Wounds may be classified by several methods;their etiology, location, type of injury or presentingsymptoms, wound depth and tissue loss or clinicalappearance of the wound.

TYPES OF WOUND:

closed (blunt trauma)or

open (penetrating trauma),

In open wounds, the skin is crackedopen, leaving the underlying tissueexposed to the outside environment,which makes it more vulnerable tobleeding and infections.

open (penetrating trauma).

open (penetrating trauma).

open wounds

Abrasions: These are shallow irregular

wounds of the upper layers of skin, due to skin brushing with either a rough surface or a smooth surface at high speed (running); usually present with minor to no bleeding, with some pain that subsides shortly after initial injury.

Lacerations: These wounds are tear-like wounds with irregularly torn edges that are usually deeper than abrasions and cause more pain and bleeding. Lacerations are generally caused by trauma or contact with an object; such as hard blows, collusions or accidents.

Incisions: These are most likely the result of

a surgical procedure or skin cut with a sharp object; like scalpels, knives and scissors. Incisions are mostly linear in shape with sharp, smooth edges.

Punctures: These are small rounded wounds that result from objects with thin pointed tips; such as needles, nails or other tapered objects, and teeth, in cases of human or animal bites. The wound size, depth, bleeding and pain are directly related to the size and force of the causative object

Gunshot wounds: These are considered to be penetrating wounds that are exclusively caused by bullets from firearms . The entrance wounds may have burn marks or soot on the edges and surrounding tissue, depending on the distance from which the bullet was fired.

closed (blunt trauma)

CONTUSED WOUND

closed (blunt trauma)

Closed wounds are usually caused bydirect blunt trauma sustained whenfalling down or in motor vehicleaccidents. Even with the skin intact, thedamage can reach down to theunderlying muscle, internal organs andbones.

DANGERS OF WOUNDS:

• BLEEDING

• INFECTION

AIMS OF FIRST

AID:

STOP BLEEDING.MINIMISE GERMS ENTERING THEWOUND

GERMS COME

FROM:

• OBJECT CAUSING THE WOUND.• HANDS OF THE FIRST AIDER.• CLOTHES OF THE PATIENT.• DIRTY DRESSING.• AIR.• CONTAMINATED WATER.

MANAGEMENT:

STOP BLEEDING.

HANDLE GENTLY.

WASH YOUR HANDS

THOROUGHLY.

REMOVE ANY FOREIGN BODY, IF

POSSIBLE.

DO NOT REMOVE EMBEDDED

OBJECTS.

DON’T DISTURB BLOOD CLOTS.

PLACE CLEAN DRESSING &

BANDAGE FIRMLY.

SHIFT TO HOSPITAL.

BLEEDING

BLEEDING RESULTS DUE TO RUPTURE OF BLOOD VESSELS

TYPES OF BLEEDING:

EXTERNAL BLEEDINGOutside the body when blood moves through a break in the skin

INTERNAL BLEEDINGInside the body when blood leaks from blood vessels or organs

EXTERNAL BLEEDING

ARTERIAL BLEEDING:BLOOD COMES FROM AN ARTERY.BLOOD IS BRIGHT RED IN COLOUR.BLOOD COMES IN JETS & ITCORRESPONDS TO HEART BEAT.BLOOD LOSS IS RAPID & PROFUSE &CAN CAUSE DEATH QUICKLY

CLASSIFICATION of bleeding:

VENOUS BLEEDING:

BLOOD COMES FROM A VEIN.

BLOOD IS DARK RED IN COLOUR.

BLOOD FLOWS AS A CONTINUOUS STREAM & MAY BE PROFUSE.

CLASSIFICATION of bleeding:

CLASSIFICATION of bleeding:

CAPILLARY BLEEDING:

BLOOD COMES FROM CAPILLARIES.

BLOOD SLOW AND OOZES.

COLOUR IS LESS RED THAN ARTERIAL BLOOD.

NOT SERIOUS.

SIGNS & SYMPTOMS OF BLEEDING:

FAINT & GIDDINESS.

COLD & CLAMMY SKIN.

WEAK & RAPID PULSE.

SHALLOW BREATHING WITH GASPS & SIGHS.

PROFUSE SWEATING.

THIRST.

BLURRED VISION.

UNCONSCIOUSNESS.

DIRECT PRESSURE. ELEVATION. INDIRECT PRESSURE ON PRESSURE POINTS. BLOOD PRESSURE CUFF.

DIRECT PRESSURE:CAN BE APPLIED BY:

FIRST AIDER’S HAND.

DRESSING & FIRST AIDER’S HAND.

PRESSURE DRESSING.

PRESSURE TO BE APPLIED FOR 10 TO 30 MINUTES.

AFTER CONTROL, APPLY FIRM BANDAGE.

Don’t remove dressing

NOT TO BE USED IN CASES OF

FRACTURES & SPINAL INJURIES.

GRAVITY HELPS TO LOWER BLOOD

PRESSURE & BLEEDING IS SLOWED.

ELEVATION

Used the same time as direct pressure Above the level of the heart

•DO NOT peek at a wound to see if the bleeding is stopping. The less a wound isdisturbed, the more likely it is that you'll be able to control the bleeding

•DO NOT probe a wound or pull out any embedded object from a wound. Thiswill usually cause more bleeding and harm

•DO NOT remove a dressing if it becomes soaked with blood. Instead, add a newone on top

•DO NOT try to clean a large wound. This can cause heavier bleeding

•DO NOT try to clean a wound after you get the bleeding under control. Getmedical help

DO NOT

PRESSURE POINTS:PRESSURE POINT IS A SITE WHERE MAIN ARTERY LIES NEAR THE SURFACE OFTHE BODY, DIRECTLY OVER A BONE.PULSATION CAN BE FELT IN THESE AREAS.THERE ARE 22 PRESSURE POINTS(11 ON EACH SIDE).OF THESE 11 ARE USED TO CONTROL PROFUSE BLEEDING.

BRACHIAL ARTERY - FOR BLEEDING FROM UPPER LIMB.FEMORAL ARTERY - FOR BLEEDING FROM LOWER LIMB.

CAROTID ARTERY - FOR BLEEDING FROM NECK.

TEMPORAL ARTERY - FOR BLEEDING FROM SCALP.

FACIAL ARTERY - FOR BLEEDING FROM FACE.

SUB CLAVIAN ARTERY - FOR BLEEDING FROM CHEST

WALL & ARMPIT

PRESSURE POINTS

APPLICATION OF INDIRECT

PRESSURE

1. Have patient sit down and lean forward

2. Apply or instruct patient to apply direct pressure

3. Keep patient quiet and calm

4. Do not let patient lean back

5. Position patient on side of unconscious

Special situations epistaxis

NOTE:PRESSURE POINT TECHNIQUE IS USED ONLYAFTER DIRECT PRESSURE & ELEVATION FAILS TOCONTROL BLEEDING.RELAX THE MUSCLES OF THAT AREA, WHICHWILL HELP IN APPLYING PRESSURE BETTER.CONTINUE PRESSURE TILL BLEEDING ISCONTROLLED OR TILL MEDICAL HELP ARRIVES.RELEASE PRESSURE ONCE IN 15 MINUTES ANDREAPPLY.

SPLINTINGINFLATABLE SPLINTSBLOOD PRESSURE CUFFTOURNIQUET : APPLIED AS A LAST RESORT, ASIN CASES OF AMPUTATION, ETC.

INTERNAL BLEEDING:

THIS IS SUSPECTED WHEN YOU DETECT:

WOUNDS THAT HAVE PENETRATED THE SKULL.

BLOOD IN EARS & NOSE.

PATIENT VOMITING OR COUGHING BLOOD.

PENETRATING WOUND OF CHEST & ABDOMEN. LARGE AREA OF

BRUISED ABDOMEN.

ABDOMINAL TENDERNESS, RIGIDITY OR SPASM.

BLOOD IN URINE.

RECTAL OR VAGINAL BLEEDING.

FRACTURES.

DIAGNOSIS:

HISTORY OF SUFFICIENT INJURY TO CAUSE INTERNAL

BLEEDING.

HISTORY OF MEDICAL CONDITION WHICH CAN CAUSE

INTERNAL BLEEDING. (PEPTIC ULCER, ETC.)

PAIN & TENDERNESS OVER THE AFFECTED AREA.

SIGNS & SYMPTOMS OF SHOCK.

BLEEDING FROM BODY ORIFICES

1. Injuries to surface of body2. Bruising3. Painful, swollen, or deformed extremities4. Bleeding from mouth, rectum, vagina, etc.5. Tender, rigid, or distended abdomen6. Vomiting7. Dark, tarry stools or bright red blood8. Signs and symptoms of shock

Signs of Internal Bleeding

Intra abdominal bleeding

MANAGEMENT:

LAY THE CASUALTY DOWN, WITH HEAD LOW & TO ONE SIDE, SO AS TO

ENSURE GOOD BLOOD SUPPLY TO THE BRAIN.

RAISE THE LEGS IF THERE IS NO FRACTURE.

CONTROL ALL SERIOUS EXTERNAL BLEEDING.

LOOSEN CONSTRICTIVE CLOTHING.

REASSURE.

CHECK VITAL SIGNS & RESPONSIVENESS AT 10 MINUTES INTERVALS &

RECORD.

IF UNCONSCIOUS, ENSURE OPEN AIRWAY & RESUSCITATE IF NEEDED.

AFTER RECOVERY PUT IN RECOVERY POSITION.

KEEP CASUALTY COVERED.

KEEP RECORD OF ANY SPECIMEN PASSED OR VOMITED & SEND THE SAMPLES

TO HOSPITAL.

SHIFT TO HOSPITAL ON PRIORITY.

DON’T GIVE ANYTHING TO EAT OR DRINK.

Thank you for your attention