www.ux1.eiu.edu/~gabulla

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www.ux1.eiu.edu/~cfgab

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Assignment Infraction Penalty

Quizzes and Tests Looking off neighbor’s paper (whether or not you change answers on your exam)

Flunk course; Report to Judicial Affairs

Use “cheat sheets”/notes Flunk course, Report to Judicial Affairs

Leave room with exam 0 on exam; Report to Judicial Affairs

Assignments (including lecture and laboratory)

Plagiarize (not using your own words); no sources cited

0 on assignment; Report to Judicial Affairs

Too similar to another student’s work (past or present student) without explicit permission from instructor stating that it is okay to hand in similar assignments

0 on assignment, Report to Judicial Affairs

General Forging signatures, lying to instructor (e.g. about absences, etc.)

Flunk course; Report to Judicial Affairs

Dishonesty

• Life resists a simple, one-sentence definition, yet we can recognize life by what living things do.

Fig. 1.2

1. Hierarchy of life• Life’s basic characteristic is a

high degree of order.

CHAPTER 1 Exploring Life

Atoms

Biological molecules

Organelles

Cells

Tissues

Organ system

Organs

-Basic unit of life

Multicellular

Unicellular

• Organisms belong to populations, localized group of organisms belonging to the same species.

• Populations of several species in the same area comprise a biological community.

• These populations interact with their physical environment to form an ecosystem.

Fig. 1.2(6)

The biosphere refers to all life on earth

• Energy flow proceeds from sunlight to photosynthetic organisms (producers) to organisms that feed on plants (consumers).

Fig. 1.4

• All organisms must accomplish the same functions:• uptake and processing of nutrients• excretion of wastes• response to environmental stimuli• reproduction

• The cell = lowest level of structure that is capable of performing all the activities of life..

1b. Cells are an organism’s basic unit

In 1839, Matthais Schleiden and Theodor Schwann

• The cell theory- all living things consist of cells.

• A cell theory extension - all cells come from other cells.

• Novel properties emerge at each step upward in the biological hierarchy.

• Result from interactions between components.

• A cell is not just a bag of molecules.

• encodes life.

• is the substance of ________

1c. DNA is the cell’s heritable information

Fig. 1.7

• is composed of two long chains arranged into a_________________.

• Contains only four molecules called______________ .

DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)

genes

double helix

• All forms of life employ the same __________________.

• Cells ____________chromosomes and provide an exact copy to two “daughter” cells

genetic code

replicate

nucleotides

• All cells:

• Are enclosed by a _______________

• regulates the passage of materials

• Contain ________

• Two major kinds of cells –

• _______________– (yeast to mammals)

• ___________- contains chromosomes (DNA + protein)

• ______________ - contains membrane-

bound organelles

• Sometimes a cell wall (plants)

• _____________–includes bacteria and archaea

• no nucleus, no organelles, DNA in cytoplasm

membrane

DNA

eukaryotic

prokaryotic

Nucleus

Cytoplasm

2a. Emergent properties- more than the sum of the parts

• The complex organization of life is a dilemma

• We cannot fully explain a higher level of organization by breaking down to its parts.

• At the same time, it is futile to try to analyze something a complex as an organism or cell without taking it apart.

• Reductionism, reducing complex systems to simpler components, is a powerful strategy in biology.

• Reductionism is balanced by the longer-range objective of understanding emergent properties.

Where can I look to find answers??

Fig. 1.10- A map of protein interactions in a cell

Bioinformatics- extracting biological information from huge databases Computer-based mathematical modeling is a must

Requires engineers, chemists, physicists, mathematicitians, biologists

• Organisms obtain useful energy by breaking down molecules in regulated chemical reactions.

• Special protein molecules, called enzymes, catalyze these chemical reactions.

• Enzymes speed up these reactions

• enzymes catalyze the rapid breakdown of sugar molecules when need energy

• At rest, other enzymes store energy in complex sugars.

2b. Feedback regulation is important

• Many biological processes are self-regulating

• Negative feedback or feedback inhibition slows or stops processes.

• Positive feedback speeds a process up.

Fig. 1.11 Fig. 1.12

3. Diversity of Species

• Diversity is a hallmark of life.

• 1.8 million species identified.

• Includes over 290,000 plants, 52,000 vertebrates, and over 1,000,000 insects.

• Thousands of newly identified species are added each year.

• Estimates of the total diversity of life range from about 5 million to over 30 million species. Fig. 1.13

• Taxonomy is the branch of biology that names and classifies species into a hierarchical order.

Fig. 1.14

• Pre 1990- five kingdoms.

• Today- Various classification

schemes now include six, eight, or more kingdoms.

• Debate that there are three even higher levels of classifications, the

domains.

• The three domains are the

Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya.

• Both Bacteria and Archaea are prokaryotes.

• Archaea may be more closely related to eukaryotes than they are to bacteria.

• The Eukarya includes at least four kingdoms: .

Fig. 1.15

Protista, Plantae, Fungi, and Animalia

Bacteria Protists Plantae

Archaea Fungi Animalia

4. Evolution accounts for diversity and unity

• Life evolves and this process is called evolution.

Fig. 1.17

• Evolution is a theory that has

become dogma• It is based on extrapolation from data from many sources.

• Charles Darwin (1859) presented two main concepts in The Origin of Species.

1. Contemporary species arose from a succession of ancestors through “descent with modification” (evolution).

2. The mechanism of evolution is natural selection.

Fig. not in text

• Darwin inferred that those individuals with traits best suited to the local environment will generally leave more surviving, fertile offspring.

• Differential reproductive success is natural selection.

Fig. 1.21

8. Evolution is the core theme of biology

• Natural selection, over vast spans of time, may produce new species from ancestral species.

Fig. 1.23

• EXAMPLE: The finches of the Galapagos Islands diversified after an initial colonization from the mainland to exploit different food sources on different islands.

8. Evolution is the core theme of biology

• The word science is derived from a Latin verb meaning “to know”.

5. Science is a process of inquiry that includes repeatable observations and testable hypotheses

• Science seeks natural causes for natural phenomena.

• The scope of science is limited to processes that we can observe and measure, either directly or indirectly.

• Verifiable observations and measurements are the data of discovery science.

• The scientific method consists of a series of steps.

• Few scientists adhere rigidly to this prescription, but at its heart the scientific method employs hypothetico-deductive reasoning.

Fig. 1.25

Case of Scientific inquiry- Snake mimicry

Question- Do harmless king snakes benefit from looking like a deadly coral snake?

venomous

harmless

harmless

Prediction- King snakes will be not be attacked as often where the coral snake

lives.

Experiment-place plastic snakes out in both areas, examine for attack marks

Control? - plastic brown snakes to

control for number of predators

Fig. 1.27Fig. 1.28

Results:

Conclusion- It’s good to look like a deadly snake

• Scientific theories are not the only way of “knowing nature”.

• Various religions present diverse legends that tell of a supernatural creation of Earth and its life.

• Science and religion are two very different ways of trying to make sense of nature.

• Art is another way.

• Science can be distinguished from other styles of ____________by

• (1) a dependence on _________________________ that others can verify, and

• (2) the requirement that ideas (hypotheses and theories) are ______________by observations and experiments that others can repeat.

inquiry

observations and measurements

testable

• Science and technology are associated.

• Technology results from scientific discoveries applied to the development of goods and services.

• The discovery of the structure of DNA by Watson and Crick sparked an explosion of scientific activity.

• These discoveries made it possible to manipulate DNA, enabling genetic technologists to transplant foreign genes into microorganisms and mass-produce valuable products.

5b. Science and technology are functions of society

• DNA technology and biotechnology has revolutionized the pharmaceutical industry.

• It has also had an important impact on agriculture and the legal profession.

Fig. 1.32

• Not all of technology is applied science.

• The direction that technology takes depends less on science than it does on the needs of humans and the values of society.

• Technology has improved our standard of living, but also introduced some new problems.