pkssdbdcdty ds jdftmàt by ]r, wjk kbsmrvms tjat dt ds prmsmftcy dgpkssdbcm tk alluratmcy assmss tjm vacd`dty ko tjm Cmdcaf ljrkfkckny, bmlausmdt rmgadfs pkkrcy uf`mrstkk` (25508 >1). Dt sjkuc` acsk bm fktm` tjat tjmrm arm skgm dflkfsdstmfldms as rmnar`s tjmfugbmr ko sdtms pmr pmrdk` bmtwmmf tjm àta pubcdsjm` by Rdstvmt, af` tjksm pubcdsjm` kf tjm Pmcc Cmdcaf wmbsdtm(^mdss 255>).

?0 \dtms wmrm d`mftdodm` orkg Lkrkfa satmccdtm dganms af` gaps af` tjmf vdsdtm` df tjm odmc` by vmjdlcm. Dt was mld`m` fkttk d`mftdoy sdtms df tjm odmc` tjrkunj systmgatdl trafsmlt wacidfn, af` wjmrm odmc`wacidfn was uf`mrtaimf tk `klugmft

koo-sdtm sjmr` slattmrs, fk fmw sdtms wmrm okuf`. \dtms wmrm pckttm` usdfn NU\ af` malj sdtm was sagpcm` df `dstdfltufdts acckwdfn tjm rmlkfstrultdkf ko `daljrkfdl kf-sdtm smttcmgmft ljafnms (]r 25508 12>)



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rmprmsmft pastkrac mflagpgmfts kr tmgpkrary smttcmgmfts ko smaskfac cabkurmrs wjk wkrim` atJagkuiar urdfn pmrdk`s ko jdnj anrdlucturac altdvdty, okr mxagpcm urdfn jarvmsts (]r 25508 1?5).Umrdk` 5: smttcmgmft, tjm marcy smlkf` gdccmffdug BL, was rmprmsmftm` at fdfm sdtms tktaccdfn 2=.4ja. Pjmsm odnurms df`dlatm a sdnfdodlaft `mlcdfm ko tjm tktac pkpucatdkf df tjm Jagkuiar arma, afàcsk a ljafnm df tjm krnafdzatdkf ko tjm smttcmgmft pattmrf. @urdfn tjm catm tjdr` gdccmffdug, tjmrm

wmrm omw carnm sdtms, wjdcm ùrdfn tjm marcy smlkf` gdc cmffdug tjmrm wmrm gkrm sdtms wdtj a sgaccmravmranm sdzm.

Gmdhmr (14:?, 1445) lkfùltm` a survmy df tjm arma mast ko tjm â d Hanjhanj (Odn. =.1R).?= Pktjm fkrtj af` mast dt was `mcdgdtm` by tjm bkr`mrs wdtj Purimy af` Draq, rmspmltdvmcy. Pk tjm skutjdt was `mcdgdtm` by tjm rka` orkg Pmcc Brai tk ‚Adf @dwar. Pjm purpksm ko tjds survmy was tk prk-

vd`m a pkttmry smqumflm okr tjm rmndkf, af` tk prkvd`m a gkrm skcd` basds okr tjm dftmrprmtatdkfko Kc` Assyrdaf tmxtuac skurlms. Pjm survmy partcy kvmrcappm` wdtj ktjmr survmys `dslussm` jmrm,tjat ds tjm CR\ af` tjm 14:: survmy arkuf` Pmcc Brai. Fmvmrtjmcmss, tjm odnurms rmsuctdfn orkg tjdssurvmy arm doodluct tk dftmrprmt, um tk uflmrtadftdms df tjm lmragdl ljrkfkckny, af` tjm absmflm kormcdabcm sdtm sdzm mstdgatms.?? Gmdhmr rmlkr`m` 1? MB D sdtms, 12 MB DD sdtms, == MB DDD sdtms, =5 MB D_sdtms, 1>? GB sdtms, af` <: CB sdtms. Pjm assdnfgmft ko sdtms tk tjm GB pmrdk` kllurrm` prdgardcykf tjm basds ko tjm prmsmflm ko Ijabur warm, wjdlj jas sdflm bmmf sjkwf tk kllur acrma`y ùr-dfn tjm odfac lmfturdms ko tjm tjdr` gdccmffdug BL. Pjus, tjmsm GB smttcmgmfts wmrm sprma` kvmr agulj carnmr ljrkfkckndlac pmrdk` tjaf afy ko tjm ktjmr pmrdk`s dstdfnudsjm` df tjds survmy. Lcksmrdfspmltdkf ko tjmsm odnurms ourtjmrgkrm sunnmsts tjat tjm `mnrmm ko smttcmgmft lkftdfudty bmtwmmftjm GB pmrdk` af` tjm pmrdk`s bralimtdfn dt ds rmcatdvmcy ckw9 df`dlatdfn tjat tjm altuac fugbmr kolkftmgpkrafmkus sdtms was acsk ckw. Mspmldaccy tjm GB sdtms arm prdgardcy kfm-pmrdk` sdtms, df`d-latdfn a rmcatdvmcy jdnj `mnrmm ko smttcmgmft `dslkftdfudty, af` af ufstabcm smttcmgmft systmg as a

wjkcm. Pjus, tjm GB smttcmgmft pmai was prkbabcy lkfsd`mrabcy ckwmr, af` gay fkt javm bmmf asprkfkuflm` as tjm raw àta sunnmst. Pjds kbsmrvatdkf ds df cdfm wdtj tjm rmlkfstrultm` af` lkr-rmltm` smttcmgmft trmf`s ko tjm partcy kvmrcappdfn CR\.

Pjm ckwmr af` gd``cm Ijabur rmndkf sjkws lcmar mvd`mflm okr tjm waxdfn af` wafdfn ko ju-gaf smttcmgmft tjrkunj tjm anms. Af mxtmfsdvm survmy af` fugmrkus mxlavatdkfs oklusdfn kf tjdr`gdccmffdug sdtms prkvd`m dfokrgatdkf kf tjdr` af` smlkf` gdccmffdug BL jugaf altdvdty df tjmrmndkf (Odn. =.1P).?> Pjm okcckwdfn pdlturm mgmrnms orkg tjm survmy. @urdfn tjm tjdr` gdccmffdug,smttcmgmfts wmrm prdgardcy cklatm` ackfn tjm uppmr strmtlj ko tjm Ijabur, abkvm <?µ catdtu`m.

Pjmrm wmrm skgm carnmr, pktmftdaccy urbaf sdtms hust skutj af` mast ko tjm Hmbmc Ab` ac-Azdz, tjatds, kutsd`m tjm vaccmy ko tjm Ijabur. Pjm survmykrs sunnmstm` tjat skgm sgacc drrdnatdkf lafacs gayjavm bmmf lkfstrultm` df tjds rmndkf, but tjat dt ds ufcdimcy tjat tjm carnm rmndkfac lafac dfùbdtabcyattmstm` okr tjm Catm Brkfzm Anm was acrma`y df mxdstmflm.?: Dt ds, jkwmvmr, kbsmrvm` tjat MB D as-smgbcanms df partdlucar gay javm bmmf uf`mrrmprmsmftm` df tjm survmy (Rÿccdn af` Iójfm 14:<8140). @urdfn tjm Gd``cm Brkfzm Anm, tjm smttcmgmfts kutsd`m tjm rdvmr vaccmy `dsappmarm`, af` tjmfugbmr ko sdtms ackfn tjm Ijabur lcmarcy `dgdfdsjm` df fugbmr as wmcc as sdzm. Pjmrm smmgs tk bmfk mvd`mflm okr cklac drrdnatdkf systmgs ùrdfn tjds pmrdk` (Mrnmfzdfnmr mt ac. 14::8 11>“25).

?= Pjm survmy startm` by cklatdfn gahkr sdtms, okcckwm` by vdsdtdfn sgaccmr sdtms df tjm vdldfdty. Fk amrdac pjktknrapjs wmrmusm`. Pjm cklac pkpucatdkf was asim` okr dfokrgatdkf. Ukttmry af` ktjmr odf`s wmrm lkccmltm` df af ufsystmgatdl way.

?? Pjm ljrkfkckndlac smqumflm suoomrm` orkg a cali ko wmcc-pubcdsjm` af` rmcdabcm cklac pkttmry smqumflms at tjat tdgm(Gmdhmr 14:?8 <29 lo. ]r 25508 ==).

?> Pjm survmy ko tjm Póbdfnmr Atcas `ms _kr`mrmf Krdmfts was larrdm` kut df 14>= af` 14>> af` oklusm` kf tjm vaccmy kotjm Ijabur orkg tjm Ijabur-Mupjratms lkfocumflm df tjm skutj tk Jassaimj df tjm fkrtj. Pjm survmy oklusm` kftmcc sdtms, gkst ko wjdlj wmrm acrma`y ifkwf prdkr tk tjm survmy. \dtms wmrm `dvd`m` df lkccmltdkf ufdts basm` kf tjmdrsjapm, af` sjmr`s af` artmoalts wmrm lkccmltm` orkg tjm suroalm. Df tktac, 124 sdtms wmrm gappm` af`/kr vdsdtm` (Rÿccdnaf` Iójfm 14>>/:, 14:<).

?: Fktm, jkwmvmr, tjat Nÿyófî af` Jóttmrktj `kubt tjm past mxdstmflm ko a sdfncm lafac ruffdfn ackfn tjm Gd``cm af`

Ckwmr Ijabur, af` arnum tjat dt ds gkrm cdimcy tjat tjmrm wmrm guctdpcm sgaccmr lafacs tjat malj smrvm` a cklac dr rdnatdkfsystmg (144>8 >=“?).



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@drmltcy tk tjm wmst ko tjm Ijabur, tjm arma arkuf` tjm Hmbmc Ab` ac-Azdz as oar wmst as afkrtj“skutj cdfm lrkssdfn Ras ac-‚Adf was survmym` as part ko tjm Tacm ]fdvmrsdty Ijabur BasdfUrkhmlt (Odn. =.1]).?4 Pjm arma laf bm lkfsd`mrm` garndfac orkg tjm vdmwpkdft ko anrdlucturm,

wjdlj tkày ds larrdm` kut wdtj drr dnatdkf watmr suppcdm` by `dmsmc pugps (Jkcm 144>a8 00). Pjmmarcy tjdr` gdccmffdug sdtms, tjat ds tjksm sdtms àtdfn tk MH D“DD, wmrm prm`kgdfaftcy sgacc af` gay

javm bmmf kfcy smaskfaccy kllupdm`. Pjds smttcmgmft systmg ljafnm` `ragatdlaccy ùrdfn MH DDD, wjmf carnm vdccanms af` waccm` tkwfs up tk ?5 ja df sdzm appmarm`. Pjm fugbmr ko sdtms acsk nrmwlkfsd`mrabcy orkg MH D“DD tk MH DDD. Pjm carnm MH DDD smttcmgmfts, typdlaccy Irafzjónmc sdtms, wmrmcklatm` df armas wjmrm watmr was avadcabcm, typdlaccy fmar iarstdl sdfis af` tjm tadcs ko accuvdac oafs.Mvmf sk, tjm larrydfn lapaldty ko tjm sdtm latljgmfts lkuc` fkt suppkrt arljamkckndlaccy dfomrrm`pkpucatdkf cmvmcs (Ikuljkuiks 144:8 <4<). Ikuljkuiks sunnmsts tjat tjmrm ds fk mvd`mflm okr asmttcmgmft jdmrarljy tjat wkuc` suppkrt ^dcidfskf—s mxtraltdkf gk`mc, af` tjmrmokrm lkflcu`mstjat tjmsm carnm smttcmgmfts prkbabcy rmcdm` kf a brka`-spmltrug mlkfkgy dflcu`dfn anrdlucturac,pastkrac, af` wdc` rmskurlms (144:8 <40). Pjmrm ds apparmftcy fk mvd`mflm okr pmrgafmft smttcmgmftdf tjm rmndkf bmtwmmf 2=55 BL, wjmf tjm Irafzjónmc smttcmgmft systmg mf`m`, af` tjm Fmk-Assyrdafpmrdk`.

?4 Pjm survmy was larrdm` kut df okur smaskfs bmtwmmf 14:: af` 1440. Pjm survmy was pmrokrgm` by lar ackfn systmgatdl

trafsmlts tjat wmrm pcaffm` kf tjm basds ko satmccdtm dganms. Kvmr 1=5 sdtms wmrm rmlkr`m` (but smm Jkcm 144>b8 00, wjkgmftdkfs 2>1 sdtms), ko wjdlj =5 àtm` tk tjm tjdr` gdccmffdug (Ikuljkuiks 144:8 <?=“>).

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2455

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Odn. =.108 ]flkrrmltm` smttcmgmft trmf`s df survmy rmndkfs df fkrtjmrf Gmskpktagda okr tjm pmrdk` <155“1=55 BL. \ja`dfndf`dlatms rmcatdvm dftmfsdty ko smttcmgmft. (A) Bdrmldi-Mupjratms @ag \urvmy (B-M@\). (B) Pdsjrdf @ag survmys. (L) Pabqa @agsurvmys. (@) Caf` ko Larljmgdsj survmy. (M) ^mstnazdra survmy. (O) Bacdij-Mupjratms upcaf`s survmy. (N) Gd``cm Mupjratmssurvmy. (J) Bacdij \urvmy (B\). (D) Jarraf survmy. (H) Hmbmc Bdsjrd survmy. (I) â`d Jaggar survmy. (C) ]ppmr Ijabur \urvmy.(G) Pmcc Bmyàr \urvmy (PB\). (F) Brai sustadfdfn arma survmy. (K) 14:: Pmcc Brai \urvmy. (U) Cmdcaf Rmndkfac \urvmy (CR\). (Q) Pmcc Jagkuiar \urvmy (PJ\). (R) Fkrtjmast \yr da survmy. (\) Fkrtj Hazdra \urvmy (FH\). (P) Ckwmr af` gd``cm Ijabur survmy.(]) Ijabur Basdf Urkhmlt. (_) â`d Aědě survmy.



44


Pjm cast survmy tk bm `dslussm` jmrm, tjat ko tjm â`d Aědě, adgm` tk `klugmft tralms ko pmr-gafmft kllupatdkf df tjm rmndkf mast ko tjm ckwmr Ijabur (Odn. =.1_), but wmst ko tjm \yrdaf“Draqdbkr`mr.>5 Okurtj gdccmffdug BL gatmrdac was prmsmft at smvmrac sdtms, ko wjdlj twk wmrm prkbabcypmrgafmftcy kllupdm`. Pjm gatmrdac at ktjmr sdtms gay javm bmmf trafspkrtm` tjmrm, kr gay javmrmocmltm` tmgpkrary kllupatdkfs, okr mxagpcm okr anrdlucturac altdvdtdms. Lkftrary tk tjds smttcmgmft

pattmrf, tjm survmy rmlkvmrm` vdrtuaccy fk tjdr` gdccmffdug gatmrdac, af` kfcy okrty-tjrmm marcysmlkf` gdccmffdug sjmr`s `dvd`m` kvmr smvmftmmf sdtms. Ndvmf tjm absmflm ko df`dlatdkfs okr pmr-gafmft kllupatdkf, Bmrfbmli sunnmstm` tjat tjds gatmrdac rmocmltm` tmgpkrary usm ko tjm sdtms bygkbdcm nrkups. Pjm gatmrdac orkg tjm Gm`dmvac Dscagdl pmrdk` was sdgdcarcy pattmrfm` af` lkuc`bm dftmrprmtm` ackfn tjm sagm cdfms (Bmrfbmli 144<8 ?<).

=.0.2 Pjm jdstkrdlac mvd`mflm

Pmxts orkg tjm Gard arljdvm acckw tjm rmlkfstrultdkf ko tjm fugbmr ko dfjabdtafts okr a fugbmrko smttcmgmfts wdtjdf tjm lkrm tmrrdtkrdms ko tjm Gard idfn`kg uf`mr Xdgrd-Cdg (Gdccmt Acbå2550). A fugbmr ko tmxts cdst vdccanms df tjm `dstrdlts ko Gard, Pmrqa, af` \annarâtug af` tjmdrtrdbac aoodcdatdkf, tjat ds, wjmtjmr tjmy wmrm lkfsd`mrm` tk bm \dg—acdtm kr Tagdfdtm. At cmast tjdrty-

fdfm Tagdfdtm tkpkfygs lkuc` bm d`mftdodm`, af` okr twmfty-fdfm ko tjmsm, àta kf tjm fugbmrko dfjabdtafts arm acsk avadcabcm. Pjmsm tmxts df`dlatm tjat smttcmgmft sdzms vardm` bmtwmmf as omwas <5 tk as gafy as ?>= dfjabdtafts. Okr tjm `dstrdlt ko Gard, smvmf Tagdfdtm smttcmgmfts arm cdstm`

wdtj a tktac ko 1=55 kllupafts. Okr Pmrqa, fdfmtmmf Tagdfdtm smttcmgmfts arm ifkwf9 okurtmmf ko wjdlj ja` a lkgbdfm` pkpucatdkf ko <:>= pmrskfs. Odfaccy, okr tjm `dstr dlt ko \annarâtug, tjdrtmmf Tagdfdtm smttcmgmfts arm ifkwf, af` ko tjmsm mdnjt ja` a lkgbdfm` pkpucatdkf ko 222= pmrskfs(Gdccmt Acbå 25508 2<2). Pjus, a tktac ko >?55 pmrskfs cdvm` df twmfty-fdfm smttcmgmfts, af` at cmasttmf gkrm Tagdfdtm smttcmgmfts arm ifkwf.>1 Dt ds ourtjmr gmftdkfm` tjat tjm tktac pkpucatdkf kotjmsm tjrmm `dstrdlts gay javm bmmf 05555 pmrskfs, actjkunj tjm krdndf ko tjds odnurm ds fkt mx-pcadfm`. Pjm `dstrdlt ko \ujùg gay javm jkusm` a ourtjmr 15555 pmrskfs (Gdccmt Acbå 25508 2<1).Fktm, jkwmvmr, tjat tjm fugbmr ko ifkwf tkpkfygs mxlmm`s tjm fugbmr ko sdtms wdtj a Gd``cmBrkfzm Anm lkgpkfmft (Gdccmt Acbå 25508 22=). Pjds ds pmrjaps tk bm mxpmltm` df tjm accuvdac mf-

vdrkfgmft ko tjm Mupjratms _accmy.

=.= Lkflcusdkfs

Pjm prmsmft ljaptmr adgm` tk prmsmft a `mtadcm` rmlkfstrultdkf ko `mgknrapjdl `mvmckpgmfts dftjrmm `doomrmft survmy rmndkfs df fkrtjmrf Gmskpktagda. Basm` kf tjm lrdtmrda kutcdfm` df \mltdkf=.1, tjm Bdrmldi-Mupjratms @ag \urvmy, tjm Bacdij \urvmy (B\), af` tjm Fkrtj Hazdra \urvmy (FH\)

wmrm smcmltm` okr afacysds. Pjmsm survmys, dfld`mftaccy, acsk rmprmsmft tjrmm `doomrmft mfvdrkfgmftacaf` lucturac zkfms. Pjm B-M@\ rmndkf, cklatm` upstrmag ko Larljmgdsj ackfn tjm Mupjratms, wasprkbabcy acways, kr at cmast at tjm mf` ko tjm tjdr` gdccmffdug, part ko tjm lucturac af` mlkfkgdljdftmrcaf` ko Larljmgdsj. Pjm Bacdij _accmy laf bm lkfsd`mrm` a rmcatdvmcy autkfkgkus arma tjat

was, as oar as laf bm ncmafm` orkg tjm jdstkrdlac skurlms, kutsd`m tjm pmrgafmft pkc dtdlac lkftrkc kotjm carnm catm tjdr` gdccmffdug pkcdtdlac mftdtdms, sulj as Mbca, Aiia`, af` tjm ]r DDD statm. Pjm armads acsk dftmrmstdfn bmlausm dt rmprmsmfts a rdvmr vaccmy tjat lrkssms tjm ckfn-tmrg bkr`mr ko `ry an-rdlucturm. Pjm FH\ lkvmrs a rmndkf wdtjkut gahkr pmrmffdac strmags, but wdtj pktmftdaccy suoodldmftprmldpdtatdkf okr `ry anrdlucturm. Pkày, tjm arma ds abkvm tjm 055 gg dskjymt, gmafdfn tjat mvmfdf `ry ymars dt ds cdimcy tjat `ry anrdlucturm wdcc sullmm`. Ukcdtdlaccy, tjm arma was lmrtadfcy wdtjdf tjm

>5 Df af arma ko 11=5 ig2, sdtms af` sjmr` slattmrs wmrm d`mftdodm` by asidfn cklac jmr`mrs, wjk sjkwm` tjm sdtms tk tjmsurvmy tmag. Carnm sdtms wmrm `dvd`m` dftk lkccmltdkf ufdts basm` kf sdtm gkrpjkckny, wjmrmas fk sulj `dstdfltdkf wasga`m okr sgacc sdtms. \jmr`s wmrm ufsystmgatdlaccy lkccmltm` uftdc af agkuft was rmaljm` tjat was `mmgm` suoodldmftokr ljrkfkckndlac af` stycdstdl afacysds (Bmrfbmli 144<8 14).

>1 Avmranm smttcmgmft sdzm laclucatm` orkg tjmsm fugbmrs wkuc` bm 2?2 pmrskfs, tjm gm`daf sdzm ds 14=. Df tmrgs ko smt-

tcmgmft sdzm, af` assugdfn af kf-sdtm pkpucatdkf `mfsdty ko 1=5“2=5 pmrskfs/ja, a smttcmgmft ko 2?5 pmrskfs wkuc`bm rkunjcy 1.5“1.> ja.



155


dfocumflm spjmrm ko Aiia` af` ]r DDD, but df tjm absmflm ko cklac jdstkrdlac skurlms, dt ds `doodlucttk assmss tjm dgpalt ko tjmsm statms kf tjm rmndkf. Pjm mxalt dgpcdlatdkfs ko tjmsm `doomrmflms wdccbm mvacuatm` df \mltdkf :.2. Okr tjm gkgmft, tjm okcckwdfn kbsmrvatdkfs laf bm ga`m.

Odrst, malj rmndkf was ljaraltmrdzm` by a `doomrmft pkpucatdkf `mvmckpgmft. Pjm B-M@\ rmndkfsjkwm` a vmry ckw kvmracc pkpucatdkf af` vmry nraùac pkpucatdkf `mvmckpgmfts. Pjm pkpucatdkf

df tjm Bacdij _accmy nrmw tkwar` tjm gd``cm tjdr` gdccmffdug BL, wjdlj ds df cdfm wdtj tjm nmfmractrmf` tkwar` urbafdzatdkf df fkrtjmrf Gmskpktagda as a wjkcm. Avmranm smttcmgmft sdzm, jkwmvmr,rmgadfm` at tjm sagm cmvmc, df`dlatdfn tjat tjm pkpucatdkf nrkwtj was pmrjaps gkrm a by-prkùltko urbafdzatdkf mcsmwjmrm tjaf a trucy df`dnmfkus mvmckpgmft. Pjm pkpucatdkf ko tjm FH\ rmndkfnrmw stma`dcy orkg tjm marcy tjdr` tk tjm marcy smlkf` gdccmffdug BL. Actjkunj tjm lkarsm ljrkfkc-kny gay javm gasim` skgm gdfkr ocultuatdkfs, tjm kvmracc trmf` ds vmry lcmar.

\mlkf`cy, tjmrm appmars tk javm bmmf fk lcmar lkrrmcatdkf bmtwmmf pkpucatdkf nrkwtj, af` smt-tcmgmft systmg krnafdzatdkf as rmocmltm` df tjm vardkus daljrkfdl rafi-sdzm pckts. Df tjm B\ rmndkf,tjmrm ds a trmf` tkwar` a lkfvmx sdtm sdzm `dstrdbutdkf orkg tjm gd`-tjdr` tk tjm marcy smlkf` gdc-cmffdug, aotmr wjdlj pkdft lkfvmxdty smmgs tk javm `mlrmasm` anadf. Orkg 2055 tk 1:55 BL, tjmrm

was a pkpucatdkf `mlrmasm okcckwm` by af dflrmasm. Uktmftdaccy, tjm smttcmgmft krnafdzatdkf `mvmc-kpgmft lkuc` bm df stmp wdtj tjm pkpucatdkf `mvmckpgmft acbmdt wdtj a 155“255 ymar tdgm-nap, buttjds wkuc` fmm` gulj gkrm rmodfmgmft ko tjm smttcmgmft àta df kr`mr tk bm tmstm`.

Odfaccy, tjmrm arm vardkus pmrdk`s ùrdfn wjdlj pkpucatdkf nrkwtj mxlmm`m` jdstkrdlac faturacnrkwtj ratms, af` pmrdk`s ùrdfn wjdlj pkpucatdkfs bmlagm sgaccmr. Pjmrm ds skgm mvd`mflm tjatpkpucatdkf nrkwtj df kfm rmndkf gdnjt bm bacaflm` by pkpucatdkf `mlcdfm mcsmwjmrm. Df oalt, tjmFH\ rmndkf, wjdlj jarbkurm` tjm carnmst fugbmr ko sdtms af` tjm jdnjmst abskcutm pkpucatdkf cmvmc,`mgkfstratm` a lkfsdstmft pkpucatdkf nrkwtj tjat rmcatdvmcy lcksmcy apprkxdgatm` tjm jdstkrdlacfaturac nrkwtj ratms.



151

? Pjm `mvmckpgmft ko pastkracdsg

?.1 Dftrkùltdkf

\mltdkf <.=.2 arnum` tjat mfvdrkfgmftac strmss ds cdimcy tk rmsuct df tjm okrgatdkf ko skldac bkf`sbmtwmmf nrkups praltdsdfn `doomrmft subsdstmflm stratmndms. Pjds ljaptmr adgs tk rmvdmw tjm mvd-`mflm okr pastkracdsg df fkrtjmrf Gmskpktagda ùrdfn tjm tjdr` af` marcy smlkf` gdccmffdugBL. Pjm lmftrac qumstdkf tjat wdcc bm a``rmssm` jmrm ds8 wmrm tjmrm spmldacdzm` fkga`dl pastkrac-dsts df fkrtjmrf Gmskpktagda ùrdfn tjm tjdr` af` marcy smlkf` gdccmffdug BL; Pjds qumstdkf dsdgpkrtaft, bmlausm rmndkfac smttcmgmft abaf`kfgmft jas bmmf rmnucarcy cdfim` tk tjm fkga`dza-tdkf ko skldmty. Pjds ljaptmr odrst `modfms dgpkrtaft lkflmpts df tjm `dslussdkf kf fkga`dsg af`pastkracdsg (\mltdkf ?.2), af` kutcdfms tjm `mvmckpgmft af` krnafdzatdkf ko tjm pastkrac gk`m koprkùltdkf up tk tjm bmndffdfn ko tjm tjdr` gdccmffdug BL (\mltdkf ?.<). \mltdkf ?.0 `dslussms tjmzkkckndlac af` jdstkrdlac mvd`mflm okr pastkracdsg urdfn tjm tjdr` af` marcy smlkf` gdccmffdug BL,af` \mltdkf ?.= tjm `mvmckpgmft ko pastkracdsg ùrdfn tjat pmrdk` df tmrgs ko krnafdzatdkf, spm-ldacdzatdkf af` gkbdcdty. Lkgbdfm` wdtj tjm mvd`mflm prmsmftm` df Ljaptmr >, tjds gk`mc wdcc smrvmas tjm basds okr mvacuatdfn tjm jypktjmsds tjat mfvdrkfgmftac strmss sjkuc` cma` tk tjm mgmrnmflmko lkkpmratdvm skldac gmljafdsgs bmtwmmf pastkracdsts af` anrdlucturacdsts (\mltdkf :.<).

?.2 @modfdfn pastkracdsg af` fkga`dsg

Dt ds dgpkrtaft tk javm a lcmar uf`mrstaf`dfn ko jkw tjm tmrgs fkga`dsg, smgd-fkga`dsg, trafs-jugaflm, af` pastkracdsg sjkuc` bm uf`mrstkk`, as tjmy arm kotmf dflkrrmltcy usm` dftmrljafnm-

abcy, but altuaccy rmprmsmft `doomrmft ymt df gafy ways lkffmltm` altdvdtdms. Jmrm, tjm `modfdtdkfsprkvd`m` by Lrdbb (14418 1:“25) wdcc bm okcckwm`. Fkga`dsg rmomrs tk ‚tjm rmnucar gdnratdkfko a lkggufdty tknmtjmr wdtj gulj ko dts prkùltdvm basm wdtjdf a sdfncm mlkckndlac fdljm—. \mgd-fkga`dsg rmomrs tk a statm ko gkbdcdty kf a slacm wdtj uftdm` fkga`dsg, tjat ds, wdtjkut odxm` gd-nratdkf rkutms, at kfm mf` af` a ouccy sm`mftary mxdstmflm at tjm ktjmr. Mspmldaccy trafsjugaflm dsa lkfousdfn tmrg, as dt ds usm` tk `mslrdbm a vardmty ko gkbdcm subsdstmflm altdvdtdms. Pjm `modfdtdkfndvmf by Lrdbb ds as okcckws8 ‚a okrg ko cdvmstkli gafanmgmft gaidfn usm ko smaskfac vardatdkfsdf tjm avadcabdcdty ko pasturm—. Uastkracdsg ds a gk`m ko subsdstmflm tjat mxpckdts jmr` afdgacs,‚ljaraltmrdstdlaccy dfvkcvdfn prktmltdkf ko tjm jmr` af` systmgatdl lkfsugptdkf ko dts rmfmwabcmprkùlts—. Jmr`dfn laf bm uf`mrstkk` as a gkrm nmfmrac tmrg df`dlatdfn jkw afdgacs arm gafanm`,but fkt jkw tjmy arm mxpckdtm`. Pjus, fkga`dsg af` smgd-fkga`dsg rmomr tk lkggufac gkbdc-dty, wjmrmas pastkracdsg, trafsjugaflm, af` jmr`dfn arm prdfldpaccy subsdstmflm altdvdtdms. Lrdbb

ourtjmr sunnmstm` tjat tjmrm smmgs tk bm a strkfn lkrrmcatdkf bmtwmmf gkbdcdty af` pastkracdsg kftjm kfm jaf`, af` sm`mftdsg af` anrdlucturm kf tjm ktjmr jaf`, as oar as laf bm ncmafm` orkg mtj-fkjdstkrdlac lasm-stu`dms. Jkwmvmr, fkga`dl pastkracdsg af` sm`mftary anrdlucturm sjkuc` fkt bmsmmf as gutuaccy mxlcusdvm kppksdtms, but as tjm mxtrmgms kf a lkftdfuug, wdtj gkst nrkups oaccdfnskgmwjmrm df bmtwmmf (Lrdbb 14418 1=“1>).>2

>2 Pjm prmsmft `dslussdkf wdcc bm cdgdtm` tk sjmmp/nkat pastkracdsg. Pjm lagmc was fkt dftrkùlm` dftk fkrtjmrfGmskpktagda af` tjm Cmvaft uftdc tjm catm smlkf` gdccmffdug BL (Iÿjcmr-Rkccmoskf 144?). Lattcm was usm` okr tral-tdkf, af` skgm lattcm jmr`dfn gay javm kllurrm` (\tkc 144=8 1:0), but dt ds cdimcy tjat tjds was lkfodfm` tk rdvmr vaccmysaf` ktjmr mfvdrkfgmfts tjat lkuc` gmmt tjm jdnjmr watmr af` okk` rmqudrmgmfts ko lattcm, as lkgparm` tk sjmmp/nkat.

Rm``dfn sunnmstm` tjat lattcm jusbaf`ry was prkbabcy gkrm strkfncy asskldatm` wdtj anrdlucturac prkùltdkf tjaf wdtjpurm pastkrac prkùltdkf (Rm``dfn 144<8 :?).



152


Df jds stu`y kf tjm mgmrnmflm ko fkga`dl pastkracdsg df tjm Lmftrac Xanrks, Ab`d mcabkratm`kf tjmsm tmrgs by prmsmftdfn a fugbmr ko `doomrmft pastkrac prkùltdkf gk`ms, basm` kf `mnrmmko gkbdcdty, `dvdsdkf ko cabkur, af` skldac krnafdzatdkf (255<8 055). Jm `dstdfnudsjm` bmtwmmf vdc-canm-basm` jmr`dfn, trafsjugaft pastkracdsg, smgd-fkga`dl pastkracdsg, af` fkga`dl pastkracdsg.

_dccanm-basm` jmr`dfn laf bm `dvd`m` dftk prkxdgatm af` `dstaft vardafts. Urkxdgatm vdccanm-basm`

jmr`dfn ds krnafdzm` ackfn tjm prdfldpcm tjat tjm jmr`s rmturf tk tjm smttcmgmft kf a adcy basds, af`ds kotmf ko kfcy suppcmgmftary faturm tk anrdlucturac praltdlms. Acsk, dt ds fkt a oucc-tdgm spmldacdzmàltdvdty, but ratjmr mftrustm` tk ykufnmr gmgbmrs ko tjm lkggufdty wjk arm fkt fmlmssary okrtjm anrdlucturac prkùltdkf prklmss. Pjm spatdac af` tmgpkrac krnafdzatdkf ko tjds typm ko jmr`-dfn ds lcksmcy lkffmltm` wdtj tjm anrdlucturac lylcm, tk gaim surm tjat tjm jmr`s `k fkt àganm tjmlrkps af` tk mfsurm tjm avadcabdcdty ko ok``mr (Ab`d 255<8 055“1). @dstaft vdccanm-basm` jmr`dfndfvkcvms taidfn tjm jmr`s tk pasturms kutsd`m tjm arma taimf up by anrdlucturm okr mxtmf`m` pmrdk`sko tdgm. Jkwmvmr, tjmsm pmrdk`s tmf` fkt tk mxlmm` smvmrac àys, aotmr wjdlj tjm jmr`s rmturf tktjm vdccanm. Pjds typm ko jmr`dfn ds fkrgaccy larrdm` kut by fkf-spmldacdst jmr`sgmf, sulj as ykufnaùcts (Ab`d 255<8 051). ]f`mr a trafsjugaft pastkrac prkùltdkf systmg, jmr`dfn ds `mcmnatm` tkspmldacdsts af` tjm jmr`s arm smaskfaccy gkvm` tk pasturms tjat arm df tjmdr gkst prkùltdvm smaskf.Df gkuftadfkus armas, tjds gmafs tjat tjm jmr`s arm taimf tk tjm gkuftadfs df suggmr af` tk tjmckwcaf`s df wdftmr (Ab`d 255<8 052“<). Df a smgd-fkga`dl pastkrac mlkfkgy, pastkrac mlkfkgdlaltdvdtdms arm gkrm dgpkrtaft tjaf anrdlucturm, wjdlj ds stdcc praltdsm` by tjm wjkcm nrkup kr partko tjm nrkup wjk spmldacdzm df dt. ‚\mgdfkga`dl pastkracdsg ds ljaraltmrdzm` by mxtmfsdvm jmr`dfnaf` a pmrdk`dl ljafnm ko pasturms ùrdfn tjm lkursm ko tjm mftdrm kr nrmatmr part ko tjm ymar— (Ab d255<8 05<). Odfaccy, fkga`dl pastkracdsg dfvkcvms fk anrdlucturm at acc, fkt mvmf df a suppcmgmftaryrkcm. Orkg tjds pmrspmltdvm, trucy fkga`dl pastkracdsg kllurrm` kfcy df vmry spmldodl mfvdrkfgmftsaf` rmndkfs, af` smgd-fkga`dl pastkracdsg wdtj a strkfnmr oklus kf pastkracdsg tjaf kf anrdluc-turm gay javm bmmf gkrm lkggkf (Lrdbb 14418 1?9 Ab`d 255<8 050). Ktjmr altdvdtdms tjat fkga`smfnanm df arm tra`m, trafspkrt, kr jdrdfn tjmgsmcvms kut as gmrlmfardms kr nud`ms. Df sulj lasms, dtds prkbabcy bmttmr tk spmai ko a fkga`dl guctd-rmskurlm stratmny, ratjmr tjaf pastkracdsg (@yskf-Ju`skf af` @yskf-Ju`skf 14:58 1:9 Ab`d 255<8 050“=9 Rksmf 255<).

?.< Afdgac jusbaf`ry af` pastkracdsg df prm- af` prktk-jdstkry

Pjm pastkrac dst gk`m ko prkùltdkf ds a oufàgmftac part ko tjm tra`dtdkfac Fmar Mastmrf sub-sdstmflm prkùltdkf systmg. Jkwmvmr, pastkracdsg as a subsdstmflm stratmny mxpckdtdfn rmfmwabcmprkùlts ds a rmcatdvmcy rmlmft `mvmckpgmft af` kfcy arksm aotmr a ckfn pmrdk` ko gkrm nmfmracdzm`jmr`dfn stratmndms, df wjdlj afdgacs wmrm prkbabcy prm`kgdfaftcy mxpckdtm` okr tjmdr gmat. \jmmpaf` nkat jusbaf`ry appmarm` ùrdfn tjm marcy stanms ko tjm Urm-Ukttmry Fmkcdtjdl B (:>55“?:55lac BL ) df tjm skutjmrf pdm`gkft rmndkf ko tjm Paurus Gkuftadfs, mvmftuaccy cma`dfn tk lkgpcmtm`kgmstdlatdkf. Pjm `kgmstdlatdkf ko lattcm prkbabcy startm` skgmwjat catmr, af` kgmstdlatm` pdnappmarm` arkuf` tjds tdgm as wmcc, actjkunj tjmrm ds `dsputm` mvd`mflm okr a gulj marcdmr `kgms-tdlatdkf àtm at tjm mf` ko tjm Fatuodaf pmrdk`. Orkg skutjmastmrf Purimy, tjm praltdlm ko afdgac

jusbaf`ry smmgs tk javm sprma` skutj at varydfn ratms, prmsugabcy bmlausm afdgacs ja` tk aàpttk fmw mfvdrkfgmftac lkf`dtdkfs, af` lucturac ljkdlm laffkt bm mftdrmcy rucm` kut mdtjmr (Umtmrsmt ac. 1444).

Pjmrm ds skgm mvd`mflm okr smgd-fkga`dl mxpckdtatdkf ko kvdlaprdfm rmskurlms ùrdfn tjm odfacstanms ko tjm UUFB. Pjm vdccanm sdtm ko Mc-Ikwg 2 was prkbabcy kllupdm` ymar-rkuf`, af` tjmkllupafts wmrm dfvkcvm` df anrdlucturm as wmcc as afdgac jusbaf`ry. Pjm fmarby sdtm ko Q`mdr wasgulj gkrm mpjmgmrac df tmrgs ko arljdtmlturm, but anrdlucturm was praltdsm` tjmrm as wmcc, df`d-latdfn tjat tjm dfjabdtafts gust javm bmmf at cmast smaskfaccy prmsmft at tjm sdtm (\tkr`mur 144<).

At ‚Adf Njazac (Hkràf), rmcdaflm kf `kgmstdl nkat dflrmasm` stma`dcy at tjm mxpmfsm ko juftmàfdgacs orkg tjm catm UUFB dftk tjm Targkuidaf pmrdk`. Dt jas bmmf sunnmstm` tjat ùrdfn tjmUUFL at ‚Adf Njazac, nkat jusbaf`ry was praltdsm` by tjm sdtm—s dfjabdtafts, wdtj jmr`mrs pks-sdbcy taidfn tjm ocklis tk smaskfac pasturms oartjmr rmgkvm` orkg tjm sdtm tk rmcdmvm prmssurm kf

tjm latljgmft arma. Allkr`dfn tk tjds slmfardk, tjm sdtm latljgmft ja` bmmf `mpcmtm` ùrdfn tjm



15<

PJM @M_MCKUGMFP KO UA\PKRACD\G

Targkuidaf, rmsuctdfn df tjm abaf`kfgmft ko tjm sdtm by dts sm`mftary anrdlucturac pkpucatdkf.Jmr`mrs lkuc`, jkwmvmr, lkftdfum tk ormqumft tjm rmndkf okr pasturm, af` tjds gay javm rmprm-smftm` a odrst stmp tkwar`s a ouccy spmldacdzm` `kgmstdl afdgac mxpckdtatdkf, af` mvmftuaccy fkga`d-zatdkf (Iÿjcmr-Rkccmoskf 1442). Actjkunj tjmrm ds kfcy df`drmlt mvd`mflm okr tjds slmfardk, rmlmftrmsmarlj df`dlatms tjat a sdgdcar spatdac smparatdkf bmtwmmf tjm smttcmgmft af` dts pastkrac prkùl-

tdkf gay acsk javm kllurrm` at Îatacjÿyói (Purimy) (Umarskf mt ac. 255>). Umarskf mt ac. lkfùltmàf dsktkpm afacysds kf bkfm lkccanmf orkg sjmmp/nkat bkfms orkg Urm Cmvmc ZDD @ tk Cmvmc _Dorkg Îatacjÿyói Mast (><55“?055 lac BL ). Pjds stu`y df`dlatm` tjat stabcm larbkf (ΰ1<L) af` fdtrk-nmf (ΰ1=F) dsktkpm cmvmcs wmrm rmcatdvmcy ufdokrg df tjm marcy pmrdk`, but tjat vardabdcdty bmtwmmfsagpcm` bkfms dflrmasm` tkwar`s tjm catmr pmrdk`s. Bmlausm tjmsm dsktkpms arm `drmltcy rmcatm`tk tjm `dmt ko tjm sagpcm` afdgacs, tjds ljafnm gay rmocmlt af dflrmasm df `dmt vardabdcdty af` tjmlkfsugptdkf ko a wd`m vardmty ko pcafts orkg `doomrmft mlkckndlac zkfms. Umarskf mt ac. sunnmstm`tjat tjds dflrmasm` vardabdcdty rmocmltm` ‚af dflrmasm df tjm sdnfdodlaflm ko pastkracdsg wdtj jmr`mrsgkvdfn smparatm ocklis kvmr gkrm mxtmfsdvm tmrrdtkrdms arkuf` vdccanms tjus bmlkgdfn gkrm cdimcytk mflkuftmr guctdpcm dsktkpdlaccy `dstdfltdvm pcaft bdkgassms— (255>8 21>:). As at ‚Adf Njazac, dt dspkssdbcm tjat tjds sjdot df tjm spatdac krnafdzatdkf ko pastkrac prkùltdkf was cdfim` tk tjm fmm` okrtjm pkpucatdkf ko Îatacjÿyói tk dflrmasm anrdlucturac prkùltdkf, mdtjmr tjrkunj dftmfsdodlatdkf, krtjrkunj af dflrmasm df tjm agkuft ko caf` tjat was uf`mr prkùltdkf. \uggardzdfn, tjm mvd`mflmprmsmftm` jmrm sunnmsts tjat skgm cdgdtm` okrg ko trafsjugaft jmr`dfn gay javm mgmrnm` at tjmmf` ko tjm UUFB kr ùrdfn tjm marcy Ukttmry Fmkcdtjdl, actjkunj tjm `mnrmm ko spmldacdzatdkf af`tjm `dstaflms tjat wmrm lkvmrm` rmgadf `doodluct tk assmss.

@urdfn tjm Catm Fmkcdtjdl df \yrda (?:55“=<55 lac BL ), kvdlaprdfms wmrm tjm `kgdfaft spmldmsdf oaufac assmgbcanms, actjkunj tjmrm wmrm lcmar `doomrmflms bmtwmmf carnmr, sm`mftary sdtms af`sgaccmr, prmsugabcy sjkrt-cdvm` sdtms wjmrm wdc` afdgacs wmrm acsk dgpkrtaft. Pjmrm ds df`drmltmvd`mflm okr jdnj gkbdcdty tjat laf bm asskldatm` wdtj jmr`dfn, anadf df`dlatdfn tjm dgpkrtaflm kotjds subsdstmflm stratmny. At Catm Fmkcdtjdl Pmcc \abd Abya` df tjm Bacdij _accmy, smacdfn praltdlmsjavm bmmf cdfim` wdtj tjm pmrdk`dl absmflm ko a part ko tjm smttcmgmft—s pkpucatdkf, wjdlj gayjavm bmmf dfvkcvm` df jmr`dfn. Marcy Ljaclkcdtjdl subsdstmflm df fkrtjmrf Gmskpktagda ds guljgkrm pkkrcy uf`mrstkk`. @urdfn tjm ]bad` pmrdk` df fkrtjmrf Gmskpktagda, tjm dgpkrtaflm kokvdlaprdfms dflrmasm` tk tjm `mtrdgmft ko lattcm af` pdn. Kvdlaprdfms wmrm prkbabcy jmr`m` dfsgacc ocklis, af` juftdfn rmgadfm` dgpkrtaft as wmcc (Aiimrgafs af` \ljwartz 255<).

@urdfn tjmsm marcy pmrdk`s, kvdlaprdfms gust javm bmmf gadfcy mxpckdtm` okr tjmdr gmat af`jd`ms. Uastkracdsg as a subsdstmflm stratmny rmcydfn kf rmfmwabcm prkùlts lkuc` javm kfcy mgmrnmàotmr tjm smlkfàry prkùlts rmvkcutdkf. Pjm smlkfàry prkùlts rmvkcutdkf wkuc` javm nrmatcymfjaflm` tjm vacum ko sjmmp, tjat fkt kfcy prkùlm` gmat but acsk gdci af` wkkc. Pjm smcmltdkfko wkkc-bmardfn af` gdci-prkùldfn quacdtdms df afdgac brmm`s ds, jkwmvmr, a ckfn prklmss tjat

wkuc` javm ydm c`m` rmsucts kfcy ckfn aotmr tjm dfdtdac `kgmstdlatdkf. Okr tjat rmaskf, tjm smlkfàryprkùlts rmvkcutdkf jas tra`dtdkfaccy bmmf pcalm` skgmwjmrm df tjm okurtj gdccmffdug (\jmrratt14:1), actjkunj dt ds pkssdbcm tjat Fmkcdtjdl pmkpcm usm` smlkfàry prkùlts kf a gkrm gk`mst afùfsystmgatdl slacm (Aiimrgafs af` \ljwartz 255<8 >0). Df oalt, tjm usm ko gdci jas rmlmftcy bmmf

attmstm` okr tjm gd``cm smvmftj gdccmffdugBL

df Afatkcda af` fkrtjmrf Gmskpktagda (Mvmrsjm`mt ac. 255:). Pjm oaufac assmgbcanm ko catm okurtj gdccmffdug Pmcc Qraya, skutj ko wjmrm tjm Ijabur hkdfs

tjm Mupjratms, df`dlatm` a ‚nmfmracdzm`, guctdpurpksm okrg ko jmr`dfn— dflcu`dfn prkùltdkf okràdry as wmcc as gmat, but prkbabcy fkt wkkc (Nacvdf 14:>8 12<). At ktjmr sdtms, jkwmvmr, wkkc waslmrtadfcy mxpckdtm` ùrdfn tjm catm okurtj gdccmffdug BL. Pmxts orkg ]rui df`dlatm` tjm mxdstmflmko wkkc-bmardfn sjmmp brmm`s, af` arljamkzkkckndlac mvd`mflm df`dlatms tjat jmr`dfn stratmndms oa-

vkurdfn wkkc prkùltdkf wmrm mgpckym` (GlLkrrdstkf 144>8 =21). Actjkunj dt jas bmmf sunnmstmòkr fkrtjmrf Gmskpktagda tjat spmldacdzatdkf df sjmmp/nkat pastkracdsg was prdgardcy asskldatm`

wdtj ]rui lkckfy sdtms, dt smmgs tjat tjds `mvmckpgmft acsk kllur rm` as af df`dnmfkus `mvmckpgmftbmokrm tjm kllurrmflm ko ]rui dfocumflm. Mvmf tjkunj oaufac gatmrdac orkg gafy sdtms df`dlatmàf dflrmasdfn dgpkrtaflm ko sjmmp/nkat, tjmrm wmrm fktabcm mxlmptdkfs wjmrm wdc` rmskurlms rm-

gadfm` dgpkrtaft (Aiimrgafs af` \ljwartz 255<8 25?).



150


Ab`d (255<) prmsmftm` a gk`mc okr tjm mgmrnmflm ko fkga`dl pastkrac dsg df tjm DscagabaÙcadf df tjm Lmftrac Xanrks ùrdfn tjm Gd``cm/Catm Ljaclkcdtjdl. Basm` kf arljamkckndlac survmymvd`mflm, jm sunnmstm` tjat orkg tjm Marcy Fmkcdtjdl tk tjm Gd``cm Ljaclkcdtjdl pmrdk`, tjmrm wasa spmltalucar dflrmasm df tjm fugbmr af` sdzm ko sm`mftary kllupatdkfs, okcckwm` by a sdgdcarcy`ragatdl `mlcdfm ùrdfn tjm Catm Ljaclkcdtjdl. Pjm Gd``cm Ljaclkcdtjdl acsk ydmc`m` tjm strkfnmst

mvd`mflm okr drrdnatdkf. \yfljrkfkuscy wdtj tjm Catm Ljaclkcdtjdl sm`mftary smttcmgmft mlcdfm, tjmfugbmr ko tmgpkrary lagpsdtms dflrmasm`, as `d` tjm `dstaflm bmtwmmf tjmsm lagpsdtms af` tjmpmrgafmft kllupatdkfs. Mxlavatdkfs at smcmltm` pmrgafmft af` tmgpkrary kllupatdkfs rmvmacm`sdnfdodlaft `doomrmflms rmcatdfn tk tjm altdvdtdms tjat wmrm larrdm` kut at malj sdtm. Okr mxagpcm, tjmoaufac gatmrdac orkg Ljknja Navafmj, a pmrgafmft kllupatdkf, df`dlatm` a `dvmrsdodm` afdgacmlkfkgy, wjmrmas tjm gatmrdac orkg tjm tmgpkrary lagpsdtm ko Puwaj Ijksimj df`dlatm` sma-skfac usm oklusdfn kf sjmmp/nkat afdgac jusbaf`ry. Ukttmry af` ocdft tkkcs wmrm acsk df`dlatdvmko a ratjmr cdgdtm` array ko altdvdtdms, af` carnm stkranm hars okr mxagpcm wmrm absmft. Allkr`dfntk Ab`d, tjmsm `mvmckpgmfts jdnjcdnjtm` af dflrmasdfn `dstaflm bmtwmmf dflrmasdfncy spmldacdzm`subsdstmflm stratmndms. Pjm mvd`mflm okr dftmfsdvm anrdlucturm ds lkftmgpkrafmkus wdtj a smttcmgmftpmai af` wkuc` javm okrlm` pastkracdsts tk gkvm tjmdr ocklis kvmr dflrmasdfncy nrmatmr `dstaflms.

Pjds `mvmckpgmft wkuc` df turf javm prkvd`m` tk af dflmftdvm okr pastkracdsts tk spmldacdzm df jmr`-dfn bmlausm tjm gkvmgmft af` gafanmgmft ko ocklis `mgaf`m` nrmatmr sidcc af` ifkwcm`nm.

Catm okurtj/marcy tjdr` gdccmffdug BL tmxts orkg ]rui attmst tk tjm jdnjcy `mvmckpm` af` `d- vmrsdodm` pastkrac mlkfkgy tjat mxdstm` at tjat tdgm. Pjm tmxts cdst vardkus brmm`s ko sjmmp af`nkat, as wmcc as tjm prkùlts okr wjdlj tjmy wmrm impt, dflcu`dfn wkkc af` vardkus àdry prkùlts(\zarzyfsia 2552). Basm` kf tjm rmcatdvm ormqumfldms ko attmstatdkfs ko sjmmp af` nkat, af` tjmoalt tjat tjm sdnfs okr sjmmp brmm`s wmrm gulj gkrm `dvmrsm, dt jas bmmf sunnmstm` tjat sjmmp rmp-rmsmftm` tjm `kgdfaft afdgac df tjds mlkfkgy (\zarzyfsia 25528 >). >< Pjmsm tmxts gay javm bmmfjmr`dfn lkftralts df wjdlj a ockli was pcalm` df tjm larm ko a sjmpjmr` okr a pmrdk` ko kfm ymar.

Pjm tmxts prkbabcy `mslrdbm` tjm lkf`dtdkf ko tjm jmr` at tjm mf` ko tjat ymar, sk tjat tjm pmr-okrgaflm ko tjm sjmpjmr` af` tjm jmr` lkuc` bm gkfdtkrm` (Nrmmf 14:58 1=).

?.0 Uastkracdsg ùrdfn tjm tjdr` af` marcy smlkf` gdccmffdug BL

Mxtmfsdvm mvd`mflm ds avadcabcm okr pastkrac prkùltdkf df fkrtjmrf Gmskpktagda ùrdfn tjm tjdràf` marcy smlkf` gdccmffdug BL. Pjm oaufac gatmrdac rmlkvmrm` orkg fugmrkus mxlavatdkfs, tmx-tuac mvd`mflm, af` smlkfàry mvd`mflm kf smttcmgmft pattmrfs af` smttcmgmft typms acckw at cmast apartdac rmlkfstrultdkf ko fkrtjmrf Gmskpktagdaf pastkrac prkùltdkf. Pjds smltdkf wdcc prmsmft afkvmrvdmw ko tjm avadcabcm mvd`mflm, af` adgs tk rmlkfstrult ljafnms tjrkunj tdgm df tjm krnafdza-tdkf ko pastkrac prkùltdkf.

Fugmrkus sdtms df fkrtjmrf Gmskpktagda javm ydmc`m` arljamkzkkckndlac àta, acckwdfndftmr-rmndkfac lkgpardskf ko cklac prkùltdkf stratmndms, af` mculdàtdkf ko trmf`s tjrkunj tdgm(Odn. ?.1). Rmlmft mvacuatdkfs ko pastkrac prkùltdkf tjrkunjkut fkrtjmrf Gmskpktagda df`dlatm`tjat tjmrm wmrm lcmar `doomrmflms bmtwmmf rmndkfs bkr`mrdfn tjm Paurus okktjdccs af` armas our-

tjmr fkrtj kf tjm kfm jaf`, af` tjm `rdmr rmndkfs tk tjm skutj kf tjm ktjmr jaf` (^mbmr 144>9Lcaskf af` Budtmfjuds 144:9 Xm`mr 144:). Bktj ackfn tjm Mupjratms af` ackfn tjm Ijabur Rdvmrs,tjm dgpkrtaflm ko sjmmp/nkat dflrmasm` orkg fkrtj tk skutj at tjm mxpmfsm ko ktjmr `kgmstd-latm` afdgacs. Pjm pmrlmftanm ko sjmmp/nkat at okurtj tk marcy smlkf` gdccmffdug sdtms ackfn tjm

Puridsj Mupjratms rafnm` bmtwmmf 05“>5 % (Odn. ?.2A), wjmrmas okr sdtms df tjm Pabqa“Pdsjrdf@ag arma, tjds pmrlmftanm vardm` bmtwmmf =5“45 % (Odn. ?.2B). \dgdcar pmrlmftanms wmrm kb-smrvm` at Jaggag mt-Purigaf (Odn. ?.2L), tjm kfcy sdtm df tjm Bacdij _accmy tk javm ydmc`m` afMarcy/Gd``cm Brkfzm Anm oaufac assmgbcanm (Budtmfjuds okrtjlkgdfn). At Pmcc Ljumra (Odn. ?.2L),>5“45 % ko tjm oaufac assmgbcanm lkfsdstm` ko sjmmp/nkat, wjmrmas wdc` afdgacs wmrm vdrtuaccyabsmft (Bkmssfmli 14::9 _dca 144=). At ]gg mc-Garra, kf tjm ktjmr jaf`, sjmmp/nkat wmrm guljcmss `kgdfaft af` allkuftm` okr kfcy 05“?5 % ko tjm tktac assmgbcanm df oavkur ko nazmccm af`

>< \zarzyfsia (25528 =) cdstm` okurtmmf sdnfs okr sjmmp af` odvm okr nkats, dflcu`dfn sulj vardafts as ‚brmm`dfn aùct gacmsjmmp— (uù utua), ‚oat-tadcm` sjmmp— (nuiiac), af` ‚wkkc sjmmp— (uù sdn).



15=


kfanmr (\ljwartz mt ac. 25558 tabcm 2). \dgdcarcy, sjmmp/nkat rmprmsmftm` bmtwmmf 05“:5 % ko oau-fac assmgbcanms orkg sdtms df tjm ]ppmr Ijabur (Odn. ?.2@). Ackfn tjm Gd``cm Ijabur pmrlmftanmsko sjmmp/nkat rafnm` bmtwmmf <5“45 %, wdtj a lkfsd`mrabcm dflrmasm df tjm pmrlmftanm ko sjmmp/nkat taidfn pcalm sdflm tjm catm tjdr` gdccmffdug (Odn. ?.2M) (Xm`mr 144:). Bktj df tjm Mupjratmsaf` Ijabur assmgbcanms, tjm dgpkrtaflm ko sjmmp/nkat dflrmasm` kvmr tdgm.>0

Pjmsm `doomrmflms bmtwmmf fkrtjmrf af` skutjmrf sdtms df fkrtjmrf Gmskpktagda gay bm par-tdaccy mxpcadfm` by mfvdrkfgmftac lkf`dtdkfs. Jkwmvmr, ktjmr `mtmrgdfafts gay javm pcaym` a rkcmas wmcc. At vardkus sdtms, `doomrmflms df tjm oaufac assmgbcanm tjrkunj tdgm as wmcc as bmtwmmf mxla-

vatdkf armas javm acckwm` tjm rmlkfstrultdkf ko `dvmrsdodm` cklac subsdstmflm stratmndms. âttmfgaimr arnum` tjat at Iurbaf Jÿyói skldkmlkfkgdl `doomrmflms allkuftm` okr tjm vard-

abdcdty df tjm oaufac assmgbcanms rmlkvmrm` orkg `doomrmft lkftmxts. \jm arnum` tjat jkusmjkc`sko ckwmr skldkmlkfkgdl status rmcdm` gkrm jmavdcy kf pdns, wjmrmas mcdtm jkusmjkc`s apparmftcyoklusm` kf sjmmp/nkat. Pjm sjmmp/nkat assmgbcanm orkg pmrdk` D_.2/< (2055“2255 BL ) sun-nmstm` tjat jmr`dfn was af altdvdty tjat was larrdm` kut by df`dvdùac jkusmjkc`s. Pjm absmflm koprdgm-anm` sjmmp/nkat df`dlatm` trdbutm paygmfts tk a jdnjmr-kr`mr smttcmgmft kr mcdtm. Bktj mcdtmaf` fkf-mcdtm jkusmjkc`s wmrm dfvkcvm` df sjmmp/nkat jmr`dfn, but mcdtm jkusmjkc`s gay javmbmmf abcm tk oklus prdgardcy kf sjmmp/nkat wjmrmas fkf-mcdtm jkusmjkc s ja` tk rmar ktjmr spm-ldms as wmcc, tjat ds, lattcm af` pdns, tk rmùlm rdsis asskldatm` wdtj spmldacdzm` subsdstmflm stratm-

>0 Pjm fugbmr ko d`mftdodm` spmldgmfs (FD\U) ds usm` as df`dlatkr ko spmldms `dstrdbutdkf, ratjmr tjaf tjm gdfdgugfugbmr ko df`dvdùacs (GFD) (smm Rmformw af` Bajf 144? (1441)8 2>2“<, okr tjm pktmftdac bdasms rmsuctdfn orkg tjdsljkdlm). Dt sjkuc` ourtjmr bm fktm` tjat kfcy tjksm àta wmrm usm` wjmrm bkfms lkuc` bm d`mftdodm` tk spmldms cmvmc. Do

afdgac rmgadfs lkuc` kfcy bm assdnfm` tk a partdlucar sdzm, kr lkuc` fkt bm `mtmrgdfm` at acc, tjmsm àta wmrm mxlcu`mòrkg tjm prmsmft stu`y.

Ac-Rawà

Xmytdfcd Bajîm

Iurbaf

Jayaz

Jaldfmbd

Nrdtdccm

Jaggag mt-Purigaf

]gg mc-Garra

Ljumra

\mcmfiajdym

\wmyjat

Mc-Qdtar

Ja`d`d

Jabuba Iabdra

Bmyàr

Cmdcaf

Arbd`

Iasjiasjki DD-D_Iuraf

Raqa'd

B`mrd

Gasjfaqa

Xdya`mj Atdh]gg Qsmdr

Nu`màRa` \jaqraj

A

B

L

@

M

Gard

Brai

Ras mt-Pmcc

Pmrqa

5-=55 g

2555+ g

1=55-2555 g

1555-1=55 g

=55-1555 g

caim


F

?5

Odn. ?.18 Gap ko fkrtjmrf Gmskpktagda df`dlatdfn sdtms wdtj oaufac assmgbcanms `dslussm` df tjds stu`y. Pjm rmltafncms df`dlatmtjm sdtm lcustmrs usm` df Odns. ?.2 af` ?.0. (A) Puridsj Mupjratms. (B) \yrdaf ]ppmr Mupjratms. (L) Bacdij/â`d Jaggar. (@)]ppmr Ijabur. (M) Gd``cm Ijabur.



15?


ndms. A sjdot df tjm scaunjtmr-pattmrf tkwar`s ykufnmr afdgacs prkbabcy kllurrm` ùrdfn pmrdk`D_.1 (2255“2155 BL ), as `d` af dflrmasm df tjm dgpkrtaflm ko sjmmp/nkat df tjm tktac assmgbcanm,sunnmstdfn tjat sjmmp/nkat jmr`dfn gay javm bmlkgm a spmldacdzm` altdvdty larrdm` kut by oucc-tdgm jmr`mrs, orkg wjkg tjm sm`mftary jkusmjkc`s at Iurbaf prklurm` tjmdr afdgac prkùlts.@urdfn pmrdk` DDD (2155“2555 BL ), jkusmjkc` prkùltdkf smmgs tk javm bmmf tjm rucm anadf, asmvd`mflm` by àta kf anm ko `matj, af` tjm jdnjmr `dvmrsdty ko spmldms rmlkr`m` df tjm assmgbcanm(âttmfgaimr 14:>, 144:).

Mvd`mflm okr a ùac pastkrac mlkfkgy lkfsdstdfn ko nmfmracdzm` pastkrac prkùltdkf ackfn-sd`m spmldacdzm` pastkrac prkùltdkf lagm orkg Pmcc ms-\wmyjat. ^dcidfskf (25508 1?:) fktm` tjmgarim` `doomrmflms bmtwmmf afacysms by Budtmfjuds ko oaufac gatmrdac orkg tjm mxlavatdkfs byJkccaf`, af` by ^mbmr ko gatmrdac orkg tjm gkrm rmlmft mxlavatdkfs by Xmttcmr. Budtmfjuds— afacy-

sds ko gd`“catm tjdr` gdccmffdug gatmrdac (14::) df`dlatm` tjat kvdlaprdfms ga`m up =5“45 %

J a l d f m b d ( A )

J a l d f m b d ( B )

X m y t d f c d b a j î m J ÿ y ó i ( C a t m ] r u i )

X m y t d f c d b a j î m J ÿ y ó i ( M B A D A )

X m y t d f c d b a j î m J ÿ y ó i ( M B A D B )

X m y t d f c d b a j î m J ÿ y ó i ( G B A )

J a y a z J ÿ y ó i ( L j a c l k c d t j d l )

J a y a z J ÿ y ó i ( M B )

J a y a z J ÿ y ó i ( G B / C B )

I u r b a f J ÿ y ó i ( D _ . 0

)

I u r b a f J ÿ y ó i ( D _ . <

)

I u r b a f J ÿ y ó i ( D _ . 2

)

I u r b a f J ÿ y ó i ( D _ . 1

)

I u r b a f J ÿ y ó i ( D D D )

N r d t d c c m

25

05

?5

:5

155

p m r l m f t a n m k o t k t a c a

s s m g b c a n m ( F D \ U )

5

A 2f` gdcc.<r` gdcc.0tj gdcc.

J a b u b a I a b d r a \ k u t j

P m c c J a b u b a I a b d r a ( M B )

\ w m y j a t _ D

\ w m y j a t _ D / _

\ w m y j a t _ / D _

\ w m y j a t _

\ m c m f i a j d y m

\ w m y j a t D _

M c - Q d t a r

J a ` d ` d

25

05

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155



5

B 2f` gdcc.<r` gdcc.0tj gdcc.

P m c c J a b u b a I a b d r a ( G B )

J a g g a g

m t - P u r i g a f ( C B )

J a g g a g

m t - P u r i g a f ( G B )

J a g g a g

m t - P u r i g a f ( M B D D D )

J a g g a g

m t - P u r i g a f ( C L )

J a g g a g

m t - P u r i g a f ( M B D D / D D D )

L j u m r a ( I c m d f m r A f t m f t m g p m c )

L j u m r a ( \ t m d f b a u 1 )

25

05

?5

:5

155



5

L 2f` gdcc.<r` gdcc.0tj gdcc.

I a s j i a s j

k i D D D

I a s j i a s j

k i D D

I a s j i a s j k i D _

I

u r a f

I

u r a f

I

u r a f

I

u r a f

B r a i

C m d c a f

B m y ` a r ( M

@ D D D )

B m y ` a r ( G d t a f f d )

B m y ` a r ( M a r c y A i i a ` d a f )

A r b d ` _ D (

M H _ )

A r b d ` _ ( K H D D )

A r b d ` _ c a t m ( K

H D D D )

25

05

?5

:5

155

p m r l m f t a n m k o t k t a c a s s m g b c a n m ( F D \ U )

5

@ 2f` gdcc.<r` gdcc.=tj gdcc. 0tj gdcc.

X d y a ` m j

X d y a ` m j

X d y a ` m j

G a s j f a q a

G a s j f a q a

G a s j f a q a

G a s j f a q a

] g g

Q s m d r

A t d h

R a q a ' d

N u ` m ` a

R a ` \ j a q r a j 1 - 0 ( M H D D D )

R a ` \ j a q r a j = - : ( M

H D _ )

B

` m r d

B

` m r d

25

05

?5

:5

155

p m r l m f t a n m k o t k t a c a s s m g b c a n m ( F D \ U )

5

M 2f` gdcc.<r` gdcc.=tj gdcc. 0tj gdcc.

sjmmp/nkat ktjmr `kgmstdl afdgacs `kgmstdl/wdc` afdgacs wdc` afdgacs

Odn. ?.28 Urmsmflm ko sjmmp/nkat, ktjmr `kgmstdl, `kgmstdl/wdc`, af` wdc` afdgacs at otj tk smlkf` gdccmffdug BL sdtms dffkrtjmrf Gmskpktagda (aotmr Lcaskf af` Budtmfjuds 14>:9 \tmdf 14:>9 âttmfgaimr 14:>9 Bkmssfmli 14::9 Budtmfjuds 14::9 vkf `mf @rdmslj 144<9 _dca 144=9 \tmdf mt ac. 144?9 Rktjgaf mt ac. 144:9 Xm`mr 144:9 vaf Fmmr af` @mlupmrm 25559 DHzmrmmo25519 Orafndpafm mt ac. 25509 Ikcdŀsid af` Udčtikwsia-Gałmlia 255:9 Budtmfjuds okrtjlkgdfn). Fktm tjat df skgm lasms, tjmlcass `kgmstdl/wdc` lkuc` fkt bm `dstdfnudsjm` kf tjm basds ko tjm avadcabcm àta. (A) Puridsj Mupjratms. (B) \yrdaf ]ppmrMupjratms. (L) Bacdij/â`d Jaggar. (@) ]ppmr Ijabur. (M) Gd``cm Ijabur.



15>


ko tjm tktac assmgbcanm, wdtj mspmldaccy jdnj pmrlmftanms rmlkr`m` okr tjm marcy pmrdk`s. ^mbmr—safacysds ko tjm gatmrdac orkg fmarby af` lkftmgpkrary Jahhd Dbrajdg `mgkfstratm` tjm mxdstmflmko a gulj gkrm `dvmrsdodm` afdgac mlkfkgy, wdtj nrmatmr pmrlmftanms ko pdn af` lattcm (144>).

Allkr`dfn tk ^dcidfskf, tjds `doomrmflm prkbabcy rmocmltm` tjm mxdstmflm ko twk subsdstmflm strat-mndms. Pjm wd`m rafnm ko afdgacs d`mftdodm` at Jahhd Dbrajdg was dflkrpkratm` df a vdccanm-basm`

prkùltdkf systmg, df wjdlj anrdlucturm was lkgbdfm` wdtj sgacc-slacm pastkrac prkùltdkf. Pjmjdnjmr sjmmp/nkat pmrlmftanms ko Pmcc ms-\wmyjat rmsuctm` orkg a gkrm spmldacdzm` pastkracdsg,dfvkcvdfn smaskfac gdnratdkf kr ouccy fkga`dl gkvmgmft tk pasturm armas bmykf` tjm dggm`datmlatljgmft arma ko Pmcc ms-\wmyjat (^dcidfskf 25508 1?4).

Pjm anrk-pastkrac mlkfkgy ko Pmcc Bmyàr ùrdfn tjm MH DDDb pmrdk` ds rmcatdvmcy wmcc-ifkwfùm tk tjm rmlkvmry ko fugmrkus tmxts orkg tjm Koodldac Bckli af` Ljaftdmr B, `macdfn wdtj vard-kus aspmlts ko tjm lmftracdzm` dfstdtutdkfac mlkfkgy (\accabmrnmr 144?, 2550b). Actjkunj dflkf-sdstmfldms af` uflmrtadftdms rmgadf, tjmsm tmxts acckw tjm okcckwdfn rmlkfstrultdkf ko dfstdtutdkfac-dzm` pastkrac prkùltdkf. Acc aspmlts ko anrk-pastkrac prkùltdkf wmrm kvmrsmmf by odvm koodldacs,

wjk malj jma`m` a pubcdl jkusmjkc`. Pjmsm jkusmjkc`s lkfsdstm` ko wkrigmf wjk wmrm assdnfm` vardkus tasis, af` wjk rmlmdvm` gkftjcy ratdkfs ko nradf. Pjm carnmst nrkup ko wkrigmf was dfvkcvm` df anrdlucturac prkùltdkf af` `msdnfatm` by cu

2-ndš-@] apdf. Pjm smlkf`-carnmst nrkup

lkfsdstm` ko tjm ba-rd 2 uù, prkbabcy tk bm trafscatm` as ‚tjm kfm kvmrsmmdfn tjm sjmmp—, af` usuaccy

asskldatm` wdtj skgm okrg ko sjmmp/nkat jusbaf`ry. Pjmrm wmrm bmtwmmf 14 af` 2: ba-rd 2 uù as-

skldatm` wdtj malj jkusmjkc` kvmrsmmr, df`dlat dfn tjat tjmrm gay javm bmmf 155“05 ba-rd 2 uù at tjm

sagm tdgm. Jkwmvmr, tjm mxalt oufltdkf ko tjm ba-rd 2 uù ds uflmrtadf. Do a smacdfn wdtj tjm fagm

Ga-td bmckfnm` tk a ba-rd 2 uù wdtj tjm sagm fagm, dt ds pkssdbcm tjat ba-rd

2 uù was fkt a sjmpjmr`,

but skgm jdnjmr koodldac. Pjds ds fkt fmlmssardcy tjm lasm, sdflm at cmast tjrmm pmrskfs tjat nk by tjmfagm ko Ga-t d arm ifkwf orkg tjm Bmyàr tmxts. Ourtjmrgkrm, dt ds pkssdbcm tjat tjm tmrg ba-rd

2 uù

df`dlatm` fkt kfcy sjmpjmr` df tjm strdltmst smfsm, but was gkrm wd`mcy appcdm` tk a ‚skldac nrkupcdvdfn kf afdgac jusbaf`ry—. Pjmsm farrkw af` wd`m usms ko tjm msdnfatdkf ba-rd

2 uù lkuc` partcy

mxpcadf wjy tjmrm arm kfcy twmfty-mdnjt ba-rd 2 uù ifkwf by fagm tk javm bmmf altuaccy mfnanm`

df jmr`dfn altdvdtdms (\accabmrnmr 2550b8 1:).>=

\mvmrac tmxts `mslrdbm` tjm sdzm af` lkgpksdtdkf ko jmr`s ko sjmmp kr nkat bmckfndfn tk tjmlmftrac dfstdtutdkf ko Bmyàr. \jmmp af` nkat wmrm jmr`m` df smparatm ocklis. Kfcy twk kut kotwmfty-mdnjt ba-rd

2 uù dfvkcvm` df jmr`dfn wmrm asskldatm` wdtj bktj sjmmp af` nkat, wjmrmas sdx-

tmmf wmrm mxlcusdvmcy asskldatm` wdtj sjmmp, af` tmf wdtj nkat. Malj ockli was mftrustm` tk a ba-rd 2

uù, wjk prkbabcy ja` tk taim larm ko tjm ockli okr tjm ùratdkf ko kfm ymar. Pjmsm tmxts acc àtm`tk tjm Gkftj ko tjm \uf-Nk`, wjdlj prkbabcy omcc skgmwjmrm df sprdfn-tdgm. Dt ds cdimcy, tjmrmokrm,tjat tjm sjmmp wmrm rmturfm` tk Bmyàr ùrdfn sprdfn tk bm lkuftm` af` pculim`. Pjm avmranm sdzmko sjmmp jmr`s was 215 afdgacs, wjmrmas nkat jmr`s lkfsdstm` ko <55 afdgacs. Pjm sjmmp wmrm`msdnfatm` as bmdfn `mstdfm` ‚okr pculidfn— (ur). \jmmp jmr`s lkfsdstm` ko rmcatdvmcy carnm fugbmrsko omgacm sjmmp, ndvmf tjm oalt tjat rags navm gkrm wkkc af` wkuc` bm mxpmltm` tk javm bmmf tjm`kgdfaft smx do wkkc-prkùltdkf was gaxdgdzm`. Basm` kf tjm avadcabcm mvd`mflm, dt jas bmmf sun-nmstm` tjat tjm lmftrac dfstdtutdkf ko Bmyàr gay javm a`gdfdstmrm` >055 sjmmp af` nkat, `dvd`m`

kvmr tjdrty ocklis (\accabmrnmr 2550b8 25).Odfaccy, tjm Bmyàr tmxts acsk rmlkr`m` tjm ratdkfdfn ko nradf tk sjmmp (\accabmrnmr af` Packf144?8 tmxts >, 1>). Pjmsm sjmmp wmrm `mslrdbm` as ‚nradf-om` sjmmp— (uù fdna) af` uù fdta JAR(gacm … sjmmp) af` wmrm apparmftcy `doomrmft orkg tjm sjmmp tjat wmrm `msdnfatm` by ur. Pjmfugbmr ko nradf-oattmfm` sjmmp was gulj ckwmr tjaf tjm fugbmr ko sjmmp tjat wmrm jmr`m` dfocklis. \accabmrnmr sunnmstm` tjat nradf-oattmfm` sjmmp af` nrazdfn sjmmp wmrm usuaccy impt smpa-ratm df Gmskpktagda. Nradf-oattmfm` sjmmp gay javm bmmf pmrgafmftcy impt at tjm sdtm, wjmrmasnrazdfn sjmmp wmrm taimf kut tk pasturm armas (\accabmrnmr 2550b8 21). Pjds `dvdsdkf lkuc` rmocmlttjm sdtuatdkf at Pmcc ms-\wmyjat, wjmrm tjm oaufac assmgbcanm acsk df`dlatm` twk `doomrmft pastkracprkùltdkf stratmndms.

>= ]suaccy, sjmpjmr`s arm `msdnfatm` by tjm tmrg sdpa, but tjds wkr` kllurrm` kfcy kflm df tjm Bmyàr tabcmts (\accabmrnmr2550b8 1:).



154


df tjm wd`m surrkuf`dfns ko Ac-Rawà gaims a lkfvdfldfn lasm okr tjm mxdstmflm ko a carnm-slacmpastkrac mlkfkgy df tjds arma, df wjdlj Ac-Rawà gay javm pcaym` af dgpkrtaft rkcm (Barnm af`Gkucdf 255:8 25“1).>>

Okr tjm ]r DDD pmrdk`, tjmrm arm fugmrkus tmxts `macdfn wdtj anrdlucturac af` pastkrac prkùl-tdkf orkg tjm lkrm arma ko tjm ]r DDD statm. Actjkunj tjm lkf`dtdkfs tjmrm wmrm `dssdgdcar tk tjksmko fkrtjmrf Gmskpktagda, skgm lkggmfts jmrm gay smrvm tk dccustratm tjm `mvmckpgmft af` dg-pkrtaflm ko pastkrac prkùltdkf df wd`mr Gmskpktagda, mspmldaccy bmlausm tmxtuac af` zkkckndlacskurlms orkg fkrtjmrf Gmskpktagda arm rmcatdvmcy rarm okr tjm catm tjdr`“marcy smlkf` gdccmffdugBL. Pjm @rmjmg tmxts gadfcy `klugmftm` tjm lmftracdzm` statm-mlkfkgy, actjkunj a sdnfdodlaftprdvatm mlkfkgy prkbabcy mxdstm` as wmcc. Burmaulratdl lkftrkc ko pastkrac prkùltdkf ds partdlu-

carcy wmcc-ifkwf tjafis tk tjm @rmjmg arljdvms. @rmjmg oufltdkfm` as a rm`dstrdbutdkf lmftrm,gadfcy okr afdgac prkùlts. Afdgacs, dflcu`dfn carnm fugbmrs ko sjmmp/nkat wmrm brkunjt df af`prklmssm` at kr arkuf` tjm sdtm, af` smlkfàry prkùlts, as wmcc as tjm afdgacs tjmgsmcvms, wmrm rm-`dstrdbutm` tk vardkus koodldacs. \jmmp/nkat wmrm brkunjt df ùrdfn tjm mftdrm ymar, but dt smmgs tjattjm fugbmr ko dflkgdfn afdgacs dflrmasm` ùrdfn tjm oacc af` wdftmr gkftjs. @urdfn tjds pmrdk`,1>= afdgacs wmrm `mcdvmrm` àdcy, wjmrmas ùrdfn suggmr af` sprdfn, 15 afdgacs wmrm brkunjt dfpmr ày. Pjds `dslrmpafly bmtwmmf wdftmr af` suggmr odnurms lkuc` rmocmlt tjm prmsmflm ko jmr`mrsarkuf` @rmjmg wjk wmrm fkrgaccy away kf smaskfac gkvmgmfts. Df`drmlt mvd`mflm orkg ]gga,jkwmvmr, sunnmsts tjat tjm `dstaflms lkvmrm` by jmr`mrs gay javm bmmf rmcatdvmcy sgacc. Jmr`mrs

>> Kf tjm prkpksm` oufltdkf ko sk-laccm` `msmrt idtms df a pastkrac mlkfkgy, ratjmr tjaf as strulturms oaldcdtatdfn (nazmccm)juftdfn, smm Äljaccdmr af` Bramgmr 144=.

Ljumra

Bmyàr

Gard;

Ac-Rawà

Abu \jmdija

Ijafzdr

Gu'azzar

Gacjat m`-@mru

Gabtuj NjarbdGunadr

Gabtuj \jarqd

Ras mt-Pmcc

Raqa'dBafat

5-=55 g

2555+ g

1=55-2555 g

1555-1=55 g

=55-1555 g

caim

dftmrgdttmft caim5 ig <5 ?5

ktjmr ldrlucar sdtm

Irafzjónmc

ktjmr sdtm

Odn. ?.<8 Gap ko fkrtjmrf Gmskpktagda df`dlatdfn tjm zkfm wjmrm Irafzjónmc arm okuf` (basm` kf Gkkrtnat-Lkrrmfs 14>28 gap

29 Cykffmt 144:8 n. 0).



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wmrm lkftraltm` tk larm okr o cklis ko sjmmp/nkat af` `mcdvmr prkùltdkf tk tjm lmftrac a`gdfdstra-tdkf. Dt ds pkssdbcm tjat jmr`dfn was fkt larrdm` kut by a sdfncm jmr`mr, but tjat jm was assdstm` bysmvmrac ktjmrs kr tjat jmr`dfn was larrdm` kut kf a oagdcy basds (Xm`mr 14408 1>49 Aàgs 255?). >:

Pjm mvd`mflm okr spmldacdzm` pastkrac prkùltdkf df fkrtjmrf Gmskpktagda ds gulj cmss lcmarùrdfn tjm marcy smlkf` gdccmffdug. Pjm fugbmr ko mxlavatdkfs tjat ydmc`m` oaufac àta ds sgacc,

but dt smmgs tjat tjm pmrlmftanm ko kvdlaprdfms df acc rmndkfs afacysm` jmrm (Odns. ?.2, ?.0) ds scdnjtcycarnmr tjaf ùrdfn tjm tjdr` gdccmffdug. Mvd`mflm orkg Pmrqa okr tjm pmrdk` 1>=5“1=55 BL sun-nmsts tjat sjmmp af` nkat `kgdfatm` tjm oaufac assmgbcanm at <> % af` 05 %, rmspmltdvmcy. Lattcm

wmrm gulj cmss `kgdfaft at 11 % af` pdn was vdrtuaccy absmft. \jmmp smmg tk javm bmmf impt okr wkkc prkùltdkf af` skgm gdfkr gmat prkùltdkf as wmcc, wjmrmas nkat gay javm bmmf prdgardcyimpt okr gmat prkùltdkf. Jkwmvmr, tjm `mnrmm tk wjdlj wkkc af` gmat prkùltdkf wmrm spmldac-dzm` smmgs tk javm bmmf cdgdtm` (Nacvdf 14:>).>4

Pjm Gard tmxts acckw a orangmftm` rmlkfstrultdkf ko tjm krnafdzatdkf ko tjm marcy smlkf` gdc-cmffdug pastkrac mlkfkgy (m.n. Iuppmr 14=>9 Cuim 14?=9 Rkwtkf 14>09 Gattjmws 14>:9 Bullmccatd14459 \trmli 2552). Gafy `mtadcs arm fkt rmlkr`m`, af` mspmldaccy praltdlac dssums sulj as brmm`dfnpraltdlms, kr tjm lkgpksdtdkf ko jmr`s, rmgadf lkgpcmtmcy ufifkwf. Kf tjm ktjmr jaf`, tjm tmxts`k prkvd`m `mtadcm` dfokrgatdkf kf gafy skldk-lucturac aspmlts, dflcu`dfn gdnratdkf pattmrfs,pasturms, af` tjm skldac af` mlkfkgdl pksdtdkf ko pastkracdsts. Fmvmrtjmcmss, ktjmr skldac aspmltsarm fkt lkvmrm` at acc, af` laf kfcy bm rmlkfstrultm` aotmr larmouc afacysds. Afy rmlkfstrultdkf kopastkracdsg urdfn tjm marcy smlkf` gdccmffdug BL gust tjmrmokrm taim dftk allkuft tjm ratjmr kfm-sd`m` faturm ko tjm tmxts tjat okrg tjm basds okr tjm rmlkfstrultdkf.

Pjm lmftrac lkflmpt df Gard pastkrac dsg was tjm fawùg . Pjm tmrg fawùg ja` smvmrac rmcatm`gmafdfns, suggardzm` as ‚tjm tktac pastkrac nrkup af` dts surrkuf`dfns— (Gattjmws 14>:8 =4).Gkrm spmldodlaccy, fawùg lkuc` bm usm` tk `msdnfatm tjm mflagpgmfts ko jafa pastkracdsts, nrkupsko jafa pastkracdsts, sjmmp/nkat ocklis, af` pasturm armas (Gattjmws 14>:8 ?5“29 Afbar 14418 1?1).

^jmrm fawùg was usm` tk `msdnfatm a pastkrac nrkup, dt was prkbabcy usm` kf `doomrmft slacms, orkgrmcatdvmcy sgacc fugbmrs tk nrkups ko tjkusaf`s ko pmkpcm. Pjm tmrg fawùg , tjmf, rmomrrm` tk vard-kus aspmlts ko a typm ko pastkracdsg tjat was larrdm` kut kutsd`m smttcmgmfts (smm \mltdkf ?.=.2).

Pjm tmrgs jasdratug af` rubsatdg , rmspmltdvmcy trafscatm` by Gattjmws as ‚lagps— af` ‚pmfs—,(Gattjmws 14>:8 =2), pkssdbcy rmomrrm` tk sgacc-slacm pastkrac prkùltdkf df smttcmgmfts. Pjmsmtmrgs pmrjaps rmocmltm` tjm lkftdfum` `dljktkgy bmtwmmf sgacc-slacm pastkrac prkùltdkf df smt-tcmgmfts, af` carnm-slacm spmldacdzm` pastkrac prkùltdkf df armas bmykf` tjm anrdlucturac latlj-gmfts ko tjmsm smttcmgmfts.

\mvmrac Gard tmxts `mslrdbm gdnratdkf rkutms af` pasturm armas, tjus prkvd`dfn dfsdnjt dftktjm `mnrmm ko gkbdcdty praltdsm` by pastkracdsts. Pjm pastkracdsts— gkvmgmfts wmrm gkfdtkrm` bytjm statm wjmf tjmy wmrm wdtjdf tjm lkrm tmrrdtkry ko tjm Gard idfn`kg, tjat ds, Aj Uurattdg krtjm ‚Bafis ko tjm Mupjratms—. Pjmrm arm tmxts `mslrdbdfn jmr`mrs wdtj tjmdr ocklis lrkssdfn tjmMupjratms, af` `mslrdbdfn tjm nrazdfn ko ocklis kf anrdlucturac odmc`s. Ktjmr tmxts `mslrdbm` jkwsjmmp/nkat ocklis wmrm gkvm` df rmspkfsm tk (uf)oavkurabcm nrazdfn lkf`dtdkfs (Gattjmws 14>:8==, ARG DD 152, 4“1?)8 ‚Pjm gmf wjk wmrm cdvdfn at \anarātug javm turfm` tjmdr oalms tkwar`

tjm ]ppmr Lkuftry kfcy, af` wdtj tjmdr ocklis wjdlj wmrm nrazdfn kfcasidg

(;), tjmy javm smt kutokr tjm ]ppmr Lkuftry. ^jmf jm (tjm dfokrgaft smft tk dfvmstdnatm tjm sdtuatdkf by Taqdg-A`ù)qumstdkfm` tjmg, tjmy afswmrm` df tjds gaffmr8 –Pjmrm ds fk pasturm (jmrm). Pjmrmokrm, wm arm smt-tdfn kut okr tjm ]ppmr Lkuftry.‗— Afktjmr tmxt mslrdbm` jkw sjmmp/nkat ocklis ko Tasgaj-A`ù

wmrm gkvm` tk tjm tmrrdtkry ko Qatfa, bmlausm tjm pasturm was gkrm abufàft tjmrm (Gattjmws14>:8 =0). Dt jas rmlmftcy bmmf prkpksm` tjat tjm tmrg fdnjug gay javm smrvm` tk `msdnfatm tjmjafa suggmr pasturms, wjmrmby `doomrmft armas df fkrtjmrf Gmskpktagda wmrm assdnfm` tk mdtjmrtjm \dg—acdtms kr tjm Tagdfdtms. Gkrm spmldodlaccy, Dà-Garasj, df tjm ]ppmr Ijabur, was `mslrdbmàs \dg—acdtm tmrrdtkry, wjmrmas Tagja` af` Qatfa wmrm Tagdfdtm pasturanms (@uraf` 2550a8 <41“2,2550b8 11:“21). Pjus, dt ds cdimcy tjat smaskfac gdnratdkf pattmrfs mxdstm`, sunnmstdfn tjat skgm

>: Allkr`dfn tk Russmcc (14::8 :<, :=), ocklis ko up tk 055 sjmmp/nkat laf bm jmr`m` by a sdfncm jmr`mr, actjkunj assdst-

aflm ko afktjmr oucc-tdgm jmr`mr af` a part-tdgm jmr`mr ds fmm`m` ùrdfn tjm brmm`dfn smaskf.>4 Nacvdf usm` GFD dfstma` ko FD\U, af` tjm odnurms okr Pmrqa arm, tjmrmokrm, fkt dflcu`m` df Odns. ?.2 af` ?.0.



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skrt ko trafsjugaflm was praltdsm` kvmr rmcatdvmcy carnm dstaflms df lkgpardskf tk marcdmr pmrdk`s. As part ko tjmsm smaskfac gdnratdkfs, ocklis lkuc` nrazm kf anrdlucturac odmc`s, prmsugabcy aotmr tjmjarvmst wjmf nradf stubbcm prkvd`m` abufàft okk` okr sjmmp/nkat.

Ckkidfn gkrm lcksmcy at tjm àta prmsmftm` df tjds smltdkf, dt bmlkgms lcmar tjat tjmrm ds a `ds-pardty df tjm faturm ko tjm mvd`mflm ko tjm tjdr` gdccmffdug BL, as kppksm` tk tjat ko tjm marcysmlkf` gdccmffdug BL (Pabcm ?.1). Dt ds pkssdbcm tjat tjds `dslrmpafly lrmatms `doomrmflms df tjm kb-smrvm` krnafdzatdkf ko tjm pastkrac mlkfkgy. Pjds pkssdbdcdty ds partdlucarcy trum okr tjm zkkckndlacaf` tmxtuac mvd`mflm. Pjm fugbmr ko smlkf` gdccmffdug sdtms wdtj oaufac assmgbcanms ds rmcatdvmcysgacc lkgparm` tk tjm fugbmr ko tjdr` gdccmffdug sdtms. Pjds `dslrmpafly af` tjm oalt tjat tjmrm

wmrm rmcatdvmcy carnm dftmr-sdtm `doomrmflms bmtwmmf tjdr` gdccmffdug BL oaufac assmgbcanms sun-nmst tjat tjm lkfod`mflm wdtj wjdlj smlkf` gdccmffdug rmndkfac afdgac jusbaf`ry pattmrfs laf bmrmlkfstrultm` ds rmcatdvmcy ckw. Df tjm tmxtuac mvd`mflm, tjmrm ds a sjdot orkg a`gdfdstratdvm tkwar`cdtmrary tmxts as tjm gadf skurlm kf pastkrac subsdstmflm stratmndms at tjm tjdr`“smlkf` gdccmffdugtrafsdtdkf. Pjmsm dspardtdms gust bm larmouccy lkfsd`mrm` df tjm mvacuatdkf ko tjdr`“smlkf` gdccmf-fdug pastkracdsg tjat ds tjm subhmlt ko tjm okcckwdfn smltdkf.

?.= Pjm mgmrnmflm ko spmldacdzm` pastkracdsg df fkrtjmrf Gmskpktagda

Pjm prmsmft rmvdmw jas sjkwf tjat by tjm mf` ko tjm okurtj gdccmffdug BL, a ouccy `mvmckpm` pas-

tkrac prkùltdkf systmg ja` mgmrnm`. At cmast orkg tjat tdgm kfwar`s, a carnm vardmty ko brmm`s was mxpckdtm` okr gmat as wmcc as okr a oucc array ko smlkfàry prkùlts. Bmokrm tjm tjdr` gdccmf-fdug, tjmrm ja` bmmf pmrdk`s wjmf mlkfkgdl af` mfvdrkfgmftac ldrlugstaflms fmlmssdtatm` armgkvac ko pastkrac prkùltdkf orkg tjm drmlt mfvdrkfgmft ko a smttcmgmft. Pjus, at ‚Adf Njazacaf` Îatacjÿyói, mfvdrkfgmftac `mnraàtdkf, nrkwdfn pkpucatdkf, kr a lkgbdfatdkf ko bktj pks-sdbcy cm` tk tjm `mvmckpgmft ko skgm okrg ko `dstaft vdccanm-basm` jmr`dfn, af` tjm sagm `mvmc-kpgmft jas bmmf rmlkfstrultm` okr tjm Dscagaba` Ucadf ùrdfn tjm Ljaclkcdtjdl pmrdk`. Dt smmgs,tjmf, tjat spatdac smparatdkf bmtwmmf anrdlucturac af` pastkrac prkùltdkf mgmrnm` at vardkus pcal-ms af` vardkus pkdfts df tdgm as af aàptdvm stratmny tk tjm `mgaf`s ko anrdlucturac dftmfsdodlatdkfaf`/kr pkpucatdkf prmssurm. Pjm prmsmft smltdkf `dslussms tjm `mvmckpgmft ko spmldacdzm` pastk-racdsg ùrdfn tjm tjdr` af` marcy smlkf` gdccmffdug BL.

?.=.1 \pmldacdzm` pastkracdsg ùrdfn tjm tjdr` gdccmffdug BL

A sdgdcar slmfardk ko dflrmasdfn spat dac smparatdkf ko spmldacdzm` pastkrac dsg af` anrdlucturm lafbm pkstucatm` okr tjm ]ppmr af` Gd``cm Ijabur, af` pkssdbcy tk a cmssmr mxtmft okr tjm \yrdaf]ppmr Mupjratms ùrdfn tjm gd`-tjdr` gdccmffdug. Xm`mr jas sunnmstm` tjat tjm oaufac pattmrfsorkg tjdr` gdccmffdug sdtms df tjm ]ppmr af` Gd``cm Ijabur fkt kfcy rmocmltm` mfvdrkfgmftac`doomrmflms, but acsk `doomrmflms df tjm `kgdfaft pastkrac prkùltdkf stratmny (144:). Pjm oaufacassmgbcanms orkg sdtms ackfn tjm Gd``cm Ijabur sulj as Raqa—d af` Xdya`mj wmrm ljaraltmrdzm` bymvmr nrmatmr pmrlmftanms ko sjmmp/nkat, at tjm mxpmfsm ko ktjmr `kgmstdlatms sulj as pdn af` lat-tcm, af` wdc` afdgacs. At tjm sagm tdgm, tjm dgpkrtaflm ko sjmmp/nkat at fkrtjmrf sdtms `mlrmasm ,

wdtj ktjmr `kgmstdlatms bmlkgdfn gkrm dgpkrtaft. Allkr`dfn tk Xm`mr, tjmsm `mvmckpgmfts rm-suctm` orkg tjm mgmrnmflm ko carnm urbaf smttcmgmfts ùrdfn tjm marcy tk gd` tjdr` gdccmffdug BL.

\jm sunnmstm` tjat tjm cklac mlkfkgy ko tjm Gd``cm Ijabur, ljaraltmrdzm` by mxljafnm bmtwmmfsm`mftary anrk-pastkrac lkggufdtdms ackfn tjm Ijabur, af` gkrm gkbdcm ouccy pastkracdst nrkups,

arljamkzkkckny a`gdfdstratdvm tmxts cdtmrary tmxts

marcy tjdr` gdccmffdug + - -

gd`-tjdr` gdccmffdug + +/- -

catm tjdr` gdccmffdug +/- + -

marcy smlkf` gdccmffdug - - +

Pabcm ?.18 Lkgpardskf ko avadcabcm mvd`mflm okr tjdr` af` marcy smlkf` gdccmffdug BL pastkrac subsdstmflm stratmndms (+8 strkfnmvd`mflm9 +/-8 skgm mvd`mflm9 -8 vmry cdttcm/fk mvd`mflm).



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was mvmftuaccy dflkrpkratm` dftk tjm urbaf mlkfkgy ko tjm ]ppmr Ijabur. Df oalt, tjm jdnjcyspmldacdzm` Gd` cm Ijabur mlkfkgy gay javm pcaym` a imy rkcm df tjm okrgatdkf ko urbaf skldmtyourtjmr tk tjm fkrtj (Xm`mr 144:8 ?=).

Jkwmvmr, Xm`mr `d` fkt ouccy mxpcadf wjy spmldacdzm` pastkrac prkùltdkf mgmrnm` ackfntjm Gd``cm Ijabur, af` fkt df armas cklatm` lcksmr tk tjm urbaf lmftrms ko tjm ]ppmr Ijabur.

^dcidfskf (255<) sunnmstm` tjat tjmrm gay fkt javm bmmf suoodldmft caf` df tjm ]ppmr Ijabur tksustadf carnm ocklis ko sjmmp/nkat. Jm usm` Lkrkfa satmccdtm dganms tk d`mftdoy tmccs, af` pckttm`sustadfdfn armas ko < af` = ig arkuf` malj ko tjmg. Mvmf do anrdlucturm was jdnjcy prkùltdvm,rmsuctdfn df rmcatdvmcy sgacc luctdvatm` armas arkuf` malj sdtm, kfcy a cdgdtm` agkuft ko caf` wkuc`javm bmmf avadcabcm as pasturm (^dcidfskf 255<8 121“2). Pjus, urbafdzatdkf df tjm ]ppmr Ijaburgay javm prkvd`m` bktj tjm dflmftdvm okr spmldacdzm` pastkrac prkùltdkf, as wmcc as tjm fmlms-sdty okr rmcklatdfn (parts ko) tjds prkùltdkf dftk tjm cmss `mfsmcy dfjabdtm` rmndkfs ko tjm wmstmrf]ppmr Ijabur af` tjm Gd``cm Ijabur. Pjm survmy mvd`mflm okr kllupatdkf df tjm arma bmtwmmftjm Mupjratms af` tjm Bacdij, af` arkuf` Pmcc Ljumra, acsk pkdfts tk dflrmasm` altdvdty ùrdfn tjmgd`-tjdr` gdccmffdug (Odn. =.10). Pjds lkuc` df`dlatm tjat a sdgdcar prklmss gay javm bmmf kpmrat-dfn df tjm wmstmrf Hmzdraj as wmcc, actjkunj pmrjaps kf a cmss gassdvm slacm tjaf df tjm Ijabur rm-ndkf. Df oalt, tjm mvd`mflm orkg Pmcc ms-\wmyjat sunnmsts tjat spmldacdzm` pastkrac af` nmfmracdzmànrk-pastkrac prkùltdkf stratmndms gay javm bmmf larrdm` kut df rmcatdvmcy lcksm prkxdgdty. Kfmmxpcafatdkf gay bm tjat pasturm caf`s ufsudtabcm okr anrdlucturm lkuc` bm okuf` df lcksm prkxdgdtytk Pmcc ms-\wmyjat, tjat ds, kutsd`m tjm Mupjratms _accmy, af` tjat tjmrm was cmss dflmftdvm tk immptjm twk mlkfkgdms strdltcy smparatm`. Actmrfatdvmcy, tjm assmgbcanm at Pmcc ms-\wmyjat rmocmlts tjmoalt tjat urbaf lkggufdtdms lkfsugm` pastkrac prkùlts prkùlm` gadfcy uf`mr a spmldacdzm` sys-tmg, wjdlj was fkt fmlmssardcy larrdm` kut fmar tjm sdtm.

Jkcm (1444) sunnmstm` tjat by tjm gd`-tjdr` gdccmffdug (MH DDD), tjm sgacc-slacm rdvmrdfm anrk-pastkrac lkggufdtdms ackfn tjm Gd``cm Ijabur wmrm nraùaccy rmpcalm` by carnmr af` gkrm spm-ldacdzm` pastkrac lkggufdtdms arkuf` tjm Hmbmc Ab` ac-Azdz. Jm arnum` tjat tjm smqumflm ko sgaccstkranm sdtms ackfn tjm Ijabur af` tjm scdnjtcy catmr Irafzjónmc af` ktjmr carnm sdtms fmar tjm Hmbmc

Ab` ac-Azdz rmocmlt a `mvmckpgmft wjmrmby pastkrac dsts bmlagm dflrmasdfncy spmldacdzm` af` rm-cklatm` tjmdr altdvdtdms orkg tjm Gd``cm Ijabur tkwar` tjm wmst. Pjds `mvmckpgmft wkuc` javmkllurrm` at a tdgm wjmf urbaf smttcmgmfts df tjm fkrtj sulj as Gkzaf, Cmdcaf, af` Pmcc ac-Jawa

wmrm ockurdsjdfn, af` `mgaf` okr pastkrac prkùlts wkuc` bm jdnj. Pjus, actjkunj dt ds pmrjapsprmgaturm tk pkdft tk urbafdsg as a lausac gmljafdsg df tjm mgmrnmflm ko spmldacdzm` pastkrac-dsg df tjds rmndkf, tjm syfljrkfkus `mvmckpgmft ds at cmast df`dlatdvm ko sulj a lkrrmcatdkf. Dt dscdimcy tjat tjds `mvmckpgmft rmocmltm` a gkfmtdzatdkf ko tjm pastkrac af` anrdlucturac mlkfkgdms,as ds pkssdbcy df`dlatm` by tmxts orkg Bmyàr tjat rmlkr` tjm jdrdfn ko jmr`mrs tk taim ocklis tk tjmpasturm armas.

Fk tjdr` gdccmffdug sdtm arkuf` tjm Hmbmc Ab` ac-Azdz jas bmmf mxlavatm` tk tmst tjm dgpkr-taflm ko pastkracdsg af` dts `mnrmm ko spmldacdzatdkf. Jkwmvmr, tjmrm ds ldrlugstaftdac mvd`mflmtk sunnmst tjat tjm rmndkf was vdsdtm` by gkbdcm lkggufdtdms ùrdfn tjm gd`-tjdr` gdccmffdug.

Pjm sdtm ko Ras mt-Pmcc kf tkp ko tjm Hmbmcmt mc-BĜ`ā, a sgacc jdccy kutlrkp skutjwmst ko tjm Hmbmc

Ab` ac-Azdz, gay javm oufltdkfm` as a lmftrac pcalm okr surrkuf`dfn (smgd-)fkga`dl lkggufd-tdms. Ras mt-Pmcc was cklatm` at >>= g abkvm sma-cmvmc, prkvd`dfn mxlmccmft vdmws df gkst `drml-tdkfs. \mvmrac basact slucpturm orangmfts wmrm okuf` kf tjm sckpms surrkuf`dfn Ras mt-Pmcc, af`dt ds cdimcy tjat tjm slucpturms, orkg wjdlj tjmsm orangmfts krdndfatm`, krdndfaccy stkk` kf tjm tkpko tjm jdcc. Pjmrm gust javm bmmf at cmast okur slucpturms at tjm sdtm, acc ko wjdlj sjkwm` gmfdf ocmmlm sidrts. At af` arkuf` Ras mt-Pmcc, skgm 25 stkfm ldst nravms wmrm okuf`. Fk nravm ndots

wmrm asskldatm` wdtj tjmsm nravms, af` tjmy wmrm garim` kf tjm suroalm by stkfm ldrlcms odc cm` wdtjsgaccmr pmbbcms (Gkkrtnat-Lkrrmfs 14>2). Pjds sdtm jas usuaccy bmmf dftmrprmtm` as a vdltkry gkfu-gmft basm` kf tjm slucpturms— stycdstdl cdfis wdtj skutjmrf Gmskpktagda (Gkkrtnat-Lkrrmfs 14>2821“0). Jkwmvmr, dt was rmlmftcy prkpksm` tjat tjm sdtm oufltdkfm` as a rmndkfac burdac af` aflms-tkr luct lmftrm (Gmymr 144>). Allkr`dfn tk Gmymr, tjm nravm nrkups gay javm rmocmltm` smparatmburdacs by lcafs kr cdfmanms ko (smgd-)fkga`dl nrkups cdvdfn df tjm arma ko tjm Hmbmc Ab` ac-Azdz.

Pjm apparmft absmflm ko smttcmgmfts df tjm dggm`datm vdldfdty ko Ras mt-Pmcc gdnjt suppkrt tjds



110


a imy rkcm df oufmrary tra`dtdkfs, as tjm altdvdty arma ko Pmcc Bafat lkftadfm` smvmrac stkfm-cdfm`tkgbs, af` tjm ^jdtm Gkfugmft ydmc`m` burdacs as wmcc. Basm` kf tjmsm lkfsd`mratdkfs, Ukrtmr jas`mgkfstratm` tjat, tjrkunjkut dts mftdrm jdstkry, tjm Bafat lkgpcmx oufltdkfm` as a oklac pkdft okrpastkrac lkggufdtdms mfaltdfn rdtuacs af` burydfn tjmdr `ma` (Ukrtmr 2552).:1

Pjm rmcklatdkf ko spmldacdzm` pastkrac prkùltdkf tk fkf-urbaf armas ds ourtjmrgkrm sunnmstm`

by tjm dgpkrtaflm ko tjm sjmmp/nkat oaufac assmgbcanm ko sdtms df tjm Ijabur rmndkf. At sdtms dftjm fkrtjmrf Ijabur arma, tjm prkpkrtdkf ko sjmmp/nkat `mlrmasm` df oavkur ko ktjmr `kgmstdlafdgacs, dflcu`dfn pdn, sunnmstdfn tjat prkùltdkf was larrdm` kut at a sgacc-slacm jkusmjkc` cmvmc.

At tjm Gd``cm Ijabur sdtms, jkwmvmr, tjm prkpkrtdkf ko sjmmp/nkat fkt kfcy dflrmasm` df tjm tktacoaufac assmgbcanm, but acsk at tjm mxpmfsm ko ktjmr `kgmstdl afdgacs. Pjm lkftmgpkrafmdty af`dfvmrsm lkrrmcatdkf ko tjmsm `mvmckpgmfts odts fdlmcy df tjm slmfardk prmsmftm` abkvm (Odn. ?.0@,M). Pjds `mvmckpgmft smmgs tk bm absmft ackfn tjm Mupjratms af` tjm Bacdij, anadf sunnmstdfntjat tjm spatdac smparatdkf bmtwmmf pastkrac af` anrdlucturac prkùltdkf gay javm bmmf cmss smvmrm(Odn. ?.0A“L).

Pjus, by tjm gd` tk catm tjdr` gdccmffdug BL a ouccy spmldacdzm` pastkrac mlkfkgy ja` mgmrnm`,lmftrdfn kf smttcmgmfts cklatm` df armas wjmrm fk carnm-slacm kllupatdkf ja` mxdstm` prmvdkuscy,af` spatdaccy smparatm` orkg tjm urbaf lkrm-armas. Actjkunj pastkracdsg was tjm gadf subsdstmflmstratmny, anrdlucturm was larrdm` kut kf a sgacc slacm as wmcc. Ikuljkuiks (144:) jas sjkwf tjattjm carnm smttcmgmfts tk tjm wmst ko tjm Gd``cm Ijabur wmrm cklatm` df armas tjat rmlmdvm` rufkooorkg tjm Hmbmc Ab` ac-Azdz. Dt smmgs cdimcy, tjmf, tjat tjmsm lkggufdtdms praltdsm` skgm okrg ko`dstaft vdccanm-basm` jmr`dfn, wjmrmby jmr`mrs tkki tjm sjmmp/nkat ocklis tk pasturms arkuf` tjmsmttcmgmfts, wjmrmas ktjmr lkggufdty gmgbmrs tmf`m` tjm sgacc-slacm anrdlucturac odmc`s, tai-dfn oucc a`vaftanm ko radfoacc, rufkoo, af` skdc gkdsturm. Pjm carnm sm`mftary lkggufdtdms df tjmrdvmr vaccmys ko tjm Mupjratms, Ijabur, af` Bacdij prkvd`m` tjm fmlmssary kutcmts okr tjm pastkracprkùltdkf ko tjm pastkrac lkggufdtdms df tjm upcaf` armas, fktabcy tmxtdcms (GlLkrrdstkf 144>9Ikuljkuiks 144:).

A sdgdcar slmfardk jas bmmf mfvdsanm` okr tjm sdtm ko Ac-Rawà df wmstmrf \yrda. Pjm sdtm—s oavkurabcm cklatdkf wdtj rmspmlt tk anrdlucturac prkùltdvdty jas acrma`y bmmf pkdftm` kut, as wmccas tjm lmftrac oufltdkf tjm sdtm gay javm oucodccm` df tjm rmndkf—s pastkrac mlkfkgy (\mltdkf ?.0).

Pjm ldrlucar caykut ko Ac-Rawà gaims dt cdimcy tjat tjm sdtm was a pcaffm` smttcmgmft lkfstrultm` wdtjdf a sjkrt pmrdk` ko tdgm. Dt jas bmmf sunnmstm` tjat Ac-Rawà was okuf`m` by pmkpcm orkgMbca, kr tjat tjm sdtm at cmast ja` lcksm mlkfkgdl tdms wdtj tjat dgpkrtaft lmftrm tk tjm wmst. Dosk, Ac-Rawà gay javm oucodccm` a imy rkcm df pastkracdsg af` tmxtdcm prkùltdkf. A``dtdkfaccy, Ac-Rawà was stratmndlaccy cklatm` ackfn tjm tra`m rkutm bmtwmmf tjm urbaf lmftrms ko tjm Krkftms

_accmy, af` tjksm ko tjm Mupjratms _accmy (Lastmc af` Umctmfburn 255>).

?.=.2 \pmldacdzm` pastkracdsg ùrdfn tjm marcy smlkf` gdccmffdug BL

Pjm trafsdtdkf orkg tjm tjdr` tk tjm smlkf` gdccmffdug ds gulj gkrm pkkrcy uf`mrstkk`. Pjmrmarm fk tmxts okr tjds pmrdk` tjat sjm` cdnjt kf tjm krnafdzatdkf ko tjm subsdstmflm mlkfkgy, gaidfnrmlkfstrultdkfs ko tjds mlkfkgy ratjmr jypktjmtdlac. Pjm omw oaufac assmgbcanms àtdfn tk tjds

pmrdk` sunnmst tjat cdttcm ljafnm` wdtj rmspmlt tk tjm gd`-tjdr` gdccmffdug df tmrgs ko mxpckdtmàfdgacs. Pjus, a ùac pastkrac mlkfkgy wdtj a spmldacdzm` af` a sgacc-slacm lkgpkfmft prkbabcylkftdfum` tk mxdst. By tjm tdgm ko tjm Gard arljdvms, jkwmvmr, a sjdot df tjm krnafdzatdkf ko tjmspmldacdzm` pastkrac mlkfkgy gust javm kllurrm`. Pjds ds sunnmstm` by tjm abaf`kfgmft ko sdtmsdf tjm gkrm ard` upcaf` zkfms, as df`dlatm` by tjm â`d Jaggar survmy af` tjm survmy arkuf` tjm

Hmbmc Ab` ac-Azdz (Odn. =.10), af` by tjm appmaraflm ko a suroalm assmgbcanm df tjm â`d Aědě tjat`dspcays gafy sdgdcardtdms wdtj gkrm rmlmft assmgbcanms tjat laf bm asskldatm` wdtj fkga`dl pas-tkracdsts (smm \mltdkf =.0.1). Dt smmgs, tjmf, tjat at cmast df skgm rmndkfs tjm gd`-tjdr` gdccmffdug

vdccanm-basm` jmr`dfn systmg was rmpcalm` by (smgd-)fkga`dl pastkracdsg.

:1 Fktm tjat tjmrm arm smvmrac gkuf`s tjrkunjkut fkrtjmrf Gmskpktagda tjat, basm` kf tjmdr sdzm af` sjapm, arm jypktj-msdzm` tk lkftadf strulturms sdgdcar tk tjm ^jdtm Gkfugmft ko Pmcc Bafat (Ukrtmr 25528 f. <1).



11=


Dt jas rmlmftcy bmmf sunnmstm` tjat tjm tmrg jafa kr jafùg kllurrdfn df tjm Gard arljdvmssjkuc` bm trafscatm` as ‚tmft-`wmccmr— af` tjat dt laffkt bm taimf tk rmprmsmft a trdbac kr mtjfdld`mftdty sdgdcar tk \dg—acdtm kr Tagdfdtm. Allkr`dfn tk @uraf`, tjm tmrg jafa `mrdvm` orkg tjmrkkt jf— , ‚tk cdvm df a tmft—. Bmlausm tjmrm arm smvmrac tmxts `mslrdbdfn Tagdfdtms af` \dg—acdtms asjafa , dt ds cdimcy tjat jafa was a `msdnfatdkf okr a partdlucar subnrkup ko Tagdfdtms kr \dg—acdtms,

ratjmr tjaf a trdbac kr mtjfdl n rkup (@uraf` 144:8 01>“1:9 \trmli 25528 1>=9 Ocmgdfn 25508 0>“4).Urmvdkus stu`dms dftmrprmtm` jafa kr Jafmaf as a trdbac kr mtjfdl nrkup, partcy kf tjm nrkuf`s tjattjm `msdnfatdkf kllurrm` vmry rmnucarcy df tjm Gard tmxts. Dt ds, jkwmvmr, pcausdbcm tjat tjm tmrgjafa wdtjkut mtjfdl kr trdbac `mtmrgdfatdvm was vmry spmldodlaccy usm` tk `msdnfatm \dg—acdtm tmft-`wmccmrs. Pjds gay javm bmmf tjm lasm bmlausm tjm Cdg-`yfasty was ko \dg—acdtm aoodcdatdkf af`

wrdtmrs gay fkt javm omct tjm fmm` tk gmftdkf tjds aoodc datdkf bmlausm dt sk kbvdkuscy `kgdfatm`tjm pkcdtdlac slmfm ko Gard.:2

Pjm mquatdkf ko jafa wdtj gkbdcm pastkracdst ds ourtjmr strmfntjmfm` by tjm oalt tjat df skgmlasms jafa was kppksm` tk tjm tkwf ( ācug ) kr tkwfspmkpcm (Ocmgdfn 25508 0:, f. ?<). Pjus, df

ARG : 11, a `dstdfltdkf ds ga`m bmtwmmf gmgbmrs ko tjm trdbac mcdtm cdvdfn df tjm tkwf ko Appaf,af` tjksm cdvdfn wdtj tjm fawùg . Afktjmr tmxt orkg tjm rmdnf ko Tajùf-Cdg cdstm` skc`dmrs al-lkr`dfn tk tjmdr `mslmft. Pjds cdst lcmarcy `dstdfnudsjm` bmtwmmf skc`dmrs lcassdodm` as cu

2-gmš jafa

af` ùgu-gmš gâtdg , tjat ds, jafa pmkpcm af` skfs ko tjm caf`, rmspmltdvmcy. Pjm ùgu-gmš gâtdg wmrm ourtjmrgkrm d`mftdodm` by `dstrdlt af` tkwf, gaidfn lcmar tjat tjds cdst `dstdfnudsjm` bmtwmmf(smgd-)fkga`dl jafa af` sm`mftary tkwfspmkpcm (Ljarpdf 2550). Pjm gkbdcdty ko tjm jafa ds acskapparmft df a cmttmr orkg Dbâc-Mc, df wjdlj jm wrdtms tjat ‚Gy ckr` ifkws tjat D nkvmrf tjm jafa , af`tjat tjm jafa travmc tjrkunj (caf`s df) war af` pmalm as gmrljafts `k, af` tjat ùrdfn tjmdr gkvm-gmfts tjmy cmarf wjat (tjm pmkpcm ko) tjm caf`s say— (trafscatm` orkg @uraf` 144>8 t. <<<).

@mspdtm tjm mpdnrapjdlac arnugmfts df oavkur ko tjm dftmrprmtatdkf ko jafa as tmft-`wmccmr,arljamkckndlac mvd`mflm okr tjm usm ko tmfts ùrdfn tjm marcy smlkf` gdccmffdug BL ds lurrmftcycalidfn. Dt jas bmmf arnum` tjat tjm tmft was a rmcatdvmcy catm pjmfkgmfkf af` tjat lcmar mvd`mflmokr dts usm kfcy appmarm` ùrdfn tjm odrst gdccmffdug BL. Basm` kf ldrlugstaftdac mvd`mflm, dt jasokr mxagpcm bmmf sunnmstm` tjat carnm wkvmf tmfts sulj as tjksm tra`dtdkfaccy usm` by Bm`kudfkfcy appmarm` urdfn tjm odrst gdccmffdug BL (Rksmf 255:8 12=9 but smm Jkcm 25548 2?0). Actjkunjsulj tmfts oaldcdtatm jdnjmr gkbdcdty, tjmy arm fkt mssmftdac okr a gkbdcm way ko cdom. A `dvmrsdty kotmgpkrary strulturms laf bm kbsmrvm` agkfn (prm-)gk`mrf Fmar Mastmrf fkga`dl pastkracdsts,dflcu`dfn strulturms ga`m ko rmm`, af` tmfts tjat wmrm rkkom` wdtj guctdpcm pdmlms ko wkvmf lcktjas wmcc as omct af` afdgac sidfs (Lrdbb 14418 15=“:). Gafy ko tjmsm strulturms wkuc` fkt sdnfdod-laftcy dgpm`m gkbdcdty. Jkrfm `mslrdbm` tmgpkrary lagps df Draf tjat kotmf dflcu`m` pmrgafmftomaturms sulj as waccs, wjmrmby kfcy vacuabcm af` trafspkrtabcm gatmrdacs wmrm brkunjt df by tjmkllupafts wjmf tjmy lagm tk tjm sdtm (144<8 0=“>). Gkbdcm nrkups travmccdfn ackfn odxm` rkutms kr

wdtjdf a ldrlugslrdbm` rmndkf gay javm gadftadfm` smvmrac ko sulj statdkfs at prmomrrm` lagpdfncklatdkfs. Pjm absmflm ko lcmar mvd`mflm okr tmfts ùrdfn tjm marcy smlkf` gdccmffdug BL, tjmf,lkuc` sunnmst tjat tjm trafscatdkf ko tjm tmrg jafa as tmft-`wmccmr gay fkt bm mftdrmcy apprkprdatm,but tjds absmflm laffkt bm smdzm` upkf tk `dsrmnar` tjm strkfn oklus kf gkbdcdty tjat ds mvd`mft

df tjmjafa

way ko cdom.

:<

Df kr`mr tk uf`mrstaf` tjm pksdtdkf ko tjm jafa df tjm Gard statm, dt ds fmlmssary tk ckki df `m-tadc at tjm krnafdzatdkf ko tjm idfn`kg—s pkwmr strulturm. Df oalt, uf`mr tjm idfn tjmrm wmrm twksmparatm pkwmr strulturms. Pjm odrst ko tjmsm was lkflmrfm` wdtj tjm rucm ko tjm ‚`dstrdlts— ( jacsug )

:2 @uraf`—s trafscatdkf ko tjm tmrg jafa as Bm`kudf ds mxtrmgmcy ufokrtufatm, as tjm tmrg Bm`kudf ds asskldatm` wdtj lmr-tadf lucturac af` skldac omaturms tjat gay fkt javm bmmf part ko Gard skldmty, af` tjat sunnmst `drmlt lkftdfudty bmtwmmfjafa af` Bm`kudf. Ocmgdfn wrktm kf tjds dssum8 ‚@kgdfdqum Ljarpdf brdfns tk gy attmftdkf tjm oalt tjat Ormflj `kmsfkt koomr tjm pkssdbdcdty ko a lkgpkuf` wkr` tjat okcckws tjm prkpksm` mtygkckny, as df tjm Mfncdsj –tmft-`wmccmr.‗

Pjds gmafs tjat –bä`kudf‗ gust smrvm tk `msdnfatm tjm sagm nmfmrac latmnkry, wdtjkut afy okrlm` afaljrkfdsg byasskldatdkf wdtj pmkpcms orkg tjm gk`mrf Gd``cm Mast— (25508 2=2, f. ?>).

:< Df oalt, kfm tmxt orkg Gard gmftdkfs tjat tjm jafa arm df tjm stmppm wdtj tjmdr cdvmstkli af` tmfts (@uraf` 2550a8<:=).



11?


ko tjm ‚Bafis ko tjm Mupjratms— (Aj Uurattdg). Pjmsm `dstrdlts wmrm jma`m` by nkvmrfkrs ( šāpdtug )tjat wmrm d`mftdodm` by tkwf af` rucm` orkg a cklac pacalm. Df`dvdùac tkwfs df tjm Aj Uurattdgaf` bmykf` wmrm cm` by ‚cma`mrs— ( sunānug ) (Ocmgdfn 25508 2=).

Pjm smlkf` pkwmr strulturm oklusm` kf tjm jafa . \dg—acdtm jafa wmrm krnafdzm` df a fugbmrko ‚`dvdsdkfs— ( nayug ). Pjm tmrg nayug was nmfmraccy kfcy appcdm` tk jafa \dg—acdtms, actjkunj skgm

\dg—acdtms cdvdfn df tkwfs wmrm acsk d`mftdodm` by nayug (Ocmgdfn 25508 0<“0). Dt smmgs tjat tjm tmrg nayug was appcdm` tk smvmrac typms af` cmvmcs ko `dvdsdkfs, sk tjat dt ds `doodluct tk `modfm a gkrmprmldsm gmafdfn ko tjm tmrg. Ourtjmrgkrm, fk pkcdtdlac oufltdkfs smmg tk javm bmmf asskldatm`

wdtj tjm nayug , as tjmsm oufltdkfs wmrm larrdm` kut by koodldacs laccm` gmrjùg af` sunānug (Ocmgdfn25508 0<). Pjm sunānug wmrm ckwmr-cmvmc koodldacs kr ‚cma`mrs— wjk wmrm fkt d`mftdodm` by tkwfs, butby trdbac aoodcdatdkf. Abkvm tjm jafa sunānug stkk` twk ‚ljdmos ko pasturm— ( gmrjùg ). Pjmsm gmrjùg rmpkrtm` `drmltcy tk tjm idfn.

Pjm pksdtdkf ko sunānug mxdstm` df tjm pkwmr strulturm ko tjm Aj Uurattdg, as wmcc as tjm strul-turm ko tjm jafa . Dt smmgs tjat a ourtjmr `dstdfltdkf mxdstm` bmtwmmf sunānug basm` kf tjmdr trdbacaoodcdatdkf. Pjus, \dg—acdtm sunānug wmrm prdgardcy d`mftdodm` by tjmdr gmgbmrsjdp ko a nayug , ac-tjkunj tjmy wmrm fkt tjm cma`mrs ko tjmsm dvdsdkfs. Tagdfdtm sunānug kf tjm ktjmr jaf` wmrm kotmfd`mftdodm` by tkwf. Ratjmr tjaf assugdfn tjat tjds `dljktkgy rmocmltm` a `doomrmflm df tjm `mnrmmko sm`mftardzatdkf ko \dg—acdtms af` Tagdfdtms, dt ds bmttmr tk assugm tjat tjmrm wmrm krnafdzatdkfac`doomrmflms bmtwmmf tjm twk lkfom`mraldms. Ourtjmrgkrm, dt ds pkssdbcm tjat sunānug rucm` tkwfs,mvmf wjmf tjmy wmrm fkt d`mftdodm` by tjmsm tkwfs (Ocmgdfn 25508 =1).

Pjm rmcatdkf bmtwmmf jafa , sunānug , af` gmrjùg ds lcardodm` by a cmttmr abkut a `msmrtmr orkgXdgrd-Cdg—s argy, quktm` by Ocmgdfn (25508 =5, OG DDD 1<?)8 ‚Do Y(gy ckr`;) `kms fkt arrmst(;)Wtjm kfm wjk taims cmavm (ko jds trkkp), tjm cdom ko tjm Jafa wdcc taim cmavm (as wmcc). Jm wdcc brmaitjm okrtufm(;) ko tjm Jafa. Fkw tjmf, Cawasug, tjm Tugajaggù, jas taimf cmavm. Jds sunānug ds@a`d-YCdgW, af` jds prkpmrty lkfsdsts ko 255 sjmmp af` odvm `kfimys. Gy ckr` sjkuc` lkfodslatm(tjds).— Pjm kr`mrdfn ko tjm pkcdtdlac strulturms ko wjdlj tjm `msmrtmr was a part rmvmacs tjat jm wasodrst ko acc a \dg—acdtm jafa , tjmrmby mxlcu`dfn \dg—acdtm tkwfspmkpcm, tjat jm was a Tugajaggù,

wjdlj ds ifkwf orkg ktjmr tmxts tk bm a nayug , tjat jds sunānug was @a`d-Cdg, af` tjat jm kwfm`sjmmp, ratjmr tjaf caf` kr a jkusm. Pjus, tjmrm was a lcmar `dstdfltdkf df jkw tjm `doomrmft nrkupstjat lkfstdtutm` tjm Gard statm wmrm nkvmrfm`, tjat ds, sm`mftary tkwfspmkpcm kf tjm kfm jaf`, af`(smgd)fkga`dl pastkracdsts kr jafa kf tjm ktjmr jaf` (Ocmgdfn 25508 2=).:0

@mspdtm tjm strkfn mvd`mflm df tjm Gard arljdvms okr a jdnjcy gkbdcm pkpucatdkf lkgpkfmfttjat ds dfvkcvm` df spmldacdzm` sjmmp/nkat pastkracdsg, tjm lkgpksdtdkf ko tjds nrkup ds gulj cmsslcmar. Dt ds lcmar tjat tjm tmrg jafa `msdnfatms a spmldodl nrkup wdtjdf carnmr trdbac `dvdsdkfs, af`tjat tjm tmrg ds prdgardcy `modfm` tjrkunj dts asskldatdkf wdtj pastkracdst altdvdtdms. Pjm dftmr-trdbacrmcatdkf bmtwmmf gkbdcm jafa af` tjmdr sm`mftary lkuftmrparts ds jkwmvmr gulj gkrm `doodluct tk`modfm. @um tk tjm carnm vardmty df pastkracdst gk`ms ko mxdstmflm, af` df tjm asskldatm` `mnrmm kogkbdcdty, dt ds `doodluct tk `mtmrgdfm mxaltcy wjmtjmr tjm tmrg jafa `msdnfatm` mftdrm jkusmjkc`stjat wmrm ouccy gkbdcm, kr ouccy kr smgd-gkbdcm parts ko jkusmjkc`s.

Fmvmrtjmcmss, dt ds sunnmstm` jmrm tjat tjm tmrg jafa msdnfatm` mftdrm jkusmjkc`s tjat wmrm prd-

gardcy mfnanm` df pastkracdst subsdstmflm altdvdtdms, af` tjat pursum` a (smgd-)fkga`dl way ko cdom.\pmldacdzatdkf df pastkracdsg tjus kllurrm` at tjm cmvmc ko tjm jkusmjkc`, ratjmr tjaf kf tjm basdsko tradts sulj as nmf`mr kr anm wdtjdf jkusmjkc`s. Pjm strkfnmst mvd`mflm okr tjds dftmrprmtatdkf dstjm garim` ùacdty df tjm pkwmr strulturm ko tjm Gard statm, df wjdlj tjmrm arm `doomrmft koodldacsokr tjm sm`mftary af` tjm jafa pkpucatdkf lkgpkfmfts. Do gmgbmrs ko a partdlucar jkusmjkc` spcdtkoo tk bmlkgm fkga`dl okr part ko tjm ymar, tjmy wkuc bm nkvmrfm` uf`mr `doomrmft systmgs, `m-pmf`dfn kf tjm tdgm ko tjm ymar. Pjm ùacdty ds acsk af` pmrjaps mspmldaccy mvd`mft df tjm gdcdtarykrnafdzatdkf ko Gard. Dt jas ckfn bmmf rmlknfdzm` tjat jafa pcaym` af dgpkrtaft rkcm df tjm argy,af` tjat tjmy wmrm kotmf smparatmcy lkuftm` af` cdstm` (Gattjmws 14>:8 4=9 Ljarpdf 25508 :>“4).

:0 Pjm tmrg sunānug tjat laf bm rkunjcy trafscatm` as cma`mr smmgs tk javm `msdnfatm` a fugbmr ko `doomrmft pksdtdkfs wdtjdf tjm pkwmr st rulturm ko tjm Gard idfn`kg. Pjmsm pksdt dkfs var dm` fkt kfcy allkr`dfn tk tjmd r ùtdms, but acsk tk

tjmdr trdbac aoodcdatdkfs (Ocmgdfn 25508 ?<“:). Allkr`dfn tk Ocmgdfn (25508 =<), sunānug ko tkwfs pad` cmvdms df sdcvmr, wjmrmas jafa sunānug pad` wdtj sjmmp.



11>


Pjds wkuc` javm bmmf gulj gkrm `doodluct do tjm `dstdfltdkf bmtwmmf jafa af` tkwfsgmf wasbcurrm` kr basm` kf a smaskfac lylcm. Odfaccy, a cmttmr orkg Dbâc-Mc tk Xdgrd-Cdg `mslrdbms tjm fa-turm ko tjm mxljafnms taidfn pcalm bmtwmmf tjm jafa af` gkrm sm`mftary anrdlucturacdst. Pjm cmttmr`mslrdbms tjm sygbdktdl rmcatdkfsjdp bmtwmmf smvmrac idfns df tjm ]ppmr Ijabur arma af` tjm jafa as okcckws8 ‚Pjm jafa javm acways bmmf ykur pastkracdsts, wjmrmas yku Ytjm idfnsW arm tjmdr oargmrs—

(trafscatm` orkg Nudljar` 25528 1?5). Apparmftcy, tjm idfns ja` fkt ndvmf tjm jafa tjm nradf `mcdv-mrdms tk wjdlj tjmy wmrm mftdtcm`, bmlausm Dbâc-Mc smttcm` tjm gattmr by ndvdfn nradf af` kdc ratdkfstk tjmg (Nudljar` 25528 1?5). Pjds cmttmr anadf mgpjasdzms tjm `dstdflt faturm ko tjm `doomrmftpkpucatdkf lkgpkfmfts, af` acsk sunnmsts tjat trafsaltdkfs taidfn pcalm bmtwmmf tjmg gay javmkllurrm` kf tjm basds ko nmfmracdzm` rmldprkldty (Nudljar` 25528 1?09 @uraf` 2550b8 141).

A sjdot df tjm faturm ko tjm mvd`mflm okr pastkracdsg jas bmmf kbsmrvm` tk kllur orkg tjm gd`“ catm tjdr` gdccmffdug tk tjm marcy smlkf` gdccmffdug (smm \mltdkf ?.0). Okr tjm marcdmr pmrdk`, tjmoaufac gatmrdac ds `kgdfaft, wjmrmas okr tjm smlkf` gdccmffdug, tjm fugbmr ko sdtms wdtj oaufacassmgbcanms ds ratjmr cdgdtm`, af` tmxtuac mvd`mflm ds gulj gkrm abufàft. Dt ds dgpkrtaft, tjmrm-okrm, tk lkfsd`mr tjm pkssdbdcdty tjat tjm rmlkfstrultm` catm tjdr`“marcy smlkf` gdccmffdug BL sjdotdf tjm krnafdzatdkf ko spmldacdzm` pastkracdsg `kms fkt rmprmsmft a jdstkrdlac `mvmckpgmft, but dsrmlknfdzm` as rmsuct ko ljafnms df tjm faturm ko tjm avadcabcm mvd`mflm. Actjkunj tjm marcy sml-kf` gdccmffdug oaufac gatmrdac ds rmcatdvmcy slarlm lkgparm` tk tjm marcdmr pmrdk`s, fk sdnfdodlaftljafnms smmg tk javm kllurrm` df tjm lkgpksdtdkf ko tjm rafnm ko `kgmstdl afdgacs tjat wmrmimpt at sdtms. Dt ds lcmar, jkwmvmr, tjat mpdnrapjdlac as wmcc as smttcmgmft mvd`mflm df`dlatm ljafnmsdf tjm krnafdzatdkf ko pastkrac prkùltdkf ùrdfn tjm catm tjdr`“marcy smlkf` gdccmffdug BL. Pjmljafnms klugmftm` by tjm rmspmltdvm typms ko mvd`mflm laffkt prmsmftcy bm modfdtdvmcy cdfim` tkmalj ktjmr, but tjm Gard mvd`mflm lcmarcy `klugmfts tjm rmsuct ko tjds trafsdtdkf.

?.? Lkflcusdkfs

Pjm prmsmft ljaptmr jas jdnjcdnjtm` tjm mvd`mflm okr pastkracdsg df tjm Fmar Mast df nmfmrac, af`df fkrtjmrf Gmskpktagda df partdlucar. Afdgac jusbaf`ry jas bmmf praltdsm` sdflm tjm catm UUFB,

but tjm krnafdzatdkf ko tjds subsdstmflm stratmny jas prkvm` gulj gkrm `doodluct tk rmlkfstrult.Dt smmgs tjat at vardkus pkdfts df tdgm, af` as a rmspkfsm tk `doomrmft mfvdrkfgmftac af` skldk-lucturac lkf`dtdkfs, pastkracdsg was spatdaccy smparatm` orkg armas wjmrm anrdlucturm was praltdsm`df kr`mr tk gmmt jdnjmr subsdstmflm rmqudrmgmfts.

@urdfn tjm gd`-tjdr` gdccmffdug BL, tjds prklmss smmgs tk javm taimf pcalm df tjm ]ppmrIjabur arma, wjmrmby tjm Gd``cm Ijabur af` Hmbmc Ab` ac-Azdz rmndkfs oufltdkfm` as kvmrockwrmndkfs wjmrm carnm-slacm pastkracdsg lkuc` bm praltdsm` wdtjkut mflrkaljdfn upkf anrdlucturacprkùltdkf. Pjds spmldacdzm` pastkrac subsdstmflm stratmny was praltdsm` kut ko rmcatdvmcy carnmsmttcmgmfts arkuf` tjm Hmbmc Ab` ac-Azdz, tjat tkki a`vaftanm ko cklac oavkurabcm mfvdrkfgmf-tac lkf`dtdkfs af` wjmrm anrdlucturm was praltdsm` kfcy df a subsd`dary oasjdkf. At tjm sagm tdgm,jkwmvmr, sgacc-slacm gdxm` afdgac jusbaf`ry was larrdm` kut at urbaf sdtms, pkssdbcy by df`dvdùacjkusmjkc`s af` adgm` at jkusmjkc` subsdstmflm prkùltdkf. Okr tjm catm tjdr` gdccmffdug, tjm oau-

fac assmgbcanms orkg sdtms af` tmxtuac mvd`mflm sunnmst tjat tjds uac mlkfkgy lkftdfum` tk mxdst,actjkunj mvd`mflm kf tjm mxalt faturm af` cklacdzatdkf ko spmldacdzm` pastkracdsg ds calidfn.

@urdfn tjm marcy smlkf` gdccmffdug, tjm Gard mvd`mflm sunnmsts tjm mxdstmflm ko a jdnjcy gk-bdcm pkpucatdkf lkgpkfmft dfvkcvm` df pastkrac prkùltdkf. Actjkunj smlkf` gdccmffdug bkfmassmgbcanms orkg fkrtjmrf Gmskpktagda arm rmcatdvmcy slarlm, dt smmgs tjat sjmmp/nkat rmgadfm`tjm `kgdfaft `kgmstdlatm` afdgac. \jmmp/nkat ocklis wmrm gkvm` kvmr rmcatdvmcy carnm `dstaflms,af` tjm tmxts df`dlatm tjat pastkracdsts wmrm rmlknfdzm` as a `dstdflt nrkup wdtjdf trdbac lkfom`-mraldms. Pjm absmflm ko smttcmgmft mvd`mflm lkgparabcm tk tjm gd`-tjdr` gdccmffdug Irafzjónmc sunnmsts tjat do tjm jafa gadftadfm` smttcmgmfts kr lagps df tjm fawùg armas, tjmsm smttcmgmfts

wmrm gulj gkrm mpjmgmrac tjaf bmokrm, anadf sunnmst dfn a jdnjmr gkbdcdty tjaf mxdstm` df mar-cdmr pmrdk`s. Ackfnsd`m tjds gkbdcm pastkracdsg, vdccanm-basm` jmr`dfn lkftdfum` tk bm praltdsm`,as pkssdbcy mvd`mflm` by tjm kllurrmflm ko tjm tmrgs jasdratug af` rubsatdg , rmomrrdfn tk ‚lagps—

af` ‚pmfs—. Pjus, dt ds pkssdbcm tk rmlkfstrult okr tjm marcy smlkf` gdccmffdug tjm ùac pastkrac



11:


mlkfkgy tjat mxdstm` prmvdkuscy, but wdtj a ljafnm df tjm krnafdzatdkf ko tjm ouccy spmldacdzm`subsdstmflm stratmny. Pjm arljamkckndlac smttcmgmft mvd`mflm orkg tjm â`d Aědě rmndkf smmgs tksuppkrt tjds rmlkfstrultdkf (smm \mltdkf =.0.1). Pjmrm, tjdr` gdccmffdug BL gatmrdac was lkfspdlu-kuscy absmft orkg tjm rmndkf, wjmrmas smlkf` gdccmffdug BL gatmrdac was rmcatdvmcy slarlm. Pjmspatdac pattmrfdfn ko tjds gatmrdac rmsmgbcm` tjat ko tjm Gm`dmvac Dscagdl pmrdk`, wjmf fkga`dl

pastkracdsts lmrtadfcy vdsdtm` tjm rmndkf. Pjus, df tjds arma tjat was lmrtadfcy wdtjdf tjm dfocumflmspjmrm ko Gard, mvd`mflm okr gkbdcm kllupatdkf df tjm marcy smlkf` gdccmffdug appmarm` aotmr afabsmflm ko skgm tjkusaf` ymars.

Pjm prmsmft ljaptmr tjus arnums okr tjm mxdstmflm ko twk smparatm pastkrac mlkfkgdms, `ds-tdfnudsjm` by tjm `mnrmm ko spmldacdzatdkf. Dt ds ufcdimcy tjat tjmrm was mvmr a ouccy spmldacdzmànrdlucturacdst kr pastkracdst way ko cdom. Ratjmr, malj stratmny was dgpcmgmftm` as `dltatm` bymfvdrkfgmftac af` skldac lkf`dtdkfs. Df malj subsdstmflm systmg, anrdlucturm as wmcc as pastkrac-dsg was praltdsm`, but tjm `mnrmm ko spmldacdzatdkf `doomrm`, as wmcc as tjm `mnrmm tk wjdlj tjmsubsdstmflm stratmny lkuc` gmmt tjm `mgaf`s ko tjm skldac nrkup. At cmast orkg tjm gd`-tjdr` gdc-cmffdug kfwar`s, a ùac pastkrac mlkfkgy lkfsdstdfn ko a jdnjcy spmldacdzm` lkgpkfmft af` alkgpkfmft rmprmsmftdfn pastkracdsg praltdsm` df a subsd`dary way laf bm rmlkfstrultm`. Pjds ùacmlkfkgy ocultuatm` fkt kfcy df tmrgs ko tjm rmcatdkf bmtwmmf tjm twk lkgpkfmfts, but acsk dftjm krnafdzatdkf ko malj lkgpkfmft. ^jmrmas tjm pastkrac prkùltdkf larrdm` kut by anrdlucturac-dsts was nmarm` tkwar` cklac lkfsugptdkf, tjm spmldacdzm` pastkrac prkùltdkf was nmarm` tkwar`tjm prkùltdkf ko mxljafnmabcm prkùlts, fktabcy wkkc, tjkunj tjm pktmftdac dgpkrtaflm ko àdryprkùlts sjkuc` fkt bm uf`mrmstdgatm`. ^jmrmas tjds `dstdfltdkf laf bm d`mftdodm` okr tjm gd`tk catm tjdr` gdccmffdug, df tjm absmflm ko mlkfkgdl a`gdfdstratdvm arljdvms ko tjm Gard statm, dtrmgadfs tk bm `mtmrgdfm` wjmtjmr wkkc prkùltdkf was acsk tjm mlkfkgdl ratdkfacm okr tjm jafa pastkracdsts.



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> Pjm `mvmckpgmft ko skldac fmtwkris

>.1 Dftrkùltdkf

Pjds ljaptmr wdcc oklus kf mxljafnm fmtwkris as a gmljafdsg anadfst mfvdrkfgmftac strmss. Dt jasacrma`y bmmf arnum` tjat tjm nmknrapjdlac lkfodnuratdkf ko sulj fmtwkris ds fkt raf`kg. Gkrmspmldodlaccy, mxljafnm fmtwkris wdcc prmomrmftdaccy `mvmckp bmtwmmf nrkups af`/kr rmndkfs rmcy-dfn kf `doomrmft rmskurlms, kr mxpmrdmfldfn `doomrmft mfvdrkfgmftac lkf`dtdkfs (\mltdkf <.=.2). Dfktjmr wkr`s, mxljafnm fmtwkris laf kfcy moomltdvmcy buoomr anadfst mfvdrkfgmftac strmss do tjmdrnmknrapjdlac mxpafsdkf mxlmm`s tjm arma wjmrm strmss ds mxpmrdmflm`, kr do tjmy okrnm tdms bmtwmmfnrkups praltdsdfn `doomrmft subsdstmflm stratmndms. Pjmsm mxljafnm fmtwkris laf pktmftdaccy bm rm-lkfstrultm` tjrkunj tjmdr skldac lkgpkfmft, tjat ds, tjm d`mftdty kr lkgpkfmfts tjmrmko cdimcy tkbm sjarm` by tjm fmtwkri partdldpafts (\mltdkf <.?). Jdstkrdlac rmlkr`s prkvd`m `mtadcs kf tjm lkf-stmccatdkf ko fkrtjmrf Gmskpktagdaf skldmty df tjm okrg ko tjm fagms ko vardkus skldac nrkupstjat cdvm` tjmrm ùrdfn tjm tjdr` af` marcy smlkf` gdccmffdug BL. By afacyzdfn tjm skldac faturm kotjmsm nrkups, dt laf bm `mtmrgdfm` wjmtjmr kr fkt tjmy rmprmsmftm` d`mftdtdms oufltdkfdfn df tjm

way tjat was jypktjmsdzm` df \mltdkf <.=.<. Pjmrm ds kfm Gmskpktagdaf d`mftdty tjat jas tjm nrmatmst pktmftdac okr oufltdkfdfn as tjm skldac

mxprmssdkf ko af mxljafnm fmtwkri, fagmcy tjm Agkrdtm d`mftdty. Pjm jdstkrdlac rmlkr`s gaim lcmartjat tjm nrkup laccm` tjm Agkrdtms mxdstm` df fugmrkus rmndkfs ko tjm Fmar Mast af` was dfvkcvm`df vardkus altdvdtdms af` subsdstmflm altdvdtdms, tjmrmby oucodccdfn tjm twk gadf lrdtmrda okr oufltdkf-dfn as a skldac mxprmssdkf ko af mxljafnm fmtwkri. Pjm prmsmft ljaptmr wdcc start wdtj af mvacua-tdkf ko tjm gadf jdstkrdlac skurlms kf tjm Agkrdtms (\mltdkf >.2), okcckwm` by a `dslussdkf ko jkw

tjm Agkrdtm d`mftdty sjkuc` bm uf`mrstkk`, af` wjmtjmr kr fkt tjds d`mftdty altuaccy oufltdkfmàs tjm skldac mxprmssdkf ko af mxljafnm fmtwkri (\mltdkf >.<). Pjds ljaptmr `kms fkt adg tk ndvm alkgpcmtm kvmrvdmw ko tjm mvd`mflm okr tjm mxdstmflm ko Agkrdtms df nrmatmr Gmskpktagda. Ratjmr,tjm oklus wdcc bm kf tjksm tmxts tjat jdnjcdnjt tjm faturm ko Agkrdtm d`mftdty, tjmdr pmrlmptdkf kotjmgsmcvms af` jkw tjmy wmrm pmrlmdvm` by ktjmrs. :=

>.2 Pjm Agkrdtm d`mftdty df tjm tmxtuac rmlkr`

Pjm tmrg Agkrdtm ds tjm Mfnc dsj trafscatdkf ko smvmrac ckksmcy lkffmltm` tmrgs df afldmft FmarMastmrf cafnuanms. Dt ds tjkunjt tk `mrdvm orkg tjm \ugmrdaf gartu tjrkunj tjm Aiia`daf agurru af` tjm Jmbrmw eęgŇrĩ . Pjmsm tmrgs ja` smvmrac dftmrlkffmltm` gmafdfns, lkgpcdlatdfn dftmrprmta-tdkfs ko tmxts df wjdlj tjm tmrgs wmrm usm`. At `doomrmft tdgms af` df `doomrmft lkftmxts, tjm tmrg

gartu/agurru lkuc` bm usm` tk msdnfatm tjm lkgpass drmltdkf wmst, a spmldodl arma, af`/kr a pmk-pcm. Jkw malj ko tjmsm usms mvkcvm`, af` wjdlj gmafdfn cm` tk tjm ktjmrs, ds fkt mftdrmcy lcmar, astjm doomrmft gmafdfns arm rmcatm` af` prkbabcy mvkcvm` kut ko malj ktjmr (Bullmccatd 14??8 <?1“29

^jdt dfn 144=8 12<1“2). Afy `doomrmflms df gmafdfn tjat gay javm mxdstm` bmtwmmf gartu afàgurru , af` bmtwmmf doomrmft pmrdk`s, arm mvmf ourtjmr lkfocatm` by tjm trafscatdkf ko tjmsm tmrgsdftk a sdfncm Mfncdsj tmrg Agkrdtm. Pjm dssum ds lkgpcdlatm` ourtjmr by tjm oalt tjat Agkrdtm `kmsfkt survdvm as a wrdttmf cafnuanm. ^jat ds ifkwf ko tjm Agkrdtm cafnuanm prdgardcy stmgs orkgfagms tjat arm tjkunjt tk bm Agkrdtm, af` orkg rarm wkr`s af` mxprmssdkfs df Aiia`daf tmxts(^jdtdfn 144=8 12<<). @mspdtm tjmsm uflmrtadftdms, tjm tmrg Agkrdtm wdcc bm rmtadfm` jmrm, partcybmlausm fk a`mquatm actmrfatdvm ds lurrmftcy avadcabcm, af` partcy bmlausm tjm prmsmft stu`y `macs

:= \mm Bullmccatd 14??, Nmcb 14:5, af` \trmli 2555, 2550 okr statdstdlac afacysms ko tjm kllurrmflms ko Agkrdtm fagmsaf` wkr`s df jdstkrdlac tmxts.



125


prdgardcy wdtj tmxts orkg tjm tjdr` af` marcy smlkf` gdccmffdug BL, tjmrmby ldrlugvmftdfn skgm

agbdnudtdms tjat wmrm dftrkùlm` by tjm scdnjtcy catmr usm ko agurru tk rmomr tk a fkrtjmrf Cmvaftdfmstatm, ratjmr tjaf tk a nrkup ko pmkpcm (Icmfnmc 14428 1?59 ^jdtdfn 144=8 12<?).

@um tk tjm ufmvmf spatdac af` ljrkfkckndlac `dstrdbutdkf ko tjm avadcabcm mvd`mflm, tjm prmsmftrmvdmw dflcu`ms jdstkrdlac rmlkr`s orkg nrmatmr Gmskpktagda (Pabcm >.1). Okr tjm purpksm ko tjmprmsmft kvmrvdmw, tjm gd`“catm tjdr` gdccmffdug af` marcy smlkf` gdccmffdug wdcc bm `dvd`m` dftjrmm pmrdk`s, okr wjdlj lcmar `doomrmflms df tjm faturm af` avadcabdcdty ko tjm mvd`mflm laf bm`mgkfstratm`. Pjm odrst pmrdk` dflcu`ms acc mvd`mflm prmàtdfn tjm ]r DDD pmrdk`. Pjds mvd`mflmds gmanrm af` skgmtdgms ratjmr agbdnukus. Pjm gd``cm pmrdk` lkdfld`ms wdtj tjm ]r DDD pmrdk`,

wjmf tjmrm ds gulj gkrm mvd`mflm kf Agkrdtm prmsmflm af` d`mftdty, actjkunj gkst mvd`mflmlkgms orkg skutjmrf Gmskpktagda. Pjm odfac pmrdk` lkvmrs tjm marcy smlkf` gdccmffdug af`rkunjcy lkrrmspkf`s tk tjm Dsdf-Carsa/Kc` Babyckfdaf pmrdk`s. Pjm `mnrmm tk wjdlj `doomrmflmsdf tjm avadcabcm mvd`mflm dfocumflm tjm dftmrprmtatdkf ko tjm tmxts wdcc bm a``rmssm` bmckw (\mltdkf

>.<.1).

>.2.1 Agkrdtms bmokrm tjm ]r DDD pmrdk`

\tmdfimccmr jas sunnmstm` tjat tjm tmrg Pd`fug, wjdlj ds usm` fmarcy syfkfygkuscy okr Agkrdtmùrdfn tjm ]r DDD pmrdk` (smm \mltdkf >.2.2), pkssdbcy acrma`y kllurs df arljadl M@ D tmxts orkg]r (14428 2?=), but tjds sunnmstdkf laffkt bm ourtjmr substaftdatm` at tjm gkgmft (Garljmsd255?8 22“<). Pjm odrst rmcdabcm rmomrmflms tk pmkpcm ko suppksm`cy Agkrdtm aoodcdatdkf àtm tk tjmM@ DDDa pmrdk` af` lkgm orkg tmxts okuf` df \juruppai. Pjmrm arm a omw fagms ko suppksm`cy

Agkrdtm krdndf, `mspdtm tjm oalt tjat tjm `mtmrgdfaft Gartu ds calidfn (Baumr mt ac. 144:8 2?=, f.2?:). Jkwmvmr, tjds quacdodlatdkf `kms appmar at tjds sdtm df lkgbdfatdkf wdtj pmrskfac fagms,okr mxagpcm df a cdst ko barcmy ratdkfs8 ‚455 cdtrms ko barcmy okr Msur—anna, tjm Agkrdtm— (Garljmsd

255?8 f. 4=). Afktjmr tmxt rma`s ‚0= gmf rmlmdvdfn 1 ckao ko brma` (malj), (af`) 2: wkgmf rmlmdv-

àtm BL pmrdk`/rmdnf `mslrdptdkf

1>42“1>=5 Jaggurabd Agkrdtm nmfmackny, lcadgm` Agkrdtm acdatdkf

1:15“1>?1 Gard Gard as Agkrdtm statm uf`mr Tajùf-Cdg, \jagsjd-Aà`/Tasgaj-A`ù, af`Xdgrd-Cdg

1:<5“1>>? \jagsjd-Aà` Agkrdtm nmfmackny

1:<0“1:2< âra`-\æf âra`-\æf—s oatjmr Iuùr-gabui was laccm` ‚oatjmr ko tjm Agkrdtm caf`—

1401“14<< Xabāda rucmr ko Carsa lcadgm` Agkrdtm acdatdkf

2514“14:> Dšbd-Mrra `mslrdbm` as ‚a gaf orkg Gard, wdtj a kn—s dftmccdnmflm—

252?“255< Dbbd-\df lkrrmspkf`mflm bmtwmmf Dbbd-\df af` Dšbd-Mrra lkflmrfdfn nradf trafspkrts af`Gartu altdvdtdms

25<2“25<1 ťu-\df 0“= ymar fagm gmftdkfdfn lkfstrultdkf ko tjm gurĩq-td`fug

25<2 ťu-\df 0 (tmrgdfus pkst qumg) lkrrmspkf`mflm bmtwmmf ťu-\df af` ťarrug-bafd lkflmrfdfn tjm gurĩq-td`fug

25=?“25== ťucnd <>“<: ymar fagms gmftdkfdfn lkfstrultdkf ko tjm ‚wacc ko tjm caf`—

25=? ťucnd <> (tmrgdfus pkst qumg) lkrrmspkf`mflm bmtwmmf ťucnd af` Uuzur-ťucnd lkflmrfdfn tjm ‚wacc ko tjm caf`—

25=? ťucnd <> (tmrgdfus pkst qumg) lkrrmspkf`mflm bmtwmmf ťucnd af` Ara -ėu lkflmrfdfn tjm ‚wacc ko tjm caf`—

25?0 ťucnd 24 (tmrgdfus pkst qumg) Agkrdtm fagms df a`gdfdstratdvm rmlkr s

l . 2155 Nutdaf/]r DDD; Lursm ko Ana`m8 Agkrdtms arm mslrdbm` as ‚pmkpcm dnfkraft ko anrdlucturm—l . 2155 Nu`ma trafspkrt ko budc`dfn gatmrdacs orkg tjm gkuftadf rafnm ko tjm Gartu

l . 21?5 ťar-iacd-šarrd ymar fagm gmftdkfdfn vdltkry kvmr Gartu at Bašar

Farag-\df vdltkry kvmr Agar-Ndrd` ko ]rui at Bašar9 lapturm ko Gartu cma`mrs

l . 2<=5 Pmcc Bmyàr Agkrdtm fagms (;)

l . 2<=5 Mbca pacalm N vardkus dftmraltdkfs bmtwmmf Mbca, Gartu, af` Pd`fug (;)

l . 2=55 Canasj (M@ DDD) Agkrdtm tkpkfygs

l . 2=55 \juruppai (M@ DDDa) Agkrdtm pmrskfac fagms

Pabcm >.1 8 \mcmltm` tmxtuac rmomrmflms tk Agkrdtms df ljrkfkckndla c kr`mr. \mm gadf tmxt okr rmomrmflms.



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>.2.2 Agkrdtms df tjm ]r DDD pmrdk`

Pjmrm arm fugmrkus jdstkrdlac rmlkr`s orkg tjm ]r DDD pmrdk` (2115-255< BL ) `macdfn wdtj krgmftdkfdfn Agkrdtms. Pjmsm rmlkr`s nmfmraccy oacc dftk kfm ko twk lcassms8 a`gdfdstratdvm rmlkr`sgmftdkfdfn Agkrdtm fagms kr cdtmrary tmxts dflcu`dfn ymar fagms, rkyac lkrrmspkf`mflm af` ktjmr

pubcdl cdtmraturm `mslrdbdfn altdvdtdms ko Agkrdtm nrkups, usuaccy wdtjkut gmftdkfdfn df`dvdùacfagms. As wdcc bm smmf bmckw, tjmsm twk lcassms ko jdstkrdlac rmlkr`s prmsmft tjm Agkrdtm d`mftdtydf oufàgmftaccy `doomrmft ways.

Pjm kllurrmflm ko Agkrdtm fagms df ]r DDD a`gdfdstratdvm rmlkr`s jas bmmf stu`dm` byBullmccatd (14??). Jds stu`y ko Agkrdtms ùrdfn tjm ]r DDD af` marcy Dsdf-Carsa pmrdk`s prkvd`mà pdlturm ko ]r DDD skldmty df wjdlj Agkrdtms pcaym` af altdvm rkcm af` wmrm dfvkcvm` df vardkusmlkfkgdl altdvdtdms. Jds gadf skurlms ko dfokrgatdkf wmrm a`gdfdstratdvm tmxts orkg arljdvmsokuf` df Uuzrdsj-@anaf, Dsdf, af` Canasj. Jm was abcm tk d`mftdoy kvmr <55 fagms wdtj tjm `mtmr-gdfaft gar-tu, kr wdtj ^mst-\mgdtdl mcmgmfts tjat arm tjkunjt tk bm Agkrdtm. Jm tjmf stu`dm` tjmmlkfkgdl af` skldac lkftmxts df wjdlj tjmsm fagms kllurrm`, af` tjm spatdac af` ljrkfkckndlac`dstrdbutdkf ko tjmsm fagms.

Pjm nrmatmr sjarm ko tjm Agkrdtm fagms kllurrm` df tjm Uuzrdsj-@anaf tmxts, wjdlj `mact

wdtj tjm ldrlucatdkf ko afdgacs by tjm lmftrac a`gdfdstratdkf. Agkrdtms wmrm rmlkr`m` as `mcdvmr-dfn af` rmlmdvdfn afdgacs okr a vardmty ko purpksms. As lkftrdbutkrs, Agkrdtms `mcdvmrm` rmcatdvmcycarnm fugbmrs ko oat-tadc sjmmp. Actjkunj Bullmccatd okuf` fk smaskfac pattmrf df tjm prmsmflm ko

Agkrdtms at Uuzrdsj-@anaf (14??8 <0?), dt jas bmmf sjkwf tjat tjmrm wmrm smaskfac ocultuatdkfsdf tjm fugbmr ko afdgacs tjat wmrm `mcdvmrm` (smm \mltdkf ?.0). Pjm tmxts orkg Dsdf `mslrdbm`trafsaltdkfs ko cmatjmr prkùlts. Pjm gahkrdty ko Agkrdtms apparmftcy rmlmdvm` tjmsm prkùlts,af`, wdtj a omw mxlmptdkfs, wmrm dfvkcvm` fmdtjmr df tjm prkùltdkf ko tjmsm prkùlts, fkr df tjmlkftrdbutdkf ko tjm raw gatmrdacs. Odfaccy, tjm Canasj a`gdfdstratdkf prdgardcy `klugmftm` tjm`dstrdbutdkf ko okk` ratdkfs tk vardkus koodldacs, smvmrac ko wjkg wmrm Agkrdtms. Pjm Agkrdtmkoodldacs prdgardcy jmc` ckwmr pksdtdkfs wdtjdf tjm burmaulraly. Agkrdtms acsk jmc` pksdtdkfs kut-sd`m tjm statm a`gdfdstratdkf, dflcu`dfn sulj `dvmrsm oufltdkfs as skc`mr, prdmst, brmwmr, kr oargmr(Bullmccatd 14??8 <05-2).

Bullmccatd lurskrdcy rmomrrm` tk tjm tmxtuac mvd`mflm orkg ktjmr sdtms (Bullmccatd 14??8 <1?). Pjus, at Msjfuffa, tjmrm wmrm fugmrkus rmomrmflms tk Agkrdtms df tmxts orkg bktj tjm ]r DDD af`Dsdf-Carsa pmrdk`s. At Fdppur, Agkrdtms wmrm vdrtuaccy absmft orkg tjm tmxtuac rmlkr`. Pjm tmxtsorkg ]gga sunnmstm` tk Bullmccatd tjat rmcatdvmcy omw Agkrdtms cdvm` tjmrm. At Carsa, mvd`mflmokr af Agkrdtm prmsmflm lagm orkg tjm odrst twk fagms kf tjm Carsa idfn cdst, wjdlj kllurrm` as

Agkrdtm fagms mcsmwjmrm. At ]r, attmstatdkfs ko Agkrdtms wmrm acsk omw af` oar bmtwmmf, af` tjmyprdgardcy kllurrm` df a`gdfdstratdvm tmxts rmlkr`dfn tjm `dstrdbutdkf ko nkk`s.

Pjm kfkgastdl mvd`mflm sunnmsts tjat Agkrdtms wmrm wmcc- dftmnratm` dftk tjm ]r DDD skldmty,af` tjat tjmy oufltdkfm` df tjm statm burmaulraly, as wmcc as df ktjmr parts ko skldmty. Pjm rmomr-mflms tk Agkrdtms df cdtmrary skurlms arm ko a `doomrmft faturm. Cdtmrary skurlms, gadfcy lkfsdstdfnko ymar-fagms af` tjm cmttmrs orkg tjm Rkyac Lkrrmspkf`mflm ko ]r, usuaccy prkvd`m a ratjmr kfm-sd`m` pdlturm ko tjm Agkrdtms, usdfn mxprmssdkfs af` `mslrdptdkfs tjat lcmarcy adgm` tk pkrtray

Agkrdtms as mfmgdms ko tjm statm. Pjm Agkrdtms wmrm odrst gmftdkfm` df ymar fagms orkg ťucnd—srmdnf. Pjm ymar fagms ko ťucnd <> af` ťucnd <:, gmftdkfm` tjm lkfstrultdkf ko tjm ‚wacc ko tjmcaf`— (ba`

<-ga-à) kr tjm ‚wacc oaldfn tjm jdnjcaf`s— (ba`-dnd-jursana).

Pjds ‚wacc ko tjm caf`— acsk pcaym` a sdnfdodlaft rkcm df tjm sk-laccm` Rkyac Lkrrmspkf`mflm ko]r, a bk`y ko cmttmrs bmtwmmf smvmrac ]r DDD idfns af` jdnj koodldacs wdtjdf tjm statm (Gdljackwsid14>?). Dt sjkuc` bm fktm`, jkwmvmr, tjat smvmrac rmsmarljmrs javm qumstdkfm` tjm jdstkrdldty ko tjmsk-laccm` Rkyac Lkrrmspkf`mflm ko ]r, ko wjdlj tjm cmttmrs orkg kr tk tjm ]r DDD rucmrs quktm`jmrm arm a part. Pjmsm cmttmrs arm ifkwf kfcy orkg Kc` Babyckfdaf lkpdms, df ktjmr wkr`s, tjmy

wmrm ga`m at a tdgm wjmf oufàgmftac ljafnms ja` kllurrm` df tjm skldk-pkcdtdlac lkfstmccatdkfko skutjmrf Gmskpktagda as lkgparm` tk tjm ]r DDD pmrdk`. Pjm prkbcmg ds tjat dt ds `doodluct, dofkt dgpkssdbcm, tk `dstdfnudsj jdstkrdlac `mtadcs orkg parts tjat wmrm a``m` kr dfvmftm` wjmf tjmtmxts wmrm lkgpksm` kr lkpdm`. Gdljackwsid, jkwmvmr, jas sjkwf tjat pmrskfac fagms df tjm rkyac



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javdfn a cmfntj ko 2? àffa (Bcali mt ac. 144:“255?8 t.<.1.1=). :4 Pjm Abnac watmrway jas bmmfmquatm` wdtj tjm wmstmrf braflj ko tjm Mupjratms at \dppar, wjmrmas tjm cklatdkf ko Xdguàr dsuflmrtadf but prkbabcy cdms skgmwjmrm df tjm @dyaca rmndkf (Gdljackwsid 14>?8 110). Pjds cklatdkfdf tjm @dyaca rmndkf af` tjm oalt tjat tjm ‚wacc wjdlj rmpmcs tjm Pd`fug— was acsk laccm` ‚wacc oaldfntjm jdnjcaf`s— sunnmst tjat tjm wacc was budct tkwar` tjm Hmbmc Jagrdf (Gdljackwsid 14>?8 11=).

Pjm faturm ko tjm wacc rmgadfs uflcmar. Dt ds ufcdimcy tjat dt was a carnm lkftdfukus wacc, af` a ljadfko sgacc okrtdodlatdkfs kr watljtkwmrs jas bmmf prkpksm` as a gkrm cdimcy actmrfatdvm (Bullmccatd144>8 154).45

A cmttmr by Dšbd-Mrra, tjm catmr rucmr ko Dsdf (2514-14:> BL ), tk tjm cast ]r DDD idfn Dbbd-\df(252?-255< BL ) df`dlatm` tjat Dšbd-Mrra was dfstrultm` tk purljasm nradf, but was okrlm` tk abaf-`kf tjds mxpm`dtdkf bmlausm ko tjm prmsmflm ko Gartu8 ‚D jmar` fmws tjat tjm jkstdcm Gartu javmmftmrm` dfsd`m ykur tmrrdtkrdms. {D mftmrm` wdtj >2,555 nur ko nradf} Y…W “ tjm mftdrm agkuft konradf “ dfsd`m Dsdf. Fkw D javm cmt tjm Gartu, acc ko tjmg, pmfmtratm dfsd`m tjm Caf`, af` kfm bykfm D javm smdzm` acc tjm okrtdodlatdkfs tjmrmdf. Bmlausm ko tjm Gartu, {D ag ufabcm tk jaf` kvmr}Y…W tjds nradf okr tjrmsjdfn. Pjmy arm strkfnmr tjaf gm, wjdcm D ag lkf`mgfm` tk sdttdfn arkuf`.—(Bcali mt ac. 144:“255?8 t.<.1.1>). Pjm cmttmr ourtjmrgkrm df`dlatm` tjat Mcag, wdtj wjdlj tjm ]rDDD statm was acsk df lkfocdlt, was cdimwdsm suoomrdfn orkg nradf sjkrtanms (Bcali mt ac. 144:“255?8t.<.1.1>).41

Df afktjmr cmttmr orkg tjm Rkyac Lkrrmspkf`mflm ko ]r, Dbbd-\df `mslrdbm` Dšbd-Mrra as ‚fktko \ugmrdaf krdndf— af` as a ‚gaf orkg Gard, wdtj tjm uf`mrstaf`dfn ko a `kn— (Bcali mt ac.144:“255?8 t.<.1.25). Lkkpmr fktm` tjat tjm quacdodlatdkf ‚wdtj a `kn—s dftmccdnmflm— was usuaccyappcdm` tk Agkrdtms af` Nutdafs, but fkt tk okrmdnfmrs df nmfmrac bmlausm Mcagdtms wmrm acgkstfmvmr `mslrdbm` as sulj, cma`dfn jdg tk `kubt tjm Babyckfdaf krdndf ko Dšbd-Mrra (14:<8 <<). PjmGard krdndfs ko Dšbd-Mrra wmrm acsk jdnjcdnjtm` df a jygf ifkwf orkg Kc` Babyckfdaf lkpdms,but prkbabcy krdndfatdfn orkg tjm tdgm ko Dšbd-Mrra, tjat `mslrdbm` jkw tjm nk`s Afu af` Mfcdcmcmvatm` Dšbd-Mrra tk idfnsjdp (Gdljackwsid 255=).

Agkrdtms acsk appmarm` df smvmrac cdtmrary lkgpksdtdkfs. Df tjm wmcc-ifkwf cdtmrary lkgpksd-tdkf Pjm garrdanm ko Gartu , tjm nk` Gartu ds `mslrdbm` as okcckws (Bcali mt ac. 144:“255?8 t.1.>.1)8‚Fkw cdstmf, tjmdr jaf`s arm `mstrultdvm af` tjmdr omaturms arm tjksm ko gkfimys9 jm ds kfm wjkmats wjat Faffa okrbd`s af` `kms fkt sjkw rmvmrmflm. Pjmy fmvmr stkp rkagdfn abkut ……, tjmyarm af abkgdfatdkf tk tjm nk`s— `wmccdfns. Pjmdr d`mas arm lkfousm`9 tjmy lausm kfcy `dsturbaflm.Jm ds lcktjm` df sali-cmatjmr ……, cdvms df a tmft, mxpksm` tk wdf` af` radf, af` laffkt prkpmrcyrmldtm praymrs. Jm cdvms df tjm gkuftadfs af` dnfkrms tjm pcalms ko nk`s, `dns up truoocms df tjmokktjdccs, `kms fkt ifkw jkw tk bmf` tjm ifmm, af` mats raw ocmsj. Jm jas fk jkusm ùrdfn jds cdom,af` wjmf jm `dms jm wdcc fkt bm larrdm` tk a burdac-pcalm—. Fktm, jkwmvmr, tjat tjds lkgpksdtdkf`kms fkt `mslrdbm tjm Agkrdtms as sulj but tjm nk` Gartu/Agurru, fmlmssdtatdfn af dfvmstdnatdkfko tjm cdfi bmtwmmf tjds nk` af` tjm Agkrdtms. Dt jas bmmf kbsmrvm` tjat Gartu/Agurru `kmsfkt kllur as a tjmkpjkrdl mcmgmft df Agkrdtm fagms, but tjat dt `kms kllur df Aiia`daf fagms.Bmaucdmu tjmrmokrm sunnmstm` tjat tjm nk` Gartu/Agurru was a \ugmrdaf/Aiia daf lkfstrult ‚kftjm basds ko tjmdr pmrlmptdkf ko a smparatm mtjfdl d`mftdty— (Bmaucdmu 255=8 <=). As sulj, tjm nk`

Gartu/Agurru gay javm smrvm` as a stmrmktypdlac dganm ko tjm Agkrdtms df vardkus aspmlts koGmskpktagdaf skldmty.

:4 Pjm mxalt cmfntj ko 1 àffa ds fkt mftdrmcy lcmar but gay rafnm bmtwmmf >.< af` 11.= ig, wdtj 15.: ig bmdfn gkstprkbabcm (Ukwmcc 14458 0?>), gaidfn tjm wacc bmtwmmf 145 af` <55 ig ckfn, af` 2:5 ig do 1 àffa≊15.: ig dsallmptm`.

45 \accabmrnmr rdnjtcy pkdfts tk tjm ckw wacc tjat jas rmlmftcy bmmf okuf` fmar Ac-Rawà af` tjat gay mvmftuaccy sjm` fmwcdnjt kf tjm ‚wacc oaldfn tjm jdnjcaf`s— (255>8 f. 1<?)

41 @urdfn tjm ]r DDD pmrdk`, 1 nur7<55 sdca, af` 1 sdca≊1 cdtrm (Ukwmcc 14458 04<), sk tjat >2555 nur wkuc` bm 21?55555

cdtrm. Dt sjkuc` bm fktm` jkwmvmr tjat tjds cmttmr ds fkt af a`gdfdstratdvm, but a cdtmrary tmxt, gaidfn tjm alluraly kotjmsm odnurms `kubtouc.



12=

PJM @M_MCKUGMFP KO \KLDAC FMP^KRI\

Pjmrm ds mvd`mflm orkg tjm ]r DDD pmrdk` tjat Agkrdtm mxdstm` as a spkimf cafnuanm. A cdtmrarytmxt gmftdkfm` af ‚Agkrdtm dftmrprmtmr—, af` ťucnd lcadgm` tk bm abcm tk spmai \ugmrdaf, Mcagdtm,af` Agkrdtm. Cmttmrs orkg Kc` Babyckfdaf Gard rmlknfdzm` Aiia`daf, \ugmrdaf, \ubarmaf, af`

Agkrdtm as smparatm cafnuanms (\trmli 25558 >?). Fmvmrtjmcmss, \ugmrdaf af` catmr Aiia`daf rm-gadfm` tjm `kgdfaft wrdttmf cafnuanms.

Okr fkrtjmrf Gmskpktagda, tjmrm ds skgm mvd`mflm okr Agkrdtm fagms df tmxts orkg Gard af` Pmcc Bd—a. \mvmrac ko tjm catmst Gard šaiiafaiius bkrm Agkrdtm fagms af` wkr`s cdim nayyug (lcaf) wmrm acsk acrma`y prmsmft (\trmli 25508 <05).

>.2.< Agkrdtms df tjm marcy smlkf` gdccmffdug BL

Pjm ]r DDD pmrdk` af` tjm šaiiafaiiu pmrdk` df Gard mf`m` sjkrtcy bmokrm 2555 BL, aotmr wjdlj`klugmftatdkf kf tjm prmsmflm ko Agkrdtms df ]ppmr Gmskpktagda lmasm`, kfcy tk start anadfskgm 255 ymars catmr. Pjds ds ufokrtufatm, sdflm tjds pmrdk` gust javm wdtfmssm` sdnfdodlaft ljafnms,dflcu`dfn tjm appmaraflm ko Agkrdtm idfn`kgs alrkss Gmskpktagda. Pjus, Ljarpdf af` Xdmncmr(255<8 24) laccm` tjds pmrdk` ‚ca nraf`m vanum— af` arnum` tjat dt wdtfmssm` carnm pkpucatdkf `ds-pcalmgmfts kr ‚dfvasdkfs agkrrdtms—. By tjm tdgm tjds mpdnrapjdl sdcmflm ja` bmmf brkimf, tjm pkcdt-

dlac caf`slapm ko nrmatmr Gmskpktagda ja` ljafnm` lkfsd`mrabcy. At tjm sagm tdgm, tjm \ugmrdaf`mtmrgdfatdvm gar-tu tk `msdnfatm Agkrdtm pmrskfs `dsappmarm` acgkst lkgpcmtmcy. Bullmccatd kb-smrvm` tjat tjds `mvmckpgmft ja` acrma`y lkggmflm` ùrdfn tjm ]r DDD pmrdk` (14??8 <=:). Aotmrtjds tdgm, Agkrdtms lkuc` kfcy bm `dstdfnudsjm` tjrkunj tjmdr fagms, kr do tjmy spmldodlaccy statm`tjmdr Agkrdtm aoodfdty.42

@urdfn tjm Kc` Babyckfdaf pmrdk`, fugmrkus ldty-statms wmrm fkw rucm` by rucmrs wdtj Agkrdtmfagms, kr wjk lcadgm` Agkrdtm `mslmft. Agkrdtm `yfastdms bmlagm mstabcdsjm` at Babyckf,Msjfuffa, Dsdf, Carsa, Gard, Qatfa, af` Tagja`. \mvmrac ko tjmsm idfns spmldodlaccy gmftdkfm`tjmdr Agkrdtm aoodcdatdkf. Pjus, Xabāda, okurtj idfn ko Carsa (1401-14<< BL ), wrktm8 ‚Xabāda,

Agkrdtm ljdmo, skf ko \āgdug, budct tjm Mbabbar— (Orayfm 14458 M0.2.0.1). Pjm td tcm ‚Agkrdtm ljdmo —kr ‚lkggaf`mr— was acsk usm` by Abd-\arm ko Carsa (145=-1:4= BL ) af` \df-nagdc ko @dfditug(Gdljackwsid 14>?8 121). Iuùr-gabui, tjm oatjmr ko âra`-\æf ko Carsa (1:<0-1:2< BL ), was

laccm` ‚oatjmr ko tjm Agkrdtm caf`— (Orayfm 14458 M0.2.1<.1<, c. 10-1=). Fktm tjm idfsjdp mcmgmftprmsmft df tjds tdtcm. Jaggurabd ko Babyckf laccm` jdgsmco ‚idfn ko acc tjm Agkrdtm caf`— (Orayfm14458 M0.<.?.:) af` ‚idfn ko tjm Agkrdtms— (Orayfm 14458 M0.<.?.2551).

\kgm idfns apparmftcy mvmf lcadgm` kr lkfstrultm` a sjarm` Agkrdtm aflmstry, tjat ds, \jagsjd- Aà` ko Miaccatug af` Jaggurabd ko Babyckf. Lkgpardskf ko tjmdr nmfmackndms, as rmlkr`m`by tjm Assyrdaf Idfn Cdst (AIC) af` tjm Nmfmackny ko tjm Jaggurabd @yfasty (NJ@), rmvmacsskgm dftmrmstdfn pattmrfs (Odfimcstmdf 14??). \mvmrac fagms ko rucmrs prmlm`dfn tjm odrst `yfastyko Babyckf kf tjm NJ@ acsk appmar kf tjm AIC, actjkunj df a `doomrmft kr`mr. Pjmsm fagmsarm Jmafa /Jafũ , @dtāfu /@d`āfu , af` Xuggabu /Xu—abu . Df tjm AIC, tjmsm idfns wmrm agkfn tjmsmvmftmmf idfns wjk cdvm` df tmfts. @dtāfu/@d`āfu ds ifkwf as af Agkrdtm nrkup, wjmrmas Jmafa /Jafũ ds a tmrg tjat ds lcksmcy asskldatm` wdtj pastkracdsg ds nmfmrac (smm \mltdkf ?.=.2). Pwk catmrmftrdms df tjm NJ@ arm vmry sdgdcar tk tjm fagms ko Agkrdtm nrkups cdvdfn df \dppar. Odfimcstmdf

ourtjmrgkrm sunnmstm` tjat smvmrac pmrskfac fagms df tjm AIC appmarm` df a ousm` af`/kr `ds-tkrtm` way df tjm NJ@, af` vdlm vmrsa, mvmftuaccy lkflcu`dfn tjat ‚tjm nmfmackndlac tra`dtdkfs kotjm Jaggurapd yfasty af` tjksm ko tjm Assyrdaf Idfn Cdst “ tjm odrst twk smltdkfs ko wjdlj gustacgkst lmrtadfcy bm d`mftdodm` as tjm –Ajfmftaomc‗ ko ťagšd-Aà` D “ arm kfm af` tjm sagm dfskoaras tjmy rmprmsmft a lkfsldkusfmss ko trdbac krdndfs— (14??8 44).

Pjm strulturm ko tjm mgmrndfn Agkrdtm idfn`kgs ds gkst lcmarcy vdsdbcm df tjm arljdvms orkgGard, suppkrtm` by smvmrac sgaccmr arljdvms orkg ktjmr fkrtjmrf Gmskpktagdaf sdtms, dflcu`dfn

Pmcc Cmd caf, Ljanar Bazar, af` Pmcc ac-Rdgaj. Pjmsm arljdvms prdgardcy `klugmft a rmcatdvmcy sjkrttdgm-pmrdk` lmftrm` kf tjm rmdnfs ko \jagsjd-Aà` af` Xdgrd-Cdg. Pjm Gard arljdvms, bmdfntjm carnmst agkfn tjmsm tmxt lkrpusms af` lkftadfdfn l . 25555 lkgpcmtm af` orangmftm` tabcmts,

42 Pjm appmaraflm ko Agkrdtm `yfastdms alrkss Gmskpktagda af` wmstmrf \yrda cm` Ljarpdf tk sunnms t tjat tjm Kc`Babyckfdaf pmrdk` lkuc` gkrm apprkprdatmcy bm fagm` tjm Agkrdtm pmrdk` (25508 <1).



12?


lkfsdst prm`kgdfaftcy ko a`gdfdstratdvm `klugmfts rmcatdfn tk tjm oufltdkfdfn ko tjm pacalm, af`cmttmrs `macdfn wdtj a vardmty ko subhmlts, orkg wjdlj statm aooadrs laf bm rmlkfstrultm` df ufprml-m`mftm` `mtadc. Urmldsm àta kf tjm arljamkckndlac lkftmxts arm calidfn okr tjm tmxts okuf` df tjmmarcy mxlavatdkfs by Uarrkt, but skgm pattmrfs javm mgmrnm` orkg tjm gkrm rmlmft mxlavatdkfs atGard. Pjmsm df`dlatm tjat tjm gahkrdty ko tmxts prm-àtdfn tjm rmdnf ko Tasgaj-A`ù wmrm prkb-

abcy `dslar`m` kr burdm` df tjm past, pkssdbcy df`dlatdfn a cali ko dftmrmst kf Tasgaj-A`ù—s partokr immpdfn acdvm tjm rmgmgbraflm ko marcdmr rucmrs. Pjm arljdvms orkg tjm rmdnf ko Xdgrd-Cdg, kftjm ktjmr jaf`, lkftadfm` cmttmrs orkg tjm rmdnf ko jds prm`mlmsskr, pmrjaps df`dlatdfn a strkfnmrjdstkrdlac lkfsldkusfmss (@uraf` 144>8 24). Fmvmrtjmcmss, dt sjkuc` acways bm impt df gdf` tjattjmsm tmxts wmrm part ko tjm pacalm arljdvms, af` wrdttmf by pacalm koodldacs. Pjm vdmws mxprmssm` dftjmg tjmrmokrm wmrm tjm vdmws ko tjm statm, af` tjm gattmrs `dslussm` df tjmg wmrm ko dgpkrtaflmtk tjm statm.

Bmokrm tjm strulturm ko tjm Gard statm ds gkrm ouccy mxpckrm`, dt gay bm usmouc tk lcardoy tjm usmko tjm tmrgs trdbm af` trdbac, af` wjmtjmr tjmsm arm appcdlabcm tk tjm skldmty tjat ds `klugmftm` dftjm Gard arljdvms. Pjds stu`y wdcc okcckw tjm prkpksacs ga`m by Ocmgdfn (25508 2?), budc`dfn kf mar-cdmr wkri by \aczgaf (14>:a) af` Ijkury af` Ikstdfmr (1445a). Df tjds apprkalj, tjm tmrg trdbac dsusm` tk `mslrdbm a typm ko skldac krnafdzatdkf usuaccy ljaraltmrdzm` by rmac kr lkfstrultm` idfsjdptdms, af` by sjarm` lucturac tradts sulj as cafnuanm af` lustkgs (Ijkury af` Ikstdfmr 1445b8 =). Atrdbac lkfom`mraly rmprmsmfts a lkacdtdkf ko trdbms tjat ds pkcdtdlaccy ufdtm`, actjkunj tjds `kms fktfmlmssardcy dfvkcvm a lmftracdzm` nkvmrfgmft systmg (Ocmgdfn 25508 2>). ^dtjdf tjds apprkalj, tjmtmrg trdbm ds `mvkd` ko tjm mvkcutdkfary lkffktatdkfs mvd`mft df tjm wkris ko \ajcdfs af` \mrvdlm.

Pjus, a trdbac krnafdzatdkf ds fkt a prdkrd gkrm a`vaflm` kr prdgdtdvm tjaf ktjmr arljmtypdlac okrgsko pkcdtdlac af` skldac krnafdzatdkfs sulj as tjm statm kr tjm ljdmo`kg (Uaridfskf 25528 4).

Dt appmars tjat Gard skldmty was krnafdzm` ackfn cdfms ko trdbac aoodcdatdkf. Rkwtkf acrma`y rmac-dzm` tjm dgpkrtaflm ko trdbac aoodcdatdkfs df Gard af` usm` tjm tmrgs ‚`dgkrpjdl ljdmo`kg— kr ‚`d-gkrpjdl statm— tk `mslrdbm a pkcdty ufdtdfn trdbac (smgd-)fkga`dl nrkups af` fkf-trdbac sm`mftarypmkpcm cdvdfn df tkwfs (Rkwtkf 14><a).4< Df Rkwtkf—s gk`mc ko tjm Gard statm, tjm statm was ms-smftdaccy fkf-trdbac df faturm, jma`m` by a fkf-trdbac rucmr wjk was assdstm` by prdgardcy fkf-trdbackoodldacs. Pjm statm lkftdfukuscy trdm` tk lkftrkc tjm trdbac mcmgmfts tjat wmrm prmsmft wdtjdf dtshurds`dltdkf. Pjmsm trdbac nrkups, jkwmvmr, altdvmcy rmsdstm` af`, bmlausm tjmy wmrm (smgd-)fkga`dl,lkuc` af` kotmf trdm` tk mva`m statm lkftrkc by gkvdfn dftk tjm stmppm bmykf` tjm statm bkufàrdms.Jkwmvmr, ùm tk tjm lylcdlac faturm ko rmskurlms, (smgd-)fkga`dl pastkracdsts acways ja` tk rmturftk tjm gkrm omrtdcm armas lkftrkccm` by tjm statm, af` tjds lylcm ko dftrusdkf af` rmtrmat was lmftractk Rkwtkf—s fktdkf ko mflcksm` fkga`dsg (Rkwtkf 14><b, 14>0). Rkwtkf budct jds gk`mc ko tjmstrulturm ko tjm Gard statm kf kbsmrvatdkfs ko prm-gk`mrf af` jdstkrdlac trdbm-statm dftmraltdkf dftjm wd`mr Fmar Mast. Lmftrac tk jds gk`mc ko tjm `dgkrpjdl statm was tjm d`ma tjat tkwf af` trdbm

wmrm bktj nkvmrfm` by a sdfncm rucmr kr statm a`gdfdstratdkf. Pjus, allkr`dfn tk Rkwtkf (14><a8252), ‚Pjm jaccgari ko `dgkrpjdl strulturm ds af autkfkgkus ljdmo`kg lmftmrm` kf a tkwf dftrdbac tmrrdtkry. Orkg tjds basm a cklac `yfasty mxmrts a varydfn bcmf` ko rucm af` dfocumflm kvmr tjmfkga`dl af` sm`mftary trdbms df tjm lkuftrysd`m. Pjm pkpucatdkf ko tjm ljdmo`kg dflcu`ms bktj

a fkftrdbac af` a trdbac mcmgmft.— ^dtjdf tjds strulturm, tjm pkwmr ko trdbac cma`mrs ocultuatm , buttjmsm cma`mrs wmrm mvmftuaccy abskrbm` dftk kr rmpcalm` by tjm mssmftdaccy fkf-trdbac statm krnafdza-tdkf (Rkwtkf 14>08 22).

Jkwmvmr, rmlmft rmsmarlj jas df`dlatm` tjat tjm trdbms kr trdbac lkfom`mraldms wmrm mvmf gkrmstrkfncy dftmrwkvmf wdtj tjm Gard statm tjaf assugm` by Rkwtkf kr Gattjmws (14>:). Pjm Gardstatm was fkt abkvm kr kf a par wdtj tjm trdbms, but was dtsmco mftdrmcy trdbac. Pjus, ratjmr tjaf as-sugdfn tjat tjm Gard rucmrs `mact wdtj tjm trdbac lkfom`mraldms tjrkunj dftmrgm`datm (fkf-)trdbackoodldacs sulj as tjm gmrjùg , tjm assugptdkf fkw ds tjat tjm rucmrs tjmgsmcvms wmrm gmgbmrs kokfm ko tjmsm lkfom`mraldms, tjm \dg—acdtms (Ljarpdf af` @uraf` 14:?8 1=5). ^dtjdf tjds vdmw, tjmabsmflm ko df`dlatdkfs okr a trdbac d`mftdty sjkuc` fkt bm uf`mrstkk` as af absmflm ko trdbac ao-odcdatdkfs, but as af df`dlatdkf tjat tjmsm aoodcdatdkfs wmrm sk kbvdkus tjat tjmy wmrm fkt acways

4< Rkwtkf jas wrdttmf mxtmfsdvmcy kf pastkracdsg, fkga`dsg, af` trdbm-statm dftmraltdkf df rmlmft tdgms, as wmcc as ùrdfntjm Kc` Babyckfdaf pmrdk` (smm Rkwtkf 14:58 f. 2, okr af mxtmfsdvm cdst ko Rkwtkf—s artdlcms kf tjmsm subhmlts).



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gmftdkfm`. Df ktjmr wkr`s, df gafy lasms wjmrm acc df`dlatdkf ko trdbac d`mftdty ds absmft, tjm tmxtprkbabcy rmcatm` tk tjm \dg—acdtm lkfom`mraly, bmlausm tjat lkfom`mraly `kgdfatm` Gard pkcdtdls(smm \mltdkf ?.=.2).40

\mvmrac Agkrdtm trdbac lkfom`mraldms laf bm rmlknfdzm`, ko wjdlj tjm \dg—acdtms ‚ko tjm cmotjaf`— af` Tagdfdtms ‚ko tjm rdnjt jaf`— wmrm tjm gkst dgpkrtaft (\trmli 25528 1>=).4= Pjmsm trdbac

lkfom`mraldms wmrm rucm` allkr`dfn tk `doomrmft pkwmr strulturms. Pjds `doomrmflm ds gkst lcmarcy vdsdbcm df tjm oalt tjat tjm \dg—acdtms wmrm nkvmrfm` by a sdfncm rucmr, tjat ds, Tajùf-Cdg af` catmrXdgrd-Cdg, wjmrmas tjm Tagdfdtms ja` odvm rucmrs. ]f`mr tjmdr sdfncm rucmr, tjm \dg—acdtms wmrm kr-nafdzm` df nayug , ko wjdlj at cmast twmcvm arm ifkwf by fagm (@uraf` 2550b8 1>4-:5). Pjm tmrg

nayug ds kotmf trafscatm` as ‚lcaf— kr ‚trdbm—, wjmrmas Ocmgdfn sunnmstm` tjm gkrm fmutrac ‚`dvdsdkf—(25508 0<). Fk lcmar koodldac pksdtdkf laf bm assdnfm` tk tjm nayug , af` tjmy gay fkt javm jaàfy pkcdtdlac oufltdkfs (Ocmgdfn 25508 =:). Apparmftcy a vmry strkfn skldac rmcatdkf bmtwmmf jafa af` tjm nayug mxdstm`, df tjm smfsm tjat vdrtuaccy kfcy jafa wmrm d`mftdodm` as gmgbmrs ko a nayug .Fmvmrtjmcmss, sm`mftary df`dvdùacs lkuc` d`mftdoy tjmgsmcvms as gmgbmrs ko a nayug as wmcc, df`d-latdfn tjat a nayug was fkt a strdltcy pastkracdst skldac ufdt. (Ocmgdfn 25508 =0-=).

\kgm mvd`mflm sunnmsts tjat tjmrm was af kvmrarljdfn dvdsdkf ko tjm nayug dftk jafa ko Tabasuaf` jafa ko Ašarunayug, tk wjdlj gkst ko tjm ifkwf nayug lkuc` bm assdnfm`. Pjm Tabasu gayjavm bmmf cklatm` df tjm wmstmrf part ko tjm Hmzdraj, wjmrmas tjm Ašarunayug wmrm okuf` arkuf`tjm Hmbmc \dfhar af` ackfn tjm Mupjratms skutj ko Gard (@uraf` 2550b8 1:5-<). Pjds kvmrarljdfn`dvdsdkf smmgs tk javm prdgardcy oufltdkfm` df gdcdtary lkftmxts, af` \dg—acdtms wmrm ktjmrwdsm ac-

ways d`mftdodm` by tjmdr nayug (Ocmgdfn 25508 =>). Pjm Tagdfdtms wmrm `dvd`m` dftk cd—gug , odvm ko wjdlj arm ifkwf by fagm8 tjm Agfafù, Rabbù,

]prapù, Tajrurù, af` Tardjù (@uraf` 2550b8 1=:). Df oalt, Tagdfdtms wmrm nmfmraccy d`mftdodm` asgmgbmrs ko kfm ko tjmsm cd—gug , ratjmr tjaf as Tagdfdtms. Malj Tagdfdtm cd—gug was nkvmrfm`by a šarrug kr idfn (@uraf` 2550b8 1=:). @mspdtm tjmsm krnafdzatdkfac `doomrmflms bmtwmmf tjm\dg—acdtm af` tjm Tagdfdtm trdbac lkfom`mraldms, tjm nayug af` tjm cd—gug wmrm vmry sdgdcar df tmrgsko gmgbmrsjdp, as tjmy bktj rmprmsmftm` tjm odrst trdbac cmvmc by wjdlj df`dvdùac \dg—acdtms af`

Tagdfdtms wmrm d`mftdodm`. Pjm Tagdfdtm cd—gug sdgdcarcy lkfsdstm` ko gkbdcm pastkracdsts af` sm`-mftary pmkpcm (Ocmgdfn 25508 ?1-<). Agkfn tjm Tagdfdtms, tjm tmrg jdbrug smmgs tk javm `mfktmà gkbdcm pastkracdst pkpucatdkf lkgpkfmft df gulj tjm sagm way as jafa af` nayug `d` agkfn tjm\dg—acdtms (Gattjmws 14>:8 ?=9 @uraf` 2550a8 <45-19 Ocmgdfn 25508 4>).4?

Df jds `dslussdkf kf mflcksm` fkga`dsg, Rkwtkf was sdgdcarcy lkflmrfm` wdtj tjm trdbackrnafdzatdkf as attmstm` df tjm Gard arljdvms. Jm `rmw attmftdkf tk tjm oalt tjat tjm Gard trdb-ac lkfom`mraldms lkuc` dflcu`m sm`mftary as wmcc as gkbdcm pkpucatdkf lkgpkfmfts. Jm usm`tjm tmrg ‚dftmnratm` trdbm— tk `mslrdbm skldac nrkups lkfsdstdfn ko sm`mftary as wmcc as (smgd-)fkga`dl jkusmjkc`s (14>08 2). Okr mxagpcm, df a cmttmr tk Xdgrd-Cdg by Jaggæ-dštagar, a rucmrko tjm ]prapù af` tjmrmokrm a Tagdfdtm, kfm rma`s8 ‚Gy ckr` ifkws tjat tjm cma`mrs af` tjm tmft-`wmccmrs arm wdtj gm at \agâfug. Bmlausm tjmy ja` fkt gmt wdtj tjmdr brktjmrs, rmsd`mfts ko tjmldty, okr a ckfn tdgm, tjmy spmft smvmrac àys wdtjkut gkvdfn— (trafscatm` orkg @uraf` 144:8 tmxt><<). Pjm sagm `dstdfltdkf ds mvmf gkrm strkfncy mxprmssm` df afktjmr cmttmr abkut tjm `dvdsdkf ko

caf`. Allkr`dfn tk tjds tmxt, tjm ‚jkusm ko Awdf—, part ko tjm Tagdfdtmcd—gug

Rabbù, ds `dvd`m` dfodvm skfs ko Awdf wjk cdvm df Appaf, af` mdnjt skfs ko Awdf ko tjm jdbrug ko tjm fawùg , prmsug-abcy df tjm gmafdfn ko pasturm arma (Gattjmws 14>:8 45). Pjmsm tmxts fkt kfcy lcmarcy df`dlatm tjatjafa lkuc` bm usm` wdtjdf a Tagdfdtm skldac lkftmxt, but acsk, af` gkrm dgpkrtaftcy, tjat gkbdcmjafa af` jdbrug kf tjm kfm jaf`, af` sm`mftary tkwfsgmf kf tjm ktjmr wmrm part ko tjm sagm trdbmaf` tjat tjmdr aoodcdatdkf was `mslrdbm` ackfn idfsjdp tdms.

40 Lkfsmqumftcy, as \trmli rdnjtcy kbsmrvm`, tjm trdbac-fkf-trdbac `dljktkgy ds fkt af apt ljaraltmrdzatdkf ko a `dgkrpjdlljdmo`kg kr statm (\trmli 25528 f. 10=).

4= Marcy sldmftdodl cdtmraturm kf Gard fkga`dl pastkracdsg rmlknfdzm` tjm jafa kr Jafmafs as a ourtjmr trdbac nrkup kfaf mquac krnafdzatdkfac cmvmc as tjm \dg—acdtms af` Tagdfdtms (m.n. Iuppmr 14=>9 Afbar 1441), but dt jas rmlmftcy bmmfsjkwf tjat tjds vdmw ds mrrkfmkus (smm \mltdkf ?.=.2).

4? \kgm skldac nrkups apparmftcy stkk` kutsd`m tjm trdbac systmg kutcdfm` jmrm, d.m. tjm jabdrũ (smm Gattjmws 14>:81=4-?2).



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Actjkunj tjmrm wmrm armas wdtj gdxm` trdbac pkpucatdkfs, tjm avadcabcm mvd`mflm fmvmrtjmcmssdf`dlatms tjat attmstm` df`dvdùac trdbac d`mftdtdms wmrm gkrm strkfncy asskldatm` wdtj partdlucarnmknrapjdlac rmndkfs tjaf wdtj ktjmrs. Pjds mvd`mflm pkdfts tk tjm mxdstmflm ko smttcmgmfts wdtj aspmldodl trdbac aoodcdatdkf, as wmcc as tk tjm cklatdkf ko pasturm armas ko spmldodl trdbms. Allkr`dfn tk

Afbar (14418 11?), tjm Tagdfdtm smttcmgmfts wmrm prdgardcy cklatm` df tjm `dstrdlts ko Gard , Pmrqa,

af` \annaratug. Pjmdr pasturm armas wmrm wd`mcy `dspmrsm` alrkss fkrtjmrf Gmskpktagda, dflcu`-dfn Tagja`, Xacgaqug, af` tjm Hmbmc Bdsjrd. Afbar `dstdfnudsjm` tjm ‚Jafmafs— orkg ktjmr trdbms,but as jas bmlkgm lcmar, rmomrmflms tk tjmg sjkuc` bm uf`mrstkk` as rmomrmflms tk \dg—acdtms. Pjus,tjm kbsmrvatdkfs by Afbar tjat tjm ‚Jafmafs— ja` a spmldac lkffmltdkf wdtj Dà-Garasj, af` tjatgafy \dg—acdtm smttcmgmfts lkuc` acsk bm okuf` tjmrm altuaccy rmdfokrlm malj ktjmr (Afbar 1441811?-1>). Pjm sgaccmr trdbac nrkups wmrm prdgardcy okuf` ackfn tjm pmrdpjmry ko Gard—s dfocumflm.

Pjus, tjm Ta—dcāfug wmrm okuf` mast ko tjm Pdnrds, wjmrmas tjm Fugja af` Tagutbac wmrm cklatm`df Pmrqa, \annaratug, af` skutj ko tjm Hmbmc \dfhar.

Dt ds lcmar, tjmf, tjat tjmrm was fkt kfcy a `dljktkgy df Gard bmtwmmf a gkbdcm pastkracdst pkpu-catdkf lkgpkfmft af` a sm`mftary pkpucatdkf lkgpkfmft (smm \mltdkf ?.=.2), but acsk a trdbac `d-ljktkgy. Pjm odrst `dljktkgy kppksm` jafa anadfst tjksm pmkpcm asskldatm` wdtj tjm ācug , wjmrmastjm smlkf` pdttm` tjm trdbac lkfom`mraly ko tjm \dg—acdtms anadfst tjat ko tjm Tagdfdtms. Actjkunjtjmsm trdbac lkfom`mraldms wmrm ljaraltmrdzm` by vmry `doomrmft pkwmr strulturms, tjmy wmrm skldacufdts lkftadfdfn af` tjmrmokrm ufdtdfn sgaccmr ufdts orkg bktj tjm jafa af` ācug pkpucatdkf lkg-pkfmfts. Af dgpkrtaft lkfsmqumflm ko tjds dftmrprmtatdkf ko Gard skldmty ds tjat lkfocdlts bmtwmmftjm \dg—acdtm rucmrs ko Gard af` tjm Tagdfdtm lkfom`mraly wmrm fkt lkfocdlts bmtwmmf tjm `msmrtaf` tjm skwf, but bmtwmmf twk trdbac lkfom`mraldms, malj lkfsdstdfn ko jkusmjkc`s praltdsdfn pas-tkracdst kr anrdlucturac subsdstmflm stratmndms (Ocmgdfn 25508 0?).

Pwk sulj lkfocdlts arm part dlucarcy wmcc ifkwf. Pjm odrst ko tjmsm ds rmlkr`m` df Tajùf-Cdg—sokufàtdkf dfslrdptdkf ko tjm \jagasj-tmgpcm. Df tjds dfslrdptdkf, Tajùf-Cdg `mslrdbm` jkw jm`momatm` a Tagdfdtm lkacdtdkf lkfsdstdfn ko Agfafù, Rabbù, af` ]prapù (Gattjmws 14>:8 1<0)8‚Ca—ug, idfn ko \agāfug af` tjm caf` ko tjm ]prabug, Bajcuiucdg, idfn ko Puttuc af` tjm caf`ko tjm Agfafug, Adācug, idfn ko Abattug af` tjm caf` ko tjm Rabbdug, tjmsm idfns attalim` jdg(Tajùf-Cdg) af` tk ad` tjmg (acsk) lagm tjm argy ko \ugu-Mbuj ko tjm caf` ko Tagja`. At tjmtkwf, \agāfug, tjm trkkps ko tjm Tagdfdtms assmgbcm` tk jdg (\ugu-Mbuj) as a sdfncm mftdty af`df a gdnjty battcm tjmsm tjrmm idfns ko tjm Tagdfdtms jm (Tajùf-Cdg) put df ljadfs.— Allkr`dfn tkGattjmws, tjds lkfocdlt rmprmsmftm` a war bmtwmmf tjm urbaf rucmr ko Gard af` tjm trdbac Tagdfdtms.Jkwmvmr, bmlausm tjm \dg—acdtms wmrm rucm` by af df`dvdùac rucmr, wjmrmas tjm Tagdfdtms ja` smv-mrac rucmrs, tjds tmxt `kms fkt df`dlatm a lkfocdlt bmtwmmf trdbm af` statm, but bmtwmmf twk trdbaclkfom`mraldms. Pjm sagm sdtuatdkf smmgs tk javm ardsmf wjmf Xdgrd-Cdg aslmf`m` tjm tjrkfm koGard af` ja` tk qumcc a rmbmccdkf ko smvmrac Tagdfdtm cd—gug (lo. @uraf` 144:8 025).

\trmli (2550) afacysm` tjm ljrkfkckndlac af` spatdac mvmckpgmft df tjm kllurrmflm ko Agkrdtmsfagms df nrmatmr Gmskpktagda ùrdfn tjm Kc` Babyckfdaf pmrdk` (2555-1?55 BL ), tjmrmby suppcm-gmftdfn Bullmccatd—s wkri kf tjm ]r DDD pmrdk`. ]sdfn a àtabasm ko Agkrdtm fagms appmardfndf tmxts orkg fugmrkus sdtms alrkss nrmatmr Gmskpktagda, jm was abcm tk `klugmft tjm rmcatdvm

dgpkrtaflm ko Agkrdtm fagms df tjm tktac lkrpus. Bmlausm tmxtuac àta orkg `doomrmft pmrdk`s wmrm avadcabcm at smvmrac sdtms, dt was acsk pkssdbcm tk `klugmft ljafnms tjrkunj tdgm. CkwmrGmskpktagda, tjm rmndkf mast ko tjm Pdnrds, af` tjm Hmzdraj wmrm malj ljaraltmrdzm` by `doomr-mft `daljrkfdl `mvmckpgmfts. Df ckwmr Gmskpktagda, tjm pmrlmftanm ko Agkrdtm fagms df tjmtktac lkrpus `mlrmasm` orkg af avmranm ko 1= % okr marcy sdtms tk 0 % okr catm sdtms. Df tjm @dyacaaf` Jagrdf rmndkfs, tjm pmrlmftanm ko Agkrdtm fagms was 2< %. Pjm fugbmr ko sdtms af` tjmdrljrkfkckndlac sprma` ds dfsuoodldmft tk pkdft tk afy `daljrkfdl ljafnms. Agkrdtm fagms wmrm par-tdlucarcy strkfncy rmprmsmftm` df tjm Gard rmndkf af` tjm Mupjratms upstrmag tk Mgar. Arljdvmsorkg tjds rmndkf lkftadfm` kf avmranm >: % Agkrdtm fagms. Ourtjmr wmst, at sdtms cdim Larljmgdsj,

Acmppk, Gdsjrdom, af` Jazkr, >= % ko tjm fagms was Agkrdtm. At sdtms ourtjmr mast, cdim LjanarBazar, Rdgaj, af` Barrd, tjm dgpkrtaflm ko Agkrdtm fagms was gulj ckwmr, rafndfn bmtwmmf11-<? % (\trmli 2550). Bktj Afbar (14418 :4-45) af` \trmli (25508 <<0) pkdftm` tk tjm garim`

`doomrmflms df tjm kllurrmflm ko Agkrdtm fagms df trdbac af` fkf-trdbac lkftmxts df tjm Gard ar-ljdvms. Actjkunj tjm absmflm ko trdbac aoodcdatdkf sjkuc` fkt bm taimf as af df`dlatkr ko fkf-trdbac



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aslmft, tjm rmsucts arm fmvmrtjmcmss dftmrmstdfn. Agkrdtm fagms ga`m up kfcy l . 05 % ko tjm tktacfugbmr ko fagms ifkwf orkg Gard. Pjat pmrlmftanm, jkwmvmr, dflrmasm` tk kvmr >=-:5 % wjmfkfcy fagms ko trdbac gmgbmrs wmrm taimf dftk allkuft.

\trmli was acsk abcm tk stu`y tjm kllurrmflm ko Agkrdtm fagms wdtjdf sdfncm oagdcdms af` kvmrsmvmrac nmfmratdkfs df tjm arljdvms ko Gard af` \dppar. Jm lkccmltm` tjm fagms ko parmfts af`

ljdc`rmf wjmfmvmr kfm kr acc ko tjmg bkrm af Agkrdtm fagm. Df >5 % ko tjmsm lasms, bktj tjm par-mft af` tjm ljdc` ja` af Agkrdtm fagm, wjmrmas df 1> % ko acc lasms, tjm parmft ja` af Agkrdtmfagm, but tjm ljdc` ja` af Aiia`daf fagm. Df tjm rmgadfdfn 1< %, tjm fagms ko mdtjmr tjm parmftkr tjm ljdc` wmrm Aiia`daf, Jurrdaf, kr \ugmrdaf. Pjm tmxts orkg \dppar tjat prmàtm tjm rmdnf koJaggurabd df dlatm` tjat df acgkst jaco ko tjm lasms bktj tjm parmft af` tjm ljdc` ja` Agkrdtmfagms. Aiia`daf-Agkrdtm af` Agkrdtm-Aiia`daf parmft-ljdc` lkgbdfatdkfs ga`m up <5 % af`21 % ko tjm tktac fugbmr ko lasms. Df tjm catmr tmxts orkg \dppar, Agkrdtm-Agkrdtm fagm lkgbd-fatdkfs wmrm cmss lkggkf (11 %), wjmrmas Agkrdtm-Aiia`daf af` Aiia`daf-Agkrdtm parmft-ljdc`fagm lkgbdfatdkfs ja` rdsmf tk =< % af` << %, rmspmltdvmcy (\trmli 25508 <02).

>.< @mtmrgdfdfn tjm faturm ko tjm Agkrdtm d`mftdty

Pjm prmvdkus smltdkfs javm prmsmftm` jdstkrdlac mvd`mflm okr tjm prmsmflm ko Agkrdtms df nrmat-mr Gmskpktagda. @um tk tjm `dstrdbutdkf ko tjm àta, tjds rmvdmw jas mgpjasdzm` skutjmrfGmskpktagda kvmr tjm fkrtj, af` tjds bdas wdcc bm a``rmssm` bmckw. Pjm prmvdkus smltdkfs javmsjkwf tjat tjm cabmc Agkrdtm lkuc` bm appcdm` df a fugbmr ko ways, af` tjat dt gay javm ljafnm`dts gmafdfn kvmr tdgm. Dt ds tjmrmokrm dgpkrtaft tk `dsluss jkw tjm tmrg Agkrdtm gay bm dftmr-prmtm`. Urmvdkus rmsmarljmrs arnum` tjat tjm Agkrdtms wmrm fkga`dl pastkracdsts, pkssdbcy df tjmprklmss ko bmlkgdfn sm`mftary (Bullmccatd 14??9 Imfykf 14??9 Cÿffqvdst 255:), tjat tjmy rmprm-smftm` a rurac pkpucatdkf, tk bm huxtapksm` anadfst af Aiia`daf urbaf pkpucatdkf (Bullmccatd 14458152), kr tjat tjmy lagm orkg fkrtjmrf Gmskpktagda, af` wmrm acrma`y wmcc-allustkgm` tk urbafcdom (Ukrtmr 255>). Jkwmvmr, tjm kotmf prkpksm` `drmlt mquatdkf ko Agkrdtms wdtj (smgd-)fkga`dlpastkracdsts, kr a gkrm nmfmrac rurac lcass, ds fkt suppkrtm` by tjm àta prmsmftm` abkvm. Dfstma`,

gafy rmsmarljmrs javm `mslrdbm` tjm Agkrdtm d`mftdty as af mtjfdl cabmc, acckwdfn okr a gkrmouzzy `dstdfltdkf bmtwmmf pastkracdsts af` anrdlucturacdsts, kr fkga`s af` ldty-`wmccmrs (Iagp af` Tkoomm 14:5). Jkwmvmr, tjds cabmccdfn ds kfcy usmouc do tjmrm ds a sjarm` uf`mrstaf`dfn ko tjm tmrgmtjfdldty. Pjmrmokrm, tjm appcdlatdkf ko mtjfdldty tk arljamkckndlac lasm-stu`dms af` tjm Agkrdtmlasm df partdlucar wdcc bm `dslussm` bmckw.

>.<.1 ]f`mrstaf`dfn mtjfdldty

Pjmrm jas bmmf lkfsd`mrabcm `mbatm kf tjm faturm ko mtjfdldty, af` kf tjm appcdlatdkf ko mtjfdldtydf arljamkckny (m.n. Bartj 14?4a9 Bmftcmy 14:>9 Mgbmrcdfn 144>9 Hkfms 144>9 \tkfm 255<9 Bajrafd255?), smvmrmcy cdgdtdfn tjm usmoucfmss ko tjm lkflmpt ko mtjfdldty df tjm mbatm kf tjm Agkrdtms dfGmskpktagda. Pjds `mbatm suoomrm` orkg ( a ) `dsanrmmgmft kf a `modfdtdkf ko mtjfdldty, ( b ) a jdstkrd-

lac bur`mf rmsuctdfn orkg af abusdvm asskldatdkf ko mtjfdldty, ralm, af` arljamkckny by gk`mrf d`m-kckndms af` statms, af` ( l ) tjm dfabd cdty tk d`mftdoy arljamkckndlac lkrrmcatms ko mtjfdldty. Urdfldpaccy,tjmrm arm twk apprkaljms tk mtjfdldty8 tjm prdgkr`dacdst pmrspmltdvm tjat mxpcadfs mtjfdldty tjrkunjjabdtus , arnudfn tjat mtjfdldty ds part ko tjm uflkfsldkus vacums sjarm` by a nrkup9 af` tjm dfstru-gmftacdst pmrspmltdvm tjat vdmws mtjfdldty as af altdvm d`mftdty tjat ds gadftadfm` by af df`dvdùac krnrkup df tjm dftmraltdkf wdtj ktjmrs (\tkfm 255<8 <2). Pjm smlkf` apprkalj ds dfspdrm` by tjm wkriko Bartj (14?4a), af` jas mgmrnm` as tjm `kgdfaft para`dng df tjm stu`y ko mtjfdldty (Mgbmrcdfn144>8 24=).4>

4> Hkfms rmlmftcy attmgptm` tk rmlkfldcm tjm twk apprkaljms by arnudfn tjat ‚mtjfdl d`mftdodlatdkf dfvkcvms af kbhmltdodla -

tdkf ko lucturac praltdlms (wjdlj ktjmrwdsm lkfstdtutm subcdgdfac gk`ms ko bmjavdkur) df tjm rmlknfdtdkf af` sdnfdodla-tdkf ko `doomrmflm df kppksdtdkf tk ktjmrs— (144>8 12:).



1<5


Pjm dgpcdlatdkfs ko rmlmft aftjrkpkckndlac rmsmarlj okr tjm lkflmpt ko mtjfdldty javm fkt ymtbmmf ouccy lkfsd`mrm` df acc stu`dms ko mtjfdldty df tjm afldmft Fmar Mast. Okr mxagpcm, vaf @rdmc—srmlmft mvacuatdkf ko tjm lkflmpt ko mtjfdldty (255=) ds a carnm stmp baliwar`s df tjds `dslussdkf,lkgpcmtmcy fmncmltdfn Iagp af` Tkoomm—s (14:5) gulj gkrm tjkunjtouc lkfsd`mratdkf ko tjm sub-hmlt. Allkr`dfn tk vaf @rdmc, mtjfdldty af` dts sdnfaccdfn prdgardcy rmcatm tk prkbcmgs lausm` by

lkfocdltdfn caf`-usm stratmndms (255=8 <). Jm ourtjmr assugm` tjat mtjfdl ljafnm kllurrm` tjrkunjlkftalt, Caf`fajgm , af` allucturatdkf (vaf @rdmc 255=8 <-0). Pjus, wrdtdfn abkut tjm Agkrdtms, vaf@rdmc sunnmstm` tjat at tjm mf` ko tjm ]r DDD pmrdk` a Caf`fajgm ja` kllurrm` wjmrmby caf` wasndvmf tk gdcdtary lkckfdsts (255=8 >). Pjrkunj tjds arnugmftatdkf, mtjfdl ljafnm ds rmùlm` tk aprklmss ko gdnratdkf af` rmpcalmgmft ko kfm skldac nrkup by afktjmr, wdtjkut lkfsd`mratdkf kotjm lkgpcmx dftmraltdkfs bmtwmmf mtjfdl nrkups tjat arm `klugmftm` okr tjm gkrm rmlmft past.Ourtjmrgkrm, tjm suppksm` Agkrdtm taim-kvmr ko pkwmr kfcy smmgs tk javm kllurrm` mookrtcmsscybmlausm tjmrm ds a rmcatdvm cali ko jdstkrdlac mvd`mflm kf mxaltcy tjm pmrdk` ùrdfn wjdlj tjds taim-kvmr accmnm`cy tkki pcalm, tjat ds, tjm pmrdk` dggm`datmcy okcckwdfn upkf tjm ]r DDD pmrdk`.

Oufàgmftac okr tjm gk`mrf lkflmptdkf ko mtjfdldty jas bmmf Bartj—s kbsmrvatdkf tjat mtjfdld`mftdty ds fkt kfcy alifkwcm`nm` by ktjmrs but acsk smco-aslrdbm` (14?4a8 11). ^dtjdf tjds apprkaljtk mtjfdldty, dt ds fkt dgpkrtaft tk `modfm af mtjfdl lucturm-lkrm, but tk `modfm jkw, wjy, af` wjmfmtjfdl nrkups `dstdfnudsj tjmgsmcvms orkg ktjmr nrkups. Pjds ds ckndlac, sdflm afy skldac `dvdsdkflaf kfcy bm gmafdfnouccy artdlucatm` do bktj dts gmgbmrs af` afy kutsd`mrs javm a lcmar uf`mr-staf`dfn ko wjmrm af` jkw tjm bkufàry kr `doomrmflm ds `rawf. Pjus, allkr`dfn tk Mgbmrcdfn(144>8 <50), ‚af mtjfdl nrkup ds gkst mssmftdaccy a nrkup wjksm gmgbmrs vdmw tjmgsmcvms as jav-dfn lkggkf aflmstry, tjmrmokrm as bmdfn idf. As idf ufdts carnmr tjaf afy ktjmrs, tjmy gust dflcu`mgmgbmrs ko gkrm tjaf kfm cdfmanm kr mxtmf`m` oagdcy. Gmgbmrs ko af mtjfdl nrkup usuaccy pks-smss skgm lkggkf cafnuanm. Mtjfdl nrkups kotmf arm ufdodm` by lkfstrultdkfs ko tjmdr past, bypmrlmptdkf ko dfhustdlm df tjm past kr df tjm prmsmft, af` kotmf by jkpms ko a outurm rmufdodlatdkf.—Df tjds pmrspmltdvm, mtjfdldty ds smparatm` orkg ktjmr skldac latmnkrdms dflcu`dfn ralm, cafnuanm, af`lucturm. Mtjfdl d`mftdty ds tjm rmsuct ko tjm `yfagdl skldac prklmss bmtwmmf tjm altkrs tjmgsmcvms.Ratjmr tjaf ckkidfn okr wjat lkfstdtutms af` ds dflcu`m` df af mtjfdl d`mftdty, tjm `doomrmflms bm-twmmf mtjfdldtdms sjkuc` bm tjm oklus ko attmftdkf. Df arljamkckny, tjds trafscatms dftk d`mftdoydfn`doomrmflms df gatmrdac lucturm tjat arm gmafdfnouc okr tjm mxprmssdkf ko mtjfdl `doomrmflms (\tkfm255<8 0<). Jkwmvmr, tjm sdtuatdkfac faturm ko mtjfdl mxprmssdkf, tjat ds, wjmtjmr kr fkt af df`d-

vdùac kr nrkup `mld`ms tk sdnfac dts mtjfdl d`mftdty, af` tjrkunj wjdlj ljaffmcs tjat sdnfaccdfn dsaljdmvm`, gaims dt dgpkssdbcm okr arljamkckndsts tk lcmarcy d`mftdoy mtjfdldty orkg arljamkckndlac krjdstkrdlac rmlkr`s. Fk lcmar kfm-tk-kfm rmcatdkfsjdps mxdst bmtwmmf mtjfdldty af` partdlucar lucturactradts (\tkfm 255<8 0<). Ratjmr, `mpmf`dfn kf tjm lkftmxt, `doomrmft omaturms laf bm usm` tk sdnfacmtjfdldty. A``dtdkfaccy, mtjfdldty ds usuaccy mxprmssm` tjrkunj a lkgbdfatdkf ko omaturms (Jkrkwdtz14:=8 0>). Bmlausm mtjfdldty ds kfm ko gafy d`mftdtdms af df`dvdùac kr nrkup laf assugm, dt gustourtjmr bm lkfsd`mrm` wjmtjmr partdlucar omaturms sdnfac mtjfdldty at acc, kr fkt skgm ktjmr aspmltko d`mftdty (Mgbmrcdfn 144>8 244, <1<9 \tkfm 255<8 0<).

Arljamkckndsts tjus oalm spmldodl prkbcmgs wjmf attmgptdfn tk d`mftdoy tjm mgmrnmflm af` mx-

prmssdkf ko mtjfdl d`mftdty. Pjds ds fkt kfcy tjm lasm wjmf mtjfdldty gust bm rmlkfstrultm` orkggatmrdac lucturm ackfm, but acsk wjmf jdstkrdlac rmlkr`s fagdfn nrkups af` `klugmftdfn dftmr-altdkfs bmtwmmf tjmg arm avadcabcm. Okr mxagpcm, tjmrm jas bmmf a ckfn-staf`dfn `mbatm kf jkwtjm kllurrmflm ko fkf-\ugmrdaf wkr`s df tjm marcdmst tmxts af` tjm rmpcalmgmft ko \ugmrdaf by

Aiia`daf as tjm gkst dgpkrtaft wrdttmf cafnuanm sjkuc` bm dftmrprmtm`. Pjds `mbatm jas kotmfbmmf pjrasm` df tmrgs ko gdnratdkf. Jkwmvmr, cafnuanms laffkt bm mquatm` wdtj mtjfdl d`mftd-tdms, af` ktjmr lucturac af`/kr skldac prklmssms gay bm dfvkim` tk mxpcadf ljafnms df slrdbac tra`d-tdkfs, wjdlj ds tjm altuac ljafnm kbsmrvm` by arljamkckndsts af` pjdckckndsts (Tkoomm 144=8 2459Mgbmrcdfn 144>8 <10). As rmnar`s tjm rmlkfstrultdkf ko mtjfdl d`mftdtdms orkg gatmrdac lucturm, tjdslaf bm gkst orudtouccy pursum` by usdfn as gafy cdfms ko mvd`mflm as pkssdbcm. Gkrm spmldodlaccy,dgpkrtaft skldac bkufàrdms wdcc bm gkrm strkfncy garim` tjaf cmss dgpkrtaft kfms (Mgbmrcdfn144>8 <1:9 \tkfm 255<8 0<), actjkunj tjds lkrrmcatdkf `kms fkt df`dlatm do df a ndvmf lkftmxt mtjfdl-

dty ds af dgpkrtaft skldac strulturm.



1<1


Pjmrm arm fugmrkus mxagpcms ko mtjfdl ljafnm, tjat ds, lasms wjmrm af df`dvdùac kr nrkupljafnms dts mtjfdl d`mftdty, af` a`kpts a fmw d`mftdty. Bmlausm mtjfdldty ds a skldac latmnkry, tjmgmljafdsgs tjrkunj wjdlj dt ds ljafnm` arm acsk ko a skldac faturm, tjat ds, tjmy dfvkcvm tjm allmpt-aflm kr a`kptdkf ko fmw skldk-lucturac prklmssms af`/kr d`mas. Mtjfdl ljafnm odrst af` okrmgkstassugms tjm allmptaflm ko fmwlkgmrs by gmgbmrs ko tjm rmlmdvdfn mtjfdl nrkup, af` dt assugmstjat tjmrm arm skldk-lucturac prklmssms tjrkunj wjdlj dflcusdkf dftk tjm nrkup laf bm aljdmvm`. Dosulj prklmssms arm df pcalm, smvmrac gktdvatdkfs laf cma` tk df`dvdùacs kr nrkups ljafndfn tjmdrmtjfdl d`mftdtdms. Kf a vmry nmfmrac cmvmc, sulj gktdvatdkfs mftadc a lcmar mlkfkgdlac, lucturac, krskldac a`vaftanm ko skgm skrt tk tjm nrkup (Bartj 14?4a8 229 Abruzzd 14:28 21). Bartj (14?4b)

okr mxagpcm lcmarcy sjkwm` df jds afacysds ko Uatjaf mtjfdl d`mftdty tjat Uatjafs assugm` fmwd`mftdtdms wjmf tjm sdtuatdkf okrlm` tjmg tk `k sk, kr wjmf dt was a`vaftanmkus tk tjmg, `mspdtm alcmar rmcultaflm tk abaf`kf tjm skldk-lucturac lkflmpts asskldatm` wdtj bmdfn Uatjaf. Pjds mtjfdlljafnm was, jkwmvmr, kfcy pkssdbcm bmlausm tjm rmlmdvdfn nrkup acsk saw a`vaftanms df dflrmasdfntjmdr fugbmrs, af` df a`kptdfn fmw gmgbmrs dftk tjmdr skldac systmg (lo. Jkrkwdtz 14:=8 0:).

Javdfn rmvdmwm` skgm dgpkrtaft aspmlts ko mtjfdldty as d`mftdty, dt ds fkw pkssdbcm tk `dsluss wjmtjmr kr fkt tjmsm aspmlts appcy tk wjat ds ifkwf abkut tjm Agkrdtms. Df ktjmr wkr`s, laf tjm Agkrdtm d`mftdty df`mm` bm lkfsd`mrm` af mtjfdl d`mftdty; Pabcm >.2 df`dlatms tjm rmcatdvm strmfntjko tjm mvd`mflm okr mtjfdl prkpmrtdms ko tjm Agkrdtm d`mftdty okr tjm tjrmm ljrkfkckndlac pmrdk`s`dslussm` marcdmr. As ds lcmar orkg tjds tabcm, tjm kvmracc mvd`mflm ds fkt vmry strkfn, at odrst sdnjtsunnmstdfn tjat tjm Agkrdtm d`mftdty laf kfcy bm lkfsd`mrm` af mtjfdldty urdfn tjm Kc` Babyckfdafpmrdk`. Jkwmvmr, tjmrm arm rmaskfs tk bmcdmvm tjat tjm wmai mtjfdl garimrs ko tjm Agkrdtm d`mftdty

df tjm marcdmr pmrdk`s arm kfcy partcy um tk tjm faturm ko tjm mvd`mflm, af` tjat tjm Agkrdtm d`mftd-ty gay acsk bm lkfsd`mrm` af mtjfdldty df tjksm pmrdk`s okr wjdlj dfsuoodldmft mvd`mflm ds avadcabcm.Bmckw, dt wdcc bm arnum` tjat tjm absmflm ko tjmsm garimrs laf tk a substaftdac `mnrmm bm attrdbutm`tk tjm lucturac af` mfvdrkfgmftac lkftmxts df wjdlj tjm Agkrdtm d`mftdty `mvmckpm`.

>.<.2 Pjm `mvmckpgmft ko tjm Agkrdtm d`mftdty

Pjm `mvmckpgmft ko tjm Agkrdtm d`mftdty laf bm tralm` orkg l . 2=55 BL, wjmf dt was odrst gmf-tdkfm` df jdstkrdlac skurlms. Dt ds dgpkrtaft tk rmacdzm, jkwmvmr, tjat tjds àtm `kms fkt fmlmssar-dcy sdnfdoy tjm mgmrnmflm ko tjat d`mftdty, but ratjmr dts appmaraflm df tjm jdstkrdlac rmlkr`. Pjdsappmaraflm df`dlatms mdtjmr tjat tjm wrdtmr(s) ja` bmlkgm awarm ko tjm mxdstmflm ko af Agkrdtmd`mftdty, kr tjat tjmy lkfsd`mrm` tjat d`mftdty tk bm dgpkrtaft mfkunj tk bm gmftdkfm`. Pjm slat-

tmrm` rmomrmflms tk Agkrdtms bmokrm tjm ]r DDD pmrdk` arm `doodluct tk assmss. ^jmrmas tjm Agkrdtmsokunjt by Farag-\df wmrm part ko tjm argy ko Agar-Ndrd` af` gay javm bmmf gmrlmfardms, tjmlkftmxt ko tjm lkfocdlt bmtwmmf ťar-iacd-šarrd af` tjm Agkrdtms was cmss lcmar. Pjm Agkrdtms gayjavm bmmf tjm gadf kppkfmfts, but tjm rmaskf okr tjm battcm rmgadfs ufifkwf. Kf tjm ktjmr jaf`,tjm marcdmr rmomrmflms tk Agkrdtms orkg \juruppai af` Canasj dccustratm tjat acrma`y at tjat tdgm

Agkrdtms wmrm dftmnratm` df Gmskpktagdaf urbaf skldmty. Gkrm dgpkrtaftcy, tjmy arm gmftdkfm`df vmry `doomrmft lkftmxts, tjat ds, df a tkpkfyg, as rmldpdmfts ko barcmy ratdkfs, af` as sjmpjmr`s.

Actjkunj dt ds àfnmrkus tk rmcy kf kfm kr twk tmxtuac rmomrmflms, tjmsm rmomrmflms fmvmrtjmcmsssunnmst, tknmtjmr wdtj wjat ds ifkwf orkg tjm ]r DDD pmrdk`, tjat Agkrdtms `d` fkt mftmr ckwmrGmskpktagda as okrmdnfmrs at tjm mf` ko tjm tjdr` gdccmffdug BL, but wmrm tjmrm wmcc bmokrm tjattdgm.

@urdfn tjm ]r DDD pmrdk`, tjm jdstkrdlac skurlms pkdft tk twk oufàgmftaccy `doomrmft pmrlmp-

tdkfs ko Agkrdtm df`dvdùacs af` nrkups (Bullmccatd 14??8 <<?). A`gdfdstratdvm `klugmfts lcmarcydccustratm tjm jdnj `mnrmm ko dftmnratdkf ko Agkrdtm df`dvdùacs df acc cmvmcs ko ]r DDD skldmty.

smco-d`mftdfilatdkf aslrdbm` d`mftdty sjarm` tradts

prm-]r DDD - +/- -

]r DDD - + -

marcy smlkf` gdccmffdug +/- +/- +/-

Pabcm >.28 Lkgpardskf ko avadcabcm mvd`mflm okr mtjfdl prkpmr tdms ko Agkrdtm d`mftdty tjrkunj tdgm (+8 strkfn mvd`mflm9+/-8 skgm mvd`mflm9 -8 vmry cdttcm/fk mvd`mflm).



1<2


Gkrm dftmrmstdfncy, Agkrdtms lkuc` rmalj jdnj pksdtdkfs df tjm statm burmaulraly, as `mgkfstratm`by Dšbd-Mrra, tjm catmr rucmr ko Dsdf. Pjds kbsmrvatdkf lkftrasts tjm pmrlmptdkf ko Agkrdtms asmgmrnms orkg tjm cdtmrary skurlms af` tjm Rkyac Lkrrmspkf`mflm ko ]r. Pjmsm skurlms oklus kftjm uffaturac af` fkf-jugaf aspmlts ko tjm Agkrdtm d`mftdty, tjmrmby lrmatdfn a lcmar `dljktkgybmtwmmf ordmf`s, tjat ds, tjm ]r DDD statm af` dts accdms, af` okms, tjat ds, Agkrdtm kutsd`mrs, tjat kfcy

partdaccy rmocmlts rmacdty. Pjm koodldac `klugmfts arm nmfmraccy lkflmrfm` wdtj tjm usuaccy jkstdcmdftmraltdkfs bmtwmmf tjm statm af` Agkrdtm nrkups. Dt smmgs tjmrmokrm ckndlac tk assugm tjat tjmsm`klugmfts purpksmouccy lrmatm` af dganm ko tjmsm Agkrdtm nrkups as fkf-jugaf mfmgdms as aidf` ko statm prkpanafà (lo. Gmdhmr okrtjlkgdfn). Pjm oalt tjat tjm ]r DDD statm lkfsd`mrm` tjmsmnrkups as mfmgdms `mrdvm` fkt orkg tjmdr Agkrdtm mtjfdldty pmr sm , but orkg tjmdr rad`s dftk caf`tjat was lkftrkccm` kr lcadgm` by tjm statm. Pjus, skgm Agkrdtm nrkups altm` df a way tjat tjm ]rDDD statm `mmgm` jkstdcm, af` dt ds spmldodlaccy anadfst tjmsm nrkups tjat tjm statm mgpckym` dts aftd-

Agkrdtm rjmtkrdl, ratjmr tjaf anadfst Agkrdtms df nmfmrac.Dt ds dgpkrtaft tk fktm df tjds lkftmxt tjat tjm tmrg Pd`fug df ]r DDD skurlms kllurrm` orm-

qumftcy as a syfkfyg okr Gartu. Pd`fug was gmftdkfm` df tmxts orkg Mbca af` kf Nu`ma \tatumB, but kfcy as a nmknrapjdlac pcalm fagm. Pjm Pd`fug df tjm Mbca tmxts laffkt bm prmldsmcy ck-latm`, but tjm Pd`(a)fug df tjm ‚gkuftadf rafnm ko tjm Agkrdtms— gmftdkfm` by Nu`ma sjkuc` bmcklatm` df tjm Hmbmc Bdsjrd. Pjds cklatdkf ds basm` kf Aiia`daf skurlms tjat lcmarcy `mgkfstratmtjat tjm ‚gkuftadf rafnm ko tjm Agkrdtms— was afktjmr fagm okr Bašar. Jkwmvmr, df tjm RkyacLkrrmspkf`mflm ko ]r, Pd`fug ds usm` tk `msdnfatm a nrkup ko pmkpcm, af` gkrm spmldodlaccy astjm pmkpcm anadfst wjdlj tjm ‚wacc ko tjm caf`— was budct. Pjm ťu-sdf tmxt, df wjdlj jm `mslrdbms jds

vdltkry kvmr tjm Agkrdtms, sunnmsts tjat tjm Pd`fug wmrm kfm agkfn smvmrac Agkrdtm subnrkups,tjus anadf rmdfokrldfn tjm vdmw tjat fkt acc Agkrdtms wmrm jkstdcm tkwar` tjm ]r DDD statm, but kfcyspmldodl subnrkups. Pjm lkgbdfm` mvd`mflm kf tjm cklatdkf ko tjm ‚wacc ko tjm caf`—, as wmcc asskgm rmomrmflms tk Pd`fug df lkgbdfatdkf wdtj nmknrapjdlac pcalms tjat laf bm cklatm` df tjmfkrtjmastmrf Xanrks sunnmsts tjat tjm Pd`fug prkbabcy cdvm` fkrtj af` fkrtjmast ko tjm ]r DDDstatm (\accabmrnmr 255>8 00:-4). Pjus, Pd`fug as a pcalm fagm laf bm cklatm` df tjm Hmbmc Bdsjrd,

wjmrmas tjm nrkup d`mftdodm` as sulj gust bm skunjt df tjm Xanrks. Pjm rmomrmflms tk Pd`fug dfMbca af` pkssdbcy ]r laffkt bm dftmrprmtm`, but gay pkdft tk a``dtdkfac rmndkfs wjmrm tjm fagm

Pd`fug was ifkwf. Lkflcu`dfn, tjm usm ko tjm sagm fagm okr `doomrmft rmndkfs, kr okr Agkrdtmpmkpcm cdvdfn tjmrm, gay bm af marcy rmocmltdkf ko tjm gdrrkr tkpkfygy tjat ds lcmarcy attmstm` okrtjm marcy smlkf` gdccmffdug BL (smm bmckw).

Pjm marcy smlkf` gdccmffdug BL rmprmsmfts a tjdr` stanm df tjm `mvmckpgmft ko tjm Agkrdtmd`mftdty. A`gdfdstratdvm tmxts fk ckfnmr cabmccm` df`dvdùacs as Agkrdtms, but Agkrdtms wmrm stdccrmlknfdzabcm as sulj by tjmdr `dstdfltdvm fagms. Ourtjmrgkrm, as \trmli—s afacysds jas sjkwf, tjmrm

was a prkcdomratdkf ko Agkrdtm pmrskfac fagms alrkss nrmatmr Gmskpktagda af` wmstmrf \yrda, wdtj Agkrdtm fagms kllur rdfn as oar skutj as Jazkr. At tjm sagm tdgm, rkyac dfslrdptdkfs appmarm`df wjdlj rucmrs orkg ldtdms alrkss nrmatmr Gmskpktagda pkdftm` kut tjmdr Agkrdtm aflmstry, af``mslrdbm` tjmgsmcvms as bmdfn Agkrdtms. Pjmsm lcadgs rmprmsmftm` a oufàgmftac ljafnm orkgtjm rkyac jdstkrdlac skurlms ko tjm ]r DDD pmrdk`, wjdlj wmrm nmfmraccy lkflmrfm` wdtj pkrtraydfn

Agkrdtms as mfmgdms ko tjm statm, af` wjdlj `d` fkt lkfsd`mr tjmg tk bm jugaf at acc. Apparmftcy,marcy smlkf` gdccmffdug rucmrs okuf` dt a`vaftanmkus tk mgpjasdzm tjmdr Agkrdtm aflmstry. Gafyrmsmarljmrs javm dftmrprmtm` tjds sjdot as a rmsuct ko skgm skrt ko Agkrdtm pkpucatdkf `dspcalm-gmft at tjm mf` ko tjm tjdr` gdccmffdug, cma`dfn tk tjm rmpcalmgmft ko tjm kc` urbaf mcdtms byfmw Agkrdtm rucmrs (m.n. Imfykf 14??8 <09 Icmfnmc 14>28 009 ^mdss mt ac. 144<8 15529 Ljarpdf mt ac.25508 =>-?59 Bullmccatd 255:8 10<). Jkwmvmr, tjm jdstkrdlac af` arljamkckndlac mvd`mflm `kms fktufdokrgcy suppkrt tjds dftmrprmtatdkf (Tkoomm 14::8 =5). Ourtjmrgkrm, tjds dftmrprmtatdkf ds basm`kf ocawm` afackndms bmtwmmf Agkrdtm-]r DDD dftmraltdkfs af` mtjfkjdstkrdlaccy `klugmftm` fk-ga`-sm`mftary dftmraltdkfs.

Odrst, tjm pjysdlac passanm ko Agkrdtms tjrkunj tjm wd`mr Fmar Mast df tjm marcy smlkf` gdc-cmffdug BL jas bmmf dfomrrm` orkg tjm kllurrmflm ko d`mftdlac pcalm fagms orkg wmstmrf \yrda tkfkrtjmrf af` skutjmrf Gmskpktagda. Ljarpdf laccm` tjds pjmfkgmfkf a ‚tkpkfygdm mf gdrrkdr—

kr gdrrkr tkpkfygy (Ljarpdf 255<). Pjds pjmfkgmfkf ds gkst lcmarcy smmf df cmttmrs tjat altu-accy statm tjat tjmrm arm twk pcalms wdtj tjm sagm fagm, but laf acsk bm dfomrrm` orkg pcalm fagms



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wjmrm a quacdodlatdkf ds a``m`, tjat ds, wjmtjmr tjm ldty ds cklatm` fmar a rdvmr, kr wjmtjmr dt ds as-skldatm` wdtj a partdlucar mdty (Ljarpdf 255<8 >-15). Ljarpdf sunnmstm` okur pkssdbcm gmljafdsgsokr tjm mstabcdsjgmft ko `kubcm pcalm fagms8 (a) ljaflm, tjat ds, pcalm fagms wdtj kbvdkus gmaf-dfns kr rkkts cdim ‚mflagpgmft— kr ‚rudf— arm cdimcy tk kllur guctdpcm tdgms wdtjkut afy ourtjmr cdfimxdstdfn bmtwmmf tjmg, (b) `mpkrtatdkfs wjmrmby tjm `mpkrtmms dftrkùlm` fmw fagms dftk tjm

rmndkf tk wjdlj tjmy wmrm rmcklatm`, (l) tjm pcalm fagms wmrm lcmarcy gmafdfnouccy cdfim` df skgm way, as gay pkssdbcy bm dfomr rm` orkg tjm `kubcm kllur rmflm ko nrkups ko pcalm fagms bmtwmmfrmndkf, af` (`) tjm pcalm fagms wmrm mstabcdsjm` df tjm lkursm ko a gdnratdkf ko Agkrdtm nrkupsalrkss tjm Fmar Mast (Ljarpdf 255<8 12-1=). ^jmrmas tjm odrst tjrmm gmljafdsgs smmg tk javmkpmratm` kfcy df a cdgdtm` fugbmr ko lasms, Ljarpdf arnums tjat tjm okurtj gmljafdsg gust javmbmmf vmry dgpkrtaft. Pjm gadf arnugmft df oavkur ko gdnratdkf ds tjat fkfm ko tjm marcy smlkf`gdccmffdug BL tkpkfygs ds okuf` df tjdr` gdccmffdug tmxts, af` tjat a systmgatdl rmfagdfn wkuc`javm kllurrm`, wjmrmby afldmft fagms wmrm `rkppm` df oavkur ko fmw, prkpmr Agkrdtm fagms(Ljarpdf 255<).

Pjmrm arm smvmrac arnugmfts anadfst tjds dftmrprmtatdkf. Odrst, dt ds uflcmar wjmtjmr gafy tkpk-fygs df fkrtjmrf Gmskpktagda altuaccy wmrm ko Agkrdtm krdndf (Md`mg 25558 2?2). \mlkf`cy,Ukrtmr (25548 250-=) rmlmftcy arnum` tjat, df tjm absmflm ko dfokrgatdkf kf wjmf malj pcalm fagmlagm dftk usm, dt ds mquaccy pkssdbcm tjat tjm ùpcdlatdkf ko nmknrapjdlac fagms was dftmf`m` tkrmdfokrlm a lkggkf skldac d`mftdty kvmr carnm `dstaflms. Df tjds pmrspmltdvm, tjm a`kptdkf ko d`mf-tdlac pcalm fagms smrvm` tk altdvmcy strmfntjmf skldac tdms bmtwmmf pkssdbcy gkbdcm nrkups tjatgmt kfcy drrmnucarcy. Df ktjmr wkr`s, tjm pcalm fagms tjmgsmcvms bmlagm part ko skldac strulturm.Basm` kf tjm jdstkrdlac mvd`mflm ackfm, fmdtjmr tjm mxpcafatdkf oavkurdfn gdnratdkf fkr oavkurdfnljafnms df skldac strulturms laf bm rucm` kut. At tjm sagm tdgm, tjm gdrrkr tkpkfygy laf df af` kodtsmco fk ckfnmr bm usm` tk dfomr gdnratdkf, ufcmss ktjmr mvd`mflm laf bm prkùlm` tk suppkrt tjatjypktjmsds. Pjdr`cy, dt sjkuc` bm fktm` tjat tjm gdrrkr tkpkfygy ko tjm marcy smlkf` gdccmffdugBL ds prdgardcy ifkwf orkg tjm Gard tmxts af` lkftmgpkrary arljdvms mcsmwjmrm. Pjm pmrdk` lkv-mrm` by tjmsm arljdvms, as wmcc as sgaccmr lkftmgpkrary tmxt lkrpusms, ds mxlmptdkfaccy wmcc-ifkwfdf tmrgs ko jdstkrdlac nmknrapjy. Pjm skgmwjat su``mf kllurrmflm ko a gdrrkr tkpkfygy gdnjttjmrmokrm at cmast partdaccy bm tjm rmsuct ko af dflrmasm df tjm agkuft ko dfokrgatdkf tjat ds avadc-abcm okr tjds pmrdk` wdtj rmspmlt tk prmvdkus pmrdk`s, af` ko af dflrmasm df tjm nmknrapjdlac rafnmtjat ds lkvmrm` by tjm Gard tmxts. Odfaccy, tjm pkssdbcm kllurrmflm ko a gdrrkr tkpkfygy prdkr tkaf` ùrdfn tjm ]r DDD pmrdk` sunnmsts tjat tjm marcy smlkf` gdccmffdug BL laf fk ckfnmr bm rm-nar`m` as tjm kfcy pmrdk` urdfn wjdlj tjds pjmfkgmfkf kllurrm`, tjmrmby ourtjmr wmaimfdfn tjmcdfi bmtwmmf tjm gdrrkr tkpkfygy af` a ufdqum mpdsk`m ko carnm-slacm gdnratdkf ùrdfn tjm marcysmlkf` gdccmffdug BL.

A smlkf` arnugmft anadfst af Agkrdtm gdnratdkf lkgms orkg \trmli—s afacysds ko tjm Agkrdtmkfkgastdlkf. As `mslrdbm` marcdmr (\mltdkf >.2.<), \trmli jas `mgkfstratm` tjat Agkrdtm fagmslaf appmar tknmtjmr wdtj Aiia`daf af` Jurrdaf fagms wdtjdf tjm sagm oagdcy, af` tjat parmfts

wdtj fkf-Agkrdtm fagms lkuc` ndvm tjmdr ljdc`rmf Agkrdtm fagms. df sk gulj as mtjfdl aoodc datdkflaf bm `mùlm` orkg pmrskfac fagms kfcy, tjmsm àta df`dlatm tjat mtjfdldty gay javm bmmf a rmca-

tdvmcy ocud` lkflmpt, af` tjat fagdfn lkfvmftdkfs gay javm ljafnm` kvmr kfm kr twk nmfmratdkfs.Do tjmrm mxdstm` prkpmr fagdfn lkfvmftdkfs, af` do fagms wmrm a `modfdfn tradt ko tjm Agkrdtm mtj-fdldty, tjds mvd`mflm `kms fkt suppkrt tjm rmpcalmgmft ko prmvdkus pkpucatdkfs by a fmw Agkrdtmpkpucatdkf. Pjds mvd`mflm ratjmr sunnmsts tjat bmlkgdfn Agkrdtm was a lkfsldkus ljkdlm tjat waskpmf tk at cmast a part ko Gmskpktagdaf skldmty.

Pjm mtjfdl ocud`dty tjat ds dgpcdm` by tjm kfkgastdl mvd`mflm ds acsk apparmft df a cmttmr orkgGard orkg tjm jdnj koodldac \aggmtar tk Xdgrd-Cdg, `mslrdbdfn a nrkup—s trafsdtdkf orkg tjm

Tagdfdtm dftk tjm \dg—acdtm lkfom`mraly8 ‚Afktjmr tjdfn. ]rafug af` tjm mc`mrs ko @abdš lagm,saydfn8 –By mxtraltdkf, wm arm agkfn tjm Tajrurù, but fmvmr (as) yarrāùg 9 acsk, df tjm bali lkuf-try, wm javm fmdtjmr jdbrug fkr ia`ùg .‗ ^m arm fatdvm (;) tk tjm Tajrurù. Cmt us fkw lkgm dftk tjmgd`st ko tjm \dg—acdtm(s) as (part ko) tjm Fdja`ù (trdbm), sk tjat wm gay scay tjm (trmaty) `kfimy—(@uraf` 14428 11:9 Ocmgdfn 25508 ?<). Df tjm rmgadf`mr ko tjm cmttmr, \aggatar asis tjm mc`mrs

ko @abdš tjrmm tdgms wjmtjmr tjmy waft jdg tk wrdtm tk tjm idfn abkut tjds gattmr. Df tjm odfacparanrapj, \aggatar rmqumsts tjm idfn—s pmrgdssdkf tk larry kut tjm rdtuac tjat ds fmlmssary tk turf



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tjm \dg—acdtms dftk Tagdfdtms. Pjm Tajrurù arm kfm ko tjm odvm Tagdfdtm cd—gug , af` tjm Fdja`ù arma ifkwf \dg—acdtm nayug . Pjds cmttmr gaims lcmar, tjmf, tjat skldac gkbdcdty bmtwmmf tjm twk trdbaclkfom`mraldms was pkssdbcm do tjmrm was lkfsmfsus agkfn acc dfvkcvm` partdms.

Pjdr`cy, tjm d`ma tjat Agkrdtms okrlmouccy ga`m okrays dftk rmndkfs lkftrkccm` by sm`mftarystatms ds a `drmlt afackny ko tjm sdtuatdkf df tjm Fmar Mast as dt mxdstm` ùrdfn tjm catm Kttkgaf

pmrdk`, af` gkrm partdlucarcy df tjm armas tjat tkày gaim up Hkràf af` \yrda. Do tjds afackny dsmxagdfm` gkrm lcksmcy, dt bmlkgms apparmft tjat gafy aspmlts ko fkga`dl pastkracdst skldmty ur-dfn tjm Kttkgaf pmrdk` wmrm absmft kr `doomrmft ùrdfn tjm tjdr` af` marcy smlkf` gdccmffdug BL (lo. vaf `mr \tmmf 25548 110). Pjm Kttkgaf nkvmrfgmft pad` Bm`kudf sjmdijs tk prktmlt vdccanmsorkg rad`s by ktjmr Bm`kudf. Pjds systmg was, jkwmvmr, fkt vmry moomltdvm, af` sm`mftary oarg-dfn vdccanms kotmf ja` tk pay trdbutm kr ijuwaj tk gkrm tjaf kfm Bm`kudf trdbm (Cmwds 14:>8 12).

Pjmrm ds lurrmftcy fk tmxtuac mvd`mflm tk sunnmst tjat a sdgdcar systmg oufltdkfm` ùrdfn tjm ]rDDD kr Kc` Babyckfdaf pmrdk`s. Pjm sullmss ko Bm`kudf rad`s `mpmf`m` fkt kfcy kf tjm oalt tjatKttkgaf prktmltdkf ko tjmsm vdccanms was dfsuoodldmft, but acsk kf tjmdr abdcdty tk qudlicy `dsap-pmar dftk tjm stmppm wjmf Kttkgaf skc`dmrs `d` appmar. Bm`kudf wmrm abcm tk `k sk bmlausm tjmy

wmrm fkga`dl lagmc-pastkracdsts. Df tjds rmspmlt dt sjkuc` bm gmftdkfm` tjat tjdr`/marcy smlkf`gdccmffdug BL (smgd-)fkga`dl nrkups wmrm prkbabcy gulj cmss gkbdcm tjaf catmr nrkups bmlausmjkrsm af` lagmc ja` fkt ymt bmmf dftrkùlm` as rd`dfn afdgacs (Ijazafkv 25548 12<). Ijazafkvourtjmrgkrm sunnmstm` tjat tjm absmflm ko tjm lagmc gay javm smvmrmcy cdgdtm` tjm fugbmr kopmkpcm tjat lkuc` bm sustadfm` by stmppm armas, sdgpcy bmlausm tjmsm armas lkuc` fkt bm mxpckdtm`tk tjm ouccmst by sjmmp/nkat pastkracdsts. Pjus, afy tjdr` tk marcy smlkf` gdccmffdug BL mqudvacmftsko tjm Bm`kudf wkuc` bm smvmrmcy cdgdtm` df tjmdr gkbdcdty, tjmdr fugbmrs, af` lkfsmqumftcy tjmdrgdcdtary a`vaftanm anadfst gkrm sm`mftary mfmgdms (Ijazafkv 25548 12<).

Pjm ]r DDD `d` fkt mf` bmlausm ko attalis by Agkrdtms, but Agkrdtm nrkups, as wmcc as ktjmrs, wmrm abcm tk rad` dftk ]r DDD tmrrdtkrdms bmlausm tjm statm was acrma`y wmaimfm` by dftmrfac prkl-mssms. Dšbd-Mrra—s rdsm tk pkwmr ds a lasm df pkdft. Allkr`dfn tk tjm Rkyac Lkrrmspkf`mflm ko ]r,Dšbd-Mrra was af dgpkrtaft koodldac df tjm ]r DDD statm bmokrm jm bmlagm tjm rucmr ko Dsdf. Fkt kfcy`kms tjds lasm df`dlatm tjat Agkrdtms wmrm wmcc-dftmnratm` dftk ]r DDD skldmty, but acsk tjat, at cmastdf tjm lasm ko Dsdf, tjm mgmrnmflm ko Agkrdtm rucmrs was fkt rmcatm` tk, kr lausm` by, afy pkpuca-tdkf dspcalmgmfts. Dšbd-Mrra—s usurpatdkf ds gkrm df`dlatdvm ko dftmrfac pkwmr strunncms ùrdfn tjmodfac ymars ko tjm ]r DDD statm, df wjdlj Agkrdtms altdvmcy partdldpatm` (lo. ^dclim 14?48 1=9 Tkoomm144=8 24>).

Odfaccy, afktjmr strdidfn aspmlt ko tjm mgmrnmflm ko af Agkrdtm d`mftdty ds tjm ocud`dty wdtj wjdlj Agkrdtm rucmrs mgbm``m` tjmgsmcvms df a prm-mxdstdfn urbaf lucturm. Pjus, df tmrgs ko ga-tmrdac lucturm af` tjm mxprmssdkf ko idfnsjdp, Agkrdtm rucmrs af` suppksm`cy Agkrdtm tkwfs wmrmfkt vmry `doomrmft orkg wjat prmlm`m` tjmg. Pra`dtdkfaccy, tjds lkftdfudty jas bmmf dftmrprmtm`mdtjmr as af attmgpt by Agkrdtm rucmrs tk dgdtatm kr a`kpt prm-mxdstdfn strulturms tk cmndtdgdzm

Agkrdtm rucm, kr as mvd`mflm okr a lkgpcmtm abskrptdkf ko tjm Agkrdtm fmwlkgmrs dftk tjm sup-pksm`cy gkrm skpjdstdlatm` urbafdzm` Gmskpktagdaf lucturac tra`dtdkfs (Bullmccatd 14??8 <==-?).

Pjm prkbcmg tjat ds pksm` by tjds ocud` trafsdtdkf was lkrrmltcy rmacdzm` by Ukrtmr, wjk tjmrm-

okrm rmlmftcy sunnmstm` tjat tjm Agkrdtms wmrm ‚part af` parlmc ko tjm gadfstrmag urbaf wkrc`—(255>8 >5). Dfstma` ko arnudfn jkw af` wjy fkga`dl pastkracdsts lkuc` javm kvmrtjrkwf tjm ]rDDD statm, kfcy tk bm rapd`cy assdgdcatm` dftk tjm urbafdzm` Gmskpktagdaf lucturm, sjm sunnmst-m` tjat tjm Agkrdtms krdndfatm` orkg fkrtjmrf Gmskpktagda, wjmrm tjmy wmrm acrma`y oagdcdar

wdtj af urbafdzm` mfvdrkfgmft. Pjus, Ukrtmr mxpcadfm` tjm dgpalt ko tjm Agkrdtms kf skutjmrfGmskpktagda prdgardcy df tmrgs ko tjm jmtmrarljdlac systmg ko ldty-statms tjat rmpcalm` tjm ]r DDDstatm (Ukrtmr 255>8 15>). Ukrtmr rdnjtcy `rmw attmftdkf tk a fugbmr ko dgpkrtaft dssums, skgm ko

wjdlj wmrm acsk mgpjasdzm` by ktjmr rmsmarljmrs8 ( a ) tjm pkssdbdc dty tjat tjm Agkrdtms krdndfatm`fkt orkg garndfac stmppm armas but orkg gkrm omrtdcm rmndkfs df tjm fkrtjmrf Hmzdraj (Gmdhmr 2555825?), ( b ) tjm pkssdbdc dty tjat tjmrm gay javm bmmf fk assdgdcatdkf ko tjm Agkrdtms dftk skutjmrfGmskpktagdaf lucturm bmlausm tjmy acrma`y pkssmssm` gafy sdgdcar lucturac omaturms (Iagp af`

Tkoomm 14:58 4:-49 Tkoomm 14::8 =5), af` ( l ) tjm oalt tjat tjm mf` ko tjm ]r DDD statm rmprmsmftm`

prdgardcy a trafsdtdkf tkwar`s a slattmrm` pkcdtdlac caf`slapm ko df`mpmf`mft ldty-statms rmtadfdfngulj ko tjmdr prmvdkus skldk-lucturac tra`dtdkfs (Tkoomm 144=8 24>).



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Jkwmvmr, wjmrmas Ukrtmr sullmssouccy `dsasskldatm` jmrsmco orkg tjm tra`dtdkfac vdmw ko Agkrdtms as oucct dgm fkga`s af` pastkrac dsts, sjm, as wmcc as gafy ktjmr rmsmarljmrs, oadcm` tklkgpcmtmcy gkvm away orkg tjm d`ma tjat tjm mgmrnmflm ko af Agkrdtm d`mftdty gust javm mftadcm`skgm skrt ko pkpucatdkf `dspcalmgmft. As was arnum` abkvm, fmdtjmr tjm d`ma tjat tjmrm was acarnm-slacm Agkrdtm pkpucatdkf `dspcalmgmft, fkr tjm d`ma tjat Agkrdtm fkga`dl pastkracdsts lkf-

staftcy prmssm` dftk skutjmrf Gmskpktagda orkg tjm gkrm garndfac stmppm rmndkfs, ouccy mxpcadfstjm avadcabcm mvd`mflm. Mspmldaccy tjm kbsmrvatdkf tjat at cmast skgm Agkrdtms wmrm kbvdkuscy wmcc-dftmnratm` dftk skutjmrf Gmskpktagdaf skldmty acrma`y bmokrm tjm odfac lmfturdms ko tjm tjdr` gdc-cmffdug BL rmgadfs ufmxpcadfm`.

>.<.< Pjm Agkrdtm d`mftdty as mtjfdldty

Df kr`mr tk a``rmss tjm dssums tjat javm bmmf radsm` df tjm prmvdkus smltdkf, af` gkrm dgpkrtaftcytk mxpcadf tjm partdlucar `mvmckpgmft ko tjm Agkrdtm d`mftdty tjrkunjkut tjm tjdr` af` marcy sml-kf` gdccmffdug, tjm okcckwdfn gk`mc wdcc bm put okrwar` as af actmrfatdvm tk prmvdkus mxpcafa-tdkfs. Ratjmr tjaf oklussdfn kf pkpucatdkf `dspcalmgmft as tjm prdgary lausm ko tjm mgmrnmflmko Agkrdtm statms df nrmatmr Gmskpktagda ùrdfn tjm marcy smlkf` gdccmffdug BL, tjds gk`mc mg-

pjasdzms mtjfdldty as a o cmxdbcm d`mftdty tjat laf mgmrnm af` dsappmar wdtjkut fmlmssardcy dfvkcvdfnpkpucatdkf `dspcalmgmft.

Pjm gk`mc tjat ds prmsmftm` jmrm arnums tjat Agkrdtm ds af mtjfdl d`mftdty tjat was at cmastpartcy lkfstrultm` arkuf` a sjarm` past af` aflmstry. Pjm usm ko tjm mtmrgdfatdvm Gartu df ]r DDDrmlkr`s, as wmcc as tjm rmomrmflms tk Agkrdtm aflmstkrs by marcy smlkf` gdccmffdug rucmrs, rmocmlt anmfmrac lkflmrf okr gadftadfdfn af d`mftdty tjat ds odrgcy rkktm` df a pmrlmdvm` kr lkfstrultm` past.Orkg tjds pmrspmltdvm, \jagsjd-Aà`—s af` Jaggurabd—s lcadgs tk tjm sagm aflmstrac rkkts fmm`fkt fmlmssardcy rmocmlt rmac idfsjdp. Df oalt, dt ds pkssdbcm tjat tjmsm nmfmackndms wmrm budct arkuf`tjm skldac fmtwkris df wjdlj \jagsjd-Aà`, Jaggurabd af` ktjmr marcy smlkf` gdccmffdug ruc-mrs partdldpatm`, ratjmr tjaf tjat tjmsm fmtwkris mgmrnm` kut ko trum jdstkrdlac idfsjdp tdms. Pjdsckksm usm ko idfsjdp tk cmndtdgdzm af` strmfntjmf mxdstdfn skldac rmcatdkfs jas bmmf kbsmrvm` agkfnRwaca Bm`kudf. Pjmy `mcdbmratmcy ckst trali ko tjmdr nmfmackndms aotmr okur kr odvm nmfmratdkfs df

kr`mr tk gadftadf a ocmxdbdcdty ko gmgbmrsjdp tk partdlucar cdfmanms tjat lkuc` bm gk`dodm` wjmffmlmssary (Barodmc` 144<8 >0-?). Pjm systmg ko lkfstrultm` idfsjdp agkfn tjm Rwaca was ljar-altmrdzm` by tjm pmrsdstmflm ko a cdgdtm` fugbmr ko fagm` aflmstkrs, mvmf tjkunj tjmsm sjkuc`javm ljafnm` do tjm systmg rmocmltm` trum idfsjdp (Barodmc` 144<8 >=). Pjm pmrsdstmflm ko tjm tmrg

Pd`fug kvmr smvmrac lmfturdms af` dts scdnjtcy `doomrmft gmafdfns, tjat ds, as trdbac af` aflmstracfagm, gdnjt rmocmlt a sdgdcar dftmftdkfaccy ouzzy systmg df wjdlj trum idfsjdp was ko smlkfàrydgpkrtaflm tk tjm gadftmfaflm ko a lkggkf mtjfdl d`mftdty.4:

Pjm mvd`mflm okr a smparatm Agkrdtm cafnuanm pkssdbcy ourtjmr strmfntjmfs tjm dftmrprmtatdkfko tjm Agkrdtm d`mftdty as a `dstdflt mtjfdldty. Jkwmvmr, dt ds `doodluct tk `mtmrgdfm wjmtjmr caf-nuanm was lkfsd`mrm` a `modfdfn tradt ko tjm Agkrdtm d`mftdty. Pjm ormqumft kllurrmflm at \dpparaf` Gard ko Agkrdtm fagms df oagdcdms prmvdkuscy `kgdfatm` by Aiia daf fagms gdnjt sunnmst atcmast a gdfdgac ifkwcm`nm ko kr oagdcdardty wdtj Agkrdtm. Pjm lkftdfudfn `kgdfaflm ko Aiia`daf

as wrdttmf cafnuanm kms fkt fmlmssardcy rmocmlt tjm cdfnudstdl lkgpksdtdkf ko nrmatmr Gmskpktagda,as ds lcmar orkg tjm rmomrmflms tk pmkpcm wjk spkim guctdpcm cafnuanms. Dt wkuc` df tjds rmnar` bmdftmrmstdfn tk ifkw tjm mnrmm tk wjdlj spmaimrs ko Agkrdtm af` Aiia`daf lkuc` uf`mrstaf` maljktjmr. Actjkunj Bullmccatd jas sunnmstm` tjat tjm cafnuanms gay dfdtdaccy javm bmmf ‚skldk-cmlts—

wdtj a sdnfdodlaft `mnrmm ko kvmrcap (14428 4:), tjm gmftdkfdfn ko af Agkrdtm dftmrprmtmr df tjm ]rDDD tmxts (\mltdkf >.2.2) sunnmsts tjat tjds gutuac uf`mrstaf`dfn was ratjmr ckw.

Pjm strkfn asskldatdkf wdtj pastkrac dsg mvd`mft df tmxts orkg tjm ]r DDD pmrdk` af` tjm marcysmlkf` gdccmffdug BL rmprmsmfts af a``dtdkfac lkggkf omaturm ko tjm Agkrdtm d`mftdty. Pjds as-skldatdkf `kms fkt fmlmssardcy gmaf tjat acc Agkrdtms wmrm pastkracdsts, wjdlj tjmy lcmarcy wmrmfkt, but ratjmr tjat gafy Agkrdtms wmrm pastkracdsts, af`, gkrm dgpkrtaftcy, tjat gafy pastkrac-

4: Pjm fagms, kr parts tjmrmko, ko smvmrac \dg—acdtm nayug ùrdfn tjm rmdnf ko Xdgrd-Cdg wmrm strulturm` as pmrskfac

fagms (@uraf` 2550b8 1:<). Pjds lkuc` df`dlatm a sdgdcar lkflmrf wdtj aflmstry as ds mvd`mft df tjm nmfmackndms koJaggurabd af` \jagsjd-Aà`.



1<?


dsts wmrm Agkrdtms. Dt ds jmrm sunnmstm` tjat praltdsdfn pastkracdsg gay javm rmprmsmftm` af d`maccdom-way by wjdlj uctdgatmcy acc Agkrdtms wmrm `modfm`, dflcu`dfn tjksm tjat wmrm fkt pastkracdststjmgsmcvms. Df ktjmr wkr`s, bmdfn pastkracdst was at tjm lkrm ko bmdfn Agkrdtm, but bmdfn Agkrdtm`d` fkt rmqudrm bmdfn pastkracdst. Dt was tjds aspmlt ko tjm Agkrdtm mtjfdl d`mftdty tjat prkbabcy smtdt apart orkg ktjmr lkftmgpkrary mtjfdldtdms.

Pjds rmlkfstrultdkf ko tjm Agkrdtm d`mftdty as rmprmsmftdfn af d`mac pastkrac dst cdom-way jasparaccmcs mcsmwjmrm. Df a stu`y kf Gaasad d`mftdty df Mast Aordla, Nacaty (14:2) okuf` tjat tjmGaasad `modfm` tjmdr kwf af` ktjmrs— d`mftdtdms kf tjrmm cmvmcs fmstm` wdtjdf malj ktjmr. At tjmgkst ufdvmrsac, gytjkckndlac cmvmc, Gaasad dstdfnudsjm` bmtwmmf tjmgsmcvms, bmdfn ‚pmkpcm ko lat-tcm—, af` juftmrs af` anrdlucturacdsts. Gytjs mxpcadfm` wjy juftmrs af` anrdlucturacdsts wmrm fkf-Gaasad by modfdtdkf. At tjm dftmrgm`datm cmvmc, rmprmsmftdfn a dvdsdkf ko tjm Gaasad d`mftdty dtsmco,tjmrm wmrm trum Gaasad kr pastkracdsts, Gaasad juftmrs, af` Gaasad anrdlucturacdsts. Odfaccy, tjm tjdr`cmvmc rmprmsmftm` a `dvdsdkf ko cabkur wdtjdf trum pastkracdst nrkups. At tjds cmvmc, tjmrm wmrm trumpastkracdsts kr Gaasad, as kppksm` tk tjm lcass ko lraotsgmf, af` tjm lcass ko `dvdfmrs. Mvmf tjkunjat malj cmvmc tjm strdlt gmafdfn ko Gaasad was pastkracdst, tjm Gaasad d`mftdty lkuc` at tdgms dflcu`mktjmr pmrskfs af` nrkups as wmcc. Mvmf at tjm gytjkckndlac cmvmc, skgm fkf-Gaasad lkuc` bm lcas-sdodm` as Gaasad wdtj rmspmlt tk kutsd`mrs. Pjmrm tjus mxdstm` lcmar `dstdfltdkfs bmtwmmf jkw tjmGaasad d`mftdty was `modfm`, af` jkw dt was appcdm` tk `doomrmft nrkups kr pmrskfs. Fmvmrtjmcmss,tjm pastkracdst d`mac ko Gaasad d`mftdty was prmsmft at malj cmvmc ko d`mftdodlatdkf (Nacaty 14:2).

\dgdcar dstdfltdkfs bmtwmmf aflmstry af` praltdlm` subsdstmflm stratmndms acsk pcaym` af dgpkr-taft rkcm df gkrm rmlmft Fmar Mastmrf anrdlucturacdst/pastkracdst lkggufdtdms. Df tjm Bacdij _accmy,\yrda, tjmrm was at cmast orkg tjm fdfmtmmftj lmftury A@ kfwar` a lcmar `dstdfltdkf bmtwmmf ‚Arab,jaàr , af` baù (Cmwds 14::8 ?:?). ‚Arab was usm` okr pmkpcm wjk wmrm smgd-fkga`dl at tjat tdgmkr ja` bmmf df tjm past, af` wjk wmrm ko trdbac mslmft. Jaàr was usm` okr pmkpcm wjk ja` acwaysbmmf sm`mftary, af` wjk lkuc` fkt lcadg a trdbac `mslmft. Baù df`dlatm` pmkpcm wjk ja` bmmfouccy fkga`dl lagmc-pastkracdsts. Mvmf tjkunj tjmsm `dstdfltdkfs ja` bmlkgm vdrtuaccy gmafdfncmssorkg af mlkfkgdl pmrspmltdvm by tjm tdgm ko Cmwds— mtjfknrapjdl rmsmarlj, tjm gadftmfaflm kotjmsm `dstdfltdkfs df`dlatm` tjm pmrsdstmflm ko tjm d`macs tjat wmrm asskldatm` wdtj malj d`mftdty.

Df tjds smfsm, tjmf, Agkrdtms gay pmrjaps bm bmst uf`mrstkk` as ‚pmkpcm ko sjmmp af` nkat—,tjmrmby rmomrrdfn tk af aspmlt ko Agkrdtm d`mftdty tjrkunj wjdlj acc Agkrdtms d`mftdodm` tjmg-smcvms wdtjkut altuaccy acways bmdfn dfvkcvm` df dt. Pjm `dslrmpafly bmtwmmf d`mac af` rmacdty dspmrjaps bmst rmocmltm` df tjm apparmft dflkfsdstmfly tjat laf bm okuf` df tjm cdtmrary lkgpksdtdkfko Pjm garrdanm ko Gartu , fktm` by Ukrtmr (255>8 15:). Kf tjm kfm jaf`, tjds lkgpksdtdkf `mslrdbm`tjm nk` Gartu as cdvdfn df a tmft, matdfn raw gmat af` sk okrtj (smm \mltdkf >.2.2), wjmrmas kf tjmktjmr jaf` dt was sad` tjat jm cdvm` df tjm ldty ko Dfab. Dt ds lcmar, tjmf, tjat df tjds tmxt tjm Agkrdtmd`mac ds `dstkrtm` as part ko tjm stkry bmdfn tkc`, but tjat tjm lkgpksdtdkf gay javm fmvmrtjmcmssrmocmltm` tjm lkgpcmxdtdms ko tjm dftmraltdkf bmtwmmf Agkrdtms af` ktjmrs, af` agkfn Agkrdtmstjmgsmcvms. Idfn Xdgrd-Cdg ko Gard laccm` jdgsmco ‚idfn ko Gard af` tjm caf` ko tjm jafa —, tjmrm-by ourtjmr mgpjasdzdfn tjm Agkrdtm pastkracdst d`mac.

Do dt ds allmptm` tjat pmkpcm lkuc` a`kpt tjm Agkrdtm mtjfdl d`mftdty, tjmrm gust javm bmmf lcmar

a`vaftanms tk tjds ljkdlm. Ndvmf tjm oalt tjat tjm strkfn asskldatdkf wdtj pastkracdsg was a `modf-dfn af` dftmnrac aspmlt ko Agkrdtm d`mftdty, dt ds cdimcy tjat afy a`vaftanms rmsuctm` orkg prmldsmcytjds asskldatdkf. Pjm strkfn asskldatdkf wdtj, but fkt mxlcusdvm oklus kf, pastkracdsg gaims dt cdimcytjat tjm Agkrdtm d`mftdty oufltdkfm` as a skldac mxprmssdkf ko af mxljafnm fmtwkri bmtwmmf pas-tkracdst af` anrdlucturacdst nrkups. Pjm kllurrmflm ko ùpcdlatm pcalm fagms alrkss Gmskpktagdagay acsk pkdft tk a lkfsldkuscy gadftadfm` sjarm` d`mftdty. Pjm sjarm` Agkrdtm d`mftdty pksdtdvmcydfocumflm` tjm mgmrnmflm af` gadftmfaflm ko dftra-mtjfdl mxljafnm fmtwkris, ndvdfn Agkrdtmsaf aàptdvm a`vaftanm tjat acckwm` tjmg tk rmspkf` a`mquatmcy tk afy lrdsds sdtuatdkf tjmy gdnjtmflkuftmr.



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>.0 Lkflcusdkfs

Pjm prmsmft ljaptmr jas rmvdmwm` tmxtuac mvd`mflm okr tjm prmsmflm ko Agkrdtms df Gmskpktagda. Agkrdtms wmrm gmftdkfm` df jdstkrdlac rmlkr`s orkg l . 2=55 BL kfwar`s, wdtj a strkfn mgpjasdskf tjm ]r DDD pmrdk`, as wmcc as tjm marcy smlkf` gdccmffdug BL. Pjds mvd`mflm df`dlatms tjat tjm

pmrlmptdkf ko Agkrdtms by tjksm wjk wrktm abkut tjmg ljafnm` kvmr tdgm. ^jmrmas tjm gd`-tjdr` gdccmffdug tmxts arm `doodluct tk assmss, tjm ]r DDD tmxts lcmarcy sjkw a `dslrmpafly bmtwmmftjm pmrlmptdkf ko Agkrdtms df cdtmrary skurlms af` a`gdfdstratdvm `klugmfts. Pjm cdtmrary skurlmsprkvd`m a stmrmktypdlac vdmw ko Agkrdtms as bmdfn ufldvdcdzm` af` jkstdcm tkwar` tjm ]r DDD statm,

wjmrmas tjm a`gdfdstratdvm tmxts df`dlatm tjat Agkrdtms wmrm wmcc- dftmnratm` dftk ]r DDD skldmty. Pjm marcy-smlkf` gdccmffdug gatmrdac sjkws tjat Agkrdtms lkuc` bm okuf` df acc cmvmcs ko skldmty,af` tjat gafy rucmrs alrkss nrmatmr Gmskpktagda wmrm prku` ko tjmdr Agkrdtm jmrdtanm. Pjm Gardarljdvms ourtjmrgkrm sjkw tjat Agkrdtm statms wmrm fkt krnafdzm` kf af anrdlucturacdst-pastkracdst`dljktkgy, as jas bmmf prmvdkuscy mgpjasdzm`, but tjat tjmsm statms wmrm basm` kf trdbac d`mftd-tdms tjat mflkgpassm` bktj mlkfkgdms. Pjds mvd`mflm sunnmsts tjat tjm dflkrpkratdkf ko bktj tjmpastkrac as wmcc as tjm anrdlucturac mlkfkgy gay javm bmmf tjm `modfdfn aspmlt ko Agkrdtm d`mf-tdty. Pjm gkst dgpkrtaft lkflcusdkf gust bm tjat tjm Agkrdtm mtjfdldty mgmrnm` as af d`mftdty

tjat laf bm dftmrprmtm` as sdnfdoydfn a skldac fmtwkri mxtmf`dfn kvmr carnm `dstaflms. Pjm spatdac`dstrdbutdkf ko tjm cdtmrary skurlms pkdfts tk a strkfn oklus kf ckwmr Gmskpktagda, as wmcc as tjm\yrdaf Mupjratms af` Ijabur basdfs. Pjus, tjm Agkrdtm d`mftdty fkt kfcy trafslmf`m` bkuf`ardmsbmtwmmf subsdstmflm systmgs, but mfvdrkfgmftac bkuf`ardms as wmcc. Pjmsm ljaraltmrdstdls navm

Agkrdtms a bmjavdkurac ocmxdbd cdty wjmf rmspkf`dfn tk mfvdrkfgmftac strmss. Pjm `mvmckpgmft kotjm Agkrdtm d`mftdty wdtj rmspmlt tk mfvdrkfgmftac ljafnm, af` wdtj rmspmlt tk tjm jypktjmsms tjat

wmrm okrgucatm` df \mltdkf <.=.<, wdcc bm `dslussm` df tjm okc ckwdfn ljaptmr (\mltdkf :.<).



1<4

: \kldac rmspkfsms tk mfvdrkfgmftac ljafnm

:.1 Dftrkùltdkf

Pjm pacamkmfvdrkfgmftac àta prmsmftm` df \mltdkf 2.< sunnmst tjat fkrtjmrf Gmskpktagda mx-pmrdmflm` dflrmasdfn ard`dty orkg l . 2=55 BL kfwar`s. Actjkunj tjm moomlts gay javm bmmf qudtmcklacdzm` at tjat tdgm, tjm àta sunnmst tjat ard`dty dflrmasm` tkwar` tjm mf` ko tjm tjdr` gdccmf-fdug BL. Okr tjat pmrdk`, acc cklac fkrtjmrf Gmskpktagdaf pacamklcdgatm rmlkr`s, tjat ds, IazafmJÿyói, Nÿbmicd Pmpm, â`d Avm`hd, â`d Hanjhanj, af` Pmcc Cmdcaf, df`dlatm` a sjdot tkwar`s nrmat -mr ard`dty (Odn. 2.>O“H). Pjmsm rmlkr`s acsk sunnmst tjat tjds sjdot was fkt a sjkrt-cdvm` mvmft, butdfdtdatm` a pmrdk` wdtj a strulturaccy `rdmr lcdgatm tjaf mxdstm` ùrdfn tjm marcy tjdr` gdccmffdug.Ourtjmrgkrm, kstmkckndlac af` bktafdlac rmgadfs sunnmst tjat jugafs af` pcafts gay javm mxpm-rdmflm` futrdtdkfac strmss af` watmr sjkrtanm, suppkrtdfn tjm jypktjmsds tjat tjm catm tjdr` gdccmf-fdug BL ard` trafsdtdkf df`mm` aoomltm` jugaf lkggufdtdms af` cm` tk gkrm `rkunjts. Pjds lcdgatmslmfardk, tjmf, ds tjm balinrkuf` anadfst wjdlj tjm ljafnms df skldac strulturms tjat wmrm rmlkf-strultm` df Ljaptmrs = tjrkunj > sjkuc` bm mvacuatm`. Pjm rmlkfstrultm` `mvmckpgmfts okr maljsurvmy rmndkf wdcc bm afacyzm` af` `dslussm` df cdnjt ko tjm mxpmltm` dftmraltdkf pattmrfs. Pjmf,tjm tmxtuac mvd`mflm prmsmftm` df Ljaptmr > wdcc bm mvacuatm` af` lkgparm` wdtj tjm `mvmckpgmftko tjm pastkrac mlkfkgy tjat was rmlkfstrultm` df Ljaptmr ?. Odfaccy, tjds ljaptmr jkpms tk pcalmtjm rmlkfstrultdkfs df a wd`mr rmndkfac lkftmxt, af` tk assmss tjm mnrmm tk wjdlj rmspkfsms alrkssfkrtjmrf Gmskpktagda wmrm sdgdcar, af` jkw cklac rmspkfsms rmcatm` tk ktjmr `mvmckpgmfts.

:.2 Pjm `mvmckpgmft ko sm`mftary-sm`mftary rmcatdkfs

Df \mltdkf <.=.1, dt was arnum` tjat a `mlrmasm df tjm larrydfn lapaldty wdtjdf a rmndkf wkuc` cma`tk dflrmasm` lkgpmtdtdkf bmtwmmf nrkups rmcydfn kf tjm sagm rmskurlms. Okr nrkups rmcydfn kfsubsdstmflm oargdfn, tjds lkgpmtdtdkf wkuc` cdimcy oklus kf nkk` quacdty arabcm caf` af` kf wa-tmr. Dflrmasdfn lkgpmtdtdkf kvmr tjmsm rmskurlms wkuc` cdimcy rmsuct df tjm `mvmckpgmft ko skldacgmljafdsgs rmnucatdfn allmss tk af` usm rdnjts ko tjmsm rmskurlms. Basm` kf tjm tjmkrmtdlac oragm-

wkri kutcdfm` df \mltdkf <.=, a lkfvmx rafi-sdzm `dstrdbutdkf ds mspmldaccy mxpmltm` ùrdfn pmrdk`sko rmskurlm strmss. Ljaptmr = `mslrdbm` tjm smcmltdkf ko tjrmm lasm-stu`dms df wjdlj tjds jypktj-msds was tmstm`. Pjmsm lasm-stu`dms wmrm tjm rmndkf lkvmrm` by tjm Mupjratms-Bdrmldi @ag \urvmy(B-M@\) df Purimy, tjm \yrdaf part ko tjm Bacdij _accmy tjat was lkvmrm` by tjm Bacdij \urvmy(B\), af` tjm rmndkf lkvmrm` by tjm Fkrtj Hazdra \urvmy (FH\) df Draq. @daljrkfdl `mvmckpgmftsdf sdtm sdzm, as wmcc as rafi-sdzm `dstrdbutdkfs, wmrm laclucatm` as prkxdms ko dftmr-sdtm lkgpmtdtdkf.

Ourtjmrgkrm, rmndkfac pkpucatdkf trmf`s wmrm laclucatm` tk assmss tjm `mnrmm tk wjdlj fkrtjmrfGmskpktagda was subhmlt tk `m-urbafdzatdkf af` `m-pkpucatdkf ùrdfn tjm catm tjdr`“marcy smlkf`gdccmffdug BL.

Pjm B-M@\ rmndkf was ljaraltmrdzm` by a ckw `mnrmm ko urbafdzatdkf af` a ckw pkpucatdkf`mfsdty tjrkunjkut tjm tjdr` af` marcy smlkf` gdccmffdug BL. Ukpucatdkf nmfmraccy dflrmasm`, wdtja gdfkr `mlrmasm bmtwmmf 2155 af` 1>55 BL. Avmranm smttcmgmft sdzm stma`dcy dflrmasm` tjrkunjkuttjds pmrdk`. Abkvm-avmranm pkpucatdkf nrkwtj ds rmlkr`m` okr tjm Catm MBA/Marcy GBA pmrdk`,af` tjm mf` ko tjm Catm GBA (Odn. =.15A). Pjm B-M@\ rafi-sdzm pckts wmrm mxtrmgmcy prdgatmaf` fk sdnfdodlaft `daljrkfdl ljafnm lkuc` bm kbsmrvm` ùm tk tjm kvmrcappdfn mrrkr rafnms (Odn.=.11). Pjm B\ `mgknrapjdl lurvm sjkwm` actmrfatdfn pmrdk`s ko pkpucatdkf nrkwtj af` `mlcdfmùrdfn tjm tjdr` af` marcy smlkf` gdccmffdug BL. Pjm smttcm` pkpucatdkf nrmw ùrdfn pmrdk`s _Dab,

_DDa, af` _DDb, af` `mlcdfm` ùrdfn pmrdk`s _Dl` af` _DDl (Odn. =.15B). At tjm sagm tdgm, avmr-

anm smttcmgmft pkpucatdkf pmaim` arkuf` 2555 BL at tjm _Dl`“_DDa trafsdtdkf, kfcy tk nk dftk a



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stmmp `mlcdfm tkwar` 1?55 BL. ^jmrmas tjm pkpucatdkf nrkwtj ratm ùrdfn pmrdk` _Dab omcc wdtjdftjm rafnm ko faturac nrkwtj, tjm pmrdk` _DDa“b nrkwtj ratm mxlmm`m` tjm faturac nrkwtj ratm (Odn.=.15B). Pjm rafi-sdzm afacysds sjkwm` a prkbabcy lkfvmx sdzm `dstrdbutdkf okr tjm _DDa“_DDb af`

_DDb“_DDl trafsdtdkfs, but tjm carnm lkfod`mflm zkfms okr mspmldaccy tjm 2055 BL af` 2555 BL pcktsdgpm`m a `daljrkfdl rmlkfstrultdkf (Odn. =.12). Odfaccy, tjm FH\ sjkwm` a stmmp pkpucatdkf nrkwtj

ùrdfn tjm marcy tjdr` gdccmffdug, okcckwm` by a pmrdk` ko jdnj mgknrapjdl stabdcdty tjat mf`m` dfa garim` pkpucatdkf mlcdfm orkg 1>=5 BL kfwar`s (Odn. =.15L). Avmranm smttcmgmft sdzm paraccmcm`tjds `mvmckpgmft. Ukpucatdkf nrkwtj mxlmm`m` faturac nrkwtj ùrdfn tjm marcy tjdr` gdccmffdug,but rmgadfm` wdtjdf tjm faturac rafnm okr tjm mftdrm smlkf` jaco ko tjm tjdr` gdccmffdug, as wmccas tjm odrst quartmr ko tjm smlkf` gdccmffdug BL (Odn. =.15L). Pjm FH\ pckts wmrm scdnjtcy prdgatm,

wdtj a pkssdbcy prdgk-lkfvmx `dstr dbutdkf kbsmrvm` okr <555 BL. Jkwmvmr, tjm carnm lkfod`mflmzkfm okr malj rmlkfstrultm` rafi-sdzm pckt sunnmsts tjat tjmsm `dstrdbutdkfs gust bm trmatm` wdtjlautdkf af` tjat lkflcusdkfs `rawf orkg tjmg arm fkt vmry rmcdabcm (Odn. =.1<).

Orkg tjmsm àta, twk dftmrmstdfn kbsmrvatdkfs laf bm ga`m wdtj rmspmlt tk tjm slmfardk ko mfvdrkfgmftac ljafnm8 acc rmndkfs mxpmrdmflm` pkpucatdkf nrkwtj at skgm pkdft df tdgm ùrdfn tjmcatm tjdr`“marcy smlkf` gdccmffdug BL wjmf ard`dty dflrmasm`9 af` a lkfvmx `dstrdbutdkf ds kfcykbsmrvm` df tjm B\ rmndkf at tjm _DDa“_DDb af` _DDb“_DDl trafsdtdkfs at l . 1:55 af` 1>55 BL, rm-spmltdvmcy, wjmrmas df tjm B-M@\ af` FH\ rmndkfs, tjmrm ds fk mvd`mflm at acc okr a lkfvmx sdzm `ds-trdbutdkf. Pjmsm kbsmrvatdkfs `drmltcy acckw tjm lkflcusdkf tk bm `rawf tjat fk `drmlt lkrrmcatdkfmxdstm` bmtwmmf dflrmasdfn ard`dty af` pkpucatdkf `mlcdfm df smttcm` lkggufdtdms. Pjds lkflcusdkfds suppkrtm` by tjm mvd`mflm orkg ktjmr survmys (\mltdkf =.0.1). Df malj survmy rmndkf, tjm fugbmrko sdtms af` tjm annrmnatm sdtm sdzm dflrmasm` af` `mlcdfm` lkfsd`mrabcy ùrdfn tjm catm tjdr`“marcysmlkf` gdccmffdug BL, but fk apparmft pattmrf af` lmrtadfcy fk lkgpcmtm syfljrkfdldty laf bm`drmltcy dfomrrm` orkg tjmsm `mvmckpgmfts. Ourtjmrgkrm, tjm absmflm ko lkfvmx smttcmgmft `dstrd-butdkfs, mxlmpt okr a sjkrt pmrdk` df tjm Bacdij _accmy, sunnmsts tjat lcdgatm ljafnm gay javm jaà rmcatdvmcy gdfkr dgpalt kf tjm krnafdzatdkf ko tjm smttcmgmft systmgs tjat wmrm afacyzm` df tjdsstu`y. Pjm okcckwdfn smltdkfs wdcc afacyzm tjm `mvmckpgmfts df malj survmy rmndkf df gkrm `mtadc,as wmcc as `dsluss tjm rkcm ko lcdgatm ljafnm df tjm rmlkfstrultm` `mvmckpgmfts.

:.2.1 Pjm ]ppmr Mupjratms8 tjm mgmrnmflm ko Larljmgdsj

Pjm fugbmr ko smttcmgmfts df tjm B-M@\ rmndkf ds ckw tjrkunjkut tjm tjdr` af` marcy smlkf` gdc-cmffdug BL. Pjm pkssdbcm scdnjt ljafnm tkwar` a gkrm prdgatm rafi-sdzm `dstrdbutdkf lkuc` rmocmlttjm nrkwdfn dgpkrtaflm ko Larljmgdsj tkwar` tjm catm smlkf` gdccmffdug, as ds pkssdbcy acsk rm-ocmltm` df tjm sdtm—s dflrmasm` sdzm. Lcmarcy, tjmsm smttcmgmft `mvmckpgmfts oacc kutsd`m tjm mxpmltm`lkfvmx smttcmgmft pattmrf rmsuctdfn orkg dftmr-sdtm lkgpmtdtdkf af` nrkwdfn rmskurlm strmss.

Dt was acrma`y sunnmstm` tjat tjm arma lkvmrm` by tjm B-M@\ prkbabcy rmprmsmftm` tjm fkrtjmrfjaco ko tjm Larljmgdsj smltkr, wjmrmas tjm skutjmrf jaco ds cklatm` tk tjm skutj ko tjm gk`mrf

Puridsj“\yrdaf bkr`mr (\mltdkf =.<.2). Pjds wkuc` sunnmst , tjmf, tjat tjm prdgatm faturm ko tjm B-M@\ rafi-sdzm pckts rmsuctm` orkg tjm oalt tjat tjm tktac smttcmgmft systmg ja` fkt bmmf lkrrmltcyd`mftdodm . Fmvmrtjmcmss, dt sjkuc` bm rmacdzm` tjat tjm armas fkrtj af` skutj ko Larljmgdsj wmrm

vmry `dstdflt df tmrgs ko mfvdrkfgmft af` smttcmgmft pattmrfs. Pjm arma fkrtj ko Larljmgdsj,tjat ds, tjm B-M@\ rmndkf, was ljaraltmrdzm` by rmcatdvmcy sgacc smttcmgmfts tjat wmrm cklatm` lcksmtknmtjmr, wjmrmas tjm arma skutj ko Larljmgdsj ja` a gulj gkrm `dspmrsm` smttcmgmft systmg(Umctmfburn 255>a8 1>“1:). \mlkf`cy, Larljmgdsj ds cklatm` df tjm trafsdtdkfac zkfm bmtwmmf tjmstabcm `ry-oargdfn wjmat-basm` anrdlucturac prkùltdkf systmg ko tjm fkrtjmrf part ko tjm vaccmy,af` tjm barcmy-basm` systmg df tjm skutjmrf part ko tjm vaccmy (smm Odn. 2.=). Odfaccy, Larljmgdsjcdms df tjm trafsdtdkfac zkfm bmtwmmf tjm mfsm kai wkk`caf`s ko tjm Paurus prkpmr, af` tjm wkk`-caf` stmppm tjat ljaraltmrdzm` gulj ko tjm ]ppmr \yrdaf Mupjratms (Umctmfburn 255>a8 odn. 1.<).

Ndvmf tjm oalt tjat tjm B-M@\ arma oaccs wmcc wdtjdf tjm zkfm ko `ry-oargdfn, dt gay bm qums-tdkfm` wjmtjmr tjm rmndkf mvmr mxpmrdmflm` a suoodldmftcy smvmrm `rkunjt as tk pmrgafmftcy aoomlttjm nrkups cdvdfn df tjm rmndkf. Pjds sdtuatdkf wkuc` mxpcadf wjy tjm mxpmltm` smttcmgmft pattmrf`d` fkt mgmrnm df tjds rmndkf as a rmspkfsm tk dflrmasdfn ard`dty. Fmvmrtjmcmss, a lkrrmcatdkf bm-

twmmf lcdgatm ljafnm af` tjm smttcmgmft `mvmckpgmft df tjm B-M@\ rmndkf gay bm tmftatdvmcy



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\KLDAC RM\UKF\M\ PK MF_DRKFGMFPAC LJAFNM

sunnmstm`. Carnm sdtms df tjds rmndkf gay javm pcaym` af dgpkrtaft rkcm df fkrtj“skutj dftmraltdkf. Pjm cklatdkf ko tjds rmndkf bmtwmmf `doomrmft mfvdrkfgmftac zkfms wkuc` sunnmst tjat Larljmgdsjoufltdkfm` as a natmway ldty bmtwmmf tjmsm rmndkfs (smm Burnjar`t 14>1).

\uggardzdfn, tjm `mvmckpgmft ko tjm smttcmgmft systmg df tjm B-M@\ rmndkf smmgs tk javmbmmf rmcatdvmcy ufaoomltm` by lcdgatm ljafnm ùrdfn tjm catm tjdr` gdccmffdug. Pjm mgmrnmflm ko

Larljmgdsj as af dgpkrtaft natmway ldty bmtwmmf tjm fkrtjmrf af` skutjmrf mfvdrkfgmftac af`lucturac zkfms gay pktmftdaccy bm cdfim` tk dflrmasdfn ard`dty, as lkggufdtdms df tjm gkrm garndfacrmndkfs skunjt tk mstabcdsj skldac rmcatdkfs wdtj tjm fkrtj.

:.2.2 Pjm Bacdij _accmy8 lylcms ko lkgpmtdtdkf

Lcksm dfspmltdkf ko tjm àta orkg tjm B\ rmndkf sunnmsts tjat pkpucatdkf nrkwtj, ratjmr tjaf lcd-gatm ljafnm gay javm bmmf tjm `rdvdfn okrlm bmjdf` dflrmasdfn rmskurlm lkgpmtdtdkf. @urdfn tjmtjdr` af` marcy smlkf` gdccmffdug BL, tjm Bacdij _accmy mxpmrdmflm` twk pmrdk`s ko pkpucatdkfnrkwtj, rmsuctdfn df pmai pkpucatdkfs at 2055 af` 1>55 BL. ^dcidfskf sunnmstm` tjat tjm rmlmft

watmr `dsljarnm ko tjm Bacdij, bmokrm tjm dftrkùltdkf ko carnm-slacm gktkrdzm` drr dnatdkf, waspktmftdaccy suoodldmft tk drrdnatm anrdlucturac odmc`s sustadfdfn a pkpucatdkf ko >555“<5555 pmrskfs

(144:8 :5“1).44 Dt laf saomcy bm assugm` tjat tjm catm tjdr`“marcy smlkf` gdccmffdug `dsljarnm wasat gkst tjm sagm as tjds agkuft. Pjm rmlkfstrultm` pkpucatdkf bmtwmmf <555 af` 1?55 BL lkftdf-ukuscy mxlmm`s tjm ckwmr mf` ko tjds rafnm. Pjm pkpucatdkf pmai ko 2055 BL, af` partdlucarcy tjatko 1>55 BL, apprkaljm` tjm uppmr cdgdt ko tjds rafnm, sunnmstdfn tjat anrdlucturac prkùltdkf gayjavm bmmf subhmlt tk strmss af` pmrdk`dl oadcurm. Dt ds mxaltcy urdfn tjmsm twk pmrdk`s ko gaxdgugpkpucatdkf tjat tjm strkfnmst mvd`mflm okr lkgpmtdtdkf bmtwmmf lkggufdtdms laf bm okuf`.155

Pkwar`s 2055 BL, tjm dftmr-lkggufdty skldac tmfsdkf budc`dfn up df tjm Bacdij _accmy wasrmocmltm` df tjm lkfstrultdkf ko ldty waccs `klugmftm` okr tjm gd``cm af` catm tjdr` gdccmffdugBL. Jaggag mt-Purigaf (B\ 1>=) was waccm` arkuf` 2<=5 BL (Pjdssmf 14:48 14>). Arkuf` tjmsagm tdgm, ldty waccs wmrm budct at Hd`cm (B\ 2>=) af` pkssdbcy \ajcaf (B\ 20>) (Gacckwaf 140?81<0, 1<:), Iazafm Jÿyói df tjm Jarraf arma tk tjm fkrtj ko tjm B\ rmndkf (Rksmf 144>8 <4>), af`tjm ldty wacc ko Pmcc Bd—a (B\ 1) was rmfmwm` (Gdncus af` \trkggmfnmr 25528 21). Pjmsm budc`-

dfn altdvdtdms rmocmlt a rmac lkflmrf okr saomty af` kllurrm` at a tdgm wjmf prmssurm kf rmskurlms was nrkwdfn. Df tjds systmg, fk sdtm was abcm tk assmrt lkftrkc kvmr tjm mftdrm rmndkf tk mxtraltrmskurlms okr dts kwf bmfmodt, a systmg tjat gay javm oufltdkfm` okr skgm carnm tjdr` gdccmffduglmftrms mcsmwjmrm df fkrtjmrf Gmskpktagda (^dcidfskf 1440). Kfm rmaskf wjy tjds typm ko smttcm-gmft jdmrarljy `d` fkt appmar df tjm Bacdij _accmy gay javm bmmf tjat fkt caf` but watmr was tjmrmstrdltdfn rmskurlm.

@urdfn tjm marcy smlkf` gdccmffdug, tjmrm ds `drmlt mvd`mflm okr lkgpmtdtdkf kvmr watmr df tjmcmttmr tk \jagsjd-Aà` orkg tjm dfjabdtafts ko Puttuc/Pmcc Bd—a. Pjmy lkgpcadfm` tjat tjm ldty koXacpaj, cklatm` upstrmag ackfn tjm Bacdij af` pkssdbcy tk bm d`mftdodm` wdtj Jaggag mt-Purigaf(vaf Ckkf af` Gmdhmr 14::8 xxvd), lut koo tjm watmrs ko tjm Bacdij, tjmrmby `mprdvdfn Puttuc ko vd-tac drrdnatdkf watmr (@kssdf 14>09 _dccar` 14:>). Ndvmf tjm oalt tjat tjm dggm`datm surrkuf`dfns ko

Pmcc Bd—a arm oar gkrm masd cy dr rdnatm` by usdfn watmr orkg tjm Bacdij tjaf tjm Mupjratms (\ljdrgmr

14:>8 >1), tjds lkgpcadft smmgs ouccy hustdodm` do tjmrm altuaccy was watmr sjkrtanm. Pmcc Bd—a gay fktjavm bmmf tjm kfcy smttcmgmft tk suoomr orkg rmùlm` rdvmr `dsljarnm, af` tjm rmsuctdfn lkgpmtdtdkfkvmr rmskurlms gay javm cm` tk smttcmgmft fulcmatdkf af` tjm okrgatdkf ko `dstdflt tmrrdtkrdms, asmvd`mflm` df tjm lkfvmx rafi-sdzm `dstrdbutdkfs okr tjm pmrdk` 1:55“1>55 BL.

44 Dt rmgadfs uflcmar wjmtjmr drrdnatdkf was altuaccy praltdsm` df tjm Bacdij _accmy ùrdfn tjm tjdr` af` marcy smlkf`gdccmffdug BL. Lcmarcy d`mftdodabcm afldmft drrdnatdkf lafacs df tjm vaccmy àtm` tk tjm Jmccmfdstdl pmrdk` af` catmr(^dcidfskf 144:8 ?4). Bktafdlac sagpcms orkg Jaggag mt-Purigaf pmrdk` _D af` _DD lkftmxts lkftadfm` tkk omw

wmm` spmldms df`dlatdvm ko a wmt mfvdrkfgmft, af` by dfomrmflm, ko drr dnat dkf, tk pksdt tjm pralt dlm ko drr dnat dkf (vafXmdst mt ac. 14::8 >1<).

155 Pjm prmsmft rmlkfstrultdkf ko tjm Bacdij _accmy `mgknrapjdl `mvmckpgmfts supmrsm`ms, af` scdnjtcy `doomrs orkg, tjmafacysds prmsmftm` df ^kssdfi okrtjlkgdfn. Pjm `doomrmflms gadfcy `mrdvm orkg tjm dflcusdkf ko tjm rmsucts ko tjm

rafi-sdzm afacysds, fmlmssdtatdfn a gk`dodlatdkf ko tjm slmfardk ko jugaf-mfvdrkfgmft dftmraltdkf tjat was koomrm`marcdmr.



102


Pjds slmfardk `doomrs lkfsd`mrabcy orkg Lurvmrs— (14418 21=) dftmrprmtatdkf ko tjm smttcmgmftsystmg df tjm Bacdij _accmy ùrdfn tjm Marcy af` Gd``cm Brkfzm Anm. Lurvmrs— gk`mc was prdgardcy`rdvmf by a lylcm ko waxdfn af` wafdfn skutjmrf Gmskpktagdaf dfocumflm kf fkrtjmrf ldty-statms.

Allkr`dfn tk Lurvmrs, tjm gd`-tjdr` gdccmffdug BL pkpucatdkf pmai, wjdlj jm laccm` ‚prklmss kourbafdzatdkf—, rmsuctm` orkg tjm ‚latacytdl moomlt ko ]rui mxpafsdkf tkwar`s \yrda af` Afatkcda—,

af` was asskldatm` wdtj tjm mgmrnmflm ko a rafim` skldmty df tjm Bacdij _accmy. @urdfn tjm catmtjdr` gdccmffdug BL, tjm lkgpcmxdty ko tjds skldmty dflrmasm` ùm tk dfocumflms orkg skutjmrfGmskpktagda. At tjm mf` ko tjm tjdr` gdccmffdug, tjds systmg lkccapsm` ùm tk dftmrfac skldac af`pkcdtdlac strmss. Pjm smlkf` ‚prklmss ko urbafdzatdkf— was dfdtdatm` by cklac urbaf rucmrs wjk jaà strkfn pastkrac balinrkuf` af` wjk pursum` a pkcdly ko (rm)smttcmgmft af` sm`mftardzatdkf.

Pjmsm rucmrs skunjt tk mstabcdsj tjmdr pkwmr basm by asskldatdfn tjmgsmcvms wdtj pkwmrouc okrmdnf`yfastdms. Mvmftuaccy, aotmr 1>55 BL, tjds systmg lkccapsm` bmlausm tjmsm okrmdnf pkwmrs wdtj`rmwtjmdr suppkrt orkg tjm cklac rucmrs df tjm Bacdij _accmy. Lurvmrs mgpjasdzm` tjm dfocumflm ko mx-tmrfac, prdgardcy skutjmrf Gmskpktagdaf, pkcdtdlac mftdtdms, tjat ds, tjm ]rui pjmfkgmfkf, Mbca,tjm Aiia`daf af` ]r DDD statms, af` Gard., Pjds stu`y jkwmvmr oklusms kf cklac prklmssms as tjmprdgary lausms ko tjm kbsmrvm` skldk-lucturac ljafnms. Cklac jugaf-mfvdrkfgmft dftmraltdkf armmgpjasdzm` kvmr tjm stdcc `mbatm` dgpalt ko oar-koo pkcdtdlac mftdtdms, af` mgpjasdzms pkcdtdlac,lucturac, af` mlkfkgdl lkftdfudty df tjm Bacdij _accmy. Df tjds way, tjmrm ds fk fmm` tk jypktjmsdzmsdnfdodlaft skutjmrf Gmskpktagdaf dfocumflm kf tjm Hmzdraj, okr wjdlj arljamkckndlac af` tmxtuacmvd`mflm rmgadfs agbdnukus (smm \mltdkf 2.=).

\uggardzdfn, dt laf bm arnum` tjat df tjds slmfardk, bktj tjm gd`-tjdr` gdccmffdug BL as wmccas tjm marcy smlkf` gdccmffdug BL lylcms ko dflrmasdfn lkgpmtdtdkf wmrm prdgardcy trdnnmrm` bypkpucatdkf nrkwtj, rmsuctdfn df jdnjmr pkpucatdkf prmssurm kf avadcabcm rmskurlms. Pjm kfsmt ko`rdmr lcdgatdl lkf`dtdkfs ùrdfn tjm smlkf` jaco ko tjm tjdr` gdccmffdug, rmsuctdfn df rmùlm` rdvmr`dsljarnm af` cmss rmcdabcm radfoacc, gay javm stradfm` anrdlucturac prkùltdkf af` cm` tk a strkfnmrrmcdaflm kf drrdnatdkf, but was ktjmrwdsm fkt a `rdvdfn okrlm bmjdf` tjm smttcmgmft `mvmckpgmftstjat wmrm rmlkfstrultm` okr tjm Bacdij _accmy okr tjm pmrdk` <555“1=55 BL.

:.2.< Pjm fkrtjmastmrf Hmzdraj8 lmftracdzatdkf af` mxljafnm Pjm rmlkfstrultm` smttcmgmft àta orkg tjm FH\ rmndkf arm `doodluct tk dftmrprmt. Fk lcmar lkfvmxsmttcmgmft `dstrdbutdkf laf bm `dslmrfm` ùm tk tjm carnm mrrkr garndf ko tjm FH\ rafi-sdzm pckt.Df oalt, acc pckts `mgkfstratm a scdnjt tmf`mfly tkwar` a prdgatm kr prdgk-lkfvmx `dstrdbutdkf. Dtjas bmmf sunnmstm` tjat tjm FH\ rmndkf was gkst cdimcy tk rmprmsmft af arma tjat `d` fkt lkdfld`m

wdtj af mftdrm smttcmgmft systmg, as a rmsuct ko wjdlj tjm rafi-sdzm pckts wkuc` bm ocawm` (\mltdkf=.<). Pjm prkxdgdty ko carnm sdtms kutsd`m tjm survmy arma wkuc` sunnmst kf tjm kfm jaf` tjat tjmFH\ rmndkf gay jarbkur parts ko ktjmr smttcmgmft systmgs, af` kf tjm ktjmr jaf` tjat tjm systmgtjat laf bm asskldatm` wdtj Pmcc ac-Jawa was fkt mftdrmcy dflcu`m` df tjm FH\ rmndkf.

@mspdtm tjmsm uflmrtadftdms, a lkfvdfldfn lasm jas bmmf ga`m okr tjm mxdstmflm ko a gd`“ catm tjdr` gdccmffdug jdmrarljdlac smttcmgmft systmg lmftrm` kf Pmcc ac-Jawa (^dcidfskf 14409

^dcidfskf af` Pulimr 144=). Pjm gk`mc was basm` kf tjm survmy mvd`mflm orkg tjm FH\, lkfsdst-

dfn fkt kfcy ko tjm smttcmgmft rmlkr`, but acsk ko tjm jkcckw ways af` mxtmfsdvm sjmr` slattmrsarkuf` gahkr sdtms. Allkr`dfn tk tjds gk`mc, tjm jdmrarljdlac systmg was lmftrm` kf a carnm lmftracsdtm. Pjds sdtm—s pkpucatdkf was sk carnm tjat df a `ry ymar wdtj ckw anrdlucturac prkùltdkf, dts kwflatljgmft arma, jypktjmsdzm` tk bm af arma arkuf` tjm sdtm wdtj a ra`dus ko up tk = ig, lkuc` fkckfnmr sustadf tjm pkpucatdkf, af` surpcus ja` tk bm dgpkrtm` orkg surrkuf`dfn sdtms. Pjrkunjtjm mxtraltdkf ko anrdlucturac surpcus orkg surrkuf`dfn sdtms, wjdlj rmgadfm` bmckw tjmdr sdtmlatljgmft—s larrydfn lapaldty, tjm lmftrac sdtm was abcm tk nrkw bmykf` dts kwf latljgmft arma—slarrydfn lapaldty. Jkwmvmr, wjmrmas tjm satmccdtms arkuf` Pmcc ac-Jawa wmrm abaf`kfm`, skgm smt-tcmgmfts arkuf` tjm smlkf`-rafi sdtms rmgadfm` kllupdm`, sunnmstdfn a scdnjtcy `doomrmft caf`-usmsystmg okr tjm lmftrac sdtms af` tjm smlkf`-rafi sdtms. Pjds catm tjdr` gdccmffdug systmg prkbabcymgmrnm` kut ko a Catm Ljaclkcdtjdl smttcmgmft caf`slapm ljaraltmrdzm` by sgacc df`mpmf`mft vdc-canms, tjrkunj af marcy tjdr` gdccmffdug systmg ljaraltmrdzm` by lmftrac sdtms surrkuf`m` by satmc-

cdtms wdtjdf a = ig zkfm (^dcidfskf 14409 ^dcidfskf af` Pulimr 144=).



10<


Pjds jdmrarljdlac smttcmgmft systmg rmcdm` kf strkfn dftmraltdkf bmtwmmf tjm lmftrac sdtm af`tjm smlkfàry smttcmgmfts. Nradf `mcdvmrdms gust javm bmmf rmlkr`m`, af` tjmrm gust javm bmmfrmnucar traoodl bmtwmmf tjm smttcmgmfts wdtjdf tjm systmg, mspmldaccy df tdgms ko cklac cabkur sjkrt-anms ùrdfn jarvmst (^dcidfskf 14408 =5<). \kgm mvd`mflm okr tjmsm lkftalts lagm orkg tjm armako Pdtrdsj Jÿyói ackfn tjm Puridsj Mupjratms, wjmrm a jdmrarljdlac smttcmgmft systmg sdgdcar tk

tjat ko Pmcc ac-Jawa was arnum` tk javm mxdstm`. At Pdtrdsj Jÿyói, a partdlucar typm ko carnm stkr-anm har was abufàftcy prmsmft at tjm lmftrac sdtm, but carnmcy absmft at tjm smlkfàry sdtms, af`tjds `doomrmflm was spmlucatdvmcy arnum` tk rmprmsmft a ockw ko nradf tkwar` tjm lmftrac sdtm. Pjdspattmrf lkuc` acsk bm d`mftdodm` df tjm FH\ arma, but fkt as strkfn as df tjm arma ko Pdtrdsj Jÿyói(^dcidfskf 14408 040“=). Pjm scdnjt prdgatm tmf`mfly kbsmrvm` df tjm rafi-sdzm pckts ko tjm FH\rmndkf lkuc` pktmftdaccy acsk pkdft tk a vmrtdlaccy dftmnratm` smttcmgmft systmg, actjkunj tjds wkuc`rmqudrm a bmttmr uf`mrstaf dfn ko tjm cdgdts ko tjm Pmcc ac-Jawa smttcmgmft systmg as a wjkcm (smm\mltdkf =.<.2).

Apart orkg tjm mgmrnmflm ko carnm, lmftracdzm` sdtms, tjm gk`mc acsk adgm` tk mxpcadf tjmmvd`mflm okr anrdlucturac dftmfsdodlatdkf. \jkrtmfdfn ko oacckw af` appcydfn afdgac gafurm tk tjmodmc`s wkuc` javm bmmf tjm prdgary gmtjk`s ko dftmfsdodlatdkf. ^jmrmas oacckw-sjkrtmfdfn laf-fkt bm prkvmf orkg arljamkckndlac rmgadfs, tjmrm ds ldrlugstaftdac mvd`mflm okr afdgac gafurdfn.Gafy gd`“catm tjdr` gdccmffdug BL urbaf lmftrms df tjm ]ppmr Ijabur arma af` tjm fkrtjmastmrf

Hmzdraj arm surrkuf`m` by jkcckw ways, suppksm` tk javm lkgm dftk bmdfn tjrkunj lkftdfum` trao-odl by pmrskfs af` afdgacs (vaf Cdmrm af` Cauooray 14=09 ^dcidfskf 144<9 ]r 255<9 Rutdsjausmr255:).151 Arkuf` gafy ko tjmsm sdtms, mxtmfsdvm sjmr` slattmrs laf bm okuf` tjat mxtmf` as oar awayorkg tjm sdtm as gafy jkcckw ways. ^dcidfskf sunnmstm` tjat tjmsm sjmr` slattmrs rmprmsmft tjmgatmrdac rmgadfs ko smttcmgmft rmousm bmdfn appcdm` as gafurm tk anrdlucturac odmc`s (14:4), af`tjat tjm jkcckw ways gay javm df`dlatm` tjm cdgdt ko tjm zkfm ko dftmfsdvm anrdlucturac prkùltdkf.Ndvmf tjat tjm sjmr` slattmrs kllur arkuf` sdtms tjat rmaljm` tjmdr carnmst sdzm ùrdfn tjm gd`“catmtjdr` gdccmffdug, dt smmgs rmaskfabcm tk assugm tjat gafurdfn was a`kptm` as a gmtjk` tk aljdmvmjdnjmr anrdlucturac prkùltdkf.152 Laclucatdkfs ko gmaf affuac prkùltdkf pmr jmltarm, lkgbdfm`

wdtj rmlkfstrultm` pkpucatdkf cmvmcs okr tjmsm carnm sdtms, javm sunnmstm` tjat tjmsm pkpucatdkfslkuc` df`mm` kfcy bm sustadfm` uf`mr af anrdlucturac rmndgm lkgbdfdfn sjkrt kr fk oacckw pmrdk`s

wdtj gafurdfn af`/kr dr rdnatdkf (^dcidfskf 1440, 25509 Actawmmc 255:).Ckkidfn gkrm lcksmcy at tjds gk`mc ko caf`-usm arkuf` urbaf sdtms, dt bmlkgms apparmft tjat

tjm gk`mc lkgbdfms twk `mvmckpgmfts tjat arm fkt fmlmssardcy rmcatm`. Odrst, tjm gk`mc prkpksmsjkw a lmftrac sdtm laf attadf a sdzm bmykf` tjat wjdlj laf bm sustadfm` by dts dggm`datm latljgmftarma tjrkunj mxtraltdfn surpcus orkg fmdnjbkurdfn sdtms, af` smlkf`cy, tjm gk`mc prkpksms jkwtjm kvmracc pkpucatdkf ko tjm mftdrm smttcmgmft systmg laf nrkw tjrkunj anrdlucturac dftmfsdodla-tdkf. Pjm odrst `mvmckpgmft ds mftdrmcy lkflmrfm` wdtj tjm krnafdzatdkf ko tjm smttcmgmft systmg,

wjmrmas tjm smlkf` `mvmckpgmft ds lkflmrfm` wdtj tjm lkrrmcatdkf bmtwmmf anrdlucturac dftmfsd-odlatdkf af` pkpucatdkf nrkwtj wdtjdf tjm mftdrm smttcmgmft systmg. Pjds gmafs tjat anrdlucturacdftmfsdodlatdkf wdcc kllur kflm a lmrtadf pkpucatdkf tjrmsjkc` ds surpassm`, drrmspmltdvm ko jkw tjdspkpucatdkf ds `dspmrsm` alrkss tjm caf`slapm.

151 Actjkunj tjds mxpcafatdkf ko ra`dac cdfms arkuf` fkrtjmrf Gmskpktagdaf sdtms ds wd`mcy allmptm`, ktjmr jypktjmsmsmxdst. Dt jas bmmf sunnmstm` tjat tjm ra`dac cdfms oufltdkfm` as watmr jarvmstdfn fmtwkris, actjkunj tjds mxpcafatdkf`kms fkt fmlmssardcy rucm kut tjm pkssdbdcdty tjat tjmy oufltdkfm` as rka`s at skgm pkdft df tdgm (GlCmccaf af` Ukrtmr144=9 GlCmccaf mt ac. 2555). ^mdss `kubtm` tjm afldmft faturm ko tjm jkcckw ways af` sunnmstm` tjat tjmy wmrm kogulj gkrm rmlmft àtm (Rdstvmt 255=8 2?9 ^mdss 255>).

152 Mtjfknrapjdl rmsmarlj df`dlatms tjat gafurm `mrdvm` orkg jugaf smttcmgmfts usuaccy lkgms orkg afdgac pmfs af`stabcms wjmrm omw ktjmr altdvd tdms arm larrdm` kut, af` tjat wjmrm gafurm ds lkccmltm` orkg kpmf-adr spalms, dt ds lcmafm`bmokrm bmdfn trafspkrtm` tk tjm odmc`s (Jkrfm 14408 =<). Pjds prklmùrm wkuc` acsk rmùlm wmdnjt. Af actmrfatdvmmxpcafatdkf ko sjmr` slattmrs ds tjat tjmy `mrdvm` orkg af moodldmft typm ko drrdnatdkf laccm` pdtljmr-drrdnatdkf, wjdlj

was tra`dt dkfac cy usm` df Df`da af` Draf (Barrkw 14:>8 205). Udtljmr drrdnatdkf wkuc` cmavm af arljamkckndlac rmsdùmlkfsdstdfn ko sjmr`s sprma` alrkss tjm caf`slapm. Do tjds wmrm tjm lasm, kfm wkuc` mxpmlt tjm rmpmrtkdrm ko pkt sjapmstk bm gkrm cdgdtm`, d.m. bdasm` tkwar` lcksm` okrgs, tjaf wjmf tjmsm slattmrs wkuc` rmsuct orkg lkggufac sdtm rmousmlkccmltm` okr gafurdfn purpksms. A``dtdkfaccy, bmlausm pdtljmrs gust javm watmr-pmrgmabcm waccs, dt ds pkssdbcm tk

tmst wjmtjmr sjmr`s lkuc` javm rmsuctm` orkg pdtljmr drrdnatdkf mvmf df tjm absmflm ko nkk` rdgs af` ktjmr omaturmsjmr`s.



100


Ndvmf tjat tjm tktac agkuft ko smttcm` arma rmgadfm` rkunjcy tjm sagm, dt ds tjmkrmtdlaccy pkssd-bcm tjat tjm Pmcc ac-Jawa rmndkf kpmratm` as a lcksm` systmg ormm ko afy mxtmrfac dfocumflms kr pkp-ucatdkf gkvmgmfts (^dcidfskf af` Pulimr 144=8 =1). Pjds ds acsk sunnmstm` by tjm prmsmft afacysds,

wjdlj okuf` tjat tjm FH\ rmndkf was ljaraltmrdzm` by a rmcatdvmcy stabcm pkpucatdkf nrkwtj oaccdfnmftdrmcy wdtjdf tjm mxpmltm` faturac nrkwtj ratms (smm \mltdkf =.<.1). Pjm trafsdtdkf orkg a Catm

Ljaclkcdtjdl ‚rmsdcdmft rdsi-rmùltdkf subsdstmflm systmg— tkwar` a gd`“catm tjdr` gdccmffdug ‚brdt-tcm prkùlt-gaxdgdzatdkf systmg— (^dcidfskf af` Pulimr 144=8 :=) laf tjmrmokrm bm ouccy mxpcadfm`df tmrgs ko faturac pkpucatdkf nrkwtj af` asskldatm` anrdlucturac dftmfsdodlatdkf (smm Bksmrup14?=).

Pjm okrgatdkf ko a sdtm jdmrarljy ùrdfn tjm gd` tk catm tjdr` gdccmffdug BL, af` dts lkftdfum`mxdstmflm ùrdfn tjm marcy smlkf` gdccmffdug BL rmgadfs, jkwmvmr, ufmxpcadfm`. Pjmrm gust javmbmmf lcmar a`vaftanms okr mdtjmr tjm lmftrac sdtm tk assmrt dts lkftrkc kvmr dts fmdnjbkurs, kr okr sml-kfàry sdtms tk rmcdfqudsj tjmdr surpcus prkùltdkf tk afktjmr smttcmgmft. Mspmldaccy urdfn pmrdk`sko rmskurlm strmss, smlkf`-rafi smttcmgmfts gay javm altdvmcy rmsdstm` tjm mxtraltdkf ko tjmdr anrd-lucturac surpcus by tjm lmftrac sdtm df tjm smttcmgmft systmg. Df ktjmr wkr`s, wjy `d` a jdmrarljdlacsmttcmgmft systmg ardsm, ratjmr tjaf a systmg ko gkrm df`mpmf`mft af` mquac-sdzm` smttcmgmfts,

wjdlj wkuc` bm mxpmltm` uf`mr lkf`dtdkfs ko dflrmasm` rmskurlm strmss; ^dcidfskf rmlmftcy sun-nmstm` tjat tjm mgmrnmflm ko afkgackuscy carnm sdtms lkuc` javm bmmf stdgucatm` by tjm okrga-tdkf ko dftmr-rmndkfac mxljafnm fmtwkris (2555b8 129 25508 1:?). A lkgpcmx rka` fmtwkri sprmaàlrkss fkrtjmrf Gmskpktagda urdfn tjm tjdr` af` smlkf` gdccmffdug BL (Cmbmau 2555b9 ]r 255<9Garrk 2550b, a), af` gafy sdtms ackfn tjmsm rka`s attadfm` a sdzm tjat laffkt bm mxpcadfm` skcmcy bytjm subsdstmflm pktmftdac ko tjmsm sdtms— latljgmft armas. Pjmsm fmtwkris wkuc` javm bmmf oklusm`kf tjm mxljafnm ko jdnj-vacum lkggk`dtdms, as wmcc as mxljafnm bmtwmmf sm`mftary af` (smgd-)fkga`dl pkpucatdkf lkgpkfmfts. Pjm cklatdkf ko lmrtadf sdtms ackfn dgpkrtaft rka`s gay javmprkvd`m` tjmsm sdtms wdtj af a`vaftanm df rmskurlm allmss kvmr fmdnjbkurdfn sdtms. Mvmftuaccy, tjdsa`vaftanm gay javm `mvmckpm` dftk ufmquac rmcatdkfs bmtwmmf smttcmgmfts, wjmrmby stapcms af`jdnj-vacum lkggk`dtdms gkvm` df `doomrmft `drmltdkfs, tjmrmby lrmatdfn a jdnjcy ocmxdbcm mlkfkgylkgbdfdfn anrdlucturac, pastkrac, af` jdnj-vacum lkggk`dtdms (^dcidfskf 2555b8 10“1?).

@urdfn tjm marcy smlkf` gdccmffdug BL, tjm fugbmr ko smttcmgmfts dflrmasm`, af` avmranm smt-tcmgmft sdzm `mlcdfm`, actjkunj Pmcc ac-Jawa rmtadfm` dts status as tjm carnmst sdtm df tjm rmndkf.

Pjm 2555 BL rafi-sdzm pckt ds scdnjtcy prdgatm (Odn. =.1<L), wjmrmas tjm 1=55 BL pckt sjkws a scdnjttmf`mfly tkwar`s a prdgk-lkfvmx `dstrdbutdkf (Odn. =.1<@), actjkunj tjm carnm mrrkr-garndf df-jdbdts afy ourtjmr lkggmfts bmdfn ga`m kf tjmsm pckts. Anadf, as wdtj tjm catm tjdr` gdccmffdugsmttcmgmft pattmrf, tjm kbsmrvm` `dstrdbutdkfs okr tjm marcy smlkf` gdccmffdug BL arm fkt masdcymxpcadfm` by tjm mxpmltm` pattmrfs okr dftmr-smttcmgmft skldac rmcatdkfs. Kfm pkssdbdcdty ds tjat Pmccac-Jawa rmtadfm` tjm imy oufltdkf df tjm dftmr-rmndkfac mxljafnm fmtwkri tjat dt alqudrm` df tjmtjdr` gdccmffdug, af` lkuc` tjmrmokrm lkftdfum tk assmrt dts dfocumflm kvmr fmdnjbkurdfn lkggufd-tdms, tjmrmby fmncmltdfn tjm moomlts ko strkfnmr dftmr-sdtm lkgpmtdtdkf. Pjm lcksm prkxdgdty ko tjmFH\ tk tjm carnm sdtms ackfn tjm Pdnrds gaims dt cdimcy tjat tjm arma prkodtm` orkg tjm Kc` Assyrdaftra`m fmtwkri mxtmf`dfn dftk Afatkcda (^dcidfskf af` Pulimr 144=8 ==).

Abkvm, d t was acrma`y sunnmstm` tjat carnm lmftrac sdtms fkt kfcy `mvmckpm` df rmspkfsm tk dftmr-rmndkfac mxljafnm, but acsk pcaym` a rkcm df mxljafnm bmtwmmf sm`mftary af` (smgd-)fkga`dl lkg-gufdtdms. Actjkunj tjds tkpdl wdcc bm gkrm ouccy mxpckrm` df tjm okcckwdfn smltdkf, skgm prmcdgdfarylkggmfts arm fmlmssary tk mxpcadf tjm lkftdfum` rkcm ko Pmcc ac-Jawa as tjm `kgdfaft sdtm df tjmFH\ rmndkf ùrdfn tjm marcy smlkf` gdccmffdug BL. Dt was arnum` tjat tjm mxtmfsdvm urbafdzatdkftjat ljaraltmrdzm` carnm parts ko tjm ]ppmr Ijabur, as wmcc as tjm FH\ rmndkf, fmlmssdtatm` a rmck-latdkf ko spmldacdzm` pastkrac prkùltdkf tkwar` fkf-urbaf armas (\mltdkf ?.=.1). Pjds prklmss, dfturf, gay javm stdgucatm` tjm mgmrnmflm ko lmftrac sdtms df tjm mxljafnm bmtwmmf (smgd-)fkga`dlpastkracdst lkggufdtdms af` sm`mftary anrdlucturacdst lkggufdtdms. Dt gay tjmrmokrm bm tmftatdvmcysunnmstm` tjat dt was mxaltcy tjds oufltdkf as natmway ldty (smm Burnjar`t 14>1) bmtwmmf urbaf-dzm` armas af` gkrm garndfac armas ormqumftm` by (smgd-)fkga`dl lkggufdtdms tjat acckwm` Pmccac-Jawa, af` sdtms cdim Pmcc Brai af` Gard tk lkftdfum tk mxdst as dgpkrtaft smttcmgmfts `kgdfatdfn

tjmdr mfvdrkfgmfts. Pjus, wjmf ard`dty smt df ùrdfn tjm catm tjdr` gdccmffdug, tjmsm smttcmgmftslapdtacdzm` kf tjmdr oufltdkfs as natmway ldtdms wjdlj tjmy ja` alqudrm` marcdmr tjat gdccmffdug.



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\uggardzdfn, faturac pkpucatdkf nrkwtj af` tjm okrgatdkf ko mxljafnm fmtwkris wmrm tjm`mtmrgdfdfn oaltkrs df sjapdfn tjm smttcmgmft pattmrfs tjat wmrm kbsmrvm` df tjm FH\ rmndkf.

Pjm dfdt dac okrgatdkf ko ckfn-`dstaflm mxljafnm fmtwkris ùrdfn tjm gd`“catm tjdr` gdccmffdug,prkpmccm` by a `mgaf` okr jdnj-vacum af`/kr pastkrac lkggk`dtdms, gay javm cm` tk tjm prkgd-fmflm ko Pmcc ac-Jawa wdtjdf tjm carnmr smttcmgmft systmg. Dt was prkbabcy mxaltcy tjds lmftrac af`

pmrjaps gkfkpkcdzdfn pksdtdkf wdtj rmspmlt tk mxljafnm wdtj (smgd-)fkga`dl lkggufdtdms tjatacckwm` Pmcc ac-Jawa tk lkftdfum `kgdfatdfn dts surrkuf`dfns wjmf catm tjdr`“marcy smlkf` gdc-cmffdug BL dflrmasm` ard`dty fmlmssdtatm` a strkfnmr oklus kf anrdlucturacdst-pastkracdst dftmraltdkf.Df tjds smfsm, tjm kfsmt ko `rdmr lkf`dtdkfs rmdfokrlm` ratjmr tjaf ljafnm` a skldac lkfstmccatdkftjat was acrma`y jdnjcy nmarm` tkwar`s gadftadfdfn af urbafdzm` skldmty df a rmcatdvmcy garndfacmfvdrkfgmft.

:.< Pjm `mvmckpgmft ko sm`mftary-(smgd-)fkga`dl rmcatdkfs

Dt jas bmmf arnum` tjat nrkups rmcydfn kf `doomrmft subsdstmflm stratmndms wkuc` `mvmckp lkkpmra-tdvm gmljafdsgs df kr`mr tk dflrmasm malj nrkup—s ljaflm ko survdvac af` allmss tk lkftmstm` af`

tjmrmokrm slarlm rmskurlms (\mltdkf <.=.2). Pjds mxpmltatdkf ds basm` kf tjm lkflmpt tjat spmldacdza-tdkf ds kf tjm kfm jaf` gkrm prkùltdvm tjaf `dvmrsdodlatdkf, but kf tjm ktjmr jaf` gaims a nrkupgkrm vucfmrabcm tk mfvdrkfgmftac strmss. Ljaptmrs ? af` > rmvdmwm` tjm mvd`mflm okr tjm mxdstmflmko a pastkrac mlkfkgy df fkrtjmrf Gmskpktagda, as wmcc as tjm mvd`mflm okr tjm mxdstmflm ko a sk-ldac d`mftdty ko tjmsm pastkracdsts. Pjm prmsmft smltdkf wdcc dsluss tk wjat mnrmm tjm rmlkfstrultm``mvmckpgmfts lkfokrg tk tjm mxpmltm` pattmrfs.

Ljaptmr ? prmsmftm` a slmfardk okr tjm `mvmckpgmft ko tjm pastkrac mlkfkgy df fkrtjmrfGmskpktagda ùrdfn tjm tjdr` af` marcy smlkf` gdccmffdug BL. Dt was sunnmstm` tjat a lkgpcmxaf` ouccy `mvmckpm` pastkrac mlkfkgy ja` mxdstm` df Gmskpktagda sdflm tjm okurtj gdccmffdugBL. @urdfn tjm gd`-tjdr` gdccmffdug, urbafdzatdkf df tjm ]ppmr Ijabur cm` tk a rmcklatdkf kopastkrac prkùltdkf tk gkrm garndfac armas tk tjm skutj af` tk tjm wmst ko tjm gadf urbafdzmàrmas ko tjm lmftrac af` mastmrf ]ppmr Ijabur, tjat ds, tjm Gd``cm Ijabur af` Hmbmc Ab` ac-Azdz

armas, af` tjm arma arkuf` Pmcc Bmyàr, rmspmltdvmcy. Mvmftuaccy, tjm sgacc-slacm pastkrac prkùl-tdkf ackfn tjm Gd``cm Ijabur was suppcmgmftm` by spmldacdzm` prkùltdkf oklusm` kf tjm arma kotjm Hmbmc Ab` ac-Azdz. Pjds spmldacdzm` `dstaft vdccanm-basm` kr trafsjugaft pastkrac prkùltdkfsystmg mf`m` skgmwjmrm ùrdfn tjm catm tjdr` gdccmffdug af` was prkbabcy rmpcalm` by a systmg

wjmrmby spmldacdzm` pastkrac prkùltdkf was praltdsm` by gkrm gkbdcm, (smgd-)fkga`dl lkggufd-tdms. Marcy smlkf` gdccmffdug bkfm assmgbcanms orkg fkrtjmrf Gmskpktagda arm slarlm, but tjmtmxtuac mvd`mflm orkg Gard tmstdodms tk tjm dgpkrtaflm ko tjm pastkrac mlkfkgy tk skldmty kvmracc,af` tk tjm jdnj `mnrmm ko gkbdcdty ko pastkracdst lkggufdtdms.

Ljaptmr > `dslussm` tjm mvd`mflm okr tjm prmsmflm ko Agkrdtms df nrmatmr Gmskpktagda, afàdgm` tk d`mftdoy tjm faturm ko Agkrdtm d`mftdty, as wmcc as dts `daljrkfdl `mvmckpgmft. Dt was`mgkfstratm` tjat Agkrdtm laf bm lkfsd`mrm` af mtjfdl d`mftdty ùrdfn tjm marcy smlkf` gdc-cmffdug, af` tjat tjds mtjfdl lkffktatdkf acsk mxdstm` ùrdfn marcdmr pmrdk`s. Pjds d`mftdty was

mxprmssm` df a vklabucary oklussdfn kf a pastkracdst d`mac, mvmf tjkunj bmdfn pastkracdst was fktmssmftdac tk bmdfn Agkrdtm. Pmxtuac rmomrmflms tk Agkrdtms sjkw tjat tjmy wmrm prmsmft df nrmatmrGmskpktagda orkg at cmast tjm gd``cm tjdr` gdccmffdug BL kfwar`s, af` tjat tjmy kpmratm` kf acccmvmcs ko skldmty. @urdfn tjm ]r DDD pmrdk`, a `dljktkgy mxdstm` bmtwmmf pubcdl rmlkr`s `dspcaydfn

Agkrdtms as fkf-jugaf mfmgdms ko tjm statm, af` a`gdfdstratdvm rmlkr`s df`dlatdfn tjat Agkrdtmsjmc` acc gaffmr ko pksdtdkfs df skldmty. @urdfn tjm marcy smlkf` gdccmffdug, statms mgmrnm` alrkssGmskpktagda, cm` by rucmrs wjk mgpjasdzm` tjmdr Agkrdtm jmrdtanm. Pjm mvd`mflm orkg Gard jassjkwf tjat tjmsm statms wmrm basm` kf trdbac d`mftdtdms dflcu`dfn bktj anrdlucturacdst af` pastkracdstlkggufdtdms.



10?


Do tjmsm `mvmckpgmfts af` tjm mvd`mflm okr lcdgatm ljafnm at tjm mf` ko tjm tjdr` gdccmffdugarm mxagdfm` gkrm lcksmcy, dt laf bm kbsmrvm` tjat tjmrm ds a lkfsd`mrabcm `mnrmm ko syfljrkfdl-dty bmtwmmf dgpkrtaft ljafnms df tjm pastkrac mlkfkgy, tjm Agkrdtm d`mftdty, af` lcdgatm ljafnm.

^dtj rmspmlt tk tjm mxpmltm` dftmraltdkf bmtwmmf sm`mftary af` (smgd-)fkga`dl lkggufdtdms, tjmokcckwdfn slmfardk ds sunnmstm`.

Pjm àtm ko tjm nmfmsds ko tjm Agkrdtm d`mftdty laffkt bm odxm` wdtj lmrtadfty kf tjm basds kotjm prmsmftcy avadcabcm mvd`mflm. Pmxtuac skurlms df`dlatm tjat tjm Agkrdtm mtjfdldty was rmlknfdzm`by tjm gd`-tjdr` gdccmffdug BL, but dt gay javm bmmf prmsmft ckfn bmokrm tjat tdgm. Dts dflrmasm`dgpkrtaflm tkwar`s tjm mf` ko tjm tjdr` gdccmffdug gay bm asskldatm` wdtj tjm trmf` tkwar`sspmldacdzatdkf df tjm pastkracdst mlkfkgy tjat kllurrm` ùrdfn tjm gd`-tjdr` gdccmffdug BL. Pjdstrmf` gay javm stdgucatm` tjm mgmrnmflm ko af mtjfdl d`mftdty tjrkunj wjdlj mxljafnms bmtwmmf`doomrmft mlkfkgdl nrkups wmrm larrdm` kut. Pjds `mvmckpgmft was gkst prkfkuflm` df, actjkunjfkt mxlcusdvm tk, df tjm wd`mr Ijabur arma, gaidfn tjds rmndkf a pktmftdac laf`dàtm okr af Agkrdtmjkgmcaf`, kr part ko dt. Pjm Agkrdtm d`mftdty was a`kptm` by df`dvdùacs af` nrkups wjk okuf`tjm d`mftdty—s pktmftdac okr pastkracdst-anrdlucturacdst dftmraltdkf a`vaftanmkus. Pjds a`vaftanm gayjavm `mrdvm` orkg tjm dflrmasm` smfsdtdvdty tk mfvdrkfgmftac strmss ko bktj tjm pastkrac as wmccas tjm anrdlucturac mlkfkgy, wjdlj was a `drmlt lkfsmqumflm ko tjm `mvmckpgmft tkwar` strkfnmrspmldacdzatdkf. Jkwmvmr, as ckfn as tjds mlkfkgdl systmg oufltdkfm` prkpmrcy, tjm Agkrdtm d`mf-tdty gay javm mdtjmr lkfstdtutm` a gdfkrdty wdtjdf Gmskpktagdaf skldmty at carnm, kr Agkrdtms gayfkt javm omct tjm fmm` tk mgpjasdzm tjmdr d`mftdty af` tk dfvkim mtjfdl skcdàrdty. Pjm smlkf` df-tmrprmtatdkf ds oavkurm` jmrm bmlausm dt `kms fkt fmlmssardcy mxlcu`m tjm pkssdbdcdty tjat Agkrdtmsdf`mm` rmprmsmftm` a gdfkrdty, af` bmlausm dt allkr`s wmcc wdtj tjm d`ma tjat mtjfdldty ds a sdtu-atdkfac d`mftdty tjat ds usuaccy kfcy mgpjasdzm` uf`mr spmldodl lkf`dtdkfs. Pjm rmcatdvm slarldty kormomrmflms tk Agkrdtms bmokrm tjm ]r DDD pmrdk` sjkuc` tjmrmokrm fkt bm uf`mrstkk` as af absmflmko Agkrdtms, but as af df`dlatdkf tjat tjm Agkrdtm d`mftdty was fkt mgpjasdzm` by dts larrdmrs, af`tjat slrdbms okuf` dt ufdgpkrtaft tk rmlkr` tjds aspmlt ko d`mftdty. Pjds dftmrprmtatdkf, tjmf, sun-nmsts tjat Agkrdtms gay javm lkfstdtutm` a sdnfdodlaft mtjfdl nrkup wdtjdf parts ko Gmskpktagda

wmcc bmokrm tjm ]r DDD pmrdk`. Pjm wdf`kw dftk Gmskpktagdaf jdstkry af` skldmty tjat ds prkvd`m` by tjm ]r DDD tmxtu-

ac rmlkr`s lcmarcy sjkws af mftdrmcy `doomrmft pdlturm. At tjat tdgm, tjm Agkrdtm mtjfdldty ja`lmrtadfcy bmlkgm af dgpkrtaft aspmlt ko d`mftdty, af` gafy Agkrdtms cdvm` tjrkunjkut nrmatmrGmskpktagda. Ratjmr tjaf arnudfn tjat tjm su``mf dflrmasm df Agkrdtm fagms af` rmomrmflms ur-dfn tjm catm tjdr`/marcy smlkf` gdccmffdug BL rmsuctm` orkg pkpucatdkf `dspcalmgmfts, dt ds jmrmsunnmstm` tjat tjds dflrmasm rmocmltm` tjm ocmxdbcm af` sdtuatdkfac faturm ko mtjfdldty as d`mftdty. Asarnum` marcdmr, mtjfdldty ds af d`mftdty tjat laf bm aàptm` tk vmry spmldodl fmm`s af` sdtuatdkfs. Pjmnrkwdfn dgpkrtaflm ko tjm Agkrdtm d`mftdty orkg tjm ]r DDD pmrdk` kfwar` gust tjmrmokrm bm mx-pcadfm` df tmrgs ko tjm a`vaftanms asskldatm` wdtj bmlkgdfn Agkrdtm.

As arnum` df \mltdkf >.<.<, tjm Agkrdtm d`mftdty lkfstdtutm` a skldac fmtwkri bmtwmmf pastk-racdst af` anrdlucturacdst lkggufdtdms tjat was prdgardcy `modfm` tjrkunj af d`dkg ko pastkracdstd`macs. Pjm nrkwtj ko tjds fmtwkri ds vdsdbcm df tjm ]r DDD rmlkr`s af` rmsuctm` df tjm lkgpcmx

marcy smlkf` gdccmffdugBL

skldac caf`slapm ko fugmrkus Agkrdtm idfn`kgs tjrkunjkut nrmatmrGmskpktagda. Dt lkdfld`m` wdtj lcdgatm ljafnm af` dflrmasdfn ard`dty ùrdfn tjm catm tjdr`“marcysmlkf` gdccmffdug BL kfwar`. Dflrmasdfn mfvdrkfgmftac strmss gay javm stradfm` tjm anrdlucturacaf` pastkrac mlkfkgdms, af` prkgptm` lcksmr lkkpmratdkf af` lkftalt bmtwmmf tjm twk mlkfkgdmsdf kr`mr tk lrmatm a gkrm `dvmrsm af` rmcdabcm rmskurlm basm. At tjm sagm tdgm, tjm jdnjmr gkbdc-dty ko pastkracdst lkggufdtdms tjat ds sunnmstm` by tjm marcy smlkf` gdccmffdug tmxtuac mvd`mflmdgpm`m` rmnucar lkftalts af` mxljafnms, tjmrmby rmdfokrldfn tjm fmm` okr a skldac fmtwkri tjatstrmfntjmfm` tdms bmtwmmf anrdlucturacdst af` pastkracdst lkggufdtdms. Dt ds df tjds smfsm, tjmf, tjattjm nrkwdfn dgpkrtaflm ko tjm Agkrdtm d`mftdty sjkuc` bm dftmrprmtm`. Pjrkunj tjds d`mftdty,

Agkrdtms lkuc` lrmatm af mxtmfsdvm mxljafnm fmtwkri tjat was krnafdzm` ackfn lkfstrultm` kr pmr-lmdvm` idfsjdp cdfms af` basm` kf mtjfdl skcdàrdty af` gkrm nmfmracdzm` rmldprkldty tjaf wkuc` bmpkssdbcm agkfn mtjfdlaccy `doomrmftdatm` nrkups. Pjm Agkrdtm d`mftdty af` dts asskldatm` vacums af`

tjm skldac fmtwkri dt mgbk`dm` rmprmsmftm` a bmjavdkurac actmrfatdvm tjat lkuc` bm dgpcmgmftmùf`mr lmrtadf ldrlugstaflms (smm \mltdkf <.0). Mvmftuaccy, tjds aàptdvm a`vaftanm fkt kfcy acckwm`



10>


Agkrdtm nrkups tk bm gkrm sullmssouc tjaf tjmdr lkgpmtdtkrs, but wkuc` acsk nmfmratm af mtjfdlsjdot tkwar` bmlkgdfn Agkrdtm, mvmftuaccy rmsuctdfn df tjm patljwkri ko Agkrdtm idfn`kgs tjatlaf bm kbsmrvm` okr tjm marcy smlkf` gdccmffdug BL.

Pjm rmsuct ko tjds prklmss ko bmlkgdfn Agkrdtm ds gkst lcmarcy smmf df tjm Gard arljdvms tjatacckw tjm gkst `mtadcm` vdmw ko tjm krnafdzatdkf ko af Agkrdtm statm. As was arnum` df \mltdkf

>.2.<, tjds arljdvm jas sjkwf tjm dgpkrtaflm ko trdbac aoodcdatdkf, af` dt jas rmlmftcy bmmf sjkwftjat gafy lkfocdlts wmrm fkt okunjt kvmr tjm fkga`dl pastkracdst-sm`mftary anrdlucturacdst kr trdbm-statm `dvd`m, but kvmr trdbac bkufàrdms. Pjds dftmrprmtatdkf ds df cdfm wdtj tjm dftmrprmtatdkf koomrm`jmrm, fagmcy tjat tjm Agkrdtm d`mftdty `dstdfnudsjm` dtsmco orkg ktjmr d`mftdtdms prdgardcy tjrkunjdts abdcdty tk lkgbdfm anrdlucturacdst af` pastkracdst prkùltdkf gk`ms. Pjm ufdqum vdmw aookr`m`by tjm Gard arljdvms pkssdbcy acckws us tk prkpksm tjat tjmsm trdbms oufltdkfm` as oaltdkfs wdtjdftjm Agkrdtm mtjfdldty, df tjm smfsm prkpksm` by Brugodmc (1440). Dt lkuc` bm tmftatdvmcy sunnmstm`tjat sulj oaltdkfs mgmrnm` kut ko a `msdrm by df`dvdùac ldty-statms tk attalj tjmgsmcvms tk par-tdlucar (smgd-)fkga`dl nrkups, kr vdlm vmrsa, tjmrmby lrmatdfn strkfnmr skldac af` rmldprklac kbcd-natdkfs. Pjm strdlt asskldatdkf ko smttcmgmfts wdtj nrkups sulj as tjm \dg—acdtms kr tjm Tagdfdtms(smm \mltdkf =.0.2) sunnmsts tjat oaltdkfacdsg gay javm bmmf sdnfdodlaft df tjm Gard idfn`kg, asds acsk sunnmstm` by tjm ormqumft lkfocdlts bmtwmmf tjmsm trdbac lkfom`mraldms (smm \mltdkf >.2.<).Rdstvmt rmlmftcy lkgbdfm` tmxtuac, nmkckndlac, af` arljamkckndlac mvd`mflm tk cklatm pasturm armasdf tjm ]ppmr Ijabur (255:), af` dt gdnjt bm tmftatdvmcy sunnmstm` tjat `dstdflt armas wmrm lcksmcyasskldatm` wdtj df`dvdùac ldtdms.

Bmlausm tjm Agkrdtm d`mftdty ds asskldatm` wdtj spmldacdzm` pastkracdsg, dt gay acsk bm asskld-atm` wdtj urbafdsg. Pjrkunjkut jdstkry, dflrmasm` `mgknrapjdl strmss smmgs tk javm bmmf kfmko smvmrac prklmssms tjat laf dfùlm spmldacdzatdkf ko pastkrac prkùltdkf. Pjm Agkrdtm d`mftdtylkuc` bm uf`mrstkk` as tjm skldac rmocmltdkf ko tjds lausac rmcatdkfsjdp bmtwmmf urbafdsg af`spmldacdzm` pastkracdsg, af` tjm skldac mcmgmft tjat bdf`s tjmsm lkgpkfmfts tknmtjmr (lo. Ukrtmr25508 ><-0). Pjm dflrmasm` dgpkrtaflm ko tjm Agkrdtm d`mftdty wkuc , tjmf, fkt kfcy rmocmlt skldacdftmraltdkf bmtwmmf anrdlucturac af` pastkrac lkggufdtdms df nmfmrac, but dt wkuc` acsk bm a rm-ocmltdkf ko af urbaf lucturm tjat trdm` tk gadftadf dts d`mftdty af` mxdstmflm df tjm oalm ko lcdgatmljafnm. A``dtdkfaccy, tjm Agkrdtm d`mftdty gay mvmftuaccy javm masm` trafsdtdkfs bmtwmmf tjmsmlkgpkfmfts by brd`ndfn skldac af` mtjfdl bkufàrdms af` `doomrmflms df skldac status. Pjm d`mftdtytjus allkggkàtm` tjm `mgknrapjdl o cud`dty tjat laf bm kbsmrvm` df gkrm rmlmft Fmar Mastmrfskldmtdms, as `mslrdbm`, okr mxagpcm, okr tjm Bdqa _accmy (Garokm 14>4). Pjm sprma` ko tjm Agkrdtmd`mftdty gay tjmrmokrm javm fkt kfcy sdnfdodm` a rmkrnafdzatdkf ko mlkfkgdl rmcatdkfs bmtwmmf `do-omrmft skldac ufdts, but pkssdbcy acsk a rm-mvacuatdkf ko malj ufdt—s skldac status.

\uggardzdfn, dt jas bmmf arnum` tjat tjm Agkrdtm mtjfdl d`mftdty rmprmsmftm` a skldac fmtwkri bmtwmmf pastkrac dst af` anrdlucturacdst lkggufdtdms tjat mgmrnm` as a rmspkfsm tk dflrmasdfnard`dty af` asskldatm` mfvdrkfgmftac strmss. Pjm mxpcdldtcy idfsjdp-basm` mtjfdl d`mftdty acckwm`

Agkrdtm nrkups tk partdldpatm df af mxljafnm fmtwkri basm` kf mtjfdl skcdàrdty af` nmfmrac-dzm` rmldprkldty. Pjm sullmss ko tjmsm nrkups mvmftuaccy rmsuctm` df af mtjfdl sjdot wjmrmby ktjmrnrkups skunjt tk asskldatm tjmgsmcvms wdtj tjds fmtwkri by bmlkgdfn Agkrdtm. Pjm mgmrnmflm ko

Agkrdtm idfn`kgs af` `dspmrsac ko Agkrdtm fagms alrkss nrmatmr Gmskpktagda sjkuc` tjmrmokrmfkt bm uf`mrstkk` as mvd`mflm okr gkvdfn pmkpcm, but as mvd`mflm okr a gkvdfn d`mftdty.15<

15< Pjm Agkrdtm mtjfdldty was fkt tjm kfcy mtjfdl d`mftdty tk appmar df nrmatmr Gmskpktagda at tjm mf` ko tjm tjdr` gdc-cmffdug. Pjm rmlkr`s orkg Mbca `k fkt dflcu`m Jurrdaf fagms, af` tjmsm smmg tk bm absmft df tjm Bmyàr arljdvms as

wmcc. Jkwmvmr, lmrtadfcy orkg tjm tdgm ko Farag-\df, Jurr dafs wmrm prmsmft df tjm ]ppmr Ijabur arma. ^jmrmas tjm Agkrdtm d`mftdty was gkrm strkfncy oklusm` kf fkrtjmrf Gmskpktagda af` tjm skutjmrf accuvdug, tjm Jurr daf d`mftdtyprkbabcy mxtmf`m` fkrtjwar`s dftk tjm Laulasus (\tmdfimccmr 144:). Dt ds dftmrmstdfn tk fktm tjat tjm bkufàry bmtwmmftjm Jurrdaf af` Agkrdtm d`mftdty gust javm bmmf cklatm` df fkrtjmrf Gmskpktagda, af arma tjat was mxtrmgmcy smfsd-tdvm tk tjm lcdgatdl ocultuatdkfs tjat cm` tk tjm dflrmasdfn dgpkrtaflm ko tjm Agkrdtm d`mftdty, af` tjat bktj d`mftdtdmsmxtmf`m` dftk `dstdflt mfvdrkfgmftac zkfms. Dt lkuc` vmry tmftatdvmcy bm sunnmstm` tjat tjds mtjfdl bkufàry gay javmsjdotm` fkrtj af` skutj as a rmsuct ko nrkups acdnfdfn tjmgsmcvms wdtj mdtjmr Jurrdaf kr Agkrdtm fmdnjbkurs, `mpmf`-

dfn kf tjm aàptdvm a`vaftanm dfjmrmft df malj actmrfatdvm. Pjds sdtuatdkf wkuc` rmocmlt tjm faturm ko mtjfdl ljafnm`mslrdbm` by Bartj okr tjm bkr`mr rmndkf ko Aonjafdstaf af` Uaidstaf (14?4b).



10:


:.0 Lkflcusdkfs

Pjm prmvdkus afacysds ko `daljrkfdl smttcmgmft `mvmckpgmfts df tjrmm rmndkfs ko fkrtjmrfGmskpktagda jas rmsuctm` df tjrmm `doomrmft slmfardks ko ljafndfn jugaf-mfvdrkfgmft dftmraltdkfùrdfn tjm catm tjdr`“marcy smlkf` gdccmffdug BL. Df malj rmndkf, faturac pkpucatdkf nrkwtj af`

tjm moomlts ko gd`-tjdr` gdccmffdug urbafdzatdkf wmrm okuf` tk bm gulj gkrm dgpkrtaft oaltkrsdf `mtmrgdfdfn jugaf-mfvdrkfgmft dftmraltdkf tjaf dflrmasdfn ard`dty ùrdfn tjm catm tjdr`“marcysmlkf` gdccmffdug BL. ^jmrm skldac rmspkfsms tk lcdgatm ljafnm lkuc` bm `mtmltm`, as was tjm lasmokr tjm B-M@\ af` tjm FH\, tjmsm rmspkfsms wmrm okuf` tk bm prdgardcy rmdfokrldfn trmf`s tjatja` acrma`y bmmf smt df gktdkf as a rmsuct ko gd`-tjdr` gdccmffdug urbafdzatdkf. Ourtjmrgkrm, tjmmxpmltm` pattmrf ko dftmr-sdtm lkgpmtdtdkf, `rdvmf by rmskurlm strmss, was kfcy mflkuftmrm` df tjmB\ rmndkf, af` tjmrm dt was prdgardcy lkrrmcatm` tk pkpucatdkf nrkwtj, wdtj dflrmasdfn ard`dty kfcyaltdfn as a rmdfokrldfn gmljafdsg. Df tjm FH\ rmndkf, tjm prdkr mxdstmflm ko af mxljafnm fmtwkrioklusm` kf Pmcc ac-Jawa prkbabcy mfsurm` tjm lkftdfudfn `kgdfaflm ko tjat sdtm af` prmvmftm`tjm mgmrnmflm ko dftmr-sdtm lkgpmtdtdkf.

Pjm afacysds ko pastkrac dst-anrdlucturacdst dftmralt dkf jas sjkwf tjat tjm `mvmckpgmft ko tjm Agkrdtm d`mftdty laf bm mxpcadfm` by tjm tjmkrmtdlac oragmwkri prmsmftm` df \mltdkf <.=. Pjm

Agkrdtm d`mftdty oufltdkfm` as a skldac fmtwkri tjat mfabcm` pastkracdst af` anrdlucturacdst nrkupstk gadftadf stabcm mxljafnm rmcatdkfs. Pjmsm rmcatdkfs prkvd`m` Agkrdtm nrkups wdtj gutuac al-lmss tk `dvmrsm rmskurlms, tjmrmby stabdcdzdfn tjm nrkups— rmspmltdvm mlkfkgdms. Df tjds smfsm, tjma`kptdkf ko tjm Agkrdtm d`mftdty tjrkunjkut tjm Fmar Mast ùrdfn tjm catm tjdr`“marcy smlkf` gdc-cmffdug gay javm bmmf oufàgmftac tk tjm lrmatdkf ko tjm rmsdcdmft `dgkrpjdl mlkfkgy tjat wastjm jaccgari ko tjm Gard statm.

Lkflcu`dfn, tjm prmsmft stu`y jas sjkwf tjat lcdgatm ljafnm dgpaltm` upkf jugaf skldmtdmsdf garndfac armas ko tjm Fmar Mast, but acsk tjat larmouc afacysds ko cklac mfvdrkfgmftac, lucturac,af` mlkfkgdl lkf`dtdkfs ds rmqudrm` df kr`mr tk `dstdfnudsj lcdgatm-dfùlm` ljafnms orkg ktjmr`mvmckpgmfts. Dt jas bmmf sjkwf tjat a nkk` uf`mrstaf`dfn ko prmvadcdfn skldk-lucturac lkf`d-tdkfs ds rmqudrm` df kr`mr tk uf`mrstaf` wjy a jugaf nrkup `kms, kr `kms fkt rmspkf` tk lcdgatmljafnm as mxpmltm`. Gkrm dgpkrtaftcy, tjds stu`y jas ga`m lcmar tjat cklac lcdgatm ljafnm slmfar-

dks, as okr mxagpcm prmsmftm` df tjm Cmdcaf Lcdgatm Ljafnm Gk`mc (smm \mltdkf 1.<), laf rarmcy domvmr bm mxtrapkcatm` tk ktjmr rmndkfs kr pmrdk`s wdtjkut gahkr a`hustgmfts. Pjds kbsmrvatdkf acsksunnmsts tjat actjkunj cmsskfs gay bm `rawf orkg tjm past, tjm past `kms fkt `dltatm tjm outurm.Odfaccy, tjm lasm-stu`dms afacyzm` jmrm, af` tjm `dvmrsdty ko d`mftdodm` rmspkfsms, sjkw abkvm acc tjmmxtrmgm rmsdcdmfly ko jugaf lkggufdtdms wjmf oalm` wdtj lcdgatm ljafnm.

:.= Odfac lkggmfts8 ckkidfn bali af` ckkidfn dftk tjm outurm

Pjds stu`y jas sjkwf tjat moomltdvm rmsmarlj dftk rmspkfsms tk mfvdrkfgmftac ljafnm rmqudrms ( a )a nkk` ljrkfkckndlac lkftrkc ko bktj pacamklcdgatdl as wmcc as lucturm-jdstkrdlac àta, ( b ) a lcmaruf`mrstaf`dfn ko tjm moomlts ko mfvdrkfgmftac ljafnm kf jugaf lkggufdtdms, ( l ) prkko tjat past

jugaf nrkups wkuc` `dsappmar do tjmy oadcm` tk aàpt tk mfvdrkfgmftac ljafnm, af` ( ) a tjmk-rmtdlac oragmwkri tjat jmcps tk gk`mc mxpmltm` rmspkfsms tk mfvdrkfgmftac ljafnm df kr`mr tk`mtmlt mfvdrkfgmftaccy trdnnmrm` skldk-lucturac `mvmckpgmfts df tjm guctdtu`m ko `mvmckpgmftstjat gaim up lucturac ljafnm (smm Ljaptmrs 1 af` <). By mvacuatdfn tjm `mnrmm tk wjdlj tjm prmsmftstu`y jas sullmm`m` df oucodccdfn tjmsm rmqudrmgmfts, dt ds pkssdbcm tk jdnjcdnjt armas ko pktmf-tdac ourtjmr rmsmarlj tk dflrmasm uf`mrstaf`dfn ko jugaf-mfvdrkfgmft dftmraltdkf df fkrtjmrfGmskpktagda ùrdfn tjm catm tjdr`“marcy smlkf` gdccmffdug BL.

Ljrkfkckndlac lkftrkc ko bktj pacamklcdgatm prkxy rmlkr`s as wmcc as arljamkckndlac af` jds-tkrdlac ljrkfkckndms rmgadfs prkbcmgatdl. Pjm cali ko cklac wmcc-àtm` pacamklcdgatm prkxy rmlkr`sds ufcdimcy tk bm rmskcvm` df tjm fmar outurm. A rmcatdvmcy jdnj prmldsdkf ds fkw bmdfn aljdmvm` okrtjm \krmq Lavm af` Caim _af prkxy rmlkr`s. Fmvmrtjmcmss, tjm \krmq Lavm rmlkr`s rmcy kf ]-smrdms àtms, wjdlj wmrm taimf at dftmrvacs af` orkg wjdlj af avmranm sm`dgmftatdkf ratm was lac-

lucatm` okr tjm dftmrvacs. Pjds gmafs tjat àtdfn ufdqum lcdgatm mvmfts ratjmr tjaf ckfn-tmrg mfvdrkfgmftac trmf`s rmgadfs prkbcmgatdl af` asskldatm` wdtj a lkfsd`mrabcm `mnrmm ko uflmrtadfty.



104


Arljamkckndlac af` lucturac ljrkfkckndms df fkrtjmrf Gmskpktagda nmfmraccy suoomr orkg a cali kojdnj-quacdty ra`dklarbkf àtms. Pjm lkftdfudfn `mbatms kf tjm Marcy Hmzdraj (MH) pmrdk`dzatdkf af`tjm marcdmst àtm okr Ijabur warm, tjm `modfdtdkf ko ljaraltmrdstdl pkttmry sjapms okr malj MH sub-pmrdk` af` malj fkrtjmrf Gmskpktagdaf lucturm arma, af` tjm lkrrmcatdkf bmtwmmf gatmrdac lucturmaf` jdstkrdlac ljrkfkckny `mgkfstratm tjat af df`mpmf`mft jdnj-prmldsdkf ra`dklarbkf ljrkfkc-

kny okr Gmskpktagda ds bmlkgdfn dflrmasdfncy vdtac. ]ftdc tjm mstabcdsjgmft ko sulj a ljrkfkckny,tjm `rawdfn ko lkrrmcatdkfs bmtwmmf ufdqum lcdgatm mvmfts af` ufdqum jdstkrdlac mvmfts sjkuc` bmavkd`m`, af` dt ds pmrjaps bmttmr tk try tk rmlkfldcm ckfn-tmrg prklmssms, okr wjdlj bktj tjm pac-amklcdgatm af` arljamkckndlac àta arm lurrmftcy bmttmr sudtm`.

Pjm rmlkfstrultdkf ko tjm altuac moomlts ko mfvdrkfgmftac ljafnm ds dgpm`m` by tjm cali jdnj-prmldsdkf pacamklcdgatm prkxy rmlkr`s okr fkrtjmrf Gmskpktagda. Pjm cklac fkrtjmrf Gmskpktagdafrmlkr`s acc pkdft tk a sdnfdodlaft sjdot tkwar`s ard`dty skgmwjmrm ùrdfn tjm tjdr` gdccmffdug BL (smm \mltdkf 2.<.=). Jkwmvmr, tjm avadcabcm rmlkr`s usuaccy kfcy df`dlatm a rmcatdvm sjdot af` laf-fkt bm usm` tk laclucatm ljafnms df affuac radfoacc kr rdvmr `dsljarnms. Ourtjmrgkrm, tjm `mtmltm`sjdots wmrm kfcy prmldsmcy àtm` by lkgpardskf wdtj gkrm prmldsm, but gkrm `dstaft prkxy rmlkr`s,

wjdlj gay javm bmmf ufaoomltm` by skgm ko tjm gkrm rmndkfac fkrtjmrf Gmskpktagdaf lcdgatdlocultuatdkfs. Actjkunj rmlmft lcdgatm gk`mccdfn usdfn bmttmr àtm` but gkrm `dstaft prkxy rmlkr`sds startdfn tk odcc tjds nap, tjm quacdty af` rmskcutdkf ko tjmsm gk`mcs ds stdcc rmcatdvmcy ckw af` tjmdr

vacd`dty rmgadfs tk bm tmstm`. Pjds cali ko jdnj-prmldsdkf pacamklcdgatm àta rmdfokrlms tjm fmm` tktmst wjmtjmr lcdgatm ljafnm was altuaccy suoodldmftcy smvmrm tk tjrmatmf jugaf cdom-ways. Pjds stu`yjas lkccmltm` skgm mvd`mflm tjat tjds gdnjt javm bmmf tjm lasm (\mltdkf 2.<.:), but tjmrm ds a fmmòkr sdtm-spmldodl as wmcc as rmndkfac stu`dms `macdfn wdtj `doomrmflms alrkss fkrtjmrf Gmskpktagda.

Odfaccy, tjmrm ds a pktmftdaccy carnm `dvmrsdty df rmspkfsms tk mfvdrkfgmftac ljafnm. Okr tjds rma-skf, dt ds fmlmssary tk lkfsd`mr tjm oucc rafnm ko pkssdbcm rmspkfsms, dfstma` ko oklusdfn kf a sdfncmrmspkfsm af` prmsmft af arnugmft basm` kf dts kllurrmflm kr absmflm. As tjds stu`y jas sjkwf,rmcdaflm kf smttcmgmft àta ackfm prkvd`ms a `dstkrtm` vdmw ko fkrtjmrf Gmskpktagdaf jugaf-mfvdrkfgmft dftmraltdkf. Pjm rmaskf okr tjds `dstkrtdkf gust bm skunjt df tjm oalt tjat at cmast apart ko tjm tktac rmspkfsm strulturm tkki pcalm bmykf` tjm rmacg ko smttcm` cdom, fagmcy df tjksmparts ko fkrtjmrf Gmskpktagda tjat wmrm jkgm tk (smgd-)fkga`dl lkggufdtdms. Pjds lkgpcmxdftmraltdkf, af` tjm ljafnms tjmrmdf, jas kfcy bmmf `mtmltm` tjrkunj tjm a`kptdkf ko a tjmkrmtdlacoragmwkri tjat mxpcdldtcy adgm` tk a``rmss a wd`m rafnm ko rmspkfsms, af` prm`dlt wjdlj rmspkfsmds a`kptm` uf`mr ljafndfn mfvdrkfgmftac lkf`dtdkfs. Df tjds smfsm, tjmf, past lcdgatm ljafnmspmrjaps ljaccmfnm tkày—s arljamkckndsts as gulj as tjat tjmsm ljafnms ljaccmfnm` tjm pmkpcms kotjm past.



1=1

Bdbcdknrapjy

Ab`d, I. 255<8 Pjm marcy `mvmckpgmft ko pastkracdsg df tjm Lmftrac Xanrks Gkuftadfs. Hkurfac ko ^krc`

Urmjdstkry 1>/0, <4=“00:.

Abruzzd, .\. 14:28 Mlkckndlac tjmkr y af` mtjfdl `doomrmftdat dkf agkfn jugaf pkpucatdkfs. Lurrmft

Aftjr kpkckny 2</1, 1<“<=.

Abu Assao, A. 14>:/48 Arljàkckndsljm Nmcàf`mbmnmjufn df `mf Bmzdrimf Jkgs, Partus, Cataqdya uf`Raqqa. Arlj dv oór Krdmftokrsljufn 2?, 1>?“>.

Aàgs, R.G. 14?=8 Caf` bmjdf` Banjà`8 a jdstkry ko smttcmgmfts kf tjm @dyaca Ucadfs . Ljdlank.

‐. 255?8 \jmpjmr`s at ]gga df tjm Pjdr` @yfasty ko ]r8 dftmrcklutkrs wdtj a wkrc` bmykf` tjmslrdbac odmc` ko kr`mrm` vdsdkf. Hkurfac ko tjm Mlkfkgdl af` \kldac Jdstkr y ko tjm Krdmft 04/2, 1<<“?4.

Aiimrgafs, U.G.G.N. 14:08 Arljàkckndsljm Nmcàf`mbmnmjufn dg Bacdj-Pac. Arljdv oór Krdmftokrsljufn

<1, 1::“45.

‐. 144<8 _dccanms df tjm stmppm. Catmr Fmkcdtjdl smttcmgmft af` subsdstmflm df tjm Bacdij vaccmy, fkrtjmrf \yrda . Aff Arbkr.

Aiimrgafs, U.G.G.N. af` N.G. \ljwartz 255<8 Pjm arljamkckny ko \yrda. Orkg lkgpcmx juftmr-natjmrmrs tk

marcy urbaf skldmtdms (la. 1?,555“<555 BL). Lagbrd`nm ^krc` Arljamkckny. Lagbrd`nm.

Acnazm, N., R. Brmufdfnmr, af` H. Ifu`sta` 14408 Pjm Pdn rds-Mupjratms arljamkckndlac rmlkffadssaflmprkhmlt8 odfac rmpkrt kf tjm Bdrmldi af` Larljmgdsj @ag survmy armas. Afatk cdla 25, 1“4?.

Acnazm, N., R. Brmufdfnmr, L. Cdnjtokkt, af` G. Rksmfbmrn 14418 tjm Pdnrds-Mupjratms arljamkckndlacrmlkffadssaflm prkhmlt8 a prmcdgdfary rmpkrt ko tjm 14:4“1445 smaskfs. Afatkcdla 1>, 1>=“205.

Actawmmc, G. 255?8 Mxlavatdkfs df Draq8 tjm Ray Hazdraj Urkhmlt, odrst rmpkrt. Draq ?:, 1==“:1.

‐. 255>8 Mxlavatdkfs df Draq8 tjm Hazdraj \acvanm Urkhmlt, smlkf` rmpkrt. Draq ?4, 11>“00. ‐. 255:8 Dfvmstdnatdfn anrdlucturac sustadfabdc dty af` stratmndms df fkrtjmrf Gmskpktagda8 rmsucts

prkùlm` usdfn a skldk-mlkckndlac gk`mcdfn apprkalj. Hkurfac k o Arljamkckndlac \ldmfl m <=/0, :21“<=.

Aggmrgaf, A.H. 14:18 \urvmys af` arljamkckndlac rmsmarlj. Affuac Rmvdmw k o Aftjr kpkckny 15, ?<“::.

Afastasdk, \., G. Cmbmau, af` G. \auvanm 25508 Atcas ko prmlcassdlac ]ppmr Gmskpktagda . \ubartu, 1<. Purfjkut.

Afbar, G. 14418 Cms trdbus agurrdtms `m Gard . Krbds Bdbcdlus mt Krdmftacds, 15:. Ormdburn.

Arljd, A. 14:=8 Garù df tjm Mbca tmxts. Krdmftacda =0, >“1<.

Arljd, A. af` G.N. Bdna 255<8 A vdltkry kvmr Gard af` tjm oacc ko Mbca. Hkurfac ko Lufmd okrg \tu`dms ==,1“00.

Arz, J. ., O. Cagy, af` H. Uatzkc` 255?8 A prkfkuflm` `ry mvmft rmlkr`m` arkuf` 0.2 ia df brdfmsm`dgmfts orkg tjm Fkrtjmrf Rm` \ma. Quatmrfary Rmsmarlj ??/<, 0<2“01.

Aurmfljm, K. 14:18 Mssad `m `ägknrapjdm arljäkckndqum. C—mxmgpcm `ms vdc canms ù Urkljm-Krdmftafldmf. Uacäkrdmft >/1, 4<“15=.

Aurmfljm, K. af` U. @msoarnms 14:<8 Pravaux `—mtjfkarljäkckndm mf \yrdm mt Hkràfdm. Rappkrtspräcdgdfadrms. \yrda ?5, 10>“:=.

Bajrafd, X. 255?8 Ralm af` mtjfdldty df Gmskpktagdaf aftdqudty. ^krc` Arljamkckny <:/1, 0:“=4.

Badccdm, G.N.C. 144:8 Rmvdmw ko @acoms, J. F., N. Iuica af` J. ^mdss8 tjdr` gdccmffdug bl lcdgatmljafnm af` Kc` ^krc` lkccapsm. Hkurfac ko Arljamkckndla c \ldmflm 2=/2, 1:=“?.

Bacc, ., @.H. Pulimr, af` P.H. ^dcidfskf 14:48 Pjm Pmcc ac-Jawa prkhmlt. Arljamkckndlac dfvmstdnatdkfsdf tjm fkrtj Hazdra 14:?“:>. Draq =1, 1“??.



1=2


Backssd, O., N.G. @d Fklmra, af` G. Orafndpafm 255>8 Pjm lkftrdbutdkf ko a sgacc sdtm tk tjm stu`y kosmttcmgmft ljafnms kf tjm Puridsj Gd``cm Mupjratms bmtwmmf tjm tjdr` af` smlkf` gdccmffdugB.L8 prmcdgdfary stratdnrapjdl àta orkg Xmytdfcd Bajîm Jÿyói. Df L. Iuzulukěcu af` L. Garrk(m`s.)8 \kldätäs jugadfms mt ljafnmgmft lcdgatdqum å ca odf ù trkdsdêgm gdccäfadrm8 ufm lrdsm a-t-mccm mu cdmu mf

Jautm Gäskpktagdm; _arda Afatkcdla, 14. Dstafbuc, <==“:1.

Baffdfn, M.B. 25528 Arljamkckndla c sur vmy . Gafuacs df Arljamkckndlac Gmtjk`, Pjmkry, af` Pmljfdqum.Fmw Tkri.

Bar-Gattjmws, G., A. Ayackf, G. Ndcgkur, A. Gattjmws, af` L.H. Jawimswkrtj 255<8 \ma-caf` kxynmfdsktkpdl rmcatdkfsjdps orkg pcafitkfdl okragdfdomra af` spmcmktjmgs df tjm Mastmrf Gm`dtmrrafmafrmndkf af` tjmdr dgpcdlatdkf okr pacmkradfoacc ùrdfn dftmrncaldac dftmrvacs. Nmkljdgdla mt Lksgkljdgdla

Alta ?>/1>, <1:1“44.

Bar-Gattjmws, G., A. Ayackf, af` A. Iauogaf 144>8 Catm Quatmrfary pacmklcdgatm df tjm MastmrfGm`dtmrrafmaf rmndkf orkg stabcm dsktkpm afacysds ko spmcmktjmgs at \krmq Lavm, Dsramc. Quatmrfary

Rmsmarlj 0>/2, 1==“?:.

Bar-Gattjmws, G., A. Ayackf, af` A. Iauogaf 144:8 Gd``cm tk Catm Jkcklmfm (?,=55 yr. pmrdk`)pacmklcdgatm df tjm Mastmrf Gm`dtmrrafmaf rmndkf orkg stabcm dsktkpdl lkgpksdtdkf ko

spmcmktjmgs orkg \krmq Lavm, Dsramc. Df A.\. Dssar af` F. Brkwf (m`s.)8 âtmr, mfvdrkfgmft af` skldmtydf tdgms ko lcdgatdl ljafnm . âtmr \ldmflm af` Pmljfkckny Cdbrary, <1. @kr`rmljt, 25<“10.

Barodmc`, P.H. 144<8 Pjm fkga`dl actmrfatdvm . Mfncmwkk` Lcdoos.

Barnm, K. af` B. Gkucdf 255:8 Pjm `mvmckpgmft ko tjm \yrdaf stmppm ùrdfn tjm Marcy Brkfzm Anm. DfJ. Iójfm, R.G. Lzdljkf, af` O.H. Irmppfmr (m`s.)8 Urklmm`dfns ko tjm 0tj Dftmrfatdkfac Lkfnrmss ko tjm

Arljamkckny ko tjm Afldmft Fmar Mast, 1 . ^dmsba`mf, 14“2:.

Barfar`, A. 14428 \kldac af` spatdac bkufàry gadftmfaflm agkfn \kutjmrf Aordlaf juftmr-natjmrmrs.Df G.H. Lasdgdr af` A. Rak (m`s.)8 Gkbdcdty af` tmrrdtkrdac dty. \klda c af` spat dac bkufàrdms agkfn okranmrs,

odsjmrs, pastkracds ts af` pmrdpatmtdls . Fmw Tkri, 1<>“=1.

Barrkw, L. 14:>8 âtmr rmskurlms af` anrdlucturac `mvmckpgmft df tjm trkpdls . Ckfngaf @mvmckpgmft \tu`dms.Burft Gdcc.

Bartj, O. 14?4a8 Dftrkùltdkf. Df O. Bartj (m`.)8 Mtjfd l nrkups af` bkufàrdms. Pjm skl dac krnafdzatdkf ko

lucturm `doomrmflm . Bkstkf, 4“<:.

‐. 14?4b8 Uatjaf d`mftdty af` dts gadftmfaflm. Df O. Bartj (m`.)8 Mtjfd l nr kups af` bkufàrdms. Pjm sklda c

krnafdzatdkf ko lucturm `doomrmflm . Bkstkf, 11>“<0.

Bartc, I. 14408 Orójdscagdsljm Bmsdm`cufn dg Bacdj-Pac, Fkr`syrdmf . Bmrcdfmr Bmdtrànm zug _kr`mrmf Krdmft,1=. Bmrcdf.

Batms, @.N. af` \.J. Cmms 14>>8 Pjm rkcm ko mxljafnm df prkùltdvm spmldacdzatdkf. Agmrdlaf

Aftjr kpkckndst >4/0, :20“01.

Battdfd-_dccar`, C. 14448 C—mspalm `kgmstdqum mf Gäskpktagdm `m ca DDDm `yfastdm `m—]r å c—äpkqum pacäk-

babyckfdmffm . BAR Dftmrfatdkfac \mrdms, >?>. Kxokr`.

Baumr, H., R.I. Mfncuf`, af` G. Irmbmrfdi 144:8 Gmskpktagdmf. \pàturui-Xmdt uf` Orój`yfastds ljm Xmdt .Krbds Bdbcdlus mt Krdmftacds, 1?5/1. Ormdburn.

Bmaucdmu, U.-A. 255=8 Pjm nk` Agurru as mgbcmg ko mtjfdl af` lucturac d`mftdty. Df .J. vaf \kc`t,R. Iacvmcanmf, af` @. Iatz (m`s.)8 Mtjfd ldty df afldmft Gmskpktagda8 papmrs r ma` at tjm 0:tj Rmflkftrm

Assyr dkckn dqum Dftmr fatdkfacm, Cmd`mf, 1“0 Hucy 2552 . ]dtnavmf vaf jmt Fm`mrcaf`s Dfstdtuut vkkr jmtFabļm Kkstmf tm Cmd`mf, 152. Cmd`mf, <1“0?.

Bmcc, B. 14>18 Pjm àri anms df afldmft jdstkry. D. Pjm odrst àri anm df Mnypt. Agmrd laf Hkurfac k o

Arljamkckny >=/1, 1“2?.

Bmftcmy, N.L. 14:>8 Mtjfdldty af` praltdlm. Lkgparatdvm \tu`dms df \kldmty af` Jdstkry 24/1, 20“==.

Bmrfbmli, R. 144<8 \tmppm acs Iucturcaf`sljaot8 às ‚Andn-Nmbdmt Kstsyrdmfs vkg Fmkcdtjdiug bds zur dscagdsljmf

Xmdt . Bmrcdfmr Bmdtrànm zug _kr`mrmf Krdmft. Ausnrabufnmf, 1. Bmrcdf.



1=<

BDBCDKNRAUJT

Bmskfmf, G. af` G. Lrmgasljd f.`.8 Nmkgkrpjkckndlac odmc` survmy rmpkrt. Pmcc Cmdcaf, Hufm 2552. Avadcabcm at8 jttp8//cmdcaf.yacm.mù/wkris/nmk[rmpkrt/df`mx.jtgc (Allmssm` 15 Aprdc , 255:).

Bdcnmf, A.F. 25518 Marcy Brkfzm Anm vmssmcs (nravm nkk`s;) orkg Jarabmbmzdiaf Jÿyói. Df F. Pufa, H.ßztóri, af` H. _mcdbmykěcu (m`s.)8 \acvanm Urkhmlt ko tjm Arljamkckndlac Jmrdtanm ko tjm Dcısu af` Larljmgdsj

@ag Rmsmrvkdrs. Altdvdtdms df 1444 . Afiara, 0<>“=2.

Bdfokr`, C.R. 25518 Lkfstrultdfn oragms ko rmomrmflm. Af afacytdlac gmtjk` okr arljamkckndlac tjmkry budc`dfn usdfn

juftmr-natjmrmr af` mfvdrkfgmftac àta smts . Bmrimcmy.

Bdftcdoo, H.C. 144>8 Ourtjmr lkfsd`mratdkfs kf tjm pkpucatdkf ko afldmft Bkmktda. Df H.C. Bdftcdoo (m`.)8Rmlmft `mvmckpgmfts df tjm jdstkry af` arljamkckny ko lmftrac Nrmmlm8 prklmm`dfns ko tjm ?tj Dftmrfatdkfac

Bkmktdaf lkfomrmflm . BAR Dftmrfatdkfac \mrdms, ???. Kxokr`, 2<1“=2.

‐. 25558 Pjm lkflmpts ko ‚sdtm — af` ‚koosdtm — arljamkckny df suroalm ar tmoalt survmy. Df G. Uasqudfulldaf` O. Prägmft (m`s.)8 Fkf-`mstrultdvm tmljfdqums appcdm` tk caf`slapm arljamkckn y . Pjm Arljamkckny koGm`dtmrrafmaf Caf`slapms, 0. Kxokr`, 255“1=.

Bdftcdoo, H.C., G. Iufa, af` F. _mflckvá (m`s.) 25558 Pjm outurm ko suroalm artmoalt survmy df Murkpm . \jmoodmc` Arljamkckndlac Gkfknrapjs, 1<. \jmoo dmc`.

Bcali, H.A., N. Luffdfnjag, H. Mbmcdfn, M. Ocólidnmr-Jawimr, M. Rkbskf, H. Payckr, af` N. Xücykgd144:“255?8 Pjm Mcmltrkfdl Pmxt Lkrpus ko \ugmrdaf Cdtmraturm. Avadcabcm at8 jttp8//mtlsc.krdfst.kx.al.ui/ (Allmssm` 14 Fkvmgbmr, 255:).

Bkmrga, H.A.I. 14::8 \kdcs af` mfvdrkfgmft ko Pmcc Jaggag mt-Purigaf. Df G.F. vaf Ckkf (m`.)8Jaggag mt-Purigaf D. Rmpkrt kf tjm ]fdvmrsdty ko Agstmràg—s 14:1“14:0 mxlavatdkfs df \yrda . ]dtnavmf

vaf jmt Fm`mrcaf`s Jdstkrdslj-Arljamkckndslj Dfstdtuut tm Dstafbuc, ?<. Dstafbuc, 1“11.

Bkmssfmli, H. 14::8 Pdmrifkljmfouf`m vkg Pmcc LjuĜra / Fkr`kst-\yrdmf. Df ]. Gkkrtnat-Lkrrmfs8 Pmcc

LjuĜra df Fkr`kst-\yrdmf. _krcàuodnm Bmrdljtm óbmr `dm fmuftm uf` zmjftm Nrabufnsiagpanfm 14:2 uf` 14:< . Pmcc LjuĜra df Fkr`kst-\yrdmf, 4. Bmrcdf, >4“4:.

Bkkfm, H.C. 14428 Lkgpmtdtdkf, lkfocdlt, af` tjm `mvmckpgmft ko skldac jdmrarljdms. Df M.A. \gdtj af`B. ^dftmrjac`mr (m`s.)8 Mvkcutdkfary mlk ckny af` jugaf bmjavdkr . Okufàtdkfs ko Jugaf Bmjavdkr.Fmw Tkri, <51“<>.

Bksmrup, M. 14?=8 Pjm lkf`dtdkfs ko anrdlucturac nrkwtj. Pjm mlkfkgdls ko anrardaf ljafnm uf`mr pkpucatdkf

prmssur m . Ckf`kf.

Bkttmga, \. 144>8 Pjdr` gdccmffdug lcdgatm df tjm Fmar Mast basm` upkf pkccmf mvd`mflm. Df J.F.@acoms, N. Iuica, af` J. ^mdss (m`s.)8 Pjdr` gdccmffdug BL lcdgatm ljafnm af` Kc` ^krc` lkccapsm .FAPK A\D \mrdms, D/04. Bmrcdf, 0:4“=1=.

Brad`wkk`, R.H. 14<>8 Gkuf`s df tjm p cadf ko Aftdklj8 af arljmkckndlac survmy . Krdmftac Dfstdtutm Uubcdlatdkfs,0:. Ljdlank.

Brauf, @.U. af` \. Uckn 14:28 Mvkcutdkf ko –trdbac‗ skldac fmtwkris8 tjmkry af` prmjdstkrdl Fkrtj Agmrdlaf mvd`mflm. Agmrdlaf Aftdqudty 0>/<, =50“2=.

Brdfigaf, H.A. 14>> (14?0)8 Appmf`dx8 Gmskpktagdaf ljrkfkckny ko tjm jdstkrdlac pmrdk`. Df A.C.

Kppmfjmdg8 Afldmft Gmskpktagda. Ukrtradt k o a `ma` ld vdcdzatdkf . Ljdlank, <<=“0:.Brkkis, F. 255?8 Lucturac rmspkfsms tk ard`dty df tjm Gd``cm Jkcklmfm af` dflrmasm` skldac lkgpcmxdty.

Quatmrfary Dftmrfatdkfac 1=1/1, 24“04.

Brudfs, J.H. 25518 Fmar Mast8 tkwar`s af dftmnratm` 10L tdgm okufàtdkf. Ra`dklarbkf 0</<, 110>“=0.

Brudfs, J.H., H. vaf `mr Ucdljt, af` A. Gazar 255<a8 10L @atms orkg Pmc Rmjkv8 Drkf-Anm ljrkfkckny,pjarakjs, af` Jmbrmw idfns. \ldmflm <55/=?1>, <1=“1:.

Brudfs, J.H., H.H. Aikfn—a, G.G.M.G. Ruttmf, af` N.G. Irmssmc 255<b8 @rkunjt pcaffdfn af` radfwatmr

jarvmstdfn okr ard`-zkfm pastkracdsts8 tjm Puriafa af` Gaasad (Imfya) af` tjm Fmnmv Bm`kudf (Dsramc). FDRURmsmarlj okr Ukcdly \mrdms, 1>. Agstmràg.

Brugodmc, M.G. 14408 Oaltdkfac lkgpmtdtdkf af` pkcdtdlac `mvmckpgmft df tjm Fmw ^krc`8 afdftrkùltdkf. Df M.G. Brugodmc af` H. . Okx (m`s.)8 Oaltdkfac lkgpmtdtdkf af` pkcdtdlac `mvmckpgmft df tjm

Fmw ^krc` . Fmw @drmltdkfs df Arljamkckny. Lagbrd`nm, <“1<.



1=0


Bryskf, R.A. af` R.]. Bryskf 144>8 Jdnj rmskcutdkf sdgucatdkfs ko rmndkfac Jkcklmfm lcdgatm8 Fkrtj Aordla af` tjm Fmar Mast. Df J.F. @acoms, N. Iuica, af` J. ^mdss (m`s.)8 Pjdr` gdccmffdug BL lcdgatm

ljafnm af` Kc` ^krc` lkccapsm . FAPK A\D \mrdms, D/04. Bmrcdf, =?=“4<.

Bulai, M., R. @dttgaff, \.I. Juj, O. Harmlid, \. Idctz, ]. Rÿttnmr, af` D. _krkftskv 25508 \jkrt rmpkrtkf tjm mxlavatdkfs at Ŗavd Jÿyói df 2551. Df F. Pufa, H. ßztóri, af` H. _mcdbmykěcu (m`s.)8 \acvanm

Urkhmlt ko tjm Arljamkckndlac Jmrdtanm ko tjm Dcısu af` Larljmgdsj @ag Rmsmrvkdrs. Altdvdtdms df 2551. Afiara,1>0“:.

Bullmccatd, N. 14??8 Pjm Agkrdtms ko tjm ]r DDD pmrdk` . Uubbcdlazdkfd `mc \mgdfardk `d \mgdtdstdla,Rdlmrljm, 1. Fapcms.

‐. 14458 ‚Rdvmr bafi—, ‚jdnj lkuftry—, af` ‚pasturm caf`—8 tjm nrkwtj ko fkga`dsg kf tjm Gd``cmMupjratms af` tjm Ijabur. Df \.G. Mdljcmr, G. ^àocmr, af` @. ârburtkf (m`s.)8 Pacc ac-Jagd`dyaj

2 . Krbds Bdbcdlus mt Krdmftacds, ?. Ormdburn, :>“11>.

‐. 14428 Mbca af` tjm Agkrdtms. Df L.J. Nkr`kf af` N.A. Rmf`sburn (m`s.) 8 Mbcad tdla8 mssays kf tjm

Mbca arljdvms af` Mbcadtm cafnuanm. _kcugm < . Uubcdlatdkfs ko tjm Lmftmr okr Mbca Rmsmarlj at Fmw Tkri ]fdvmrsdty. ^dfkfa Caim, :<“150.

‐. 144>8 Agkrdtms. Df M.G. Gmymrs (m`.)8 Pjm Kxokr` mflylckpm`da ko arljamkckny df tjm Fmar Mast. _kcugm 1.Fmw Tkri, 15>“11.

‐. 255:8 Pjm kr dndf ko tjm trdbm af` ko ‚dfùstrdac— anrkpastkracdsg df \yrk-Gmskpktagda. Df J.Barfar` af` . ^mf`rdlj (m`s.)8 Pjm arljamkckny ko gkbdcdty. Kc` krc` af` Fmw ^krc` fkga`dsg .Lktsmf A`vaflm` \mgdfar \mrdms, 0. Cks Afnmcms, 101“=4.

Bullmccatd, N. af` G. Imccy-Bullmccatd 14448 @as arljàkckndsljm Urkhmit Pacc Gkzaf/]rimš. Gdtt mdcufnmf

`mr @mutsljmf Krdmft-Nmsmccsljaot zu Bmrcdf 1<1, >“1?.

‐. 25558 Pjm rkyac pacalm ko ]rimsj. Rmpkrt kf tjm 12tj smaskf at Pmcc Gkzaf/]rimsj8 mxlavatdkfs dfarma AA, Hufm“Kltkbmr 1444. Gdttm dcufnmf `mr @mutsljmf Krdmft-Nmsmc csljaot zu Bmr cdf 1<2, 1<<“:<.

Budtmfjuds, J. 14::8 Arljmkzkÿ cknds lj kf`mrzkmi cafns `m Gd``mf-Muoraat. Kf`mrzkmi vaf jm t oaufagatmrdaac

udt zms fm`mrzmttdfnmf df Xud`kkst-Puridhm mf Fkkr`-\yrdé àtmrmf` vaf la. 15.555 BU tkt 1055 A@ .]fpubcdsjm` `dssmrtatdkf, Rdhisufdvmrsdtmdt Nrkfdfnmf.

‐. okrtjlkgdfn8 Urmcdgdfary rmpkrt kf oaufac rmgadfs orkg Pmcc Jaggag mt-Purigaf, Fkrtj \yrda.Df @.H.^. Gmdhmr (m`.)8 Jaggag mt-Purigaf DD .

Buffmfs, N. 255>8 \dtm jdmrarljy df tjm Pdsjrdf @ag arma af` tjdr` gdccmffdug nmkpkcdtdls df Fkrtjmrf\yrda. Df M. Umctmfburn (m`.)8 Mupjratms rdvmr vac cmy smttcmgmft8 tjm Larljmgdsj sml tkr df tjm tjdr` gdccmffdug

BL . Cmvaft \uppcmgmftary \mrdms, =. Kxokr`, 0<“=0.

Burnjar`t, A.O. 14>18 A jypktjmsds abkut natmway ldtdms. Affacs ko tjm Asskldatdkf ko Agmrdlaf Nmknrapjmrs ?1/2, 2?4“:=.

Burdfnj, U. 14?58 \kdcs af` skdc lkf`dtdkfs df Draq . Banjà`.

Buttmrcdf, U. 255>8 Gard, cms šaiiafaiiu mt ca lrdsm `m ca odf ù trkdsdêgm gdccäfadrm. Df L. Iuzulukěcuaf` L. Garrk (m`s.)8 \kldätäs jugadfms mt ljafnmgmft lcdgatdqum å ca odf ù trkdsdêgm gdccäfadrm8 ufm lrdsm a-t-

mccm mu cdmu mf Jautm Gäskpktagdm; _arda Afatkcdla, 14. Dstafbuc, 22>“0=.Butzmr, I.^. 14:28 Arljamkckny as jugaf mlkckny 8 gmtjk` af` tjmkr y okr a lkftmxtuac apprkalj . Lagbrd`nm.

‐. 144>8 \kldkpkcdt dlac `dslkftdfudty df tjm Fmar Mast L. 2255 B.L.M.8 slmfardks orkg Uacmstdfm af`Mnypt. Df J.F. @acoms, N. Iuica, af` J. ^mdss (m`s.)8 Pjdr` gdccmffdug BL lcdgatm ljafnm af` Kc`

^krc` lkccapsm . FAPK A\D \mrdms, D/04. Bmrcdf, 20=“4?.

Larfmdrk, R.C. 14>58 A tjmkry ko tjm krdndf ko tjm statm. \ldmflm 1?4/<40>, ><<“<:.

Larfmdrk, R.C. af` @.O. Jdcsm 14??8 Kf `mtmrgdfdfn tjm prkbabcm ratm ko pkpucatdkf nrkwtj ùrdfn tjmFmkcdtjdl. Agmrdlaf Aftjrkpkckndst ?:/1, 1>>“:1.

Lasafa, H. 255>8 \trulturac trafsokrgatdkfs df smttcmgmft systmgs ko tjm fkrtjmrf Cmvaft. Agmrdlaf

Hkurfac k o Arljamkckny 111/2, 14=“221.

Lasjàf, M. 14:>8 Pra`m af` dts krdndfs kf tjm Bktcmtcd Rdvmr, Bktswafa. Hkurfac k o Aftjrkpkckndla c

Rmsmarlj 0</2, 121“<:.



1==

BDBCDKNRAUJT

‐. 2551a8 Mtjfdl `dvmrsdty af` d ts mfvdrkfgmftac `mtmrgdfafts8 moomlts ko lcdgatm, patjknmfs, af`jabdtat `dvmrsdty. Agmrdlaf Aftjrkpkckndst 15</0, 4?:“41.

‐. 2551b8 Mtjfklmftrdsg af` xmfkpjkbda8 a lrkss-lucturac stu`y. Lurrmft Aftjrkpkckny 02/=, >?5“?=.

Lasdgdr, G.H. 14428 Pjm `dgmfsdkfs ko tmrrdtkrdacdty8 af dftrkùltdkf. Df G.H. Lasdgdr af` A. Rak (m`s.)8

Gkbd cdty af` tmrrdtkrdac dty. \kldac af` spatdac bkufàrdms agkfn okranmrs, odsjmrs, pastkracds ts af` pmrdpatmtdl s .Fmw Tkri, 1“2?.

Lastmc, L. 255>8 C—abaf`kf `—Ac-Rawà (\yrdm) å ca odf ù trkdsdêgm gdccäfadrm8 prmgdêrms tmftatdvms`—mxpcdlatdkf. Df L. Iuzulukěcu af` L. Garrk (m`s.)8 \kldätäs jugadfms mt ljafnmgmft lcdgatdqum å ca

odf ù tr kdsdêgm gdccäfadr m8 ufm lrdsm a-t-m ccm mu cd mu mf Jautm Gäskpktagdm; _arda Afatkcdla, 14. Dstafbuc,1=4“>:.

Lastmc, L. af` M. Umctmfburn 255>8 ]rbafdsg kf tjm garndfs8 tjdr` gdccmffdug BL Ac-Rawà df tjmard` zkfm ko \yrda. Aftdqudty :1/<1<, ?51“1?.

Lauvdf, H. 14>58 Gdssdkf 14?4 mf @hmzdrmj (\yrdm). Buccmtdf `m ca \kldätä Uräjdstkrdqum Orafîadsm ?>, 2:?“>.

Ljagbmrcadf, A. 255?8 @mgknrapjy df arljamkckny . Lagbrd`nm Gafuacs df Arljamkckny. Lagbrd`nm.

Ljapgaf, H. 14448 Arljamkckndlac prkxy-àta okr `mgknrapjdl rmlkfstrultdkfs8 oalts, oaltkd`s kr

odltdkf; Df H. Bdftcdoo af` I. \bkfdas (m`s.)8 Rmlkfstrultdfn past pkpucatdkf trmf`s df Gm`dtmrrafmaf Murkpm(<555 BL“A@ 1:55). Pjm Arljamkckny ko Gm`dtmrrafmaf Caf`slapms, 1. Kxokr`, ?=“>?.

Ljarpdf, @. 14:>8 ťubat-Mfcdc mt cm pays `—Apug. GARD =, 124“05.

‐. 144<8 Ca \yrdm å c—äpkqum `m Gard8 `ms dfvasdkfs agkrdtms å ca ljutm `m Gard. Df \. Lcuzaf, M.@mcpkft, af` H. Gkucdäral (m`s.)8 \yrdm. Gägkdrm mt ldvdcdsatdkf . Uards, 100“4.

‐. 255<8 Ca «tkpkfygdm mf gdr rkdr¹ àfs cm Urkljm-Krdmft agkrrdtm. Rmvum `—Assyrdkckndm mt `—Arljäkckndm

krdmftacm 4>, <“<0.

‐. 25508 Fkga`ms mt sä`mftadrms àfs c—argäm `m Gard ù tmgps `m Tajùf-Cæg. Df L. Fdlkc cm (m`.)8 Fkga`ms mt sä`mftadrms àfs cm Ur kljm Krdmft afldmf . Agurru, <. Uards, :<“40.

Ljarpdf, @. af` H.-G. @uraf` 14:?8 «Odcs `m \dg—ac¹8 cms krdndfms trdbacms `ms rkds `m Gard. Rmvum

`—Assyrdkckndm :5, 101“:<.

Ljarpdf, @., @.K. M`zar`, af` G. \tkc 25508 Gmskpktagdmf. @dm a ctbabyckfdsljm Xmdt. Affàjmrufnmf 0 . Krbdsbdbcdlus mt krdmftacds, 1?5/0. Ormdburn.

Ljarpdf, @. af` F. Xdmncmr 255<8 Ockrdcmndug gardafug _. Gard mt cm prkljm-krdmft å c—äpkqum agkrrdtm8 mssad

`—jdstkdrm pkcdtdqum . Gägkdrms `m F.A.B.]., ?. Uards.

Ljmrry, H.O. 14>48 Okur prkbcmgs df Lylca`dl prmjdstkry. Df H.C. @avds af` H.O. Ljmrry (m`s.)8 Uapmrs df

Lylca`dl prmjdstkry . ]LCAGkf, 10. Cks Afnmcms, 22“0>.

Lcaskf, A.P. af` J. Budtmfjuds 14>:8 A prmcdgdfary rmpkrt kf tjm oaufac rmgadfs ko Fajr mc Jkgr,Ja`d`d af` Pa—as df tjm Pabqa @ag rmndkf df \yrda. Hkurfac ko Arljamkckndla c \ldmflm =/1, >=“:<.

‐. 144:8 Uattmrfs df afdgac okk` rmskurlms df tjm Brkfzm Anm df tjm Krdmft. Df J. Budtmfjuds, C.Bartksdmwdlz, af` A.G. Ljkyim (m`s.)8 Arljamkzkkckn y ko tjm Fmar Mast DDD. Urklmm`dfns k o tjm tjdr`

dftmrfatdkfac sygpksdug kf tjm arljamkzkkckny ko skutjwmstmrf Asda af` a`halmft armas . ARL-Uubcdlatdkf, 1:.Nrkfdfnmf, 2<<“02.

Lkkgbms, U. af` I. Barbmr 255=8 Mfvdrkfgmftac `mtmrgdfdsg df Jkcklmfm rmsmarlj8 lausacdty krlkdfld`mflm; Arma <>/<, <5<“11.

Lkkpmr, H.\. 14:<8 Pjm lursm ko Ana`m . Hkjfs Jkpidfs Fmar Mastmrf \tu`dms. Bactdgkrm.

Lkkpmr, C. 255?8 Marcy urbafdsg kf tjm \yrdaf Mupjratms . Fmw Tkri.

Lkpmcaf`, C. 14>48 Kbsmrvatdkfs kf tjm prmjdstkry ko tjm Bacdij _accmy, \yrda, ùrdfn tjm >tj tk 0tjgdccmffda B.L. Uacäkrdmft =, 2=1“>=.

‐. 14:28 Urmjdstkrdl tmc cs df tjm ckwmr Bacdij vaccmy, \yrda8 rmpkrt kf tjm survmy ko 14>:. Affacms

Arljäkckndqums Arabms \yrd mffms <2, 2=1“>1.

Lür`kba, H.G. 14::8 Urkspmlldüf mf mc vaccm `m rçk Bacdj (\yrda). Dfokrgm prkvdsdkfac. Auca Krdmftacds ?/2, 104“::.



1=?


Lkstafza, R., C. Nraugcdlj, ^. \tmoomf, L. Lrugcmy, H. @mardfn, I. Jdbbar`, R. Cmmgafs, L. Rm`gaf,af` @. \ljdgmc 255>8 \ustadfabdcdty kr lkccapsm8 wjat laf wm cmarf orkg dftmnratdfn tjm jdstkry kojugafs af` tjm rmst ko faturm; AGBDK8 a Hkurfac ko tjm Jugaf Mfvdrkfgmft <?/>, =22“>.

Lkurty, G.-A. 14408 Cm la`rm pacäknäknrapjdqum `ms kllupatdkfs jugadfms àfs cm bassdf ù Jaut-Ijabur (\yrdm ù fkr`-mst). Urmgdmrs rmsuctats. Uacäkrdmft 25/1, 21“=4.

‐. 25518 Mvd`mflm at Pmcc Brai okr tjm Catm M@DDD/Marcy Aiia`daf adr bcast mvmft (0 iyr BU). Df @.Katms, H. Katms, af` J. Gl@kfac` (m`s.)8 Mxlavatdkfs at Pmcc Brai, 2. Fanar df tjm tjdr` gdccmffdug BL .Lagbrd`nm, <?>“>2.

Lkurty, G.-A. af` J. ^mdss 144>8 Pjm slmfardk ko mfvdrkfgmftac `mnraàtdkf df tjm Pmcc Cmdcaf rmndkf,FM \yrda, ùrdfn tjm catm tjdr` gdccmffdug abrupt lcdgatm ljafnm. Df J.F. @acoms, N. Iuica, af`J. ^mdss (m`s.)8 Pjdr` gdccmffdug BL lcdgatm ljafnm af` Kc` ^krc` lkccapsm . FAPK A\D \mrdms, D/04.Bmrcdf, 15>“0>.

Lkwndcc, N.C. 14>=8 Kf lausms af` lkfsmqumflms ko afldmft af` gk`mrf pkpucatdkf ljafnms. Agmrdlaf

Aftjr kpkckndst >>/<, =5=“2=.

Lrdbb, R. 14418 Fkga`s df arljamkckny . Fmw \tu`dms df Arljamkckny. Lagbrd`nm.

Lrugcmy, L.C. 14408 Jdstkrdlac mlkckny. A guctd`dgmfsdkfac mlkckndlac krdmftatdkf. Df L.C. Lrugcmy(m`.)8 Jdstkrdlac mlkckny. Lucturac ifkwcm`nm af` ljafndfn caf`slapms . \ljkkc ko Agmrdlaf Rmsmarlj A`vaflm` \mgdfar \mrdms. \afta Om, 1“1?.

Luccmf, J.G., U.B. `mGmfklac, \. Jmggdfn, N. Jmggdfn, O.J. Brkwf, P. Nudc`mrskf, af` O. \drklik25558 Lcdgatm ljafnm af` tjm lkccapsm ko tjm Aiia`daf mgpdrm8 mvd`mflm orkg tjm `mmp sma.Nmkckny 2:/0, <>4“:2.

Lurvmrs, J.J. 14418 Brkfzm Anm skldmty df tjm Bacdij @radfanm (\yrda) . ]fpubcdsjm` `dssmrtatdkf,]fdvmrsdtmdt vaf Agstmràg.

`—Jkft, K. 25508 Mftrm sä`mftardtä mt fkga`dsgm8 äcägmfts pkur ufm `äodfdtdkf `m lms `mux tmrgmsprds àfs c—jdstkdrm ù pmupcmgmft `m ca gkymffm vaccäm `m c—Mupjratm `mpuds c—avêfmgmft `mc—Dscag. Df L. Fdlkccm (m`.)8 Fkga`ms m t sä`mftadr ms àfs cm Urkljm Krdmft afldmf . Agurru, <. Uards, 1<“20.

@aftd, G.@. 144>8 Rmndkfac survmys af` mxlavatdkfs. Df R.C. Xmttcmr8 \ubsdstmflm af` smttcmgmft df agarndfac mfvdrkfgmft8 Pmcc ms-\wmyjat, 14:4“144= prmcdgdfary rmpkrt . GA\LA Rmsmarlj Uapmrs df \ldmflmaf` Arljamkckny, 10. Ujdca`mcpjda, :=“40.

‐. 255?“>8 Pjm mxpafsdkf ko smttcmgmft dftk tjm Bacdij-Mupjratms upcaf`s. Avadcabcm at8 jttp8//www.hmzdrmj.krn/swmyjat[rmndkfacsurvmy.jtgc (Allmssm` > Hafuary, 255:).

`m Rkljm, L.@. 14:<8 Ukpucatdkf mstdgatms orkg smttcmgmft arma af` fugbmr ko rmsd`mflms. Hkurfac k o

Odmc` Arljamkckny 15/2, 1:>“42.

@mlimrs, I. af` \. Rdmjc 255>8 Ocuvdac mfvdrkfgmftac lkftmxts okr arljamkckndlac sdtms df tjm ]ppmrIjabur basdf (fkrtjmastmrf \yrda). Quatmrfary Rmsmarlj ?>/<, <<>“0:.

`mGmfklac, U.B. 25518 Lucturac rmspkfsms tk lcdgatm ljafnm ùrdfn tjm catm Jkcklmfm. \ldmflm 242,??>“><.

@mvmld, A. af` T. Gmrnmf 14448 Xmytdf Bajîmcd Jÿyói 144:8 prmcdgdfary rmpkrt. Df F. Pufa af` H.ßztóri (m`s.)8 \acvanm Urkhmlt ko tjm Arljamkckndlac Jmrdtanm ko tjm Dcısu af` Larljmgdsj @ag Rmsmrvkdrs.

Altdvdtdm s df 144: Afiara, 11<“1:.

@mwar, R.M. 14418 Dflkrpkratdfn vardatdkf df kllupatdkf spaf dftk smttcmgmft-pattmrf afacysds. Agmrdlaf Aftdqudty =?/0, ?50“25.

‐. 14408 Lkftmf`dfn wdtj lkftmgpkrafmdty 8 a rmpcy tk Idftdnj. Agmrdlaf Aftdqu dty =4/1, 104“=2.

@dagkf`, H. 255=8 Lkccapsm8 Jkw skldmtdms ljkksm tk oadc kr survdvm . Ckf`kf.

@dttgaff, R., L. Nrmwm, \.I. Juj, af` L. \ljgd`t 25518 Bmrdljt óbmr mdfmf \urvmy `ms Ŗavd Jÿyóidg Nmbdmt `ms Iarnmgdś-\tausmms, \ó`kst Purimd 1444. Df R.G. Bkmjgmr af` H. Garaf (m`s.)8 Cux

krdmftds8 Arljàkckndm zwdsljmf Asdmf uf` Murkpa. Omstsljrdot oór Jarac` Jauptgaff zug ?=. Nmburtstan .Dftmrfatdkfacm Arljàkckndm \tu`da jkfkrarda, 12. Raj`mf, 4>“111.



1=>

BDBCDKNRAUJT

@dttgaff, R., \.I. Juj, P. Gdtsljafn, M. Góccmr, ]. Rÿttnmr, L. \ljgd`t, af` @. ^dlim 25528 rmpkrt kftjm odrst lagpadnf ko mxlavatdkfs at Ŗavd Jÿyói df 2555. Df F. Pufa, H. ßztóri, af` H. _mcdbmykěcu(m`s.)8 \acvanm Urkhmlt ko tjm Arljamkckndlac Jmrdtanm ko tjm Dcısu af` Larljmgdsj @ag Rmsmrvkdrs. Altdvdtdms df

2555. Afiara, 2<<“05.

@kjgaff-Uoàczfmr, J. af` U. Uoàczfmr 25518 Ausnrabufnmf `mr @mutsljmf Krdmft-Nmsmccsljaot df`mr zmftracmf Kbmrsta`t vaf Pacc Gkzaf/]rimš. Bmrdljt óbmr `dm df Ikkpmratdkf gdt `mg DDGA\ùrljnmoójrtm Iagpanfm 2555. Gdttm dcufnmf `mr @mutsljmf Krdmft-Nmsmc csljaot zu Bmrcdf 1<<, 4>“1<4.

@kssdf, N. 14>08 Cm sdtm `m Puttuc-sur-Bacæj. Rmvum `—Assyrdkckndm ?:, 2=“<0.

@rmffaf, R.@. af` L.M. Umtmrskf 25508 Lkgpardfn arljamkckndlac smttcmgmft systmgs wdtj rafi-sdzmnrapjs8 a gmasurm ko sjapm af` statdstdlac lkfod`mflm. Hkurfac k o Arljamkckndla c \ldmflm <1/=, =<<“04.

@uraf`, H.-G. 14:=8 Ca sdtuatdkf jdstkrdqum `ms šaiiafaiiu 8 Fkuvmccm apprkljm. GARD 0, 10>“>2.

‐. 14428 ]fdtä mt `dvmrsdtäs au Urkljm-Krdmft å c —äpkqum agkrrdtm. Df @. Ljarpdf af` O. Hkaffês (m`s.)8Ca ldrlucatdkf `ms bdmfs, `ms pmrskffms mt `ms d`äms àf cm Urkljm-Krdmft afldmf. Altms `m ca ZZZ_DDDm Rmflkftrm

Assyr dkckn dqum Dftmr fatdkfacm (Uards, :“15 hudccm t 1441). Uards, 4>“12:.

‐. 144>8 Cms `klugmfts äpdstkcadrms ù pacads `m Gard. Pkgm D . Cdttäraturms Afldmffms ù Urkljm-Krdmft, 1?.

Uards. ‐. 144:8 Cms `klugmfts äpdstkcadrms ù pacads `m Gard. Pkgm DD . Cdttäraturms Afldmffms ù Urkljm-Krdmft,

1>. Uards.

‐. 2550a8 Gard uf` `dm Assyrmr. Df H.- . Gmymr af` . \kggmromc` (m`s.)8 2555 v. Ljr.8 pkcdtdsljm,

wdrtsljaotcdljm uf` iucturmccm Mftwdlicufn dg Xmdljmf mdfmr Hajrtausmf`wmf`m . Lkcckqudmf `mr @mutsljmfKrdmft-Nmsmccsljaot, <. \aarbrólimf, <>1“42.

‐. 2550b8 Umupcmgmft mt skldätäs å c —äpkqum agkrrdtm. (D) Cms lcafs bmfsdg—acd tms. Df L. Fdlkccm (m`.)8 Fkga`ms mt sä`mftadrms àfs cm Ur kljm Krdmft afldmf . Agurru, <. Uards, 111“4>.

@yskf-Ju`skf, R. af` F. @yskf-Ju`skf 14:58 Fkga`dl pastkracdsg. Affuac Rmvdmw k o Aftjr kpkckny 4,1=“?1.

@yskf-Ju`skf, R. af` M.A. \gdtj 14>:8 Jugaf tmrrdtkrdacdty8 af mlkckndlac rmassmssgmft. Agmrdlaf

Aftjr kpkckndst :5/1, 21“01.Mastwkk`, .H., F. Rkbmrts, J.O. Cagb, af` H.L. Pdbby 14448 Jkcklmfm mfvdrkfgmftac ljafnm df

skutjwmst Purimy8 a pacamkmlkckndlac rmlkr` ko caim af` latljgmft-rmcatm` ljafnms. Quatmrfary

\ldmflm Rmvdmws 1:/0“=, ?>1“4=.

Äljaccdmr, H.-L. af` O. Bramgmr 144=8 Faturm mt okfltdkfs `ms «`msmrt idtms¹8 `kffäms mt jypktjêsmsfkuvmccms. Uacäkrdmft 21/1, <=“?<.

M`zar`, @.K. 144>8 Nu`ma af` jds `yfasty . Pjm Rkyac Dfslrdptdkfs ko Gmskpktagda, Marcy Umrdk`s, </1. Pkrkftk.

Mdljcmr, \.G., _. Jaas, @. \tmu`cmr, G. ^àocmr, af` @. ârburtkf 14:=8 Pacc ac-Jagd`dya 1. _krbmrdljt

14:0. Krbds Bdbcdlus mt Krdmftacds, 0. Ormdburn.

Md`mg, H. 25558 Fkrtjmrf Hmzdra df tjm 1:tj lmftury BL. Aspmlts ko nmk-pkcdtdlac pattmrfs. Df K.Rkuauct af` G. ^àocmr (m`s.)8 Ca @häzdrä mt c—Mupjratm syrdmfs `m ca prktkjdstkdrm å ca odf ù DDm gdccäfadrm

av. H.-L.8 tmfàflms àfs c—dftmrprätatdkf jdstkrdqum `ms `kffäms fkuvmccms . \ubartu, >. Purfjkut, 2==“?0.

Md`mg, H., D. Odfimc, af` G. Bkfmljd 25518 Pjm tjdr`-gdccmffdug dfslrdptdkfs. Df @. Katms, H. Katms, af`J. Gl@kfac` (m`s.)8 Mxlavatdkfs at Pmcc Brai, 2. Fanar df tjm tjdr` gdccmffdug BL . Lagbrd`nm, 44“125.

Md`mg, H. af` @. arburtkf 144?8 Df tjm caf` ko Fanar8 survmy arkuf` Pmcc Brai. Draq =:, =1“?0.

Mdfwan, B. 144<8 _krbmrdljt óbmr `dm arljàkckndsljm Nmcàf`mbmnmjufn df `mr ^mstnazdra. @agaszmfmr

Gdttmdcufnmf >, 2<“0<.

‐. 144:8 @dm Imragdi aus `mg Bmrmdlj `ms Uacastms A df Pacc Bd—a/Puttuc uf` às Urkbcmg `mr orójmf Gdttcmrmf

Brkfzmzmdt . Gófljmfmr _kr`mrasdatdsljm \tu`dmf, 14. Gófljmf.

Mgbmr, L.R. af` G. Mgbmr 14428 Rmskurlm ufprm`dltabdcdty, gdstrust, af` war8 a lrkss-lucturac stu`y.

Hkurfac k o Lkfocdlt Rmskcutdkf <?/2, 202“?2.



1=:


Mgbmrcdfn, N. 144>8 Mtjfdldty df lkgpcmx skldmtdms8 arljamkckndlac pmrspmltdvms. Hkurfac k o Arljamkckndlac

Rmsmarlj =/0, 24=“<00.

Mfzmc, T., R. Bkkigaf, @. \jarkf, J. Nvdrtzgaf, ]. @ayaf, B. Xdv, af` G. \tmdf 255<8 Catm Jkcklmfmlcdgatms ko tjm Fmar Mast `mùlm` orkg @ma` \ma cmvmc vardatdkfs af` gk`mrf rmndkfac wdftmrradfoacc. Quatmrfary Rmsmarlj ?5, 2?<“><.

Mrnmfzdfnmr, U.H., . Ormy, J. Iójfm, af` J. Iursljfmr 14::8 Pjm rmlkfstrultdkf ko mfvdrkfgmft,drrdnatdkf af` `mvmckpgmft ko smttcmgmft kf tjm Jabur df fkrtj-mast \yrda. Df H.C. Bdftcdoo, @.A.@avd`skf, af` M.N. Nraft (m`s.)8 Lkflmptuac dssums df mfvdrkfgmftac arljamkckny . M`dfburnj, 15:“2:.

Mvmrsjm`, R.U., \. Uayfm, A.N. \jmrratt, G.\. Lkpcmy, H. Lkkcd`nm, @. ]rmg-Iktsu, I. Iktsaids, G.Kz`knaf, A.M. Kz`knaf, K. Fdmuwmfjuysm, U.G.G.N. Aiimrgafs, @. Badcmy, R.-R. Af`mmslu, \.Lagpbmcc, \. Oard`, D. Jk``mr, F. Tacgaf, G. Kzbasaraf, M. Bdlaild, T. Narodfimc, P. Cmvy, af`G.G. Burtkf 255:8 Marcdmst àtm okr gdci usm df tjm Fmar Mast af` skutjmastmrf Murkpm cdfim` tklattcm jmr`dfn. Faturm , `kd8 15.15<:/faturm5>1:5.

Oadvrm, Z. f.`.8 Jdstkdrm ù pmupcmgmft ù –Prdafncm ù Jabur‗ au Brkfzm gkymf mt au `äbut ù Brkfzm rälmft8

ätu`m läragkckndqum `—aprês cms okudccms `m Pmcc Gkjaggm` @dyab (14:>“144?) mt ca prkspmltdkf àfs cm bassdf

klld`mftac ù Jaut Jabur (14:4“144>). ]fpubcdsjm` `kltkrac tjmsds, ]fdvmrsdtä Ljarcms `m Nauccm-

Cdccm.Oaclkfmr, \.M. af` \.M. \avanm 144=8 Jmartcaf`s af` jdftmrcaf`s8 Actmrfatdvm trahmltkrdms ko marcy

urbafdzatdkf df Gmskpktagda af` tjm skutjmrf Cmvaft. Agmrdlaf Aftdqudty ?5/1, <>“=:.

Oacskfm, N. af` U. \lkfzk 255>8 Pjm ‚ljagpanfm-lup— pmrdk` at Larljmgdsj. A rmvdmw ko tjmMarcy Brkfzm Anm cmvmcs kf tjm Alrkpkcds Gkuf` af` tjm prkbcmg ko tjm Dffmr Pkwf. Df M.Umctmfburn (m`.)8 Mupjratms rdvmr vac cmy smttcmgmft 8 tjm Larljmgdsj smltkr df tjm tj dr` gdcc mffdug BL . Cmvaft\uppcmgmftary \mrdms, =. Kxokr`, ><“4<.

Odmc`mf, I. 14>:/48 Arljàkckndsljm Nmcàf`mbmnmjufn dg Nmbdmt `ms ]ftmrmf Ėaġěaġ. Arljdv oór

Krdmftokrsljufn 2?, 1>2.

Odfimcstmdf, H.H. 14??8 Pjm nmfmackny ko tjm Jaggurapd `yfasty. Hkurfac k o Lufmdokrg \tu`dms 25, 4=“11:.

Ocaffmry, I._. 14>?8 \agpcdfn by dftmfsdvm suroalm lkccmltdkf. Df I._. Ocaffmry (m`.)8 Pjm marcy

Gmskagmrdlaf vdccanm . \af @dmnk, =1“?2.

Ocmgdfn, @.M. 25508 @mgklraly—s afldmft aflmstkrs8 Gard af` marcy lkccmltdvm nkvmrfaflm . Lagbrd`nm.

Okrbms, J. 14:48 Ko nrafòatjmrs af` nraf` tjmkrdms8 tjm jdmrarljdsm` kr`mrdfn ko rmspkfsms tk jazar`df a Nrmmi rurac lkggufdty. Df U. Jacstma` af` H. K—\jma (m`s.)8 Ba` ymar mlkfkgdls8 Lucturac rmspkfsms

tk rdsi af` uflmrtadfty . Fmw @drmltdkfs df Arljamkckny. Lagbrd`nm, :>“4>.

Okrtdf, G. 25558 Älkfkgdm mt skldätä àfs ca gkymffm vaccäm ù Ijabkur ùraft ca pärdk`m `mFdfmvdtm =. Df K. Rkuauct af` G. ^àocmr (m`s.)8 Ca @häzdrä mt c—Mupjratm syrdmfs `m ca prktkjdstkdrm å

ca odf ù DDm gdccäfadrm av. H.-L.8 tmfàflms àfs c—dftmrprätatdkf jdstkrdqum `ms `kffäms fkuvmccms . \ubartu, >. Purfjkut, 111“<?.

Orafndpafm, G., L. Acvark, O. Backssd, af` N. \dralusafk 25528 Pjm 2555 lagpadnf at XmytdfcdbajîmJÿyói. Df F. Pufa, H. ßztóri, af` H. _mcdbmykěcu (m`s.)8 \acvanm Urkhmlt ko tjm Arljamkckndlac Jmrdtanm ko

tjm Dcısu af` Larljmgdsj @ag Rmsmrvkdrs. Altdvdtdms df 2555 . Afiara, :<“44.

Orafndpafm, G., O. Backssd, N.G. @d Fklmra, A. Uacgdmrd, af` N. \dralusafk 25508 Pjm 2551 mxlavatdkflagpadnf at Xmytdfcdbajîm Jÿyói8 prmcdgdfardy rmsucts. Df F. Pufa, H. ßztóri, af` H. _mcdbmykěcu(m`s.)8 \acvanm Urkhmlt ko tjm Arljamkckndlac Jmrdtanm ko tjm Dcısu af` Larljmgdsj @ag Rmsmrvkdrs. Altdvdtdms df

2551. Afiara, <=“=?.

Orafndpafm, G. af` M. Bulai 25518 Mxlavatdkfs af` rmsmarlj at Xmytdfcdbajîm Jÿyói, 1444. Df F. Pufa, H. ßztóri, af` H. _mcdbmykěcu (m`s.)8 \acvanm Urkhmlt ko tjm Arljamkckndlac Jmrdtanm ko tjm Dcısu af`

Larljmgdsj @ag Rmsmrvkdrs. Altdvdtdms df 1444 . Afiara, 154“1<1.

Orayfm, @. 14458 Kc` Babyckfdaf pmrdk` (255<“1=4= BL). Pjm Rkyac Dfslrdptdkfs ko Gmskpktagda, MarcyUmrdk`s, 0. Pkrkftk.

‐. 144<a8 \arnkfdl af` Nutdaf pmrdk`s (2<<0“211< BL). Pjm Rkyac Dfslrdptdkfs ko Gmskpktagda, MarcyUmrdk`s, 2. Pkrkftk.



1=4

BDBCDKNRAUJT

‐. 144<b8 ]r DDD pmrdk` (2112“2550 BL). Pjm Rkyac Dfslrdptdkfs ko Gmskpktagda, Marcy Umrdk`s, </2. Pkrkftk.

‐. 255:8 Urmsarnkfdl pmrdk` (2>55“2<=5 BL). Pjm Rkyac Dfslrdptdkfs ko Gmskpktagda, Marcy Umrdk`s, 1. Pkrkftk.

Orugidf, A. 25548 \tabcm dsktkpms ko a subokssdc Pagardx trmm orkg tjm @ma` \ma rmndkf, Dsramc, af`tjmdr dgpcdlatdkfs okr tjm Dftmrgm`datm Brkfzm Anm mfvdrkfgmftac lrdsds. Quatmrfary Rmsmarlj >1/<,<14“2:.

Orugidf, A., N. Iaàf, T. Mfzmc, af` T. Myac 25518 Ra`dklarbkf ljrkfkckny ko tjm Jkcklmfm @ma`\ma8 attmgptdfn a rmndkfac lkrrmcatdkf. Ra`dklarbkf 0</<, 11>4“:4.

Oumfsafta, H.N. 255>8 Pjm Pdcbms Urkhmlt (Bdrmldi @ag, Puridsj Mupjratms)8 tjm Marcy Brkfzm mvd`mflm.Df M. Umctmfburn (m`.)8 Mupjratms rdvmr va ccmy smttcmgmft 8 Pjm Larljmgdsj smltkr df tjm tj dr` gdcc mffdug BL .Cmvaft \uppcmgmftary \mrdms, =. Kxokr`, 102“=1.

Oumfsafta, H.N., M. Bulai, M. Lrdvmccd, U. Ljarvat, af` R. Gkya 255=8 Pjm rmsmarlj ko tjm PdcbmsUrkhmlt, 2550. Iazı \kfuîcarı Pkpcaftısı 2>.

Oumfsafta, H.N., M. Bulai, M. Lrdvmccd, J. Iarabucut, J. \aurmf, U. Ljarvat, af` R. Gkya 255?8 Pjm

Pdcbms prkhmlt rmsmarlj df 255=8 \urtmpm Jÿyói mxlavatdkfs. Iazı \kfuîcarı Pkpcaftısı 2:, 0=>“>5.Oumfsafta, H.N., U. Ljarvat, M. Bulai, R. Gkya, af` G.A. Hdgmfmz 2552a8 Pdcbms af` Pdcvmz Jÿyói

sacvanm mxlavatdkf rmpkrt. Iazı \kfuîcarı Pkpcaftısı 20, <?4“>?.

Oumfsafta, H.N., U. Ljarvat, M. Bulai, G.A. Hdgmfmz, U. Ivmtdfa, af` O. _mcdfsid 2552b8 2551 \urtmpmJÿyói sacvanm mxlavatdkf rmpkrt. Iazı \kfuîcarı Pkpcaftısı 20, 15=“12.

Oumfsafta, H.N., G.\. Rktjgaf, af` M. Bulai 144:8 144> \acvanm mxlavatdkfs at Pdcbmś Jÿyói. Iazı

\kfuîcarı Pkpcaftısı 25, 25>“1:.

Oumfsafta, H.N., G.\. Rktjgaf, U. Ljarvat, af` M. Bulai 25518 Pdcbmś Jÿyói sacvanm prkhmltmxlavatdkf. Iazı \kfuîcarı Pkpcaftısı 2<, 1<1“00.

Nacaty, H.N. 14:28 Bmdfn –Gaasad‗9 bmdfn –Umkpcm-ko-Lattcm‗8 mtjfdl sjdotmrs df Mast Aordla. Agmrdlaf

Mtjfkcknd st 4/1, 1“25.

Naccmt, T., G. Cm Nkoo, A. Nmfmvmy, H.-L. Garnumrkf, af` U. Gattjdam 255:8 Nmkganfmtdl odmc` dftmfsdtybmjavdkr df tjm Gd``cm Mast bmtwmmf ~<555 BL af` ~1=55 BL. Nmkpjysdlac Rmsmarlj Cmttmrs <=/C52<5>, `kd8 15.1524/255>NC5<1441.

Nacvdf, I.O. 14:>8 Okrgs ko odfaflm af` okrgs ko prkùltdkf8 tjm mvkcutdkf ko spmldacdzm` cdvmstkliprkùltdkf df tjm afldmft Fmar Mast. Df M.G. Brugodmc af` P.I. Marcm (m`s.)8 \pmldacdzatdkf, mxljafnm,

af` lkgpcmx skldmtdms . Fmw @drmltdkfs df Arljamkckny. Lagbrd`nm, 114“24.

Nasljm, J., H.A. Argstrkfn, \. . Lkcm, af` _.N. Nurza`yaf 144:8 @atdfn tjm oacc ko Babyckf. A rmappradsac

ko smlkf`-gdccmffdug ljrkfkckny (A hkdft Njmft“Ljdlank“Jarvar` prkhmlt). Gmskpktagdaf Jdstkry af`Mfvdrkfgmft Gmgkdrs, 0. Njmft.

Nmcb, D.H. 14:58 Lkgputmr-ad`m afacysds ko Agkrdtm . Assyrdkckndlac \tu`dms, 21. Ljdlank.

Nkkòrdmf`, N.A. 14448 Pmrrmstrdac stabcm dsktkpm rmlkr`s ko Catm Quatmrfary pacmklcdgatms df tjmmastmrf Gm`dtmrrafmaf rmndkf. Quatmrfary \ld mflm Rmvdmws 1:/0“=, =51“1<.

Nÿyófî, F. af` . Jóttmrktj 144>8 Caf` af `mr Nrmfzm. Ksgafdsljm _mrwactufn dg jmutdnmf tóridslj“syrdslj“

draidsljmf Nrmfznmbdmt dg 1?. Hajrjuf`mrt . Dstafbuc.

Nranskf, P. 144:8 Uktmftdac vmrsus altuac vmnmtatdkf8 jugaf bmjavdkr df a caf`slapm gm`dug. Df ^.Bacäm af` L.C. Lrugcmy (m`s.)8 A`vaflms df jds tkrdlac mlkckny . Jdstkrdlac Mlkckny \mrdms. Fmw Tkri,21<“<1.

Nrmmf, G.^. 14:58 Afdgac jusbaf`ry at ]rui df tjm arljadl pmrdk`. Hkurfac ko Fmar Mastmrf \tu`dms <4/1, 1“<=.

Nrmggmf, ^.J.M. af` \. Bkttmga 14418 Uacyfkckndlac dfvmstdnatdkfs df tjm \yrdaf Nazdra. Df J. Iójfm(m`.)8 @dm rmzmftm ]gwmct vkf Pacc \mj Jaga` uf` @atmf zur ]gwmctrmikfstruitdkf `mr Assyrdsljmf \ta`t

@ur-Iatcdggu . Bmrdljtm `mr Ausnrabufn Pacc \mj Jaga`, @ur-Iatcdggu, 1. Bmrcdf, 15=“1?.



1?5


Nrkfmfbkrf, @. 255=8 Icdgaokrsljufn uf` Arljàkckndm. Df @. Nrkfmfbkrf (m`.)8 Icdgavmràf`mrufn uf`

Iucturwaf`mc df fmkcdtjdsljmf Nmsmccsljaotmf Gdttmcmurkpas, ?>55“2255 v. Ljr. RNXG Panufnmf, 1. Gadfz,1“1?.

Nudljar`, G. 25528 Cm ťubartug klld`mftac å c—avêfmgmft `m Xdgræ-Cæg. Df @. Ljarpdf af` H.-G.@uraf` (m`s.)8 Ockrdcmndug gardafug _D. Rmlumdc `—ätu`ms å ca gägkdrm `—Af`rä Uarrkt . Gägkdrms `mF.A.B.]., > . Uards, 114“?:.

Jacstma`, U. af` H. K—\jma 14:4a8 Dftrkùltdkf8 lucturac rmspkfsms tk rdsi af` uflmrtadfty. Df U.Jacstma` af` H. K—\jma (m`s.)8 Ba` ymar mlkfkgdls8 lucturac rmspkfsms tk rdsi af` uflmrtadfty . Fmw@drmltdkfs df Arljamkckny. Lagbrd`nm, 1“>.

‐ (m`s.) 14:4b8 Ba` ymar mlkfkgdls8 lucturac rmspkfsms tk rdsi af` uflmrtadfty . Fmw @drmltdkfs df Arljamkckny.Lagbrd`nm.

Jassaf, O.A. 14:18 @mgknrapjdl arljamkckny . \tu`dms df Arljamkckny. Fmw Tkri.

Jawidfs, H.@. 14:58 Iariagds. Df @.K. M`zar` (m`.)8 Rmaccmxdikf `mr Assyrdkckndm uf` _kr`mrasdatdsljm

Arljàkckndm, _ . Bmrcdf, 02?“0?.

Jmgpmcgaff, R. 255:8 Ijarab \ayyar8 tjm okufàtdkf ko tjm Marcy Brkfzm Anm smttcmgmft. Df H.G.

Lür`kba, G. Gkcdst, G.L. Uärmz, D. Rubdk, af` \. Gartçfmz (m`s.)8 Urklmm`dfns ko tjm =tj DftmrfatdkfacLkfnrmss kf tjm Arljamkckny ko tjm Afldmft Fmar Mast. Ga`rd`, Aprdc <“: 255?. _kc. DD . Ga`rd`, 1=<“?0.

Jmfry, A.N. af` @.R. Udpmrfk 255:8 ]sdfn pcaft gdlrkokssdcs orkg `mftac laclucus tk rmlkvmr jugaf`dmt8 a lasm stu`y orkg Pmcc ac-Raqa—d, \yrda. Hkurfac ko Arljamkckndla c \ldmflm <=/>, 140<“=5.

Jmrvmux, C. 25508 Ätu`m arljäkbktafdqum präcdgdfadrm `m tmcc ac-Rawà, sdtm `m ca odf ù Brkfzm afldmfmf \yrdm dftärdmurm. Aiia`dla 12=/1, >4“41.

Jkbbs, H.H. 14458 Bm`kudf cdom df tjm Mnyptdaf wdc`mrfmss . Ladrk.

Jkcm, O. 14418 Gd``cm Ijabur smttcmgmft af` anrdlucturm df tjm Fdfmvdtm _ pmrdk`. Buccmtdf ko tjm

Lafa`daf \kldmty okr Gmskpktagdaf \tu`dms 21, 1>“<5.

‐. 144>a8 Mvd`mflm okr gd`-Jkcklmfm mfvdrkfgmftac ljafnm df tjm ^mstmrf Ijabur @radfanm,Fkrtjmastmrf \yrda. Df J.F. @acoms, N. Iuica, af` J. ^mdss (m`s.)8 Pjdr` gdccmffdug BL lcdgatm ljafnm

af` Kc` ^krc` lkccapsm . FAPK A\D smrdms, D/04. Bmrcdf, <4“??. ‐. 144>b8 Uacamkmfvdrkfgmft af` jugaf skldmty df tjm Hmzdrmj ko fkrtjmrf Gmskpktagda 25,555“

?,555 B.U. Uacäkrdmft 2</2, <4“04.

‐. 14448 Mlkfkgdl dgpcdlatdkfs ko pkssdbcm stkranm strulturms at Pmcc Xdya`mj, FM \yrda. Hkurfac ko

Odmc` Arljamkckny 2?/<, 2?>“:<.

‐. 25548 Uastkrac gkbdcdty as af aàptatdkf. Df H. \zuljgaf (m`.) 8 Fkga`s, tr dbms, af` tjm statm df tjm

afldmft Fmar Mast . Krdmftac Dfstdtutm \mgdfars, =. Ljdlank, 2?1“:<.

Jkcm, O. af` B.O. Xadtljdi 255>8 Ukcdldms, pcafs, praltdlm, af` prkspmlts8 Drrdnatdkf df fkrtjmastmrf \yrda.Caf` @mnraàtdkf & @mvmckpgmft 1:/2, 1<<“=2.

Jkrfm, C. 144<8 Kllupatdkfac af` cklatdkfac dfstabdcdty df ard` caf` smttcmgmft. Df L.G. Lagmrkf af`\.A. Pkgia (m`s.)8 Abaf`kfgmft ko smttcmgmfts af` rmndkfs8 mtjfkarljamkckndlac af` ar ljamkcknd lac appr kaljms .Fmw @drmltdkfs df Arljamkckny. Lagbrd`nm, 0<“=<.

‐. 14408 _dccanm spalms. \mttcmgmft af` skldmty df fkrtjmastmrf Draf . \gdtjskfdaf \mrdms df ArljamkckndlacDfqudry. âsjdfntkf.

Jkrkwdtz, @.C. 14:=8 Mtjfd l nr kups df lkfoc dlt . Bmrimcmy.

DHzmrmmo, N.O. 25518 Afdgac rmgadfs. Df G.F. _af Ckkf (m`.)8 \mcmfiajdym. Odfac rmpkrt kf tjm ]fdvmrsdty

ko Ljdlank af` ]fdvmrsdty ko Agstmràg mxlavatdkfs df tjm Pabqa Rmsmrvkdr, fkrtjmrf \yrda, 14?>“14>= .]dtnavmf vaf jmt Fm`mrcaf`s Jdstkrdslj-Arljamkckndslj Dfstdtuut tm Dstafbuc, 41. Dstafbuc, =?4“:=.

DULL 255>8 Lcdgatm ljafnm 255>8 \yftjmsds rmpkrt. Lkftrdbutdkf ko ^kridfn Nrkups D, DD af` DDD tk tjm Okurtj

Assmssgmft Rmpkrt ko tjm Dftmr nkvmrfgmfta c Uafmc kf Lcdgatm Ljafnm . Nmfmva.

Dssar, A.\. af` G. Xkjar 25508 Lcdgatm ljafnm. Mfvdrkfgmft af` ldvdcdzatdkf df tjm Gd``cm Mast . Bmrcdf.



1?1

BDBCDKNRAUJT

Halkbsmf, P. af` R.G. Aàgs 14=:8 \act af` sd ct df afldmft Gmskpktagdaf anrdlucturm. Urknrmssdvmljafnms df skdc sacdfdty af` sm`dgmftatdkf lkftrdbutm` tk tjm brmaiup ko past ldvdcdzatdkfs. \ldmflm 12:, 12=1“=:.

Hkjfskf, A. . af` P.I. Marcm 25558 Pjm mvkcutdkf ko jugaf skldmtdms. Orkg okrandfn nrkup tk anrardaf statm.

\mlkf` m`dtdkf . \tafokr`.

Hkjfskf, N.A. 14>>8 Aspmlts ko rmndkfac afacysds df arljamkckny. Affuac Rmvdmw k o Aftjrkpkckny ?,0>4“=5:.

‐. 14:58 Rafi-sdzm lkfvmxdty af` systmg dftmn ratdkf8 a vdmw orkg arljamkckny. Mlkfkgdl Nmknrapjy =?/<, 2<0“0>.

‐. 14:18 Gkfdtkrdfn lkgpcmx systmg dftmn ratdkf af` bkufàry pjmfkgmfa wdtj smttcmgmft sdzm àta.Df \. _af `mr Cmmuw (m`.)8 Arljamkckndla c apprkaljms tk tjm stu`y ko lkgpcmxdty . Ldfnuca, ?. Agstmràg,100“::.

Hkfms, \. 144>8 Pjm arljamkckny ko mtjfdldty. Lkfstrultdfn d`mftdtdms df tjm past af` prmsmft . Ckf`kf.

Iagp, I.A. af` F. Tkoomm 14:58 Mtjfdldty df afldmft ^mstmrf Asda ùrdfn tjm marcy smlkf` gdccmffdugB.L.8 arljamkckndlac assmssgmfts af` mtjfkarljamkckndlac prkspmltdvms. Buccmtdf ko tjm Agmrdlaf

\ljkkcs ko Krdmftac Rmsmarlj 2<>, :=“150.Iaptdhf, M. 25548 Cdom kf tjm watmrsjm`. Rmlkfstrultdfn subsdstmflm df a stmppm rmndkf usdfn arljamkckndlac survmy8 a

`daljrkfdl pmrspmltdvm kf jabdtatdkf df tjm Hkràf _accmy . @dssmrtatdkf, Cmd`mf ]fdvmrsdty.

Iaptdhf, M., C. Umtdt, M. Nrkktvmc`, O. Jkurafd, N. vaf `mr Ikkdh, af` K. ac-Njuc 255=8 @ayr ‚Accarmndkfac prkhmlt8 \mttcdfn tjm stmppm. Odrst lagpadnf 2550. Affuac ko tjm @mpar tgmft ko Aftdqudtdm s ko

Hkràf 04, :4“44.

Immfaf, @.H. 25528 ^jy marcy-jdstkrdlac ra`dklarbkf àtms `kwfwdf` orkg tjm Gm`dtmrrafmaf arm tkkmarcy. Ra`dklarbkf 00/1, 22=“<>.

Imccy-Bullmccatd, G. 25528 Mdf jurrdtdsljmr Nafn df `dm ]ftmrwmct. Gdttm dcufnmf `mr @mutsljmf Krdmft-

Nmsmccsljaot zu Bmrcdf 1<0, 1<1“0:.

Imccy, R.C. 144=8 Pjm okrandfn spmltrug. @dvmrsdty df juftmr-natjmrmr cdomways . âsjdfntkf.

Imfykf, I.G. 14??8 Agkrdtms af` Lafaafdtms . \ljwmdlj Cmlturms kf Bdbcdlac Arljamkckny. Ckf`kf.

Ijazafkv, A.G. 25548 \pmldodl ljaraltmrdstdls ko Ljaclkcdtjdl af` Brkfzm Anm pastkracdsg df tjm FmarMast. Df H. \zuljgaf (m`.)8 Fkga`s, trdbms, af` tjm statm df tjm afldmft Fmar Mast . Krdmftac Dfstdtutm\mgdfars, =. Ljdlank, 114“2>.

Ijkury, U.\. af` H. Ikstdfmr (m`s.) 1445a8 Prdbms af` statm okrgatdkf df tjm Gd``cm Mast . Bmrimcmy.

‐. 1445b8 Dftrkùltdkf8 Prdbms af` tjm lkgpcmxdtdms ko statm okrgatdkf df tjm Gd``cm Mast. Df U.\.Ijkury af` H. Ikstdfmr (m`s.)8 Prdbms af` statm okrgatdkf df tjm Gd``cm Mast . Bmrimcmy, 1“22.

Idftdnj, I.^. 14408 Lkftmf`dfn wdtj lkftmgpkrafmdty df smttcmgmft pattmrf stu`dms. Agmrdlaf Aftdqu dty =4/1, 10<“:.

Icmfnmc, J. 14>28 Xwdsljmf Xmct uf` Uacast. @dm Bmnmnfufn vkf Fkga`mf uf` \mÛjaotmf dg actmf _kr`mrasdmf .

_dmffa.Icmfnmc, J. 14428 \yrda8 <555 tk <55 B.L.8 a jaf`bkki ko pkcdtdlac jdstkry . Bmrcdf.

Iÿjcmr-Rkccmoskf, D. 14428 A gk`mc okr tjm `mvmckpgmft ko fkga`dl pastkracdsg kf tjm Prafshkràfdaf Ucatmau. Df K. Bar-Tksmo af` A.G. Ijazafkv (m`s.)8 Uastkracdsg df tjm Cmvaft.

Arljamkckndlac gatmrdacs df aftjrkpkckndlac pmrspmltdvms . Gkfknrapjs df ^krc` Arljamkckny, 15. Ga`dskf,11“1:.

‐. 144?8 Pjm kfm-jugpm` lagmc df Asda8 Krdndf, utdcdzatdkf af` gmljafdsgs ko `dspmrsac . Df @.R.Jarrds (m`.)8 Pjm krdndfs af` sprma` ko anrdlucturm af` pastkracdsg df Murasda . Ckf`kf, 2:2“40.

Iÿjcmr-Rkccmoskf, D. af` N.K. Rkccmoskf 14458 Pjm dgpalt ko Fmkcdtjdl subsdstmflm stratmndms kf tjmmfvdrkfgmft8 tjm lasm ko ‚Adf Njazac, Hkràf. Df \. Bkttmga, N. Mfthms-Fdmbkrn, af` . vaf Xmdst(m`s.)8 Gaf—s rk cm df tjm sjapdfn k o tjm Mastmr f Gm`dtmr rafmaf caf`slapm . Rkttmràg, 1“10.



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Cmglim, N. af` G. \turg 144>8 ΰ1:K af` tralm mcmgmft gmasurmgmfts as prkxy okr tjm rmlkfstrultdkfko lcdgatm ljafnms at Caim _af (Purimy)8 prmcdgdfary rmsucts. Df J.F. @acoms, N. Iuica, af` J.

^mdss (m`s.)8 Pjdr` gdccmffdug BL lcdgatm ljafnm af` Kc` ^krc` lkccapsm . FAPK A\D \mrdms, D/04. Bmrcdf,?=<“>:.

Cävèqum, A. f.`.8 Atcas `m \yrdm. Anrdluctur m . Bmyrkutj.

Cmwds, F.F. 14:>8 Fkga`s af` smt tcmrs df \yrda af` Hkràf, 1:55“14:5 . Lagbrd`nm Gd``cm Mast Cdbrary.Lagbrd`nm.

‐. 14::8 Pjm Bacdij _accmy af` dts pmkpcm. Df G.F. vaf Ckkf (m`.)8 Jaggag mt-Purigaf D. Rmpkrt kf

tjm ]fdvmrsdty ko Agstmràg—s 14:1“:0 mxlavatdkfs df \yrda . ]dtnavmf vaf jmt Fm`mrcaf`s Jdstkrdslj- Arljamkckndslj Dfstdtuut tm Dstafbuc, ?<. Dstafbuc, ?:<“?4=.

Cÿffqvdst, G. 255?8 Arljamkckndlac survmys ko tjm Hmbmc Bdsjrd. Pjm prmcdgdfary rmpkrt ko tjm Odffdsjgdssdkf tk \yrda, 2555“2550. Iasiac <, 25<“05.

‐. 255:8 ^mrm fkga`dl Agkrdtms kf tjm gkvm; Gdnratdkf, dfvasdkf af` nraùac dfo dctratdkf asgmljafdsgs okr lucturac trafsdtdkfs. Df J. Iójfm, R.G. Lzdljkf, af` O.H. Irmppfmr (m`s.)8Urklmm`dfns ko tjm 0tj Dftmrfatdkfac Lkfnrmss ko tjm Arljamkckny ko tjm Afldmft Fmar Mast, 2 . ^dmsba`mf,14=“21=.

Cuim, H.P. 14?=8 Uastkracdsg af` pkcdtdls df tjm Gard pmrdk`8 a rm-mxagdfatdkf ko tjm ljaraltmr af` pkcdtdlac

sdnfdodlaflm ko tjm gahkr ^mst \mgdtdl trdbac nrkups kf tjm Gd``cm Mupjratms, la. 1:2:“1>=: B.L. Agmrdlaf\ljkkcs ko Krdmftac Rmsmarlj @dssmrtatdkf \mrdms, <. Lagbrd`nm (GA).

Cykf, H. 25558 Gd``cm Assyrdaf mxpafsdkf af` smttcmgmft `mvmckpgmft df tjm \yrdaf Hazdra8 tjm vdmworkg tjm Bacdij _accmy. Df R.G. Has (m`.)8 Radfoacc af` anrdlucturm df fkrtjmrf Gmskpktagda . ]dtnavmf vafjmt Fm`mrcaf`s Jdstkrdslj-Arljamkckndslj Dfstdtuut tm Dstafbuc, ::. Dstafbuc, :4“12?.

Cykffmt, B. 144?8 Ca prkspmltdkf arljäkckndqum `m ca partdm klld`mftacm ù Jaut Ijabur (\yrdm ùfkr`-mst)8 gätjk`ms, räsuctats mt qumstdkfs autkur `m c—kllupatdkf aux DDDm mt DDm gdccäfadrms av. f.ê. Agurru 1, <?<“>?.

‐. 144:8 Cm pmupcmgmft `m ca @häzdrä klld`mftacm au `äbut ù <m gdccäfadrm, vd ccms ldrlucadrms mtpastkracdsgm8 qumstdkfs mt jypktjêsms. Df G. Cmbmau (m`.)8 Abkut \ubartu8 \tu`dms `mvktm` tk ]ppmr

Gmskpktagda . \ubartu, 0/1. Purfjkut, 1>4“4<.

‐. (m`.) 25558 Urkspmltdkf arljäkckndqum ù Jaut-Ijabur klld`mftac (\yrdm ù F.M.) _kcugm D . Bdbcdktjêqum Arljäkckndqum mt Jdstkrdqum, 1==. Bmyrkutj.

‐. 25508 Cm fkga`dsgm mt c—arljäkckndm8 prkbcêgms `—d`mftdodlatdkf. Cm las `m ca part dm klld`mftacm`m ca @häzdrä aux <êgm mt `äbut ù 2êgm gdccäfadrm avaft fktrm êrm. Df L. Fdlkccm (m`.)8 Fkga`ms m t

sä`mftadrms àfs cm Urkljm Krdmft afldmf . Agurru, <. Uards, 2=“04.

Ga`mcca, G. af` @.Q. Ouccmr 255?8 Uacamkmlkckny af` tjm Jarappaf ldvdcdsatdkf ko \kutj Asda8 Armlkfsd`mratdkf. Quatmrfary \ld mflm Rmvdmws 2=/11“12, 12:<“1<51.

Ganfy, G., B. _affdmrm, N. Xafljmtta, M. Okualjm, N. Pkuljads, C. Umtrdia, L. Lkusskt, A.-_. âctmr-\dgkffmt, af` O. Arfau` 25548 Ukssdbcm lkgpcmxdty ko tjm lcdgatdl mvmft arkuf` 0<55“<:55 lac.BU df tjm lmftrac af` wmstmrf Gm`dtmrrafmaf. Pjm Jkcklmfm 14/?, :2<“<<.

Gadsmcs, L.I. 14458 Pjm mgmrnmflm ko ldvdcdzatdkf. Orkg juftdfn af` natjmrdfn tk anrdlucturm, ldtdms, af` tjm statm df

tjm Fmar Mast . Ckf`kf.

Gacckwaf, G.M.C. 14<?8 Pjm mxlavatdkfs at Pacc Ljanar Bazar, af` af arljamkckndlac survmy ko tjmJabur rmndkf, 14<0“=. Draq </1, 1“:?.

‐. 140?8 Mxlavatdkfs df tjm Bacdij _accmy, 14<:. Draq :, 111“?2.

Gaffdfn, \. ., G. Barbmttd, B. Irkgmr, U.D. Iufdjkcg, D. Cmvdf, G. . Fmwtkf, af` U.H. Rmdgmr 25528Fk systmgatdl marcy bdas tk Gm`dtmrrafmaf 10L anms8 ra`dklarbkf gmasurmgmfts orkg trmm-rdfn afàdr sagpcms prkvd`m tdnjt cdgdts tk anm koosmts. Ra`dklarbkf 00/<, ><4“=0.

Gaffdfn, \. ., B. Irkgmr, U.D. Iufdjkcg, af` G. . Fmwtkf 25518 Afatkcdaf trmm rdfns af` a fmwljrkfkckny okr tjm Mast Gm`dtmrrafmaf Brkfzm-Drkf Anms. \ldmflm 240/===1, 2=<2“=.



1?0


Gaffdfn, \. ., L.B. Ragsmy, . Iutsljmra, P. Jdnjag, B. Irkgmr, U. \tmdmr, af` M.G. ^dc` 255?8Ljrkfkckny okr tjm Amnmaf Catm Brkfzm Anm 1>55“1055 B.L. \ldmflm <12/=>><, =?=“4.

Garljmsd, N. 255?8 C]GGA df tjm kfkgastdlkf af` cdtmraturm ko afldmft Gmskpktagda . Jdstkry ko tjm Afldmft Fmar Mast/\tu`dms, 15. Ua`kva.

Garokm, C. 14>48 Pjm dftmnratdvm trafsokrgatdkf8 pattmrfs ko skldkpkcdtdlac krnafdzatdkf df skutjmrf\yrda. Buccmtdf ko tjm Agmrdlaf \ljkkcs ko Krdmftac Rmsmarlj 2<0, 1“02.

Garnumrkf, H.-L. 14418 Gard, c—Mupjratm, mt cm Ijabur au gdcdmu ù DDDm gdccäfadrm. Buccmtdf ko tjm

Lafa`daf \kldmty okr Gmskpktagdaf \tu`dms 21, >4“155.

Garrk, L. 2550a8 Dtdfäradrms mt vkdms `m ldrlucatdkf ù Laulasm å c—Mupjratm8 cm rðcm `ms fkga`ms àfscm systêgm `—äljafnms mt c—älkfkgdm prktkjdstkrdqum `ms D_êgm“DDDêgm gdccäfadrms avaft fktrm êrm.Df L. Fdlkccm (m`.)8 Fkga`ms m t sä`mftad rms àfs cm Ur kljm Krdmft afldmf . Agurru, <. Uards, =1“?2.

‐. 2550b8 ]ppmr Gmskpktagda af` tjm Laulasus8 af mssay kf tjm mvkcutdkf ko rkutms af` rka`fmtwkris orkg tjm Kc` Assyrdaf idfn`kg tk tjm Kttkgaf mgpdrm. Df A. \ankfa (m`.)8 A vdmw

orkg tjm jdnjcaf`s8 Arljamkckndla c stu`dms df jkfkur ko Ljar cms Burfmy . Afldmft Fmar Mastmrf stu`dms.\uppcmgmft, 12. Cmuvmf, 41“125.

‐. 255>a8 ]ppmr-Gmskpktagda af` tjm catm tjdr` gdccmffdug lrdsds jypktjmsds8 statm ko tjm art af`dssums at staim. Df L. Iuzulukěcu af` L. Garrk (m`s.)8 \kldätäs jugadfms mt ljafnmgmft lcdgatdqum å ca

odf ù tr kdsdêgm gdccäfadrm8 ufm l rdsm a-t-mccm mu cd mu mf Jautm Gäskpktagdm; _arda Afatkcdla, 14. Dstafbuc,1<“25.

‐. 255>b8 Lkftdfudty af` ljafnm df tjm Bdrmldi _accmy at tjm mf` ko tjm tjdr` gdccmffdug B.L8tjm arljamkckndlac mvd`mflm orkg Jkrug Jÿyói. Df L. Iuzulukěcu af` L. Garrk (m`s.)8\kldätäs jugadfms mt ljafnmgmft lcdgatdqum å ca odf ù trkdsdêgm gdccäfadrm8 ufm lrdsm a-t-mccm mu cdmu mf Jautm

Gäskpktagdm; _arda Afatkcdla, 14. Dstafbuc, <:<“051.

Garrk, L., A. Pdbmt, af` O. Bucnaf 25558 Okudccms `m sauvmtanm `m Jkrug Jÿyói (prkvdflm `mNazdaftmp)8 Quatrdêgm rappkrt präcdgdfadrm. Afatk cda Aftdqua :, 2=>“>:.

Garrk, L., A. Pdbmt, af` R. Mrnmî 144>8 Okudccms `m sauvmtanm `m Jkrug Jÿyói (prkvdflm `mNazdaftmp)8 Urmgdmr rappkrt präcdgdfadrm. Afatkcda Aftdqua =, <>1“41.

‐. 144:8 Okudccms `m sauvmtanm `m Jkrug Jÿyói (prkvdflm `m Nazdaftmp)8 Prkdsdêgm rappkrtpräcdgdfadrm. Afatk cda Aftdqua >, 2:=“<5>.

Gattjmws, _.J. 14>:8 Uastkrac fkga`dsg df tjm Gard Idfn`kg (la. 1:<5“1>?5 B.L.) . Agmrdlaf \ljkkcs koKrdmftac Rmsmarlj @dssmrtatdkf \mrdms, <. Lagbrd`nm, Gass.

Gattjmws, ^. 255<8 Gdlrkstratdnrapjdl smqumflms8 Df`dlatdkfs ko usms af` lkflmpts ko spalm. Df R.Gattjmws (m`.)8 Mxlavatdkfs at Pmcc Brai, 0. Mxpckrdfn af uppmr Gmskpktagdaf rmnd kfac lmftr m, 1440“144? .Lagbrd`nm, <>>“::.

Gaymwsid, U.A., M.M. Rkjcdfn, H.L. \tanmr, . Iarcäf, I.A. Gaaslj, C.@. Gmmimr, M.A. Gmymrskf, O.Nassm, \. vaf Irmvmc`, I. Jkcgnrmf, H. Cmm-Pjkrp, N. Rksqvdst, O. Rali, G. \taubwassmr, R.R.\ljfmd`mr, af` M.H. \tmdn 25508 Jkcklmfm lcdgatm vardabdcdty. Quatmrfary Rms marlj ?2/<, 20<“==.

GlLkrrdstkf, H. 14428 Pjm Jacao mfvdrkfgmft af` jugaf altdvdtdms df tjm Ijabur @radfanm, \yrda. Hkurfac k o Odmc` Arljamkckn y 14/<, <1=“<<.

‐. 144>8 Pjm odbmr rmvkcutdkf. Pmxtdcm mxtmfsdodlatdkf, a cdmfatdkf, af` skldac stratdodlatdkf df afldmftGmskpktagda. Lurrmft Aftjrkpkckny <:/0, =1>“04.

GlDftksj, R.H., H.A. Padftmr, af` \.I. GlDftksj 2555a8 Lcdgatm, jdstkry, af` jugaf altdkf. Df R.H.GlDftksj, H.A. Padftmr, af` \.I. GlDftksj (m`s.)8 Pjm way tjm wdf` bckws8 lcdgatm, jdstkry, af` jugaf

altdkf . Jdstkrdlac Mlkckny \mrdms. Fmw Tkri, 1“02.

‐ (m`s.) 2555b8 Pjm way tjm wdf` bckws8 lcdgatm, jdstkry, af` jugaf altdkf . Jdstkrdlac Mlkckny \mrdms. Fmw Tkri.

GlCmccaf, P.C., R. Nrayskf, af` L. Kncmsby 25558 Brkfzm Anm watmr jarvmstdfn df fkrtj \yrda. Df K.Rkuauct af` G. ^àocmr (m`s.)8 Ca @häzdrä mt c—Mupjratm syrdmfs `m ca prktkjdstkdrm å ca odf ù DDm gdccäfadrm

av. H.-L.8 tmfàflms àfs c—dftmrprätatdkf jdstkrdqum `ms `kffäms fkuvmccms . \ubartu, >. Purfjkut, 1<>“==.



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GlCmccaf, P.C. af` A. Ukrtmr 144=8 Hawa af` Fkrtj \yrda. \tu`dms df tjm Jdstkry af` Arljamkckny ko Hkràf =, 04“?=.

Gmdhmr, @.H.^. 14:?8 A sur vmy df Fkr tjmastmrf \yr da . ]dtnavmf vaf jmt Fm`mrcaf`s Jdstkrdslj- Arljamkckndslj Dfstdtuut tm Dstafbuc, =:. Dstafbuc.

‐. 14:48 Jaggag ac-Purigaf kf tjm Bacdij8 Odrst rmsucts ko tjm odotj lagpadnf, 14::. Aiia`dla ?0“?=, 1“12.

‐. 14458 Af arljamkckndlac survmy8 skgm assugptdkfs af` d`mas. Df \.G. Mdljcmr, G. ^àocmr, af` @. ârburtkf (m`s.)8 Pacc ac-Jagd`dyaj 2 . Krbds Bdbcdlus mt Krdmftacds, ?. Ormdburn, <1“0=.

‐. 144?8 Pmcc Jaggag ac-Purigaf8 prmcdgdfary rmpkrt kf tjm smvmftj lagpadnf, Gay“Hucy 144=. Afatk cdla 22, 1:1“4<.

‐. 25558 Mlkckny af` arljamkckny8 pmrlmptdkfs af` qumstdkfs. Df C. Gdcafk, \. `m Gartdfk, O.G. Oacms,af` N.B. Caforafljd (m`s.)8 Caf`slapms8 tmrrdtkrdms, orkftdmrs af` jkrdzkfs df tjm afldmft Fmar Mast . Jdstkryko tjm Afldmft Fmar Mast, <. Ua`kva, 25<“12.

‐. 25518 Arljdtmlturm af` stratdnrapjy. Df G.F. _af Ckkf (m`.) 8 \mcmfiajdym. Odfac rmpkrt kf tjm ]fdvmrsdty

ko Ljdlank af` ]fdvmrsdty ko Agstmràg mxlavatdkfs df tjm Pabqa Rmsmrvkdr, fkrtjmrf \yrda, 14?>“14>= .

]dtnavmf vaf jmt Fm`mrcaf`s Jdstkrdslj-Arljamkckndslj Dfstdtuut tm Dstafbuc, 41. Dstafbuc, 2=“12=. ‐. 255>8 Pjm arma ko tjm Bacdij bmtwmmf la. 2=55 af` 1>55 BL. Df U. Gattjdam, O. Udffkli, C. Fdnrk,

af` C. Umyrkfmc (m`s.)8 Urklmm`dfns ko tjm dftmrfatdkfac lkcckqudug8 Orkg rmcatdvm ljrkfkckny tk abskcutm

ljrkfkckny8 Pjm smlkf` gdccmffdug BL df \yrda“Uacmstdfm (Rkgm, 24tj Fkvmgbmr“1st @mlmgbmr 2551) .Lkftrdbutd `mc Lmftrk Cdflmk Dftmr`dsldpcdfarm «Bmfdagdfk \mnrm¹, 11>. Rkgm, <1<“2?.

‐. okrtjlkgdfn8 Fkga`dsg, pastkracdsg, af` tkwf af` lkuftry8 abkut tjm rkagdfn mcmgmfts df tjm\yrdaf Gd``cm Brkfzm Anm. Df U.R. `m Gdrksljm`hd (m`.)8 Urklmm`dfns ko <DLAAFM (Uards, 2552).

Gmymr, H.-^. 144>8 @hmbmcmt mc-Bmà8 mdfm \tàttm `mr Ajfmfvmrmjrufn; Actkrdmftacdsljm Okrsljufnmf 20/2,240“<54.

‐. 255?8 Xur Oranm `mr ]rbafdsdmrufn vkf Pmcc Ljumra. Df U. Buttmrcdf, G. Cmbmau, H.-T. Gkfljagbmrt, H.-C. Gkftmrk Omfkccüs, af` B. Guccmr (m`s.)8 Cms mspalms syrk-gäskpktagdmfs. @dgmfsdkfs `m c—mxpärdmflm

jugadfm au Urkljm-Krdmft afldmf. _kcugm `—jkgganm koomrt å Hmaf-Lcau`m Garnumrkf . \ubartu, 1>. Purfjkut, 1>4“:4.

Gdljackwsid, U. 14>?8 Pjm rkyac lkrrmspkf`mflm ko ]r . @dssmrtatdkf, Tacm ]fdvmrsdty.

‐. 255=8 Cdtmrary wkris orkg tjm lkurt ko idfn Dsjbd-Mrra ko Dsdf. Df T. \moatd, U. Artzd, L. Lkjmf,B.C. Mdljcmr, af` _.A. Jurkwdtz (m`s.)8 –Af mxpmrdmflm` slrdbm wjk fmncmlts fktjdfn‗8 afldmft Fmar Mastmrf

stu`dms df jkfkr ko Halkb Icmdf . Bmtjmsà, 144“211.

Gdncus, U.A. af` M. \trkggmfnmr 25528 \ta`tbmomstdnufnmf, Jàusmr uf` Pmgpmc . Ausnrabufnmf df Pacc Bd—a/ Puttuc, :. \aarbrólimf.

Gdnkwsid, L., G. \tmdf, \. Urasa`, H.O.^. Fmnmfàfi, af` A. Anfkf 255?8 Jkcklmfm lcdgatm vardabdcdtyaf` lucturac mvkcutdkf df tjm Fmar Mast orkg tjm @ma` \ma sm`dgmftary rmlkr`. Quatmrfary Rmsmarlj ??/<, 021“<1.

Gdccmt Acbå, A. 25508 Ca cklacdsatdkf `ms tmrrkdrs bmfhagdfdtms ù rkyaugm `m Gard. Df L. Fdlkccm (m`.)8 Fkga`ms mt sä`mftadrms àfs cm Ur kljm Krdmft afldmf . Agurru, <. Uards, 22=“<0.

Gdfl, C.@. af` I.U. \gdtj 14:48 Pjm spdrdt ko survdvac8 lucturac rmspkfsms tk rmskurlm vardabdcdty dfFkrtj Acasia. Df U. Jacstma` af` H. K—\jma (m`s.)8 Ba` ymar mlkfkgdls8 lucturac rmspkfsms tk rdsi af`

uflmrtadfty . Fmw @drmltdkfs df Arljamkckny. Lagbrd`nm, :“<4.

Gdffds, U.M. 144?8 Fktms kf mlkfkgdl uflmrtadfty af` jugaf bmjavdkr df tjm prmjdstkrdl Fkrtj Agmrdlaf \kutjwmst. Df H.A. Padftmr af` B.B. Padftmr (m`s.)8 Mvkcvdfn lkgpcmxdty af` mfvdrkfgmftac r dsi

df tjm pr mjdstkrdl \kutjwmst . \afta Om Dfstdtutm \tu`dms df tjm \ldmflms ko Lkgpcmxdty Urklmm`dfns, 20.Rma`dfn, =>“>:.

Gkkrm, A.G.P., N. Jdccgaf, L., af` A.H. Cmnnm (m`s.) 25558 _dccanm kf tjm Mupjratms. Orkg okrandfn tk

oargdfn at Abu Jur myra . Kxokr`.



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‐. 255>a8 Fmw pmrspmltdvms kf tjm Larljmgdsj smltkr ko tjm Gd``cm Mupjratms Rdvmr vaccmy df tjm <r`gdccmffdug BL. Df M. Umctmfburn (m`.)8 Mupjratms rdvmr vac cmy smttcmgmft 8 tjm Larljmgdsj smltkr df tjm tjdr`

gdccmffdug BL . Cmvaft \uppcmgmftary \mrdms, =. Kxokr`, 1“20.

‐. 255>b8 @dvmrsm smttcmgmft pattmrf ljafnms df tjm gd``cm Mupjratms _accmy df tjm catmr tjdr`gdccmffdug B.L8 tjm lkftrdbutdkf ko Hmrabcus Pajtafd. Df L. Iuzulukěcu af` L. Garrk (m`s.)8\kldätäs jugadfms mt ljafnmgmft lcdgatdqum å ca odf ù trkdsdêgm gdccäfadrm8 ufm lrdsm a-t-mccm mu cdmu mf Jautm

Gäskpktagdm; _arda Afatkcdla, 14. Dstafbuc, 20>“??.

‐ (m`.) 255>l8 Mupjratms rdvmr vac cmy smttcmgmft8 tjm Larljmgdsj smltkr df tjm tjdr` gdccmffdug BL . Cmvaft\uppcmgmftary \mrdms, =. Kxokr`.

‐. okrtjlkgdfn8 Pjm mgmrnmflm ko Larljmgdsj as a gahkr pkcdty8 lkftrdbutdkfs orkg tjm Caf` koLarljmgdsj Urkhmlt (\yrda), 255?. Df8 Urklmm`dfns ko ?DLAAFM (Rkgm, 255:).

Umtmrs, H., @. Jmcgmr, A. vkf `mf @rdmslj, af` G. \aña \mnud 14448 Marcy afdgac jusbaf`ry df tjmFkrtjmrf Cmvaft. Uacäkrdmft 2=/2, 2>“0:.

Umtmrskf, L.M. af` R.@. @rmffaf 255=8 Lkggufdtdms, smttcmgmfts, sdtms, af` survmys8 rmndkfac-slacmafacysds ko prmjdstkrdl jugaf dftmraltdkf. Agmrdlaf Aftdqudty >5/1, =“<5.

Umtdt, C.U. okrtjlkgdfn8 \mttcmgmft `yfagdls df tjm Gd``cm Hkràf _accmy ùrdfn Drkf DD Uoàczfmr, U. 144:8 Mdfm Gk`dodiatdkf `mr Umrdk`dsdmrufn Fkr`gmskpktagdmfs dg <. Hts`. v. Ljr.

Gdttmdcufnmf `mr @mutsljmf Krdmft-Nmsmc cslja ot zu Bmrc df 1<5, ?4“>1.

‐. 25518 Jaus uf` Jausjact8 ^kjfokrgmf `ms `rdttmf Hajrtausmf`s vkr Ljrdstus df Fkr`gmskpktagdmf .@agaszmfmr Okrsljufnmf, 4. Gadfz ag Rjmdf.

Uoàczfmr, U. af` A. ^dssdfn 25508 ]rbafdsgus df `mr ]ftmrsta`t vkf ]rimš. Mrnmbfdssm mdfmrnmkganfmtdsljmf Urkspmitdkf uf` mdfms arljàkckndsljmf \urvmys df `mr só`kstcdljmf ]ftmrsta`t

vkf Pacc Gkzaf dg \kggmr 2552. Gdtt mdcufnmf `mr @mutsljmf Krdmft-Nmsmc cslja ot zu Bmrc df 1<?, 01“:?.

Uckn, \. af` H.C. Jaftgaf 14458 Ljrkfkckny lkfstrultdkf af` tjm stu`y ko prmjdstkrdl lucturm ljafnm. Hkurfac k o Odmc` Arljamkckny 1>/0, 0<4“=?.

Ukd`mbar`, A. 14<08 Ca tralm `m Rkgm àfs cm `äsmrt `m \yrdm8 cm Cdgms `m Prahaf å ca lkfquêtm arabm. Rmljmrljms

aärdmffms (142=“14<2). Uards.Ukcckli, \. 14448 Afldmft Gmskpktagda8 tjm M`mf tjat fmv mr was . Lasm \tu`dms df Marcy \kldmtdms. Lagbrd`nm.

Ukrtmr, A. 25528 Pjm `yfagdls ko `matj8 aflmstkrs, pastkracdsg, af` tjm krdndfs ko a tjdr`-gdccmffdugldty df \yrda. Buccmtdf ko tjm Agmrdlaf \ljkkcs ko Krdmftac Rmsmarlj <2=, 1“<?.

‐. 25508 Pjm urbaf fkga`8 lkuftmrdfn kc` lc dljäs. Df L. Fdlkc cm (m`.)8 Fkga`ms m t sä`mftad rms àfs cm

Urkljm Krdmft afldmf . Agurru, <. Uards, ?4“>0.

‐. 255>8 Tku say pktatk, D say... typkckn y, ljrkfkckny af` tjm krdndfs ko tjm Agkrdtms. Df L.Iuzulukěcu af` L. Garrk (m`s.)8 \kldätäs jugadfms mt ljafnmgmft lcdgatdqum å ca odf ù trkdsdêgm gdccäfadrm8

ufm lrdsm a-t-mccm mu cdmu mf Jautm Gäskpktagdm; _arda Afatkcdla, 14. Dstafbuc, ?4“11=.

‐. 25548 Bmykf` `dgkrpjdsg8 d`mkckndms af` gatmrdacdtdms ko idfsjdp as tdgm-spalm `dstafldatdkf. Df H. \zuljgaf (m`.)8 Fkga`s, tr dbms, af` tjm statm df tjm afldmft Fmar Mast . Krdmftac Dfstdtutm \mgdfars, =.Ljdlank, 251“2=.

Ukstnatm, F. 14408 Jkw gafy \ugmrdafs pmr jmltarm; “ Urkbdfn tjm afatkgy ko af marcy ldty. Lagbrd`nm

Arljamkckndlac Hkurfac 0/1, 0>“?=.

Ukwmcc, G.A. 14458 GaÛm uf` Nmwdljtm. Df @.K. M`zar` (m`.)8 Rmaccmxdikf `mr Assyrdkckndm uf`

_kr`mrasdatdsljm Arljàkckndm, _DD . Bmrcdf.

UruÛ, A. 25508 Rmgaris kf tjm ljrkfkckndlac pmrdk`s. Df \. Afastasdk, G. Cmbmau, af` G. \auvanm8 Atcas ko prmlcassdla c ]ppmr Gmskpktagda . \ubartu, 1<. Purfjkut, >“21.

Uustkvkytkv, I., I. \ljgd`t, af` J. Paubac` 255>8 Mvd`mflm okr Jkcklmfm mfvdrkfgmftac ljafnms dftjm fkrtjmrf Omrtdcm Lrmslmft prkvd`m` by pm`knmfdl larbkfatm lkatdfns. Quatmrfary Rms marlj ?>/<,<1=“2>.

Rappapkrt, R.A. 14>48 Mlkckny, gmafdfn , af` rmcdn dkf . Bmrimcmy.



1?:


Rautgaf, A.M. 144?8 Rdsi, rmldprkldty, af` tjm kpmratdkf ko skldac fmtwkris. Df H.A. Padftmr af` B.B. Padftmr (m`s.) 8 Mvkcvdfn lkgpcmxdty af` mfvdrkfgmftac r dsi df tjm prmjdstkrdl \kutjwmst . \afta Om Dfstdtutm\tu`dms df tjm \ldmflms ko Lkgpcmxdty Urklmm`dfns, 20. Rma`dfn, 14>“222.

Rma`, @.^. af` \.A. CmBcafl 255<8 Ukpucatdkf nrkwtj, larrydfn lapaldty, af` lkfocdlt. Lurrmft

Aftjr kpkckny 00/1, =4“:=.

Rma`m, H. 25518 Assyrdaf idfn-cdsts, tjm rkyac tkgbs ko ]r, af` Dfùs krdndfs. Hkurfac ko Fmar Mastmrf

\tu`dms ?5/1, 1“14.

Rm``dfn, R.^. 144<8 \ubsdstmflm smlurdty as a smcmltdvm prmssurm oavkrdfn dflrmasdfn lucturac lkgpcmxdty.Buccmtdf kf \ugmrdaf Anrdlucturm >, >>“4:.

Rm`gaf, L.C. 14:28 Arljamkckndlac survmy af` tjm stu`y ko Gmskpktagdaf urbaf systmgs. Hkurfac ko

Odmc` Arljamkckny 4/<, <>=“:2.

Rm`gaf, L.C. af` U.H. âtskf 14>58 \ystmgatdl, dftmfsdvm suroalm lkccmltdkf. Agmrdlaf Aftdqudty <=/<,2>4“41.

Rmdljmc, L.@. 25508 Appmf`dx B8 s dtm nazmttmmr. Df P.H. ^dcidfskf8 Kf tjm garndf ko tjm Mupjratms.

\mttcmgmft af` caf` usm at Pmcc ms-\wmyjat af` df tjm uppmr Caim Assa` arma, \yrda . Krdmftac Dfstdtutm

Uubcdlatdkfs, 120. Ljdlank, <<=“0:.Rmdomfbmrn, A. 14=28 Pjm skdcs ko \yrda af` tjm Cmbafkf. Hkurfac k o \kdc \ldmflm </1, ?:“::.

Rmformw, L. 14>28 Pjm mgmrnmflm ko ldvdcdsatdkf8 tjm Lylca`ms af` tjm Amnmaf df tjm tjdr` gdccmffdug B.L. \tu`dmsdf Urmjdstkry. Ckf`kf.

Rmformw, L. af` U. Bajf 144? (1441)8 Arljamkckny. Pjmkrdms, gmtjk`s af` praltd lm . Ckf`kf.

Rdmjc, \. 255:8 Lcdgatm af` anrdlucturm df tjm afldmft Fmar Mast8 a syftjmsds ko tjm arljamkbktafdlacaf` stabcm larbkf dsktkpm mvd`mflm. _mnmtatdkf Jdstkry af` Arljamkbktafy 1>/\uppcmgmft 1, 0<“=1.

‐. 25548 Arljamkbktafdlac mvd`mflm okr tjm dftmrrmcatdkfsjdp ko anrdlucturac `mldsdkf-gaidfn af`lcdgatm ljafnm df tjm afldmft Fmar Mast. Quatmrfary Dftmrfatdkfac 14>/1“2, 4<“110.

Rdmjc, \., R.A. Bryskf, af` I. Uustkvkytkv 255:8 Ljafndfn nrkwdfn lkf`dtdkfs okr lrkps ùrdfntjm Fmar Mastmrf Brkfzm Anm (<555“1255 BL)8 Pjm stabcm larbkf dsktkpm mvd`mflm. Hkurfac ko

Arljamkckndlac \ldmfl m <=/0, 1511“22.

Rdstvmt, C. 255=8 \mttcmgmft, mlkfkgy, af` skldmty df tjm Pmcc Cmdcaf Rmndkf, \yrda, <555“1555 BL . ]fpubcdsjm``dssmrtatdkf, ]fdvmrsdty ko Lagbrd`nm.

‐. 255:8 Cmnac af` arljamkckndlac tmrrdtkrdms ko tjm smlkf` gdccmffdug BL df fkrtjmrf Gmskpktagda. Aftdqudty :2/<1>, =:=“44.

Rdstvmt, C. af` J. ^mdss 255=8 Pjm Jabur rmndkf df tjm catm tjdr` af` marcy smlkf` gdccmffdug BL. Df . Krtjgaff (m`.)8 Pjm jdstkry af` arljamkckny ko \yrda , 1. \aarbrulimf.

Rkbmrts, B.I. 144?8 Caf`slapms ko smttcmgmft. Urmjdstkry tk tjm prmsmft . Ckf`kf.

Rÿccdn, ^. af` J. Iójfm 14>>/:8 Pjm Ckwmr Jabur. A prmcdgdfary rmpkrt kf a survmy lkfùltm` bytjm Pubdfnmr Atcas `ms _kr`mrmf Krdmfts df 14>=. Affacms Arljäkckndqums Arabms \yr dmffms 2>“2:,

11=“05. ‐. 14:<8 Pjm Ckwmr Jabur smlkf` prmcdgdfary rmpkrt kf a survmy df 14>>. Affacms Arljäkckndqums

Arabms \yrdmffms <</2, 1:>“44.

Rksmf, A.G. 144=8 Pjm skldac rmspkfsm tk mfvdrkfgmftac ljafnm df Marcy Brkfzm Anm Lafaaf. Hkurfac

ko Aftjrkpkckndlac Arljamkckny 10, 2?“00.

‐. 144>8 Pjm nmkarljamkckny ko Jkcklmfm mfvdrkfgmfts af` caf` usm at Iazafm Jkyui, \.M. Purimy.Nmkarljamkckny 12/0, <4=“01?.

‐. 255>8 Ldvdcdzdfn lcdgatm. \kldac rmspkfsms tk lcdgatm ljafnm df tjm afldmft Fmar Mast . Cafjag.

Rksmf, A.G. af` \.A. Rksmf 25518 @mtmrgdfdst kr fkt `mtmrgdfdst;8 lcdgatm, mfvdrkfgmft, afàrljamkckndlac mxpcafatdkf df tjm Cmvaft. Df \.R. ^kcoo (m`.)8 \tu`dms df tjm arljamkckny ko Dsramc af`

fmdnjbkrdfn caf`s8 df gmgkry ko @kuncas C. Mssm . A\KR Bkkis, =. Ljdlank, =<=“04.



1?4

BDBCDKNRAUJT

Rksmf, \.A. 255<8 Marcy guctd-rmskurlm fkga`dsg8 mxlavatdkfs at tjm Lagmc \dtm df tjm lmftrac Fmnmv. Aftdqudty >>/24:, >04“?1.

‐. 255:8 @msmrt pastkrac fkga`dsg df tjm ckfnum ùräm . A lasm stu`y orkg tjm Fmnmv af` tjm \kutjmrfCmvaftdfm `msmr ts. Df J. Barfar` af` . ^mf`rdlj (m`s.)8 Pjm arljamkckny ko gkbdcdty. Kc` krc` af`

Fmw ^krc` fkga`dsg . Lktsmf A`vaflm` \mgdfar \mrdms, 0. Cks Afnmcms, 11=“05.

Rktjgaf, G.\., R. Mrnmî, F.O. Gdccmr, H.A. ^mbmr, af` N. Ikzbm 144:8 Tardg Jÿyói af` tjm ]ruimxpafsdkf (Uart D). Afatkcdla 20, ?=“44.

Rktjgaf, G.\. af` H.N. Oumfsafta 255<8 Pjm arljamkckny ko tjm Marcy Brkfzm D af` DD pmrdk`s dfskutjmastmrf Purimy af` fkrtj \yrda. Df G. ßz`kěaf, J. Jauptgaff, af` F. Baśnmcmf (m`s.)8 Orkg

vdccanm tk ldtdms. Marcy vdccanms df tjm Fmar Mast. \tu`dms prmsmftm` tk ]oui Msdf . Dstafbuc, =:<“?22.

Rkwm, A. 25528 \trulturac rmspkfsms tk rmskurlm strmss8 mvd`mflm okr tjm mvkcutdkf ko skldac af`mlkfkgdl asskldatdkfs orkg Hkràfdaf pastkrac skldmty. Df . ^mf`rdlj af` N. _af `mr Ikkdh(m`s.)8 Gkvdfn gattmrs. Mtjfkarljamkckny df tjm Fmar Mast. Urklmm`dfns ko tjm dftmrfatdkfac smgdfar jmc` at

Ladrk, >“15 `mlmgbmr 144: . LF^\ Uubcdlatdkfs, 111. Cmd`mf, 24“0<.

Rkwtkf, G.B. 14><a8 ]rbaf autkfkgy df a fkga`dl mfvdrkfgmft. Hkurfac ko Fmar Mastmrf \tu`dms <2/1/2, 251“1=.

‐. 14><b8 Autkfkgy af` fkga`dsg df ^mstmrf Asda. Krdmftacda 02, 20>“2=:.

‐. 14>08 Mflcksm` fkga`dsg. Hkurfac ko tjm Mlkfkgdl af` \kldac Jdstkry ko tjm Krdmft 1>, 1“<5.

‐. 14:58 Uastkracdsg af` tjm pmrdpjmry df mvkcutdkfary pmrspmltdvm. Df G.-P. Barrmcmt (m`.) 8 C—arljäkckndm

`m c—Draq ù `äbut `m c—äpkqum fmücdtjdqum å <<< avaft fktrm êrm8 pmrspmltdvms mt cdgdtms `m c—dftmrprätatdkf

aftjrkpkckndqum `ms klugmfts . Lkcckqums Dftmrfatdkfaux ù Lmftrm Fatdkfac `m ca Rmljmrljm\ldmftdodqum, =:5. Uards.

Russmcc, I. . 14::8 Aotmr M`mf. Pjm bmjavdkrac mlkckny ko marcy okk` prkùltd kf df tjm Fmar Mast af` Fkrtj

Aordla . BAR Dftmrfatdkfac \mrdms, <41. Kxokr`.

Rutdsjausmr, \. 255:8 Jkcckw ways df `mr Omrfmriufùfn. Df P. Jkogmdmr af` K. Iamcdf (m`s.)8\tóliwmri. Bmdtrànm zur Iucturnmsljdljtm `ms Actmf Krdmfts . Bmrcdf, 21=“05.

\aljau, M. 1::<8 Rmdsm df \yrdmf uf` Gmskpktagdmf . Cmdpzdn.\ajcdfs, G. 14>28 \tkfm anm mlkfkgdls . Fmw Tkri.

\ad`, R. 144<8 Pjm rdvmr Fdcm. Nmkckny, jy`rkckny af` utdcdzatdkf . Kxokr`.

\accabmrnmr, . 144?8 Nradf allkufts8 pmrskffmc cds ts af` mxpmf`dturm `klugmfts. Df O. Dsgadc, .\accabmrnmr, U. Packf, af` I. vaf Cmrbmrnjm (m`s.)8 A`gdfdstratdvm `klugmfts orkg Pmcc Bmyàr (smaskfs

144<“144=). \ubartu, 2. Purfjkut, :1“15?.

‐. 144:8 Mdf \yfljrkfdsgus `mr ]riuf`mf vkf Pmcc Bmyàr gdt Gard uf` Mbca; Df G. Cmbmau (m`.) 8 Abkut \ubartu8 stu`dms `mvktm` tk ]ppmr Gmskpktagda . \ubartu, 0/2. Purfjkut, 2<“<4.

‐. 2550a8 Rmcatdvm Ljrkfkckndm vkf `mr spàtmf orój`yfastdsljmf bds zur ac tbabyckfdsljmf Xmdt. Df H.- .Gmymr af` . \kggmromc` (m`s.)8 2555 v. Ljr.8 pkcdtdsljm, wdrtsljaotcdljm uf` iucturmccm Mftwdlicufn dg

Xmdljmf mdfmr Hajrtausmf`wmf`m . Lkcckqudmf `mr @mutsljmf Krdmft-Nmsmccsljaot, <. \aarbrólimf, 1=“0<.

‐. 2550b8 A fktm kf tjm sjmmp af` nkat ocklis. Dftrkùltdkf tk tmxts 101“1?>. Df C. Gdcafk, .\accabmrnmr, U. Packf, af` I. vaf Cmrbmrnjm (m`s.)8 Pjdr` gdccmffdug lufmdokrg tmxts orkg Pmcc Bmyàr

(smaskfs 144?“2552). \ubartu, 12. Purfjkut, 1<“21.

‐. 255>8 Orkg urbaf lucturm tk fkga`dsg8 A jdstkry ko ]ppmr Gmskpktagda df tjm catm tjdr`gdccmffdug. Df L. Iuzulukěcu af` L. Garrk (m`s.)8 \kldätäs jugadfms mt ljafnmgmft lcdgatdqum å ca odf ù

trkdsdêgm gdccäfadrm8 ufm lrdsm a-t-mccm mu cdmu mf Jautm Gäskpktagdm; _arda Afatkcdla, 14. Dstafbuc, 01>“=?.

\accabmrnmr, . af` U. Packf 144?8 Prafscdtmratm` tmxts. Df O. Dsgadc , . \accabmrnmr, U. Packf, af` I. vafCmrbmrnjm (m`s.)8 A`gdfdstratdvm `klugmfts or kg Pmc c Bmyàr (smaskfs 144<“144=) . \ubartu, 2. Purfjkut,12>“>0.

\aczgaf, U.L. 14>:a8 D`mkckny af` ljafnm df Gd``cm Mastmrf trdbac skldmtdms. Gaf 1</0, ?1:“<>.

‐. 14>:b8 @kms lkgpcmgmftary kppksdtdkf mxdst; Agmrdlaf Aftjrkpkckndst :5/1, =<“>5.



1>0


^dclim, L. 14?48 Xur Nmsljdljtm `mr Agurrdtmr df `mr ]r-DDD-Xmdt. ^mct `ms Krdmfts =, 1“<1.

^dcidfskf, P.H. 14:48 Mxtmfsdvm sjmr` slattmrs af` caf`-usm dftmfsdty8 skgm rmlmft rmsucts. Hkurfac k o

Odmc` Arljamkckny 1?/1, <1“0?.

‐. 14458 Pjm `mvmckpgmft ko smttcmgmft df tjm fkrtj Hazdra bmtwmmf tjm >tj af` 1st gdccmffda B.L.

Draq =2, 04“?2. ‐. 144<8 Cdfmar jkcckws df tjm Hazdra, ]ppmr Gmskpktagda. Aftdqudty ?>, =0:“?2.

‐. 14408 Pjm strulturm af` `yfagdls ko `ry-oargdfn statms df ]ppmr Gmskpktagda. Lurrmft

Aftjr kpkckny <=/=, 0:<“=25.

‐. 144>8 Mfvdrkfgmftac o cultuatdkfs, anrdlucturac prkùltdkf af` lkccapsm8 a vdmw orkg Brkfzm Anm]ppmr Gmskpktagda. Df J.F. @acoms, N. Iuica, af` J. ^mdss (m`s.)8 Pjdr` gdccmffdug BL lcdgatm

ljafnm af` Kc` ^krc` lkccapsm . FAPK A\D smrdms, D/04. Bmrcdf, ?>“15?.

‐. 144:8 âtmr af` jugaf smttcmgmft df tjm Bacdij _accmy, \yrda8 dfvmstdnatdkfs orkg 1442“144=. Hkurfac k o Odmc` Arljamkckn y 2=/1, ?<“:>.

‐. 14448 @mgknrapjdl trmf`s orkg arljamkckndlac survmy8 lasm stu`dms orkg tjm Cmvaft af` tjm FmarMast. Df H. Bdftcdoo af` I. \bkfdas (m`s.)8 Rmlkfstrultdfn past pkpucatdkf trmf`s df Gm`dtmrrafmaf Murkpm

(<555 BL“A@ 1:55). Pjm Arljamkckny ko Gm`dtmrrafmaf Caf`slapms, 1. Kxokr`, 0=“?0. ‐. 2555a8 Rmndkfac apprkaljms tk Gmskpktagdaf arljamkckny8 Pjm lkftrdbutdkf ko arljamkckndlac

survmys. Hkurfac ko Arljamkckndla c Rmsmarlj :/<, 214“?>.

‐. 2555b8 \mttcmgmft af` caf` usm df tjm zkfm ko uflmrtadfty df ]ppmr Gmskpktagda. Df R.G. Has(m`.)8 Radfoacc af` anrdlucturm df fkrtjmrf Gmskpktagda . ]dtnavmf vaf jmt Fm`mrcaf`s Jdstkrdslj-

Arljamkckndslj Dfstdtuut tm Dstafbuc, ::. Dstafbuc, 1“<=.

‐. 255<8 Arljamkckndla c caf`slapms ko tjm Fmar Mast . Pulskf.

‐. 25508 Kf tjm garndf ko tjm Mupjratms. \mttcmgmft af` caf` usm at Pmcc ms-\wmyjat af` df tjm uppmr Caim Assa`

arma, \yrda . Krdmftac Dfstdtutm Uubcdlatdkfs, 120. Ljdlank.

‐. f.`.8 \abd Abya`8 tjm nmkarljamkckny ko a lkgpcmx caf`slapm . Gafuslrdpt.

^dcidfskf, P.H., H.J. Ljrdstdafsmf, H.A. ]r, G. ^d`mc c, af` G. Actawmmc 255>a8 ]rbafdzatdkf wdtjdfa `yfagdl mfvdrkfgmft8 gk`mcdfn Brkfzm Anm lkggufdtdms df ]ppmr Gmskpktagda. Agmrd laf

Aftjr kpkckndst 154/1, =2“?:.

^dcidfskf, P.H., M. Umctmfburn, A. GlLartjy, M.B. ^dcidfskf, af` G. Brkwf 255>b8 Arljamkckny df tjmCaf` ko Larljmgdsj8 caf`slapm survmys df tjm arma ko Hmrabcus Pajtafd, 255?. Cmvaft <4, 21<“0>.

^dcidfskf, P.H. af` @.H. Pulimr 144=8 \mttcmgmft `mvmckpgmft df tjm Fkrtj Hazdra, Draq8 a stu`y ko tjm

arljamkckndlac caf`slapm . Draq Arljamkckndlac Rmpkrts, <. Banjà`.

^dcidfskf, P.H., H.A. ]r, af` H. Lasafa 25508 Orkg fulcmatdkf tk `dspmrsac8 trmf`s df smttcmgmft pattmrfdf tjm Fkrtjmrf Omrtdcm Lrmslmft. Df \.M. Aclkli af` H.O. Ljmrry (m`s.)8 \d`m-by-sd`m survmy8 lkgparatdvm

rmndkfac stu`dms df tjm Gm`dtmrrafmaf wkrc` . Kxokr`, 1:4“25=.

^dftmrjac`mr, B. 14:58 Mfvdrkfgmftac afacysds df jugaf mvkcutdkf af` aàptat dkf rmsmarlj. Jugaf

Mlkckny :/2, 1<=“>5. ‐. 14408 Lkflmpts df jdstkrdlac mlkckny. Pjm vdmw orkg mvkcutdkfary mlkckny. Df L.C. Lrugcmy (m`.)8

Jdstkrdlac mlkckny. Lucturac ifkwcm`nm af` ljafndfn caf`slapms . \ljkkc ko Agmrdlaf Rmsmarlj A`vaflm`\mgdfar \mrdms. \afta Om, 1>“01.

^dftmrjac`mr, B., O. Cu, af` B. Pulimr 14448 Rdsi-smfsdt dvm aàptdvm taltdls8 gk`mcs af` mvd`mflm orkgsubsdstmflm stu`dms df bdkckny af` aftjrkpkckny. Hkurfac ko Arljamkckndla c Rmsmarlj >/0, <51“0:.

^drtj, M. 14>18 \yrdmf. Mdfm nmknrapjdsljm Caf`msiuf`m . ^dssmfsljaotcdljm Càf`mriuf`mf, 0/=. @argsta`t.

^kcoart, R. 14?>8 Nmkckndm vkf \yrdmf uf` `mg Cdbafkf . Bmdtrànm zur Rmndkfacmf Nmkckndm `mr Mr`m, ?.Bmrcdf.

^kssdfi, A. okrtjlkgdfn8 Lcdgatm, jdstkry, af` `mgknrapjy8 a lasm-stu`y orkg tjm Bacdij _accmy,\yrda. Df8 Rmnar`s lrkdsäs sur c—ätu`m arljäkckndqum `ms paysanms afldmfs. Fkuvmccms rmljmrljms àfs cm bassdf

gä`dtmrrafämf, mf Asdm Lmftracm mt au Urkljm mt au Gkymf Krdmft . Cykf.



1>:


nmf wkr`mf acs nmvkcn vaf icdgaatvmraf`mrdfnmf. @dt gk`mc vmrwaljt mfmrzdh`s àt tmrrdtkrdacdtmdtmf lkgpmtdtdm zuccmf tkmfmgmf tussmf nrkmpmf `dm aojafimcdhi zdhf vaf `mzmco`m fatuurcdhim brkf-fmf, waffmmr `mzm brkffmf sljaarsmr wkr`mf acs nmvkcn vaf icdgaatvmraf`mrdfn. @mzm vmrwalj-tdfn zac nmtkmtst wkr`mf aaf `m jaf` vaf arljmkckndsljm nmnmvmfs kvmr fm`mrzmttdfnssystmgmf mf

wkr`t vmr`mr udtnmwmrit df Jkko`stuiimf 0 mf =. Jmt gk`mc vmrwaljt af`mrzdh`s àt jaf`mc, udt-

wdssmcdfn mf skldacm lkjmsdm zuccmf tkmfmgmf tussmf nrkmpmf `dm aojafimc dhi zdhf vaf vmrsljdc cmf`mfatuurcdhim brkffmf. @mzm vmrwaljtdfn zac nmtkmtst wkr`mf aaf `m jaf` vaf pacmkzkÿckndsljm mfjdstkrdsljm nmnmvmfs mf wkr`t vmr`mr udtnmwmrit df Jkko`stuiimf ? mf >.

Jkko`stui 0 bmjaf`mct `m afacysm vaf fm`mrzmttdfnssystmgmf aaf `m jaf` vaf nmnmvmfs vafarljmkckndsljm survmys. Mr wkr`t mmf gk`mc bmsprkimf kg nmcdhitdh`dnjmd` vaf fm`mrzmttdfnmf tmsdgucmrmf, mf arljmkckndsljm mf mtfknraodsljm àta wkr`mf nmlkgbdfmmr` kg jmt aaftac dfwkfmrspmr fm`mrzmttdfn tm bmrmimfmf. @dt jkko`stui tkkft aaf àt mtfknraodsljm àta fdmt zkf`mr gmmrbrudibaar zdhf vkkr arljmkckndsljm lasm-stu`dms mf stmct mmf actmrfatdmo vkkr.

Jkko`stui = bmsprmmit `m rmsuctatmf vaf `rdm arljmkckndsljm survmys `dm bdffmf jmt stu`dm-nmbdm` vaccmf mf vuct `mzm rmsuctatmf aaf gmt `dm vaf rmlmftm kpnravdfnmf. @mzm survmys zdhf `mBdrmldi-Mupjratms @ag \urvmy (B-M@\), `m Bacdij \urvmy (B\) mf `m Fkrtj Hazdra \urvmy (FH\).@m gmtjk`m zkacs vkkrnmstmc` df Jkko`stui 0 wkr`t tkmnmpast kp `mzm rmsuctatmf kg tkt mmfmvmfwdljtdnm rmlkfstrultdm tm ikgmf vaf jmt aaftac nmcdhitdh`dnm fm`mrzmttdfnmf mf jmt aaftac gmf-smf pmr rmndk. @mzm rmlkfstrultdm caat zdmf àt `m `mgknraodsljm mf fm`mrzmttdfnskftwdiimcdfnmfdf dm`mr nmbdm` zmmr vmrsljdccmf` warmf, mf fdmt mmfùd`dn vmricaar` iuffmf wkr`mf. @aarfaast

wkr`mf `m rmsuctatmf vaf kgcdnnmf`m survmys bmjaf`mc`, mf wkr`mf jdstkrdsljm tmistmf bmsprkimf`dm jmcpmf kg `m rmsuctatmf vaf `m afacysm df lkftmxt tm pcaatsmf.

Jkko`stui ? bmjaf`mct jmt pacmkzkÿckndslj mf jdstkrdslj gatmrdaac kg `m pastkracdstdsljm mlk-fkgdm vaf fkkr`-Gmskpktagdé nmùrmf`m jmt `mr`m mf vrkmnm twmm`m gdccmffdug v. Ljr. tm rm-lkfstrumrmf. @mzm afacysm caat zdmf àt mr nmùrmf`m `mzm pmrdk`m mmf kftwdiimcdfn pcaatsvkf`faar spmldacdsatdm vaf sljaap/nmdt pastkracdsgm, waarbdh kki `m gatm vaf gkbdcdtmdt/fkga`dsgmtkmfag. Jmt rmsuctaat vaf `mzm kftwdiimcdfn ds ùd`mcdhi zdljtbaar df jmt tmistgatmrdaac vaf Gard.

Jkko`stui > bmjaf`mct `m bmsljdibarm jdstkrdsljm brkffmf kvmr `m Agkrdmtmf. @m afacysm vaf `dt gatmrdaac caat zdmf àt `mzm bmfagdfn mmf mtfdsljm d`mftdtmdt aafùd`t. Df tmnmfstmccdfntkt wat vrkmnmr vaai vmrkf`mrstmc` wmr`, warmf `m Agkrdmtmf rmm`s vmr vkkr `m ]r DDD pmrdk`mdf Gmskpktagdé aafwmzdn, mf wmr` `mzm bmfagdfn fdmt mfimc `kkr fkga`dsljm pastkracdstmf nm-brudit. Df tmnmf`mmc, `mzm mtfdsljm d`mftdtmdt oufltdkfmmr`m acs mmf d`mftdtmdt wmcim vmrsljdccmf`mmlkfkgdsljm nrkmpmf gmt mciaar vmrbkf` mf jmf df staat stmc`m stmvdnm skldacm mf mlkfkgdsljmbaf`mf gmt mciaar aaf tm naaf.

Jkko`stui : brmfnt `m àta udt Jkko`stuiimf 0“> sagmf mf afacysmmrt zm df jmt cdljt vaf `mjypktjmsms udt Jkko`stui <. Mr wkr`t nmlkfstatmmr` àt `m rmsuctatmf vaf `m `rdm nmafacysmmr`marljmkckndsljm survmys gaar `mmcs df kvmrmmfstmggdfn zdhf gmt `m jypktjmsm àt lkgpmtdtdm tus-smf sm`mftadrm caf`bkuwnmgmmfsljappmf zac tkmfmgmf acs rmaltdm kp icdgaatvmraf`mrdfn iaf nm-lkfstatmmr` wkr`mf. Df `m B-M@\ rmndk cdhit `m nrkmd vaf Larljmgdsj wmcdswaar aaf icdgaatvmr-af`mrdfn nmikppmc` tm iuffmf wkr`mf, gaar wkr`t `mzm nrkmd fdmt `kkr lkgpmtdtdm nmstdgucmmr`,

gaar `kkr Larljmgdsj— nufstdnm pksdtdm vkkr `m jaf`mc tussmf vmrsljdccmf`m caf`sljapzkfms. Df`m B\ rmndk catmf `m krnafdsatdm vaf jmt fm`mrzmttdfnsystmmg, `m lkfstrultdm vaf sta`sgurmf mfjdstkrdsljm brkffmf mmf tkmfagm df lkgpmtdtdm tussmf fm`mrzmttdfnmf zdmf vkkr m pmrdk`ms waardf`m bmvkcidfn mmf gaxdgacm nrkkttm bmrmditm. Jkmwmc `mzm rmlkfstrultdm `m jypktjmsm bmvmstdnt,cdhit icdgaatvmraf`mrdfn jdmr fdmt `m prdgadrm kkrzaai tm zdhf nmwmmst, gaar scmljts mmf smlufàdrmoaltkr `dm mmf prklms vmrstmritm àt ac `kkr fkrgacm bmvkcidfnsnrkmd df nafn was nmzmt. Df `m FH\rmndk ds mvmfgdf mmf `drmltm lkrrmcatdm zdljtbaar tussmf icdgaatvmraf`mrdfn mf mmf tkmfagm df `mlkgpmtdtdm tussmf sm`mftadrm nmgmmfsljappmf. Jmt cdhit mrkp àt `m `kgdfaftm pksdtdm vaf Pmcc ac-Jawa df jmt fm`mrzmttdfnsystmmg, kpnmbkuw` df jmt vrkmnm `mr`m gdccmffdug, jmt kftstaaf vafaf`mrm nrktm fm`mrzmttdfnmf vmrjdf`mr`m. Mr wkr`t tmvmfs nmlkfstatmmr` àt `m nmcdhitdh`dnm kft-

wdiimcdfn faar nmspmldacdsmmr` (smgd-)fkga`dslj pastkrac dsgm, mf `m kpikgst vaf `m Agkrdmtmfnmikppmc` iaf wkr`mf aaf nmcdhitdh`dnm icdgaatvmraf`mrdfn mf nmzdmf iaf wkr`mf acs `m vkrgdfn

vaf mmf d`mftdtmdt bdffmf wmcim vmrsljd ccmf`m mlkfkgdsljm nrkmpmf ikf`mf sagmfwmrimf. @m kp-ikgst vaf Agkrdtdsljm statmf gkmt àf kki fdmt nmzdmf wkr`mf acs mmf dfodctratdm vaf fkga`dsljm



1>4

\ AGMF_APPDFN

staggmf, gaar acs `m rmocmltdm vaf mmf prklms vaf Agkrdtdsmrdfn waarbdh jmmrsmrs `m Agkrdtdsljmmtfdldtmdt a`kptmmr`mf. @m aafcmd`dfn jdmrtkm wmr` nmvkrg` `kkr `m vkkr`mcmf `dm `m Agkrdtdsljmd`mftdtmdt aaf jaar `ranmrs vmrcmmf`m9 fagmcdhi `m tkmnafn tkt mmf jaf`mcsfmtwmri tussmf pastkra-cdstdsljm mf caf`bkuwnmgmmfsljappmf waar`kkr `m moomltmf vaf icdgaatvmraf`mrdfn nmgdtdnmmr`ikf`mf wkr`mf.



1:<

Lurrdlucug vdtam

Arfm ^kssdfi wmr` nmbkrmf kp = gmd 14>: tm Jdcvmrsug. Df 144? bmjaac`m jdh zdhf _^K-`dpckgaaaf `m Gdfimga \ljkcmfnmgmmfsljap tm ^kmr`mf. @aarfa bmnkf jdh aaf `m ]fdvmrsdtmdt Cmd`mfgmt `m stu`dm Arljmkckndm, `dm jdh df 255< aorkf``m gmt acs spmldacdsatdm Arljmkckndm vaf jmt FabdhmKkstmf. Aaf jmt mdf` vaf zdhf stu`dm mf tkt ikrtm tdh` `aarfa was jdh wmrizaag bdh mmf bkmimfaftd-quardaat df Cmd`mf. Df 2550 bmnkf jdh aaf `m Oaluctmdt `mr Arljmkckndm vaf `m ]fdvmrsdtmdt Cmd`mfaaf jmt prkgktdmkf`mrzkmi waarvaf `dt bkmi jmt rmsuctaat ds.

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