[Socio-Economic Development of Yangon Region] Page 1

YANGON INSTITUTE OF ECONOMICS

CENTRE FOR HUMAN RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT

Diploma in Development Studies Programme

A STUDY ON

SOCIO-ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

OF

YANGON REGION

(1990-2009)

GROUP-11

March 2012

2

YANGON INSTITUTE OF ECONOMICS

CENTRE FOR HUMAN RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT

Diploma in Development Studies Programme

A STUDY ON SOCIO-ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF

YANGON REGION (1999-2011)

Supervised by : Prepared by:

Associated Professor Daw May Hnin Tin

Course (10), 2011-12, Group (11)

Mg Aung Lwin (Dip.DS- 126)

Ma Nyein Nyein Pyae Son (Dip.DS- 127)

Ma Hnin Po Po Maung (Dip.DS- 128)

Ma Thuzar Nwe (Dip.DS- 129)

Ma Ni Ni San (Dip.DS- 130)

Ma Ei Ei Phyo (Dip.DS- 131)

Ma Kay Thi Nwe (Dip.DS- 132)

Ma Hnin Wai Htwe (Dip.DS- 133)

Ma Khin Su Su Hlaing (Dip.DS- 134)

3

Abstract

In order to have balancing of development in long-lasting sustainability for a nation

especially in the developing countries, policy makers need to undertake various sectors of the

whole country. The overall strategies cannot be perfect that it might be none of the country has

homogenous regions. So, it is impossible to neglect the Regional Economics because nations

formed by various regions (14 states and regions in Myanmar). A region is a major division of

a country that delimited by certain criteria such as geography, economics, political and racial.

Regional economics is concerned with spatial distribution of economic activity and

spatial variation in levels of economic performance. It should study through macro and micro

levels and rural and urban economics. Regional macroeconomics can be compared the

economics performance with other regions and also Regional microeconomics is much more

concerned with eh location and interaction of particular economic activities.

By the study of the States and Regions, the State has to lay down Plans and projects

concerned where effective investment could boost the growth of the region for the developing

on the area, size population, the development level and resource potential for development in

all the regions.

Myanmar is going through the above balancing development process of the nation.

Yangon region has gained momentum in its achievement concerning socio-economic

development.

In this term paper, the data of Yangon region , the secondary data, collected from C.S.O

(2009), Chronicle of National Development Comparison (2010), and internet website.

Through this term paper, Yangon region is the most developed region in Myanmar.

4

Acknowledgements

First of all we would like to express our sincere gratitude to the Yangon Institute of

Economics, Centre for Human Resource Development and Diploma in Development Studies

Programme committee and, Yangon Institute of Economics Rector Doctor Khin San Yee,

professors, lecturers, and all staff for providing this opportunity to study this useful and

applicable knowledge.

We would like to acknowledge and deep gratitude to Professor Daw Phyu Phyu Ei who

taught us three important majors in all of three semesters.

It is a great pleasure to express our and special gratitude to our supervisor Associate

Professor Daw May Hnin Tin for her suggestions, guidance and editing of this study paper.

Moreover, we would like to gratitude and grateful thanks to all the lecturers who taught

in the Diploma in Development Studies Programme by excellent teaching for this valuable

knowledge, idea, and applicable in our own lives and also for national development.

Finally, we also would to thank to all persons who contribute data, information,

references books, guidance, and suggestion, gave directly or indirectly to study this paper.

However, group (11), all of us will take final responsibility for what we have written.

Group (11) Members,

5

Table of Contents

Abstract 3

Acknowledgements 4

Table of Contents 5

List of Tables 7

List of Figures 8

Chapter (1) Introduction

1.1 Rational of the study 9

1.2 Objective 10

1.3 Method of the study 10

1.4 Scope of limitation 10

1.5 Organization of the study 10

Chapter (2) Profile of the Yangon Region 11

2.1 Historical Background of Yangon Region 11

2.2 Geographical Location 11

2.3 Climatic condition 14

2.4 Population and Ethnic 14

Chapter (3) Development of Social Sectors

3.1 Education 16

3.2 Science and Technology 21

3.3 Health Care 22

Chapter (4) Development of Goods Sectors

4.1 Labor Force 24

4.2 Agriculture 25

4.3 Livestock and fisheries 29

4.4 Industries 31

4.5 Forestry 33

4.6 Electricity 34

6

4.7 Energy 36

4.8 Mining 36

Chapter (5) Development of Service sectors

5.1 Transportation 37

5.2 Communication 40

5.3 Hotel & Tourism 42

5.4 Finance and Banking 43

5.5 Social Welfare 43

Chapter (6) Conclusion 44

7

List of Table

Name of Table Page

2.01 Name of Townships by District

2.02 Estimate Population of Yangon Region

3.01 Development of Basic Education

3.02 School Enrollment and Wastage

3.03 Development of Education Sector

3.04 Higher Education

3.05 Number of Degree College and University

3.06 Monastic Primary Schools

3.07 Monastic Middle Schools

3.08 Non- Formal Community Centre

3.09 Development of Science and Technology

3.10 Hospital and Dispensaries

3.11 Maternal Mortality Rate

3.12 Malnutrition

4.01 Economic Active Population

4.02 Registered Employees

4.03 Sown Acreage of Crops

4.04 Dams and Sluice gates

4.05 Development of Agriculture

4.06 Production of Fish and Prawn

4.07 Development of Livestock

4.08 Development of Industry

4.09 Types of Industries

4.10 Development of Forestry

4.11 Permanent Forestry Estate

4.12 Development of Electric Power

4.13 Development of Electicity

4.14 Development of Energy

5.01 Arterial Highway

5.02 Development in Transportation

5.03 Development in Communication

8

5.04 Hotel, Motel in Yangon Region

5.05 No. of Business in Tourism

5.06 No. of Tourism arrival

List of Figures

Name of Figure Page

2.01 Map of Yangon

4.01 Meat and Fish Supply in Yangon

9

Chapter (1)

Introduction

1.1 Rationale of the study

The underlying principle of this study could be critical to understand the situations and

conditions of the region through interpretation each sector’s involvement in the development of

the region.

Yangon Region is one of the developed regions in country. Yangon region has

significant characteristics for social and economic development. Yangon has the third

population and highest population density (1 sq mile-1768 people in 2009) but has smallest

area among the states and regions.

According to the official statistics, Yangon’s nominal GDP was 2.38 trillion kyats ($2

billion) in 2007. Yangon is a commercial center of the country. And Yangon is the country’s

main center of trade, industry, real estate, media entertainment and tourism.

In social sector, Yangon is a main domestic and international hub by air, rail, sea and

ground transportation. Yangon is the most developed region in the country by highest school

enrollment rate (99.78%) in 2008 , adult literacy rate (98.75%) in 2008, accessibility of higher

education, university and teacher, and also other accessibility of vocational, and gets

opportunities from the private education services for studying abroad. Similarly, health care

service accessibility, highest number of health care staffs and sixth position in the number of

hospitals.

In economic sector, Agriculture, Yangon is the sixth position in paddy production and

livestock and fishery sector production is increasing year by year. Industrial sector, Yangon

has the largest number of industries and factories.

Yangon is also developed in services sector, such as banking sector, hotel and tourism,

trade with abroad and domestic, export -import enterprises and other services areas cause of eh

location and open land geographical condition of Yangon. So through this paper, can overview

the socio-economic development of Yangon region and also can see which sector has weak

points.

10

1.2 Objective

The primary objective of this term paper is to study the central development of Yangon Region

from 1990 to 2009. This study is also aimed at to obtain thorough understanding of historical

facts, geographic position, and tradition of Yangon Region and to highlight the findings and

recommendations for the betterment of the Region.

1.3 Method of Study

This term paper is used descriptive method and based on the secondary data from

libraries, statistical data collected from the Statistical Year Books of C.S.O (2009), Chronicle

of National Development Comparison (2010), and also from the internet website.

1.4 Scope and the limitation

Scope and limitation is duration from 1990 to 2009. In this term paper not study about social

and cultural development of Yangong region.

1.5 Organization of the study

This term paper is in order to identify the social and economic development of the

Yangon Region, organized with (6) Chapters. Chapter one describe introduction, rational of the

study, objective, method of study, scope and limitation and organization of the study. In

chapter two, the historical background, location, population and climate of Yangon region.

Chapter three is consist of social sector development of Yangon region , which contain

education , science and technology ,health care and social welfare. Chapter four is discussed

about the goods sector, including agriculture, livestock and fisheries, industry, forestry,

electricity, construction, energy and mining. In chapter five, the development of service sector

including transportation, communication, finance, hotel and tourism. Chapter six is the

conclusion which discussed about the suggestion and development of Yangon region.

11

Chapter (2)

Profile of the Yangon Region

2.1 Historical background of Yangon Region

Yangon was founded as Dagon in the early 11th century (c. 1028–1043) by the Mon,

who dominated Lower Burma at that time. Dagon was a small fishing village centered about

the Shwedagon Pagoda. In 1755, King Alaungpaya conquered Dagon, renamed it "Yangon",

and added settlements around Dagon. The British captured Yangon during the First Anglo-

Burmese War (1824–26) but returned it to Burmese administration after the war.

In 1989, Rangoon changed the name to "Yangon", along with many other changes in

English transliteration of Burmese names. Successive governments have built satellite towns

such as Thaketa, North Okkalapa and South Okkalapa in the 1950s to Hlaingthaya, Shwepyitha

and South Dagon in the 1980s. Today, Greater Yangon encompasses an area covering nearly

600 km².

In November 2005, the military government designated Naypyidaw, 200 miles

(322 km) north of Yangon, as the new administrative capital, and subsequently moved much of

the government to the newly developed city. At any rate, Yangon remains the largest city, and

the most important commercial center of Burma.

2.2 Geographical Location

Yangon metropolitan area, is located in the heart of Lower Burma (Myanmar) at the

convergence of the southernmost part of the central plain of Myanmar. Yangon and Bago

Rivers about 19 miles (30 km) away from the Gulf of Martaban at 16°48' North, 96°09' East

(16.8, 96.15). Its standard time zone is UTC/GMT +6:30 hours.

The region is bordered by Bago Region in the north and east, the Gulf of

Martaban(Mottama) in the south, and Ayeyarwady Region in the west. Yangon Region is

dominated by its capital city of Yangon, the former national capital and the largest city in the

country. The division is the most developed region of the country and the main international

gateway.

The city's area has steadily increased from 72.52 square kilometres (28.00 sq mi) in

1901 to 86.2 square kilometres (33.3 sq mi) in 1940 to 208.51 square kilometres (80.51 sq mi)

in 1974, to 598.75 square kilometers (231.18mi) in 2008. The division measures 10,170km2

(3.926.7sq mi) in 2011.

12

Bago Yoma mountain range stretches from north to south in Yangon Region, and so

there are small literate hills in Thanlyin, Twantay and Kyngyangon townships. Passing through

the eastern part of Yangon Region, Bago River empties into the Yangon River. In the western

part, Bawle Riverand Panhlaing River meet Hlaing River into Yangon River. According to its

geographical features, Yangon Region is designated as a delta. Yangon City lies at the

confluence of Yangon River and Bago River, 21 miles from the Sea.

Until the mid 1990s, Yangon remained largely constrained to its traditional peninsula

setting between the Bago, Yangon and Hlaing rivers. People moved in, but little of the city

moved out. Since the late 1980s, however, the city began a rapid spread north to where Yangon

International airport now stands.

The following table shows the townships in Yangon region according to district.

Table (2.01) Name of the Townships by District

Western

District

(Downtown)

Eastern District Nothern Distict Southern

District

Out of YCDC

Ahlon Botataung Hlaing Dala Hmawbi

Bahan Dagon Seikkan Hlaingthaya Dawbon Hlegu

Dagon East Dagon Insein Mingala

Taungnyunt

Taikkyi

Kyauk Tada North Dagon Kamayut Seikyi

Kanaungto

Htantabin

Kyi MyinDaing North Okkalapa Mayangon Tamwe Khayan

Lan Ma Daw Pazundaung Mingaladon Thaketa Thonekwa

Latha South Dagon Shwepyitha Thanlyin

Pabedan South Okkalapa Yankin Kyauktan

San Chaung Thingangyun Kawthmu

Seik Kan Kunchankone

Twuntae

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Fig. 2.1. Map of Yangon Region

14

2.3 Climatic condition

Yangon has a tropical monsoon climate under the Köppen climate classification system.

The city features a lengthy rainy season from April through November where a substantial

amount of rainfall is received and a relatively short, dry season from December through March,

where little rainfall is seen. It's primarily due to the heavy precipitation received during the

rainy season that Yangon falls under the tropical monsoon climate category. During the course

of the year, average temperatures show little variance, with average highs ranging from 29 to

36 °C (84 to 97 °F) and average ranging from 18 to 25 °C (64 to 77 °F). According to the

monthly temperature of Yangon region from1999 to 2008, in the month of May has highest

temperature (30.4°C) and December has the lowest temperature of (24.9°C).

2.4 Population and Ethnic

Yangon is the most populous city by far in Myanmar although estimates of the size of

its population vary widely. According to CSO data, Yangon Region is thirds city of high

population after Mandalay Region and Ayeyarwaddy Region. The city's population grew

sharply after 1948 as many people (mainly, the indigenous Burmese) from other parts of the

country moved into the newly built satellite towns of North Okkalapa, South Okkalapa, and

Thaketa in the 1950s and East Dagon, North Dagon and South Dagon in the 1990s. The

government's decision to move the nation's administrative capital to Naypyidaw has drained an

unknown number of civil servants away from Yangon.

Yangon is the most ethnically diverse city in the country. Majority of the

population is of Bamar (Burman). Large communities of Indians/South Asians and the Chinese

still exist especially in the traditional downtown neighborhoods. Intermarriage between ethnic

groups—especially between the Bamar and the Chinese, and the Bamar and other indigenous

Burmese—is common. A large number of Rakhine and Karen live in the city.

Burmese is the principal language of the city. English is by far the preferred second

language of the educated class.

15

Table2.02 Estimate Population of Yangon Region

Year Yangon region (in thousands) Growth rate

1990 4649 -

1995 5126 10.26%

2000 5801 13.16%

2005 6460 11.36%

2009 7049 9.11%

Source: CSO 2009

According to the table 2.02, the population is increased year by year, in 1995 to 2000 is

from 5126 thousand to5801 thousand, an increase of 13.16 present. Population in the year of

1990 to 2009 is from 4649 thousand to 7049 thousand, an increase of 51.62 present.

16

Chapter (3)

Social Sectors Development of the Yangon Region

3.1 Education

Education and health are basic objectives of development; they are important ends in

themselves. Education plays a key role in the ability of a developing county to absorb modern

technology and to develop the capacity for self-sustaining growth and development. Human

capital is the term for education, health and other human capacities that can raise productivity

when increased.

Vision of the Myanmar Education is “to create an education system that will generate a

learning society capable of facing the challenges of the Knowledge Age” and motto is “

Building a modern developed nation through education”.

Basic Education

Tasks that have been implemented in the Basic Education Sub-sector from 1988 to

present:

(a) Ensuring accessibility to education

(b) Raising the quality of education

Yangon Region has attained the achievement in education sector among the states and

regions within 20 years.

Table (3.1) Development in the Basic Education sector of Yangon Region

Subject Count 1988 2009 Progress

Preprimary school level

Number of school school 0 97 97

Number of student student 0 4206 4206

Pre-primary is the important role in the early childhood development and also very

effectiveness to the primary education that fundamental factor. Table 3.1 shows the progress of

the preprimary school that no preschools and no students before 1988(Exceptionally, daily

child care centers under the department of social welfare) but becomes 97 schools and 4206

students in 2009.

17

According to the CSO data of 2009, the primary school enrolment rate of Yangon

Region has risen to 99.78 percent and the adult literacy rate, 98.75 percent. The table shows

the division’s progress of the education sector. Wastage and drop-out rate in 28.23 in primary

level and 39.93 in 1988 but 5.56 in primary and 5.39 in middle in 2009 shows the reducing of

these dropout rate is a kind of achievement.

Table (3.02) School enrolment rate and wastage in Yangon Region

Subject Count 1988 2009 Progress

Grade 1 enrolment rate (KG intake rate) percent 70.45 99.78 29.33

Adult literacy rate percent 90.5 98.75 8.25

Wastage 0

Primary level percent 28.23 5.56 -22.67

Middle level percent 39.93 5.39 -34.54

Table (3.03) Development in the Education sector of Yangon Region

Subject Count 1988 2009 Progress

Basic education level

Number of school School 2374 2675 301

High school School 126 239 113

Middle school School 183 244 61

Post primary school School 0 361 361

Primary school School 2065 1831 -234

Multi media classroom room 0 373 373

e-learning centre centre 0 77 77

Number of teacher teacher 28859 33276 4417

Number of student student 776162 1005108 228946

Before 1988, Yangon region has about 2000 primary and 183 middle schools and 126

high schools. As the first task of implementing in education sector, government create more

accessibility in villages and ward (rural and urban) by established 361 post-primary schools

Some primary schools upgrade as the post primary level by means children are getting easy

accessible to learn up to middle school level in their villages or neighbor villages. Moreover,

there were established 61 middle schools and 113 high schools that become 2675 schools in

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total. Now, there are over 1 million basic education students in Yangon Region in 2009. As a

Knowledge Age of 21 century, Information and Technology play in the main role that

government established 373 multimedia classrooms and 77 e- learning centre in Yangon

region. By this way, teachers and students are familiar with the modern IT and getting better

learning condition.

Higher Education

Higher education is a major role of the national economy because nation’s human capital and

productivity relies on the education. With respect to the higher education sector, in Yangon

Region, Yangon is home to over 20 universities and colleges. a total of over 110000 students

are attend at these Universities. Dagon University in North Dagon and the University of East

Yangon in Thanlyin, University of West Yangon in Htantabin are among the largest

undergraduate universities in the country.

Moreover, there are many professional Universities in Yangon Region. The University

of Medicine 1, University of Medicine 2, Yangon Technological University, University of

Computer Studies and Myanmar Maritime University are the most selective in the country.

Yangon Institute of Economics, Yangon Institute o Education, Yangon Unuversity of Distance

Education, Yangon University of Foreign Languages, National Management College, Yankin

Education College, Hlegu Education College and Thingangyun Education College, Officers

Training School in Hmawbi are major institutions of higher education in Greater Yangon.

Yangon has the best educational facilities and the highest number of qualified teachers in the

country.

Table (3.04) Higher education progress in Yangon Region

Subject Count 1988 2009 Progress

Upgrading of higher education

University, degree college college num 9 12 3

e-Learning Centre centre 0 15 15

Teaching programmes num 76 207 131

Number of teacher teacher 2927 3493 566

Number of student student 90092 112259 22167

Human Resource Development Centre centre 0 8 8

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Table (3.05) Number of degree colleges and universities in Yangon and Union

Sr.No State/ Region 1988 2011 Progress

Increase

(%)

12 Yangon 10 33 23 230.0%

Union Total 32 161 129 403.1%

Source; Education Development in Myanmar, Oct 2011, MOE

According to the Ministry of Education data, 230% increase in higher education sector

in Yangon Region.

Monastic Education

Under the Department of Promotion& Propagation of eh Sasana, Monastic Education

plays in important of Educaiotn. These school emphasize for poor children that mostly

located in semi-urban townships and outskirt townships Shwe Pyi Thar, Hlaing Thar Yar,

Dagon Myohthit, Mingalardon, Hmawbi, Hlegu etc.

Normally, government Basic Education schools are low cost, especially free education

in primary level but still other expenses such as stationaries, uniform etc. This monastic

schools education is effectiveness to poor children especially can not effort to attend at public

school, difficult access to go to public school. Most of the monastic schools are free of charge,

provide stationary, food etc. Following table (3.06) and table (3.07) shows the status of

primary and middle Monastic schools in Yangon Region.

Table (3.06) Monastic Primary schools Education in Yangon Region

Year Primary

School

Novices Nuns Boys Girls Total

2005-06 159 2556 379 14411 12038 29384

2006-07 133 2667 356 14269 12072 29364

2007-08 126 2814 494 14285 12025 29618

2008-09 130 2113 643 14830 12852 30438

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Table (3.07) Monastic Middle schools Education in Yangon Region

Year Middle

School

Novices Nuns Boys Girls Total

2005-06 10 947 295 1194 1037 3473

2006-07 28 1204 298 1409 1212 4123

2007-08 36 1369 423 1712 1559 5063

2008-09 35 1463 396 2031 1847 5737

According to CSO 2009 data, there is no Monastic High School in Yangon. It can

consider as very few monastic schools in Yangon Region that compare with the union means

Yangon Region population can afford to attend the formal schools than the other states and

regions. There are 1066 Primary, 302 Middle and 2 High Monastic schools in the whole

country.

Non-Formal Education

According to Ministry of Education,2011 data, there are seven Non-Formal Education

Centre in Yangon. This programme implement with UNICEF and Local NGO Pyin Nyar

Dazaung under the supervision of Ministry of Educaiton. This program aim for the dropout

children and over age childeren to join back to the school. It can consider as very few NFE

Centre in Yangon Region that compare with the union means Yangon Region childern attend

the formal schools regularly than the other states and regions. There are 2742 centers in the

whole country.

Table (3.08) No of Non-formal Community learning centers in

Yangon Region 2011

Sr.no Region/State 2011

12 Yangon 7

Union Total 2742

21

3.2 Science and Technology

For the prosperity of the national people, we should not satisfy only in local food

sufficient (agriculture, mineral and natural resources); it should be established to develop in

industrial and service sectors. But the setting up of an industrialized nation needs a large

number of qualified human resources.

Subject Count 1988 2010 Progress

Yangon Technological University university 1 1 0

Number of student (graduate) student 0 28454 28454

Number of student (current) student 0 126 126

Technological University (West Yangon) university 0 1 1

Number of student (graduate) student 0 8606 8606

Number of student (current) student 0 10908 10908

Technological University (Hmawbi) university 0 1 1

Number of student (graduate) student 0 15929 15929

Number of student (current) student 0 6694 6694

Technological University (Thanlyin) university 0 1 1

Number of student (graduate) student 0 19211 19211

Number of student (current) student 0 10274 10274

Yangon Computer University university 0 1 1

Number of student (graduate) student 0 15563 15563

Number of student (current) student 0 3671 3671

Government Technological Institute

(Insein) Institute 1 0

Table (3.09)Development in the Science and Technology sector of Yangon Region

Remark: There are 5 Government Technological High schools in Yangon Region (No.1,No.2,

Ywarma, Aung San, Lakokekone)

After 1989, government established 24 development zones, the project covering the

task to develop human resources simultaneously in the entire nation. The rural development

tasks are being attached to the project for development of all regions of the nation. Now, all the

nationalities have the opportunity to get access to science and technological studies in their

own regions.

As old saying goes, ‘the taller the person, the longer his shade’, the task to build an

industrial nation will be swifter and speedier. Now, concerted efforts are being made to

produce qualified human resources to build a modern, developed nation. The table shows the

number of universities related to science and technology built in Yangon Region.

22

The Table (3.09) shows the development of science and technology school in Yangon

region in the period of 1988-2010. The numbers of students, the schools and universities also

increased year by year as in table.

3.3 Health sector

Poor health conditions in developing countries harm the productivity of adults.

Measuring with infant survival rates and life expectancy can be very misleading. The World

Health Organization, prominently displays its definition of health on its webpage: “ A state of

complete physical, mental, and social wellbeing and not merely the absence of disease and

infirmity.” And a health system is “ all the activities whose primary purpose is to promote,

restore, or maintain health.” Health systems include public health departments, hospitals and

clinics and offices of doctors and paramedics, and also informal network utilized by many

poorer citizens such as traditional healers, acupuncture etc. Education and health are basic

objectives of development; Health is central to well-being and a prerequisite fro increases in

productivity, while successful education relies on adequate health as well.

Yangon Region has obtained than others state and region in achieving health goals.

Health care is nominally free in public clinics and hospitals, but if patients can pay for

medicine share cost for other poor. Yangon Region has the best medical facilities and

personnel available in the country. The following is a summary of the public health system in

the region.

Source: DOH

Table (3.10) Hospitals and dispensaries in Yangon Region

Year Specialist

Hospital

General Hospital Total Dispensaries

with special

service

other Station

2004-05 10 8 26 24 68 64

2005-06 10 8 29 26 73 63

2006-07 11 8 28 26 73 60

2007-08 12 8 31 24 75 60

2008-09 12 8 31 26 77 63

23

Table (3.11) Maternal Mortality Ratio by Yangon and Union

Sr.

No

Region/ Union Urban Rural Total

1 Yangon 1.41 3.48 1.70

2 Region 1.78 2.81 2.55

Source: Central Statistical Organization

According to CSO 2009, Maternal mortality ratio of Yangon Region 1.70 per 1000 live

births while 2.55 in union. For more detail, Urban 1.41 and Rural 3.48 compared with 1.78

(union/urban) and 2.81 (union urban). It can draw a conclusion that rural MMR rate is still high

even in Yangon Region. The table shows the maternal mortality ratio of Yangon region

compare with union. The maternal mortality rate of Yangon region is 0.85% less than union

maternal mortality rate. But for rural , Yangon region is more 0.67% than union , because of

lack health care education and health care facilities in rural area of Yangon region.

Table (3.12) malnutrition under 3 years children

1994 National Nutrition

Survey

1997 Food& Nutrition Survey

Total

Examined

Mal %

<-2SD

Severe

Mal%

<-3SD

Total

Examined

Mal %

<-2SD

Severe

Mal%

<-3SD

Yangon

Region

432 37 9.3 354 38.14 9.89

Union Total/

Average

5994 30.9 8.2 5198 28.22 7.79

Source; National Nutrition Centre, Department of Health

Note; SD= Standard Deviation

Although, Yangon is the Capital of Myanmar, there are many malnutration case (7

more than union average)and 1more severe malnutrition in 1994 survey. Even another survey

in 1997 there are still high in Malnutrition. 10 more in mild malnutration case than union

average and 2 more severe malnutrition. It shows inediquate food and natritional status of the

children and also inequlity of economy.

24

Chapter (4)

Development of Goods Sectors

Yangon Region is the most developed region in the country. According to the

government's official statistics for FY 2010–2011, the size of the economy of Yangon Region

was 8.93 trillion kyat, or 23% of the national GDP. Yangon is the country’s main center for

trade, industry, real estate, media, entertainment and tourism. The city alone represents about

one fifth of the national economy. Yangon is Lower Myanmar’s main trading hub for all kinds

of merchandise. There are many wholesale markets and retail shops in Yangon’s Townships.

As open-land region, much of the country’s legal imports and exports go through Thanlyin's

Thilawa and Yangon ports. Outskirt of Yangon, paddy fields remain predominant. Other

important crops include jute, pulses, rubber, sugarcane, and groundnut. Construction is a major

source of employment.

4.1 Labour Force

Labour force take place as a main role in the economic development. Yangon Region is

also create job opportunity and basic of human resource capital. According to the CSO,

Department of Labour, Labour Force Survey 1990, 40.9% of the male and 30.7% of female

labour of the country. This data shows that Yangon has more job opportunity than other States

and Regions.

Table(4.01) Economically Active Population by Yangon and Union (1990)

Urban Rural Total

Male Femal Both Male Femal Both Male Femal Both

Thousands of persons

Yangon 828 325 1153 313 142 455 1141 467 1608

Union 2025 1060 3085 5779 2485 8264 7804 3545 11349

Percent Distribution

Yangon 40.9% 30.7% 37.4% 5.4% 5.7% 5.5% 14.6% 13.2% 14.2%

Source: CSO; 2009, Department of Labour

Yangon is as a commercial capital, various economic sectors Yangon region. daily

workers and merchants are large proportions of working people at Yangon. Casual labors are

25

also large number. Other kinds of occupations such as: brokers, private tuition teachers, actors,

singers, models, small own business, vendors and shopkeepers. They are largest share of

working people at Yangon. Yangon has many chance of job and education opportunities, so

people from other states and regions pulls up to Yangon by opportunities and hope.

Table (4.02) Registered Employees by Yangon Region and Union

Yangon 1990 1995 2000 2005 2009

Male 124249 123079 140782 134664 124336

Female 33737 57399 162058 131341 135737

Union

Male 259755 241624 283753 284835 268655

Female 70135 98696 225124 209550 216865

% by union Male 48% 51% 50% 47% 46%

% by union Female 48% 58% 72% 63% 63%

Source: CSO 2009, (Social Security Board)

Table (4.02) shows registered employees the progress of labour source year by year. In

1990 48% of male and 48% of female labour of the country. Male labour progress is increase

but not too much 51%, 50%, 47% and 46%. There are many female labour increase year by

year 58%, 72% , 63% and 63%. It means highest female job opportunity and highest gender

equity than other States and Regions.

4.2 Agriculture

Myanmar is the Agricultural base country, thus, Yangon Region also play in the

agricultural sector and implemented the economic objective; Development of agriculture as

the base and for all-round development of other sectors of economy as well. Clusters of

infrastructures have already been built in all necessary places. Because of eh energetic efforts

to extend sown acreage, increase per acre yield and introduce new crops species. As a result

that nation now is enjoying surplus rice.

26

Yangon Region is surrounded by fertile rural regions. In the past, the region could not

cultivate crops at its full capacity because there were no large dams in the region. So, the

government had to fulfil the region’s needs of food sufficiency, extended cultivation of beans

and pulses, and growing of industrial crops and perennial crops.

In table (4.03 ) shows the rate of production of crops in Yangon region. For paddy, increase in

production rate of 98% from the year of 2000 to 2009. And also most of the other types of

crops are increasing in production between 2000 to 2009.

Yangon is geographically located in the Delta, that suitable soil condition for

agriculture. Rice is the major crop in Yangon Region. There are 1373,000 acre of paddy field

in 2000 and 1390,000 acre in 2009. Yangon region various kind of crops such as cereals, oil

seeds, Pulses, spices, vegetables and fruits and other miscellaneous crops. Agriculture is not

only local consumption but also export to other regions and abroad. Farmers and cultivators

has advantage in market opportunity because nearly 7 million population is a huge market for

them.

Table (4.03) shows there have been constructed 19dams in 21 years. It has constructed

23 river water pumping stations and task under implementation is 9in the region so as to extend

multiple cropping. Table show some achieved record of dams and sluice gates.

Table(4.03)Sown Acreage of Crops by Yangon Region(thousands of acre)

Year Cereals

Paddy Groundnut Sesamum Blackgram Greengram Cow Pea Duffin bean Pelum

2000 1373 7 5 41 26 2 4 4

2005 1367 8 4 41 33 4 3 5

2009 1390 11 4 46 35 2 3 5

Table(4.03)Sown Acreage of Crops by Yangon Region(thousands of acre)

Year Spices

Chillie Vegetables Fruits Rubber Coconut

2000 1.1 33 87 28 6.1

2005 1.2 49 90 31 9.6

2009 1.6 53 78 32 9.2

Miscellaneous

Medicinal plants

0.1

3.4

2.5

Oil seeds Pulses

Vegetables and Fruits

27

Table (4.04) Dams and Sluice gates in Yangon Region (up to 2010)

Name of Dam Year of implementation Benefits acres of

farmland

Located Township

Taung lon Myaung 1993 NA

Ngamoeyeik 1995 70,000 Hlegu

Tabuhla NA 52,000 Taikkyi

Zamani NA 1,000 Thanlyin

Zee Byu Gon Sluice

Gate

NA 7,500 Twantay

Kungyangon Sluice

Gate

2000 21,400 Kungyangon

Moe Ma Kha Sluice

Gate

2000 40,000 Twantay

La Gun Byin Dam 2001 22,000 Hlegu

Ka Li Htaw Dam 2003 9,000 Hlegu

Mahuyar Dam 2004 NA Hlegu

Paung Laung Dam 2004 NA Hlegu

Kayan Sluice Gate NA 30,000 Kayan/Thanlyin

Two Thone Gwa

Sluice gates

NA 29,000 Thongwa

Kadatpana Sluice Gate 2009 15,000 Kyauktan

Since 1990, the living standard of Yangonites became higher and its population was on

the increase. Therefore, the government established more new towns and villages. On the other

hand, need to fulfill the food security of the population. In the agricultural sector, It is need to

fulfill the infrastructure, create or maintain or upgrade the water source for firms production.

However, the government managed to speed up the agricultural work in the region, so the

multiple cropping has increased five times.

28

Table (4.05) Development in the agriculture sector of Yangon

Region

Subject Count 1988 2009 Progress

Land resource

Sown acreage acre 1452471 2213843 761372

Virgin and vacant land acre 342837 47748 -295089

Water supply task

Dam, Lake , Reservoir, Drain

Task completed num na 19 19

Benefited area acre na 304395 304395

River wate pumping project

Task completed num - 23 23

Task under implementation num - 9 9

Benefited area acre - 29955 29955

125 125

Damming Creek num - 26968 26968

Benefited area acre -

Artesian wells num - 566 566

Benefited area area - 4131 4131

Total benefited area acre - 365449 365449

Double cropping acreage acre 124970 648849 523879

Crop Cultivation

Extended paddy cultivation

Moonsoon paddy acreage acre 1197955 1200009 2054

Regional rice sufficiency percent 100 103 3

Surgarcane acreage acre 1689 6566 4877

Rubber acreage acre 4040 33777 29737

Oil palm acreage acre - 85 85

pepper acreage acre - 411 411

Physic nut acre - 84755 84755

Lan reformation by machine acreturn 250630 14547249 14296619

Tractor station station 4 4 -

29

Table (4.05) shows development in the agriculture sector of Yangon Region 1988 to

2009. Firstly, to increase the natural resource, Land upgrade and change from the virgin or

vacant land to sow able land about 761372 acre. Secondly, Water is essential for the

agriculture that creates the infrastructures such as dams, reservoir, water pumping, damming

creeks and artesian wells. By means of that progress, there are increasing double cropping

acreage about 500,000 and also increasing other crops productivity. Now, Yangon Region’s

regional rice sufficiency becomes 103%.

4.3 Livestock and Fisheries

The fisheries and livestock sector plays a vital role in the culture and socio-economic

life of Myanmar. In most traditional farming systems, livestock consume little grain, and meat

production is often one of the least important roles of livestock. Of course livestock make an

important contribution to extending the quality of the diet as well, by providing meat, milk, and

eggs. Small amounts of these high-protein foods can have a significant impact on human

health.

Table (4.06) Production of Fish and Prawns by Yangon Region and Union Total

1990 1995 2000 2005 2009

Yangon 24890 34789 40163 149619 179009

Union 449050 412385 785495 1580051 2153141

% of 6% 8% 5% 9% 8%

Source; CSO 2009, Department of Fisheries

Fig; 4.1 Meat and Fish supply in Yangon

30

Marine fisheries in Myanmar accounts for about 75 percent of the total fish production,

with the rest coming from fresh waters. Traditionally Myanmar people prefer freshwater fish to

marine fish. With the population of Myanmar 50 million in the year 2000 the per caput fish

consumption was 21 kg/year. The fish and marine products sector stands at second in

Myanmar’s export. Therefore, the government has placed much emphasis on the production of

aquatic products to meet local demand and boost export.

Table (4.07) Development in the livestock breeding sector of Yangon Region

Subject Count 1988 2009 Progress

Extended livestock breeding

Cattle head 492184 518297 89113

Sheep/goat head 32421 82494 50073

Pig head 276012 756402 480390

Chicken head 4157277 24740233 20582956

Duck head 1597249 2488343 891094

Turkey, Goose, Muscovy duck head 197427 219349 21922

Quail head 220317 220317

Fish and prawn breeding

Fish breeding pond acre 928 59870 58942

Prawn breeding pond acre 0 10230 10230

Crab breeding pond acre 0 1099 1099

Honey Production

Bee-hives num 100 1163 1063

Honey Production pound 1500 70800 69300

Pollination service acre 2993 10200 7207

31

Now, Yangon Region is extending the breeding of fish and prawn to provide sufficient

fish and prawn for the local people. In 1988, there were 928 acres of fish breeding ponds, there

re 59870 acres of fish breeding ponds. There was no shrimp farming in the past but nowadays,

10230 acres of land have been operational under shrimp farming. Honey production has

increased by 69300 ponds, compared with that of 1988. Livestock breeding sector has increase

year by year to food secure of the regional consumption and exporting to local and abroad.

Moreover, Yangon Region has bee-hives stations that are producing honey and pollination

service. The table indicates the progress of its livestock and fishery sector.

4.4 Industries

The goal” transforming the agro-based nation into an industrialized one” will come true

in the near future. The government has organized scattered factories into industrial zones. It is

giving encouragement to technical experts for the industrial development. IT is heartening to

note that many requirements have been fulfilled for industrial development of Yangon

Region. It has established four industrial zones in the region. Yangon East Industrial Zone,

Yangon West Industrial Zone, Yangon South industrial Zone and Yangon North industrial

Zone in the region. in the region. In each industrial zone are many small enterprises.

Table (4.08) Development in the industrial sector of Yangon Region.

Subject Count 1988 2009 Progress

Industrial Zones num 0 14 14

Industries industry 0 3954 3954

Private industry industry 11511 6096 -5415

Cottage industry industry 0 5642 5642

State-owned

industries No.(1) industry 194 234 40

State-owned

industries No.(2) industry 4 11 7

Manufacturing accounts for a sizable share of employment. At least 14 light industrial

zones ring Yangon, directly employing over 150,000 workers in 4,300 factories in early 2010.

The city is the centre of country's garment industry which exported US$292 million in 2008/9

fiscal year. In Yangon East Industrial Zone are Nos 1,2 and south Dagon industrial Zones.

Dagon Myothit (Seikkan)Township, Shwe Paukkan Industrial Zone, North Okkalapaindustrial

Zone Industrial Zone, NOuth Okkalapa industrial Zone and South Okkalapa and Thaketa

32

industrial Zone. In Yangon West industrial Zone, There are Mayangon, Hlaing and Kamayut

industrial Zone. In Yangon south Thanlyin, Kyauktan, and Kayan Industrial Zones; In North,

Hlainethaya, Shwepyitha and Mingaladon industrial Zones. The table compared the region’s

project of the industrial sector in 1988 and 2009.

Table (4.09) Types of industries in industrail zones in Yangon Region

Type of industry Industrial zones

Hlaing

Tharyar

Dagon Dagon

2

Dagon

Seikkan

Shwe

Pyi tha

Total

Construcation material 19 2 11 2 0 34

Consumer and household

good

74 16 35 4 22 151

Chemical 12 0 0 1 2 15

Electrical 6 25 63 2 3 99

Food processign and

beverages

72 4 13 0 39 128

Garment 83 10 14 6 40 153

Iron, metal nad machineries 12 17 175 1 6 211

Paper and related works 7 6 68 2 5 88

Plastic 0 20 98 0 0 118

Rubber and related works 0 7 18 0 0 25

Wood and forest based 27 8 39 10 14 98

Others 104 20 23 4 6 157

Total 416 135 557 32 137 1277

Soruce; Industrial Zone Management Committees, 2002

Table (4.09) describe the types of indrustries by industrial zone. These industrial zone

are made up of 3954 industries. The region has 60% private run factories and 5642 cottage

industries alongside 234 State owned factories (industries 1) and 11 State owned factories

(Industry 2). There are many economists recommended that Industrialization is the important

role to the national development. However, Yangon Region is on the way of achievement in

the national economic planning.

33

4.5 Forestry

Forests contribute 52 per cent of the total land area of Myanmar. Forest resources

significantly contribute towards national development and economic growth. So, forest

resources are to be exploited efficiently and conserved systematically. Respective villages have

established local people-owned tree plantations, village-owned tree plantations for firewood.

Forests and trees are reliable for national economic growth. Government recognized that in

environmental degradation, deforestation by illegal woodcutting and depletion of forest

resources.

In order to prevent depletion of forest resources, conservation and protection of natural

forests, raising forest nurseries, prohibition of forest encroachment, restriction of felling trees

and cutting timber. Yangon Region is protecting and conserving its forests by Regional

greening tasks in the 13 arid districts of Myanmar. Since 2004-5 fiscal years; it has been

implementing a five-year plan and establishing watershed areas extensively for greening of

Bago Mountain Range, where teak and various species of hardwood grow densely including

Northern Yangon region. Regarding the forestry sector tables are following.

Table (4.10) Development in the forestry sector of Yangon Region.

Subject Count 1988 2009 Progress

Reserved forest Sq/mile 468 425.36 -42.64

Natural land area Sq/mile 2.41 2.41 0

Establishment of forest plantation acre 5935 88634 82699

Teak special plantation acre 0 8000 8000

Commercial plantation acre 1500 24389 22889

Village firewood acre 4335 29837 25502

Industrial plantation acre 500 500 0

Watershed plantation acre 100 25908 25808

Establishment of private forest

plantation acre 0 1060 1060

Private teak plantation acre 0 100 100

Private hard wood plantation acre 0 960 960

Mass tree planting

tree (in

million) 0.9 19.44 18.54

Forest Training School number 1 1 0

34

Due to forest policy of Myanmar, sustainable management of the forests is practiced to

ensure perpetuity, the level of benefit both tangible and intangible for future generations.

Following table (4.10) shows the permanent forest estate of Yangon Region.

4.6 Electricity

Electrical power plays an essential role for developing countries. In Myanmar, the

government tries to apply innovating to full tap the country’s rich natural resources for serving

the interest of posterity. Electricity is an essential need for increasing number of industrial

zones and factories in he region. Thus, the government constructed a large power plant for

energy sector. The government fulfilled energy requirement, such as hydro power, wind power,

gas turbine plant, bio-diesel energy and innovated possible project as solar plants.

Table (4.12) Electric Power Generation by Yangon Region (million kwh)

1990 1995 2000 2005 2009

Yangon

Region

122.8 1141.18 2224.9 1953.85 1756.4

The table represents progress of the electricity sector of Yangon Region. According to

CSO 2009 data, Electricity consumption is sharply increased 1990 to 2000 because of

increasing population, business, industrial zones and going up more urbanization. But since

2005, 2009 decline because government made safety energy policies such as reducing power

especially in government offices.

Year Total Land Area Reserved Forest Protected Area System Total

2005 3927 428 2.41 430

2006 3927 428 2.41 430

2007 3927 427 2.41 430

2008 3927 427 2.41 430

2009 3927 426 2.41 429

Table(4.11)Permanent Forest Estate By Yangon Region(square mile)

35

Table (4.13)Development in the Electricity sector of Yangon Region

Subject Count 1988 2009 Progress

Electricity consumpiong unit( in million) 757.9 4131.95

Maxinum power megawatt 127.1 522.5 395.4

Total installed power megawatt 110.716 471.279 360.563

Electric power plants 0

Combined cycle power plant plant 0 4 4

Natural gas/ Diesel powered plant plant 1 5 4

Diesel-used plant plant 0 3 3

Department -owned plant 0 3 3

Plant fuelled by paddyhusk and

coconut palm leaf plant 0 3 3

Department -owned plant 0 0

Main Sub-station MVA 260 1597 1337

(1) 230 KV substation MVA 260 940 680

(2) 66KV substation MVA 0 657 657

Distribution Sub-stations MVA 3837.49 3997.67 160.187

1)33 KV substation MVA 1150.2 1614.38 464.176

2) 11 KV substation MVA 662 929.392 267.392

3)6.6 KV substation MVA 1021.92 1451.05 429.131

4) 3.3 KV substation MVA 2.85 2.85 0

Distribution Lines mile 3739.16 5135.96 1396.8

1)33KV line mile 567.408 690.51 123.102

2) 11 KV line mile 678.531 794.45 115.919

1)6.6KV linr mile 408.86 644.83 235.97

4)3.3KV line mile 2 2 0

5) 0.4 KV line mile 2082.33 3004.17 921.84

Metering Completion mile 253379 786740 533361

The living standard of local people has become higher to a certain degree. In The past

on average a household could use an electric apparatus, and now a citizen can use close to the

rate of an electric apparatus. The careful analysis of increasing number of industrial zones an

36

factories in the region will reveal the electricity requirement that is interrelated with the

nation’s improvement an changes for the better. Table (4.11) shows the development in the

electrical sector between 1998 to 2009.

4.7 Energy

There have emerged onshore oilfields in Yangon Region. The table shows production of gas

and oil of the oilfield.

Table (4.14) Development in the energy sector of Yangon Region

Subject Count 1988 2009 Progress

Oilfield (Inland) Field 0 2 2

Length of oil and gas pipeline mile 32.6 290.77 258.17

Inland mile 32.6 290.77 258.17

Crude Oil Production barrel 0 2823 2823

Inland barrel 0 2823 2823

Natural Gas Production cubic ft (in million) 0 865.96 865.96

Inland cubic ft (in million) 0 865.96 865.96

Refining of Crude Oil Gallon (in millions) 37.92 93.86 55.94

Filling station station 49 56 7

CNG station 2 41 39

Plants plant 1 4 3

Oil Refinery (Thanlyin) plant 1 1 0

Tar plant (Thanlyin) plant 0 1 1

Carbondioxide plant (Thanlyin) plant 0 1 1

Fertilizer plant (Myaungtakar) plant 0 1 1

Moreover, there are two natural gas fields in under implementation

1. Aphyauk natural gas

2. Indine natural gas

4.8 Mining

In the 47th

anniversary of Yangon Gem showroom sold that 7326 pair of Jade, 36 pair

of Gems, and also in special promotion sold 9471 pair of Jade, 42 pair of Gems,. There were

produced 3312.205 metric tons of led, 250 tons of salt, 4.2 million of packet of ORS.

37

Chapter (5)

Development of Service Sector

5.1 Transportation

Yangon is main domestic and international hub for air freights, rail, local and

international sea and road transportation. Yangon Region has the best transportation

infrastructure in the country.

Air freights

Yangon International Airport is not only the central airport for abroad especially

ASEAN and other countries but also local routes connected to other cities, towns and regions

as a network. There are many private Myanmar Air Lines, government airlines and also

international air line agencies.

Railways

Yangon has also the centre of railway transportation that connected to the other states

and region. Railways lines in Yangon as a web, one connected to the East Bago,

Mawalamyaing, and Kayin, Tanitharyi etc and the other one to the North that Mandalay,

Naypyitaw, upper Myanmar etc and other one to Pyi that connected to Ayeyarwaddy and

western. Moreover, Yangon local routine railway system is very effective for the population

of the suburb and outskirt townships.

Port, Inland transportation and Marine

Monsoons weather has dominated in the Bay of Bengal in Myanmar area between May

to October gradually. The very warm damp south-west monsoon blows, often with

considerable strength, and there are long periods of clouds and rain.

Yangon is the major port and it is outside the stockade on the river bank and there were

3 wooden wharves leading down to the river. In 1954 as Yangon Port Administrative Board

was established, 1972 as Port Corporation and 1989 as Myanmar Port Authority were formed.

The volume of exports increased rapidly and thus, vessels calling to Yangon Port an cargo

volume were also increased. The port of Yangon is principle trading center of Myanmar.

In 1988-89, the port of Yangon had 12 wharves, catering to international traffic for sea

going vessels. These were located along the 6 kilo meters of quay front Kyimiyndine to

Pazundaung creek along the strand road and Yangon ports wharves.

Yangon is surrounded by Adam sea( Bay of Bengal) in South, Yangon River, Hlaing

River, PanHlaing River in West and Bago River in East. So, Inland Transportation and

Marine is also important for Yangon Region. Under the Myanmar Port Authority, Yangon

38

Port and Thilawa International Port are major port of the country. Yangon has four main

passenger jetties; all located on or near downtown waterfront, mainly serve local ferries across

the river to Dala and Thanlyin, and regional ferries to the Irrawaddy delta. The 22-mile

(35 km) Twante Canal was the quickest route from Yangon to the Irrawaddy delta until the

1990s when roads between Yangon and the Irrawaddy Division became usable year round.

Twante Canal, which links Yangon to Ayeyarwaddy Region, is also widely used for both

transport and commerce.

People have to rely on ferry services in the region as it is teeming with many rivers and

creeks. Thanlyin Bridge is one an only facility that links Yangon East and West. Transport

had been poor for a long time before 1988.

Hlaing River Crossing bridges, BaYint Naung Bridge, Aung Zay Ya Bridge and Shwe

Pyi Thar Bridge and new road to directly link the region with Ayeyawady Region.

All transport to and from the rest of the country (and the world) goes through Yangon.

Five "highways" link Yangon to the rest of the country. There have emerged town to town

roads and village to village roads such as Kaddapana-Khanaung- Zwebar Konetan- Kwani-

Kamar kalok road in Kyauk Tan Township.

A total of 37 bridges, each of which is more than 180 feet long, including 10 large

bridges under special project have emerged in the region.

1. Aungzeyua Bridge (Insein)

2. Maha Bandoola Bridge (Paqundaung),

3. Hlaing River crossing bridge (Myochaung),

4. Bawle River crossing bridge (Yebawthaung),

5. Dagon Bridge (Seikan township),

6. Panhlaing Bridge

Yangon Region 1990 1995 2000 2005 2009

Length of

Roads(miles) 272 441 511 543 595

Bituminous 234 255 305 328 393

Metal led 18 32 53 63 65

Surface 20 25 59 73 61

Earth N/A 129 94 79 76

Table(5.01)Arterial highways of Yangon

39

7. Panhlaing Bridge

8. Twantay Bridge

9. Ngamoeyeik Bridge (Thingangyun),

10. Ngamoeyeik (Kamar kyi),

These large bridges are contributed towards better transport of the region. On

completion of the one bridge project, local people can travel by car to all parts of the country.

The table indicates progress of the region’s transport sector.

Table (5.02 )Development in the transportation sector of Yangon Region

Subject Count 1988 2009 Progress

Railways

Route Mile mile 109.25 157.57 48.32

Track Mile person (in thousand) 195.45 252.56 57.11

Passenger mile 22774.4 43159 20384.6

Passenger Mile mile 377434 798047 420613

Goods (1x 10000) tons 326.6 650 323.4

Goods Mile (1x 10000) mile 59591 162611 103020

Statioin (1x 10000) station 45 74 29

Rail bridge bridge 358 469 111

Bridge (above 60feet) bridge 24 28 4

Bridge (under 60 feet) bridge 334 441 107

Airways 0

Airfield field 3 3 0

above 10000 ft runway airfield field 0 1 1

above 5000 ft runway airfield field 2 1 -1

under 5000 ft runway airfield field 1 1 0

Water Transport 0

Jetty (inland) jetty 57 71 14

Jetty (MV) jetty 13 26 13

Extension of motor road mile 243 595 352

Bituminous road mile 228 393 165

Metalled road mile 9 64 55

Gravel road mile 6 60 54

Earth road mile 0 76 76

Construction of Bridge 0

Public Works 0

Above 180 feet bridge 7 38 31

Completed bridge bridge 7 37 30

Bridge under construction bridge 0 1 1

Under 180 feet bridge 45 111 66

40

5.2 Communication

In the study of a region’s socio economic development, communication is also

important. It is including post, telegraph, telephone, internet etc. Under the Ministry of Post

and Telecommunication, Central post office and telegraph office is located in downtown. All

of the townships have the post office, and 82 telephone offices in 2009 and 92 exchange

including auto exchange, manual exchange and rural exchange.

There is 34340 line capacity in 1988 but 947269 in 2009 means 912929 line capacity

progresses. Moreover, 35357 direct line in 1988 but 461418 direct line capacity in 2009. So,

nearly 150000 lines can be use at the same time. In the progress of the number of telephone,

there has only 35357 of auto/ manual telephone in 1988. But about 700,000 of telephone

including auto/ manual, ARTS, DECT, CDMA, Mobile, D-AMPS, GSM, and WCDMA etc.

There are 6 micro-web stations in 1988 to 18 in 2009 that increase 12 stations. There

are 5666 email and internet lines by MPT, Myanmar Post and Telecommunication and

Yadanarpon Teleport. There are nearly 2000 satellite channel and nearly 5000 sub-marine

channel, fiber cable line and oversea channel in Yangon Region.

Moreover, there are many private post and telecommunication companies such as

Royal mail, DHL etc.

However, Yangon Region is the most developed Region in the county in

communication, information and Technology.

The following table (5.05) shows the development of the communication sector of

Yangon Region.

41

Table (5.03) Development in the communication sector of Yangon Region

Subject Count 1988 2009 Progress

Telephone service

Telephone office office 22 82 60

auto exchange exchange 11 46 35

manual exchange exchange 11 16 5

rural exchange exchange 0 20 20

number of line capacity line 34340 947269 912929

direct line line 35357 461418 426061

auto /manual phone phone 35357 187491 152134

ARTS ration telephone phone 0 1970 1970

DECT ration telephone phone 0 450 450

CDMA (fixed telephone phone 0 18237 18237

Mobile telephone phone 0 253270 253270

CDMA(mobile) telephone phone 0 27738 27738

D-AMPS telephone phone 0 13116 13116

GSM telephone phone 0 205007 205007

WCDMA telephone phone 0 7409 7409

Micro web station station 6 18 12

Email/ interned line 0 5666 5666

Local satellite ground station 0

MPT Satellite Terminal station 6 182 176

Local satellite Channel 0

MPT Satellite Terminal channel 0 728 728

Overseas satellite ground station station 1 2 1

Overseas satellite channel channel 26 924 898

Overseas submarine cable channel channel 0 1486 1486

Fibre cable linkage num 0 659 659

Overseas telephone channel channel 26 3069 3043

42

5.3 Hotel and Tourism

Yangon is the former capital of Myanmar and also entrance of the foreign arrival. So

Hotel and tourism is also source of the finding the foreign currency. There are many attractive

place in Yangon such as Shwedagon Pagoda, Sule, Botataung, KabarAye pagoda and Yangon

zoological garden, Kandawgyi lake, Inya lake etc. Tourism represents a major source of

foreign currency for the city although by Southeast Asian standards the actual number of

foreign visitors to Yangon. Cyclone Nargis dampened tourism even farther. The 2008 tourist

arrivals at Yangon International are down to less than 50% from the previous year. Yangon's

international standard hotels, built with foreign investment in the 1990s. There are many

famous large hotels are Traders Hotel, Sedona Hotel, Inya Lake Hotel, Park Royal, Yangon

Hotel etc.

Table (5.04) Hotels, Motels, in Yangon Region

No. of Hotel, Motel

1990 1995 2000 2005 2009

State owned 7 8 5 3 -

Private owned - 22 155 160 161

Union total 7 96 514 606 630

Table (5.05) No.of Business in Tourism in Yangon Region

1990 1995 2000 2005 2009

Tourist Enterprises - 455 601 678 723

Tourist Transport

business

- 1283 423 442 213

Tour guide business - 1407 5019 4157 4804

Sources: CSO: 2009; Directorite of Hotels and Tourism

Table (5.06) No.of Tourism per year arrival to Yangon

Year 1990 1995 2000 2005 2009

No.of

Tourism

8446 81428 121016 144628 100439

Sources; CSO 2009, Department of Immigration and National Registration

43

5.4 Finance and banking

As a commercial city of Myanmar, Yangon, there are many commercial and business

companies increase year by year. Yangon is the centre of economics of Myanmar, many

foreign enterprises are invested in Yangon. According to the geographical condition, Yangon

has open land city that trade to abroad and other regions.

Central Bank of Myanmar is located in Yangon downtown. There are many government

banks in most of the townships. Other types of banks such as livestock and fisheries bank etc

are also in downtown. There are many private banks are also in Yangon Region such as Innwa

bank, Asia Green Development bank, Yoma bank, MOB, CB bank etc. Only one Foreign

exchange currency bank, Myanmar Foreign Trade bank is located in downtown of Yangon.

5.5 Social welfare

Social welfare services are provided through the department of social welfare (DSW) in

Yangon region. In Yangon region, there are child services such as pre-primary school, child

care centers are being opened to facilitate the public youth centers and vocational schools are

also provided with assistance of social welfare developments. Yangon Youth Training School

located in Kabaraye Pagoda Road and Nghet Aw San Youth Training Center in Twunte. These

are especially for boys. Malikha Center is especially for girls under 18. National Rehabilitation

Centre for Disable person is located in Mayangone Township. Some Social Welfare Clinic are

still in some townships. For age’s people who have no one to look after them, as Hninsigone

Ages Home is a famous one in Yangon region.

44

Chapter (6)

Conclusion

By the studying regarding the development of the economic and social conditions of

Yangon Region (1990 to 2011), the following factors finding out can be observed.

Since 1988 to date, there are three governments namely, “State Law and Order Restoration

Council”, “State Peace and Development Council”, and current government of “The Republic

of the Union of Myanmar” were recognized that Myanmar’s future economy depends on the

affairs of social and economic development of each region of the country. So, looks to achieve

more economic interaction with neighbor countries and ASEAN countries and also try to

accelerate its own development through regional development.

Yangon region has been well developed infrastructures for both of social and economic

sectors. Yangon has the best education facilities and has the best medical facilities and

personnel available in the country. In social sector, Yangon is a main domestic and

international hub by air, rail, sea and ground transportation. Yangon is the most developed

region in the country by highest school enrollment rate (99.78%) in 2008 , adult literacy rate

(98.75%) in 2008, accessibility of higher education, university and teacher, and also other

accessibility of vocational, and gets opportunities from the private education services for

studying abroad. Similarly, health care service accessibility, highest number of health care

staffs and sixth position in the number of hospitals.

In goods sector, Agriculture, Yangon is the sixth position in paddy production and

livestock and fishery sector production is increasing year by year. Industrial sector, Yangon

has the largest number of industries and factories. Yangon has the largest number of industries

and factories, including 4 main industrial zone and 14 branches of industrial zones.

Yangon is also developed in services sector, such as banking sector, hotel and tourism,

trade with abroad and domestic, export -import enterprises and other services areas cause of eh

location and open land geographical condition of Yangon. Yangon is a commercial center of

the country. And Yangon is the country’s main center of trade, industry, real estate, media

entertainment and tourism. It is the most developed region and Lower Myanmar’s main trading

hub for all kinds of merchandise.

45

According to the data from previous chapters, Yangon is making great progress in both

economic, social and service sectors. That shows the Yangon region has speed of development.

Consumption of electricity in Yangon is high, thus needed to produce more electricity. There is

high density of populations thus occur accident by traffic-jams and reducing environmental

sustainability by pollutions. To measure the development of Yangon region is difficult,

because of data available and taking time. Thus this paper overview is draft analysis for

development of Yangon Region.

Exceptionally after November 2005, before establish new administrative capital

Naypyidaw, however, Yangon still stands as the largest city, and the most important

commercial center of Myanmar than the other states and regions.