WRITTEN FINAL REVIEW

WHAT ARE SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES BETWEEN CHLOROPLASTS AND MITOCHONDRIA?

Mitochondria Chloroplast

What kind of cell is it present

in?

What process takes place

here?

What are three parts or

components?

Both plant and animal cells.

Plant cells only.

Cellular respiration

Photosynthesis

1. DNA

2. Matrix

3. Cristae

1. Thylakoids

2. Stroma

3. Chlorophyll

WHAT ARE SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES BETWEEN PROKARYOTIC AND EUKARYOTIC CELLS?

Prokaryotes Eukaryotes

Bacteria and Archaea

Type of organism that has these

cells?

Nucleus Present?

Organelles Present?

Unicellular?

Multicellular?

Plants and Animals

No Yes

No Yes

All the time Sometimes

Never Most of the time

DRAW, LABEL, AND DESCRIBE THE CELL CYCLE G1

Cell grows During G0, the cell

does its job and either never or rarely divides

S Cell replicates its DNA

G2 Cell grows again

ALL of these are INTERPHASE!

WHY DO CELLS DIVIDE? Mitosis

Cells undergo mitotic division to repair damage or to help an organism grow.

For example: You are riding your bike and totally biff it! Now, your hands and forearms are completely stripped of skin, and a scab forms. Beneath that scab, cells are undergoing mitotic division to replace the damaged or missing skin.

For example: A male moose has to have large antlers to impress the ladies. His cells undergo mitotic division to help him grow manly antlers for mating season!

Meiosis Cells undergo meiosis to increase

genetic diversity in the population.

For example: Because your parents produced gametes made during meiosis, you will NEVER be exactly like your mom or dad! Whew!

WHAT ARE THE SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES BETWEEN PHOTOSYNTHESIS AND CELLULAR RESPIRATION?

Photosynthesis

Organelle for Process

Reactants

Electron Transport Chain location

Cycle of Chemical Reactions

Products

Chemical equation

Type of organim that undergoes process

Cellular Respiration

Chloroplast Mitochondria

CO2 and H2O Sugar (C6H12O6) and O2

Proteins in the chloroplast (Matrix)

Proteins in the mitochondria (thylakoids)

Calvin Cycle builds the sugar molecule (C6H12O6)

Krebs Cycle breaks down the sugar molecule (C6H12O6)

Sugar (C6H12O6) and O2

CO2 and H2O

CO2 + H2O C6H12O6 +O2

C6H12O6 +O2

CO2 + H2O

Plants Plants and Animals

WHAT ARE THE FOUR TYPES OF CARBON-BASED MOLECULES?

Carbon-Based

Molecule

Nucleic Acids

What structures in the cell are they a part of?

What are the

momomers?

What are the

polymers?

Proteins

Lipids

Carbohydrates

In the nucleus

Transport proteins in the cell membraneMakes up the majority of the cell membraneIdentification chains on the cell membrane

nucleotides

Amino acids

triglycerides

monosaccharides

DNA

Leucine (protein)

Phospholipids

cellulose

WHAT DO ALL THE CARBON-BASED MOLECULES HAVE IN COMMON?

All carbon-based molecules have carbon! Carbon makes all of

these molecules organic in nature.

All carbon-based molecules are necessary for life. All living organisms

require the four carbon-based molecules to form components of their cells.

WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN A HYPOTONIC AND HYPERTONIC SOLUTION? Hypotonic

Solute concentration outside the cell is LOWER than solute concentration inside the cell.

Water is moving INSIDE the cell Cell swells and burst

cytolysis Hypertonic

Solute concentration outside the cell is HIGHER than solute concentration inside the cell.

Water is moving OUTSIDE the cell. Cell shrinks

plasmolysis

WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN ACTIVE AND PASSIVE TRANSPORT?

Passive Transport Simple diffusion Facilitated diffusion

Does not require energy. Molecules move DOWN the concentration

gradient from high to low concentration. People getting off a crowded train!

Active Transport Requires Energy (ATP)

Molecules are pushed AGAINST the concentration gradient from low to high concentration. Think about the people getting pushed

onto a crowded train!

WHAT IS SELECTIVE PERMEABILITY?

Selective permeability is where only some substances can cross a semi-permeable barrier. For example: When you strain

coffee in a filter, the coffee grinds don’t go through but the water does. This is selective permeability.

In cells, selective permeability is achieved by the cell membrane! Osmosis is the diffusion of water

across a selectively-permeable membrane.

Other substances, depending on their polarity (positive or negative charges) and size, may or may not easily pass through the cell membrane.

SCENARIO… Hunters on the planet Nefarious have started to

complain to the Intergalactic Wildlife Foundation (IWF) that there has been a dramatic increase in the number of mutated Mountain Elkdeer since the IWF began gold mining in the high altitude environments.

Gold mining results in mercury leaching into the soil and water, greatly contaminating it. Mountain Elkdeer breed in high altitude environments and drink from the streams there. A close cousin, the Plains Elkdeer, breed in low altitude and drink from lake water, and show no mutations. The IWF suspects that the mercury in the soil is causing newborn Mountain Elkdeer to become mutated.

If you were a member IWF, how would you set up an experiment to test this?

WHAT WOULD YOUR PROCEDURE BE?

This experiment would have to take place in the field. 1. Make yearly observations of

both the Mountain Elkdeer and the Plains Elkdeer populations for 5-10 years. 2. Establish total population

numbers for each species per year. 3. Count the number of mutants

occurring in each population. 4. Compute the average of mutated

vs. normal elkdeer in each population.

WHAT CHARACTERISTIC, OTHER THAN LOCATION, IS DIFFERENT BETWEEN THE TWO POPULATIONS OF ELKDEER?

The Mountain Elkdeer are exposed to mercury tainted water.

The Plains Elkdeer are drinking clean water.

WHAT DID THE HUNTER’S OBSERVE ABOUT THE MOUNTAIN ELKDEER?

The hunter’s had observed a large amount of mutated Mountain Elkdeer in areas near gold mining operations.

AS A MEMBER OF THE IWF, WHAT WOULD YOUR HYPOTHESIS BE?

The hypothesis would be… IF Mountain Elkdeer

drink mercury tainted water, THEN they will become mutated.

WHAT WOULD YOUR INDEPENDENT VARIABLE BE?

The independent variable is something that the experimenter can manipulate. In this experiment,

the independent variable would be the mercury tainted water.

WHAT WOULD YOUR DEPENDENT VARIABLE BE?

The dependent variable is something the experimenter will measure! In this experiment,

the scientists are measuring the rates of mutation in Mountain Elkdeer.

WHAT CONTROLS WOULD YOU HAVE?

The Plains Elkdeer drinking regular water, will be the control of this experiment. They are not

receiving the independent variable (the mercury tainted water) and will establish how “normal” elkdeer are.

WHAT CONSTANTS WOULD YOU HAVE?

This experiment is taking place in the field, so constants would be difficult to establish. However, they may

be… The use of elkdeer for

both the experimental and control groups.

Both groups will be exposed to a water source.

WHAT IS THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE TYPE OF ELKDEER AND MUTATIONS?

The Mountain Elkdeer, because they breed at high altitude and thus are exposed to the mercury tainted water, are more prone to mutations than the Plains Elkdeer.