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Undergraduate Honors Thesis Collection Undergraduate Scholarship

5-1-1968

Yazoo: Compromise and CorruptionFord Andrew Anderson IIButler University

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Recommended CitationAnderson, Ford Andrew II, "Yazoo: Compromise and Corruption" (1968). Undergraduate Honors Thesis Collection. Paper 292.

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Ci1::rpGfH'IV - Analysis of the Va te

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Pagn 31

Page 35

ChGpter I - Yazoo Land Claims to 1803

Ch8[iLSI' II - Df~bates in Congress

Chapt8r III - Yazoo 8ill, March 31, 1805

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i1:; 13 cr,': i,I'.'J:r!, or Ulc' dl'fic;.lrm,,;]rnr.m] ti!e repuiJJlcclf'irFll' t:y; :L G 1S tIl8JeCr:" I_; :]nd GU!JV',l't C:JUSU uf f)'u i._JflCJle.

John Randolph, on the bill to COmp8nG~tB Yazooland ownors of 1795, March 31, 1806

The State of Georuia WAS restrained, either by generalprinciples which are common to our free institutions,or by the particular provisions of the Constitution ofthe Unitpd States, from pas~ing a law whereby the estateof the plaintiff in the premises so purchased could beconsti tutionally and leg[Jlly impaired and rendered nulland \loid.

Chief Justice John Marshall, Fletcher v. Peck,on Georgi a flescindint] !lct of 1796, 1810

In 1795 the Geor i~ legislature sold over 35,800,000 acres

of its !118;,;turrl teI'l'ltuI'IuJ cluirrl::;. Fnur cDrn)J8nl"3s, CUff!;;[IClerJ

1 r'9'- I' -, - ["" . C' , "1 I • • "1 .'" l I ,-_J.. / - r:J L~'_oJ .1 i I '._~_j [) U C _~f] 'Dn 8 n::;J ~~1 0 n a, _ fJ U V ~3s: II i i l2 n c ::)r j U _l_ ~j'~:JG:-~~f__ :" 0 r

l~lJFJn i; y y 8;:1 1's • "\'1.;;] z IJ[) l! ! 1(:; r.:; ;rrrr"~ ;'J ',.J ~.iLchl.:J[Jrrl 21'/Tr;;JO l:l z j_ r1!J comp romi S 8

Republican party. Juhn Randolph of Roanoke, majority leader in

the Hnuae of iI8Pl'8:~[)ntC'jti\!n~), violentl,} [JPpO~ll:l:J 'l:i'j sF~ttl21ill;nt

favoring til8 Yazoo nmn of 1795. Ttw Hepu:Jlic2!fl ~mrG'J out of

POl11fH' accuaeo the Fe,leralists 0 f ai.di nq sp8cL:.1l i nterrw t s and

ignoring l~h8puh llc qood. In the development of the ?\m8ric;'m

party system, men like Randolph saw danger in the debasement of

the strict separation and integrity of the governmental branches.The Yazoo petitions in Congress were the first organized lobbying

interests that the legislative branch met.Finally the Yazoo issue dealt with the definition of state

sovereignty during 8 time when the federal-state relationship was

ill-defined. U~ponents of a Yazoo settlement claimed Georgia hada right to abrogate a law she passed when that law was a productof corruption and when the best interests of the people were

violated. In part, proponents of a Yazoo compromise wanted to

soothe the complex problem by paying the buyers who by 1796 were

for the most part innocent third parties.Chief Justice John Marshall in 1810 finally ruled through

Fletcher v. Peck that the 1796 rescinding action of Georgia

violated the obligation of a contract and was therefore unconsti-

tutional. Thus, the Yazoo issue ended with a proclamation of the

supremacy of federal law as defined by the judiciary.

1Claims and Cessions of the Original States 3

LOWEH

CANADA

BRITISH POSSESSIONS

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II X

Chapter I - Yazoo Land Claims to 1803

Most of present day Alabama and Mississippi comprised the

heavily debated and contested Yazoo lands. The United Statesgovernment claimed this entire region as part of the common spoilsof the Revolutionary War. In 1782 Great Britain and the United

~Jtat8s signed a secret tl'saty uh i ch agl'E~8d upon a Suutl18!'11

boundary of this are3. If Great gritain ~8pt Florida after the

ular , the noundarv bJrJS to ;:18 32 d8~Jrt1eS28 rninutt~E;north; but, if

degrees north. Spain l'ec2ived Florida as ~ result of the Treaty

n f PDr i s 1n 17[1,3, r:md I:Jhun ~JPf:]i n 1881'n,JrJ 0 f l.he SJcru L i \n';:]10-

r\m2l'h~cJn tJ.'8al~'I she cont;J3ced time Floricia's real boundary shcu Lrl

be 32 rJegr885 21:\ mi nu L;:)S no rt h ,

In 1763 the I~ing of Enq l.anu clailflecl juri;';cJi.ci~ionover al.I L:Jlld~l

lying e8stw3rrJ of th8 sourc~s of the rivers which flowad into th8n tl an tic. TIH·m, 11 the i',i ng lsi riat i'UC ti on to Ciov1Jrno r u.irI uh ~" i SClUE;d

" • • "J' II 2to the 1)ITSS1F;Sl:Jf.Jl «a vor , Trie r-ef'n r e ,

r:; U0 i'CJ i a '8 colon i all i rnits inc 1.U d [) rl t h 2 Y a z Cln n r 8(] • I n t U I"~ S tin 'ell V ,

\rJflOiI the Uni tBr.l J t ~Jtes cl ailfledthe aro C'l From ~p 21i n , ths on 1y

r ebut t aI to \;he Spanisil claim LJV in U18 rlucumen l.e bJilich proved~

that Georgia while a colony controlled the Yazoo area. ~

After the Revolutionary War Georgia was a poor state. The

Inost valuable resource of that region lay in her vast western

land claims. Many prominent pBople became involved with Georgia's

wE~:3tern lands.

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7Cl f :JouttJCm'oli ric,!.

prE'tner") emu rJI'']e!f11ZHcl tl18rns21vr)s into th~J Snuth Carolina Yi]ZOD

C·jrnpany. 8'j this timo 0 the r IJI'OUPS of SpaGUI21tOl'S h,Jc\become

aroused, and thu Georgia legislature was presented with petitions

from the Virginia Vazoo Company headed bV Patrick Henrv and Joseph

Martin, as well as from the T8nn08588 Yazoo Company which ~la8 led

t Z C • h C" d") ",. 8Iy 8Cl18r13 ox an Lohn ~8V18r.

Tria ;30uth CarolineJ group r[lC8iv8Li 1'1tr2]cL con !,i;llnin mOrFJ

Rl v ar , on thco eust b'J t.!HOJ TomtJii][lW:, ~lllrJ em thr3 north by the ::;:Jl'd

9p ara l 11:31. Trw VirginLc] Cornp'JnY r'~c8iv~: 11,40fJ,orm ::H:;rE,S - Lim

6

I" nOD, O[)D Cicrns. The South Coll'l] U_ n C'WIIV1l1'j ldi thi n twn 'jElCH'S

w~s to f18'j ~65,9G4t the Virginia Compan'j t93,741, and the T8nn2s~~~

Cnrnp:Jn'J.~I+G,(375 for' till.:dr territury. 10 This lJJ,lS18~js tiJarl em

uyurage ~f orie cent p8r acl's. Georgia was trying to profit From

11dour') •

tl18 \Jirglniu Cumpi:JnV IJB~JC:lnLD make pavmcln" ILii tli th'J uo r l:,illeE;~3

Georgia refused to deliver the title

of the land on the grounds thnt thr~ cnnrl l t i nns of the ,:JI;jrmo!lJunt

h ad13not l:WICJrlIT18t.

The 3rJuth CZH'olirm Cmnpi:irlV rr~f'u~;8cl t.n qiV'3 up its C131.llls.

In 1791 ,'·\1C3<clrirj8r i~oul t r I.e pr~ti. t i unetl Thumas Jeffel'E;lJn, t.hen

':J8Cl'etrll'Y of ~itati3, for a rBr:Jr8::1S o f Uri".~v;:mc8s. In Lhe EHl'J1_l1ng

Yazoo disputes Hr. Jefferson l.uili12 Pr8~drJent did no t ~lublicly

cnmmen t nn the Yazoo issues. [Jut in 1791 ivir. JFJPPfJI'f)Qn ltlCot~~ to

Henry Knox, SecrBt8rv of War, that the Georgia Yazoo titles appuarBd

GO him to be spuc ioua beCEIIEJ8 tile,} included Indian lmlLls over which

only the Federal government had jurisdiction. To Jpfferson "noact nf a 21Gat.e can 1]1\18a right to such

lLrlands .... "

The Creek Indi ,ms wore a fierce t l'iiJe wi·11.ch occupied p art of

the Yazoo area. In 1790, Alexander McGillivrav, half-brBed chief

of tile Crecks, m'3i; rI'8sic\Emt U;'j[;hir1uton in ih]!..:.]Yorl~ to Clrl'cllllJ8 for

a dgfinitlon of the CrB8k-United States r81a~iun~hip." WaShington

dSSE3rt tile

'7

Crtocd~s'_._IfH·U to c,3,:ie t o r::,f-OClJ.'Ui:j 1:ifIC);:.; FJ,:j:,G Dr GflfJ [Jconm;,!_·kli.ch heEJ 'll!:':J,"'~ly r_Ji~ml Dccupi[,rj by I_.Jhii:E, c~f_:)tl-.12r::;, LlilcO.he CreukriJ WE:'_'C; to r;:~t'_:Jin thel"'f'. south 'md l'J8:G CJr' i~hatriver 'rmel of the iHtc31[lah;:J, thus Lnv a l i ua t i.nq c:1CJi:lIsltJilici-lGeorgia had set un under hsr earller trAaties.

Fur theI'lnOTS, tim f,c£nty f-jtiuulaterJ t;h2itn ttl';;: Uni. ted r,it<l t'3:i ',dDS

recognized 3S auve rai qn over such Crenk Lands which Jay LJi thin the

t· "I Li . t II 16na lona_ 1ml s. Since the United 3tates Gould not restore

McGillivray's Georgia land, the CreBk chief was compensated withthe rank of 3rigidier General of the United States Army and an

annual salary of $1200. The t~eatv set the precedent for tha rightof the united States to set the boundaries of Indian lands. 17

This was a drastic denial of state control b~ the federal

government and ~he Georgia government was incensed.

The Treaty of New York increAsed by about one-third the are8of Georgia which was opened to white settlers, but much thelargest part of the state was now guaranteed to the Creeksand placed under federal control. Since Georgia thenclaimed most of the present day Alabama and MiSSissippi.she actually had possession of less than one-tenth of theland in her boundaries. 8Following the Indian treaty, Congress organized in 1790 the

territory south of the Ohio, including what is now Tennessee, and

also Georgia's western lands claimed by Spain. In 1796 Tennessee

became a state. The United States and Spain had signed the Treaty

of San Lorenzo in 1795. Spain accepted the international boundary

at 31 degrees north and agreed to vacate the territory in six19months. But Spain did not move out until 1798 when the United

States threatened to use military force to take over the area. 20

~! 8

With the departure of Spain, the United States organized this

1'8f;]10n, south nf 32 degree:" 28 minutes, into tile terri Gorv of

rHf3F>issippi and authorized the ~3r:llection of thrEo8 commissiuns to

try to convince Georgia to give up all her western21territory.

The final. st3tt181f1ent to the rlisputed 1,~nrJ5 ld'3~) nOG cCHlsunnrlcJGBd until

1802, after Georqia had becume deeply involved in the uigantlc

Yazoo Land frauds.

Durinq the late colonial period there had been some ambitious

much floaclnr, capit;:Jl IJJithIJJhich to fin2JncB ',UCfl E,chml18s. "The

projects involving vast tracts of land, but thHre had never b8~n

creation of the faderal government and Hamilton's fundin~ operationproduced tile fluid 2lS~38t;s IJJill_cf"1enl'ltJled the neb) natieJrj to tJ8(Jin its

CcclI'881' lJJith a flCluri;:3hor spec'Jlation.1l 22 It lJJUS ,,1 tltlO Wc:lljstriC)8G

tmC2!USEl

men of DUe;<ancler] Hmniltonls l!JC)\J of thinking p1acm_\ onna i rf -arable omph8s1s upon the financial benefits to the govern-ment which miqht he derived ~rom the proceeds of the salesof public l~lfI;:Js. And tl1FJc38 peup l.e 8XElrci"38rJ pnuer <311nut o f .IJ1'of,Jortion to [,i1:::1r Iliernt)[lr3 in tilEl :3('11'1; days bJfl8n 2:;tile f't1u8ral [YJ\}8rnrn8nt IJJ;J:3trying to l""st:ltJlishits c r-erf it ,

Wishing to ~onduct their operations on 8 181'08 scale, 8pecu-

8xptJ,cted tD ,,;ell to innDcent purChDEJ':'1l'::i, tlv~'J IrlSl'U nut nvur Lv

~hose land was uninhahited except for Indians, offered unusual

advant,j[]8S.

ThE; G8orC)i(] land s:JuClJlatiun vnntUI'8S of the 1790's [,)81'8 a

shameless fraud. »8" 1796 over 29,000,000 acres were granted inthe twentlj-Four existing counties where there wer8 actually 18ss

9

t.h an 9, f)r')('] 00(-' "'j"l""['P',:' 1 r'! ~.jn 11 21,u , ._~...J -- J C ~ _ .,-,_I~. f ...... - SJustices of the peace certified

fictitious surveys reporting fertile 18nd and forests which dld not25~1I'e8•

On8 writer nam8d Heraclitus wrote satirically of this "pine

barren" speculation:Halloo, Halloo, Halloo!Th~ subscribers will sellon most moderate terms: Tenmillions of acres of valuable bine barren land in theprovince of Utopia, on which there are several verysumptuous air castles, ready furnished, that would makecommodious a~d desireabJf3 "~(fbitations for gentlemen ofthe speculat1ve class •.•• -,As mentioned before, Georgia was in poor financial straits in

the period after the R8volutionary War. "The State treasury was

empty; the state troops who had been employed in the endless Indian

troubles were unpaid ••• the state currency had so depreciated that27it was almost without value." Georgia's only hope app8oJ.'ed to

rest in her sale of the Yazoo lands.In 1795, four cumpanies purchased the 1!l83ternlands of L1801'91a

for a total of nearlv $500,000 - the Upper Mississippi paid S35,OOO,

th8 Tennessee paid $60,000, the Georgia paid l250,000, ~nd the

Georgia 0issisaippi paid ~155pOOO. 2B Thes8 grants totalled atla::.mt 35 million aCI'f33 and thE? 8\1Urc1i:J8 prief:) uas only El Li t l.I.eUV'31'

from I;hat of the fL~d8rC]1 qOV[3!:'r1ll18nt. Thl'OUIJh thlJ r<3ijul:1LiuIH3

enacted bV the Ordinance of 1785, Conyr8GS was s~lllnu land at this

time in the r,JorthldestTerritory for::;l.OO cHI de"e. 29

the i.r briber! lcgic;lcltUl'e, clllidus !"lIlt c811T1. Tua oppDsit"Lon W;J~>i InU

Georgia's ~8stBrn Lands 30

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Tenllessee Co. l795

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T E N NFort Snu Fernando

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_)1'pper MisSissippi Co. 1795~ J:'~:-: j ..

GEORGIXSWESTErZ:\ LA0:DS

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Upper MIS:;ISSIPPI Co. lI'95

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lane ~;cJIF;n. "BrLbe s of Lantl, WI much ,Jf3 75,000 DCl'El~3 t u miG PHI'SOll,

of :CjlwEls, of iFJrI'slEi or r lce i:lfid o f m,JnE~'j tuHl'e freely handed tol8g~Lsl;Jtol'SbJllrJSf:3 cons clenco inclined them 21C.I<'Jinst 31the hill."Senator Gunn was in the state capital, Augusta, at this time to

pustl for this bill and for his reelection to the United States

Senate. II James uli Lsnn , r~ssoclate .Ius ti C8 o f the Uni ted States

Supreme Court, was thors wittl ~25,OOO in bank bills and he bouoht750,000 acres of good land from the Georgia Company." 32 These man

along with the majority of the legislature and chief executive of

the state were Federalists.Governor Mathews vetoed the bill on December 28, 1794, because

he thought the time not propitious for selling the lands, the pricetoo lOGJ,the reservations for Georgians to small, and the principle

of monopoly wrong. 33 The four companies made a deal whereby they

would proportionately share 2,000,000 acres (out of a total of at

least 35,000,000) which would be reserved for sale exclusively for

Georgia citizens at the original price. The Georgia House voted 19

to 9 and the Georgia Senate voted 10 to 8 in favor of the compro-

mise. 34 Governor Mathews signed the compromise measure which was

included as a rider on a bill to pay the state militia on

January 7, 1795.James Jackson, the Jeffersonian Senator from Georgia, wrote

on January G, 1795, that if the Yazoo Act had been passed

I consider Georgia as having passed a confiscation act ofthe rights of your children and mine and (of) unborngenerations, to supply the rapacious grasp of a few sharks •.•and two-thirds of Geor~ia will be held andcowned byresidents of Philadelphia in six months. 3~

12

The people of GeorQi2l at thlEJ time did nOG UIOIJJ of the YazDD sales

and the information of the sale slowly crssped out.On Februarv 17, 1795 President Washington wrote to ttle Congress

about tr18 Yazoo land claims t'rlclt ntt,eSt=! acts elfibrElC8em object of

auch lTlagnituda , oncl in thei r conssq:_jellcBS m,31j so clesp1y of fec t the

peace and welfare of the United States, that I thought it necessary

t 1 tt-l ~ C' II 3tJnow '·0 ,aV;118T11 081"0re onqI'ess. The House responded with the

following resolution nn F8bruary 267 1795: II F<esolvee1, Tho t theProsident of the United States be authorized to obtain a cRsaion

from the state of Georgia of their claim to the whole, or any part

or, the 1 and wi tlli n ttle p L't~~)ent I nrH an IJounchH'i 85." 37 The Housep<'lSsed D bill in 1in8 [1lithits C'Elsulution, but the ~j,jr)(3t8 l1JC..:S not

able to flct UGon it before it h~dto ~djourn on March 4, 1795.

In the meantime as GaorDiu b8came aware of the Yazoo scandal

except t.uo, formally pre:"ent<3d ,38 <3 C!rieviJnce the paS03t3f;J8 of the..,1'""1

Land s,JIEcJ act of 1795.11 ")0 Senator Guru 1 h,:id to protuc t n imse Lf

with ,:\lomjr~d uh lp anrl I,')::)S hung in effi!j'j on '3trout cn rnur n ,

Senator James Jackson returned from the iJnitad States Senate to

lead the fight for the repB8l of the YazoO act in the state 189i8-

latul'8. ~:iHn2lLol' Jack::Jon bnC'fTl8 so pel'sollZJllV inceml8rJ over the

Yazoo frauds that he fought at least four dUBls, including one with

his colleague, Senator Gunn. 39 Senator Jackson's lepublican

political base lay in his opposition ~o the Yazoo frauds~Georgia turned from a ~_;t:::jI_Jnctl1yFClderalist DtcJte to a rlepublican

state in the late 1790's. Remembering that parties in the earlyrepublic did not maintain the solidarity of present day parties, it

is interesting to note that Georgia earlier had been one of the few

13

states to vote unanimously for the Constitution. By 1796, however,

Georgia's reasons for wanting 8 strong central government had under-uone a metamorphosis. The Treaty of New York removed what Georgia

felt were her rightful lands. In 1795 the Supreme Court ruled in

Chisolm vs. Georgia that a state could be sued by citizens of other

t t d t· 40s a es an coun r18S. This aspect of state sovereignty was

denied until 1798 when the Eleventh Amendment changed the .f3deral

constitution in order to forbid citizens from seeking redress in

state courts. The Pederal government had not solved the Indian

problems along the Georgia border and the people wanted a change.

But above all, the drastic change over from Fe eralist to Republi-

can occurred in the election of the 1796 Anti-YazoO legislature.Two young figures appeared in Georgia at this time. One was

William Crawford, a future presidential candidate, who circulatedpetitions against the fraud. The second was John ~8ndolph who ledthe opposi ti III in the UnitEoc\ 3t8t·g~i House to a compromise DVd!' t;he

YazoO c La tma. anrJ I!Jl'lC] 1,I:::l3 v is i t1ng h i s friend J08E~ph fJr'l;'m [luring tilD

. l'7'Jr lf1popu 131' upr o 211' tn . U.

DElS cho s an CilDirrnan of the cornnd t LB8 to f';c)jcind the 1795 Yazoo s al.e s ,

On Janu:JI'y 25,1796 Jclckson's cormnittf3D f'f3iiCl!,i;HrJ to the hlf_!i,,}lu[;u1'8

the gl'2lntcl L'!tOT"'. uiJt:alil8cl IJ'l thE~ uas o f lir'iiwrlj and tllat the,)I.d8I'C uncunsti tu t.iorml \:.:C']IE3c' tile lunds in LjUflUt i un lIJEH'El

d [. 1"\' i C' . lId· L' I' ~ .conn,I'mr3. to CI'H w,UCC:jU cJiI<_'. J,nC,<!Y3(,JtJJ nr'lans '.llj '"IB IrOBC,) r-,

of 1-1oDc,l,lell, liE)[jDtiJ[;ucl 1]'] til8 Cnnl;in:::mt;~Jl COrlC_li'e,Yi in 17::')6.4.:.

UI~l YAZOO lanun "ttlEl cJOlt'JprUrEll't') of tiI8Jt.Dt~], !:;ubject"ml'/ to the

riqllG uf tI'Uc.1ty of the Untt£?d ':jt;Jtes t o srlCl'Jle CrlEl ':jt"lt8 to pUrCh,]E;C,

[+3to !;[18 :C;'J!lJ8.Il The

in a joint lnt-:utingof the Housn cJnCi-;2r1C3te. hl~li18 the records

of CrlG Yazoo incident Ill"ll'r::l burnnn 1:[-18 nI8~3~:;uni]8r of the HOLlG8 ,,;puke:

"Cod save th8 State! And lung preserve her rights! And may eVBry

attempt 4lfto 1njure t.hern ~81' i_ sh as tl18(38 cur rupt ac ts nOLl do." The

Georgia constitutional convention of 179B foroadethe s81e of westernlands to companies or individuals until these regions should be laid

ofF into counties and it declared forever void the Yazoo Act. 45

The Yazoo companies hur-r Lad to pay most of their money Lmmeu-

iately, and began to re-sall their lands and organize subsidiarycompanies. ThreB companies opened offices in Boston Bnd sold land

46at an average price of 14 cents an acre. The greater part of the

purchasers of the Yazoo lands were from the New England or Middle

States area. Most of these claimants were innocent purchasers who['7were not aware of the bribery of the Georgia legislature. T

On January 16th and 17th, 1796, Wade Hampton bought out hispartners in the Upper Mississippi Company, and on March 6th he sold

out to three men for $120,000. 48 Since Georgia only received $35,000

for this land, Mr. Hampton must have cleared a large orofit. One of

the new purchasers departed immediately to Europe to sell the land.

Early next year the proprietors of the Georgia MiSSissippi

Company transferred their claims to a related group of Boston

speculators, who in February, 1797, organized the New England

Mississippi Land Company which made elabor~t8 plans for selling49land at 33 cents an acre.

The backers of the ['Jew England Company ucr c FBdfHDlist:3 and Uley

15

sought out the advice of the most important F8deralist lawyer when

Georgia rescinded the land sales of 1795. Alexander Hamilton wrotein a lElQal opinion to UF~ foundE~rs of the r'!eLu EnqLmcl [;mnpcmv thel!:;

taking the terms of the Constitution in the 1211'001' S8nSB[apsc i fi Coi1.1.y the p a5;3a~J8 in the fi r st :31'1:.1c 1a (,Ihi eh I"orbl dCon~re8s from nassing an act impairing the obligation ofcon trc]ctj •.• tria revocation of the Drant tJ'j th"" act of theL)I]islatul'O or lieo1'Qi21, m::l'j fLr~:d;11j tHJ consiclt:H'ed ascontrarlj to the Confd;ltui:;i'ln uf the Unitud ,.JLi1teG, and ,L'lPrcfol's flUl' '50GI ~.~ -, - ••••

ConqrBsS in 1798 ignored Georgia's claims and placed part of

tho Y zoo area in the Missi~siDi Territorv then being organized.

'Joon after Jeffer:':JDll br'-CaTl18 pI'3sicient t,El lii'JriltJdSr:C1'8tcI1''j or' :3tat"

Jamos r~adison, Secretary of the Treasury Albsrt Gallatin, and~\\;torn8\J Gt~n8r~Jl Levi Lincohl to ,J flJd8rcll-stat~e comrrlissioll to

" 51arrange n cession of Georgia s w8stern lands. Gallatin had been

nne of ci group uJhich he]'! hie] unsucC8;:,:=Jf'ul11j ::!cJT~nst til8 '(i]ZUC)

CJ roup. TI1U:j ucre t; 11"/ 0 f the T 1'U ,]C:3UI'V vi r l.u2111'j ho ru tlte umu 18 (

cl dfTIf3;:; J ;=Ir:;l~sun, ~\tlI' all Clffl rJ81 !jloJi n, cmd J1.Jhn [-1i lleclfJ8 repr8,;r~nt i I"lIJr-:,?

Georgirl me t uJicl-l Ule tt·IJ.'Elcl cdTln,::!t SCCC'l:;,H'i8S. J_ Gtmruials

[\CCO I'd inrJ 1y, !.JeD r 'J i. c;) Lh 1'0 U~111 11f3 r cmflml f:l3 iUn C1'8 ;l!J rE~ f3 c! to c ;:)cJe

hsI' territory west of the Chattahoochee (present doV Mississippi

;:md ::\l,;J!J2.lTn21) POI' Dl,250,Of'JIJ, settlmflent of ril}cltB clallll'c; ;il\c!

::3tipulCltion f;Jhic\-l I1FJS to rock the; CfJngI'8~j::j und tIle f'lntire COulltr\},

t;t-18 L:mnrnission l'spoi.'cerJ that 5,00,000 EJCI'IC)cC: or i;>r8 lJI'ClCC-wciscl from

the sale of 5,000,000 acres should bB used to settle the conflicting

..LU

c Lai ms of thu Yazoo cHEW. Tim cornnlisc:;iDrl repoI'i:;"d thai:. 1;\18 Yaz cn

c 1airnants I titles to the 1cmds cou Ld rFJt tJ8 au j]Jlorteci,Llut [wc;c]u:::;;:,

of the corruption of the Georgia legislaturethe interest of the United ~tat8s, the tranquility of thosewho hereafter occupy that territory and various equitableconsiderations which may be in favor of some claimants,render it 8xoediant to enter into a compromise on reason-able terms. 53On r"larcll5, 1803, the House passed an act ambudvl ng the

Commission's report. The opPOSition to thiS moasure was led by

John Randolph, Republican floor leader, who began a famous andprotracted assault which broke apart the Jeffersonian Republican

party. Through the debates in Congress from 1803 to 1805 theactions to settle the Yazoo controversy became a national scandal

while John Randolph of Roanoke called it "the Alpha and Omega of54

national disunity."

--- ~~--------------.-.-'--------- ..--... --.----

Chapter II - Debates in Congress

Congress debated the Vazoo claims from 1803 to 1806. Through

increasingly bitter and eratic denunciations, men led by John

Randolph attacked the Jeffersonian measures to secure 8 compromise

payment to all claimants from the Yazoo araB. In a larger senSB,the Vazoo claims became a symbol for a compromisp not of money

but of principle. In 1803 John Rando lpn wen CI,T=J£3n rua jo rI ty Laade r

in thu House, anti fw did not Insa this pns i t.iun un t i l l8DG wrwn he

IJ r'0 ke 11J i t h Je f f 13r f} 0 naP t e I' rE! f U 3Lng tofu 1/nr a brIbet; 0 Fr :)[1 r:f~ i.n1to narner FloridQ from Spain. Randolph wa~ an efFactive

r(~JncJol_ptl 8xpn'lss:::cl trH388 beliefs h:;[;2l' in the l?l~h Congress:

Love uf p;~(JC8, hatred o f W'lr, jF)illoLlslj••• of r-,tlr.J influoncf'3o f Lh 8 Ex e C IJ t i V t3 o V B r til B c [J LlI' rJ ina t (J tJ r ;Jn c h e (OJ n f thef3uv["rnrlJentj ;OJ rJl'r3ad of s t ano i nn 'Jl'rnieCc); i] Lo a thi nr, o foub L'lc IJ~]tJt, tcJX8S, ami exclst:ltlj (:1 tenrir::!rr18ss for t;heliber!;y of tho citizen; jt];:]lolJsy, PU.'C1US-8IjBd jealous,! ofLI-1B~ p a t rnnarje of tt18 rNJsident.1I 2

nne! ar-ounn this rJe ati ve concept of Dovernnmnt Ranrtolph uas ab leto i181p forge a majori ty uppo s I t i.nn to ttle Yazoo issue. CDngI'ElSSrn8rl

pro and con Yazoo used every rnactlination pus si.ble to win their

point. AmenrJrnents IJJ8re offered to kill the bills ,:md motions to

postpone consideration were froquent. Motions to adjourn (unde-

bat aab la ) were often laid so as to disrupt discussion and delay

consideration.On December 3D, 1803, John Randolph offered a resolution

18

to the House.Resolved, that no person or persons claiming, in an actof Georgia, or any part of the territory lately ceded bVGeorgia to the United States, shall be entitled to receivecompensation from the Government, for any real or pretendedloss they may have sustained in consequence of that cession,if they have, subsequent to the acts under which theyclaim, withdrawn from the treasury of Georgia any moneysdeposited as a consideration. 3

The resolution further stipulated that third parties which have

subsequently purchased the lands are also excluded. This resolu-

tion was referred to a committee of the whole. Randolph wasattempting to block compensation for the Yazoo companies and their

land purchasers who had withdrawn their money from the Georgia

treasury.Randolph submitted a new resolution to replace his former Yazoo

statement in February, 1804. In this eight paragraph resolution

Randolph pointed out his reasons and objections to the Yazoo issue

[Jor see

Resolved, That the Le~islature Jf the State of Georuiawere, at no t Ime , invested with the power of al:i.mlCll5ngtharight of soil possessed by the ODed neople of that StRte inand to the vacant tnrritory of thE ,'i'lm8,' hut in a :!.'i]hLTulmanner, and for the public good:

That, when the Qovernors of any people shall have be-trayed the confidence reposed in tham, and shall haveexercised that authority with which they [lave been clothedfor the ~J('m81'al IJJ81fare, to promo t.a l.ha Lr nun ur iva te emJn,unrlar the twsnst motives, and to tim public d(o,i::ri.rm~nt,itis the imJllenahle right of a ~,18op18s o ciI'cumstcJncnd, torevoke the authori ty thus anuaarl , t:J resume trn:; ri]h t sthus LIt tempted to tJe t:3211' t crecl , emu to atJrO']8 te t' 18 ~:JCt thusende8vorinq to ~8tr8y them:

T h ;:It j l: I sin (]v i clenee t Cl 1-i", i ca ~I(1' I '" ~, \<1 "J i: 't- I'-I'~ c l- n 'f•. _ ....,. .. u ~ CJ _ ".' ~L .. , U' <:";..; ;J >__. I.! _.'v .

the L8']Hilature or rJ801"JlB, rE1S,,~el1 on tile ':;CIJfmttl ofJ8nuiH'y, one t.nou sann SEwen hunrJrerl nncj ninety-fl\/(cO, 1311-

titled "an 8Ct for appro~ri8ting a p8rt of the unlocatedterritur'l of this State, for Uw r]Clljllllmt ofi~hu lutrJ 'i[;(I[;e"troops, and fur other purposes,1I I.tJ8S passecl ill] per30n~j

under the ififlulJrjf~8 of fJrD3s arrrl p al p ab La co rruu tLun ,

pr;:'Jcl-,iS~lcllJ'j the rJnjiltf~8S u f U18 l'JicJs~Jt;l;tJlflpterJ Lo Ill';(]1j_E,rl:JL~3r1 bV tIl::! clfrJc'eSdicl:!ct, [',mirJiIICJ <;'.1 j3rll'.·~cl-1 ~jtl.i 'lrJfJ1"clll'-

':11 ":-:l 1'0' "\ derlT''''c B' ':llmusc i.n'~;::li.cul21LlIB, a p8iJ) .iJlcJiJiu1nl,j<~ ... L.t-.I1 ..., c - ';,j- .... " ,.

cJ:-:cJ I~ui nOI_jS to t118 ~)uLJlir; i r: t[~L1e~j t:

Thut the nnud ]lt~f)i:llE) o f f~eorr_li'], i.1fI:iI'8sc.;c)d i:lith Ijf::I'18I'dl

lncihlnation at tlll,J ;elf':;!; of 8trocious ;:Jerfid'j cJf']rJUillJcll';Jl1uledcorrGption, with a promptitude of decision highly honorableto their character, did, by the act of a suhsequent Legis-lature, nasBed on the thirteenth of February, one thousandseven hu~dred and ninety-six, under circumstances of peculiarsolemnity, and finally sanctioned by the people, who havesubsequently inurafted it on their constitution, declarethe precsding act, and the grants made under it, in themselvesnull and void; t hat the said act should be expunuad f rum CriBrF!cords of the Stat8, and putJliclV bur nt ; ldhich l'JC.lS accnrd-inglv done; provision at lhe same tDne being made fur1'rem tor i flq t h 8 P 1'8 tend cHJ flu r c h i.J~:.;t~-tnurEJ VCeJ i.; 11U lJ I'm i;u r: ':;, i,J\}leJhonl u r' by pel'so ns c 1aiming IJncJr2rthem, t i1['. iJ 1'8 0:)t nr rH!..' LCJ fiJI c: ~~::Ii d pu I'CfFi~~B-rnrJmJy h iJf:3 r:]C3'.nJ Gil 1;1ld C',~'m Profil timtr'8~lsury of 'i8or]ia:

That a :HJtJf,ell'.I<;,mc L8~!L31u::,uI'8 ur Elf) inclivj_Llu;]l~;Ldtr~ hei:,cJfl urlrJuubt,:::drj_~illtI~IJ t'[J;::w,;l 'In,} ,'ICC lif 'I pl'ec'Jdln] L8IJh;-laturFJ, provider] EJueh reIF'!;JJ. !J'.~ not furilldrJ8l'1LJI} tlte COfl~:it;:i.-

1; 1 .I t :i. r.J n 0 f s u c h S t:]t C!, CJ r [) f t;h 8 Un i_ t ,: i\ ~Jt oj t; '3~; :

Th''ll; the (J P01'esahl act IJ f the Sta i~8 u F G"mr~rl :01, p(JsserJun trF.o thirte;mtll of February, onE! thouscmd D':)V{J.1l lIuflLJl'erJ;elfl!l ninety-six, ldclS :'orl:Jiclrhm1V,:.i.thc:r fly the constitutionof that State, nor b~ that of the United SLates:

T:,at the claim,) of persons eJeri\lEidurlder the rJI"Ol'r3SELi,ci

dct r;f tiE, c:eventh of Janu,Jry, un8 trluUSrmtJ S8VDrl hundred,mcl ninet'j-five, are rE!CCJI]nineclrmi ther by (]ny curnpactbetween the United States and the State of Georgia, nor byany act of the FoderAl Government:Thernfol'e,

Resolved, That no part of the flvB millions of acresr8s8rved for satisfying and quietinG clallns to the landsceded bj the State of Georgia to the United States, 8nd;JpprCliJriated 1.11) the ('Jctof Congress pcJSsed at tilfJirlastsession, shall 118 appropria!:;8[1 to qulet or compermaGe ;:myclaims derived under anI) act, or pretended act, of theState of Georgia, passed, or alleged to be passed, duringthe year one thousand seven hundred and ninety-five.4

The resolution stated that the G8o~gia legislature can only

legally alienate the soil which belon9s to the people for goodreason. Since the people of Georgia through the acts of theirlegislature in 1795 and constitutional convention in 1798 abolished

20

the actions of the 1795 corrupt legislature, the 1795 land grant

was voided. Here wrapped in the language of ~in81i8nable rights~

and ~g8neral welfare" is a thinly disguised defense of state

sovereignty and strict interpretation. The resolution stated that

this 1796 reSCinding action was not forbidden 1n the Georgia

Constitution or the Constitution of the United States. "The

resolutions were so shrewdly drawn that the commissioners them-

selves would have agreed with the first seven uf them, and these led

with seeming logic to the 8ighth.~ 5 Randolph demanded in the lastparagraph that all people who received Yazoo lands from the 1795

Georgia action be denied comoensation. The House voted to consider

the c8so1ution.On jJj.lrch7, 180l~, tl18 House Ln (;he cnmmi t taa of LIm uho le

dlscusserJ the Yazoo resolution and the tJill to cOlTlp()m];_JLr~ Lilu

cla5..rfl{mf~'j pursuant to the Georgin Land c[Jsiion ElfjreufIIsnt of Elfn.

T!II:] hi Ll. prop[JserJ trwt the former fedfJl';JlYazoo Cmnrnls!3ion (r·imJic30n,

Gallatin, and Lincoln) be empowered to settle the Yazoo clailn~nts

uihn ilppE~(Jledt.lr"f()r[~I/lnl'ch 1,1[305. i'iclncJulph ~-;UDiJFoSt8d ,In dJrlrc~rldJ,18rJt

prov1ded that no proposition of compromise or settlement1m I'ecelvr"d lJ'i t;he s a.l d GmiliiJi::I::i.i.UrleI'S, from any [l8I'?;UnS

cl::JlmlflCl Linder Em') act or pretencJfJd DC!; (If the:)L;:ltn of.- ("

ClfJOl' i'l, ;)lJw}8d GO em pils'C;ei rlUI'llli]HIO 'jr:~~]r 1795. tJ

Thl s rli;G8rn;Ti.; l-.u tJDstl'O,) tilE) Lnt nnt n f til8 (Jill f al Le d tf(; GCJ57.7

of the r8solul~ions ltJclS dl~)GusDerJ. !hndfllpil ilttL3ll1pted tu rdei~ ,:j 'JUi~8

The land cession cumpac t rnenU.[Jf]orid cmn;JI'omlseic1grcF'lTwnt, bu t

CieoI'r]irJdid not iFI";_:) Clny legislation tu this effect in h:?I'~3t(']tUt8

2J.

boo~s. Randolph felt that the federal Commissioners wanted acompromise agreement, not Georgia. His central point at this time

s8ems to center around getting a vote.Bitingly, Randolph cried that the House had only to turn down

his resolutions to pay the claimants and to validate the infamous

Yazoo frauds of 1795. To Randolph IIthis is one of the cases uht ch ,

once being engaged in, I can never desert or relinquish, till I

shall have exercised every energy ofmind •••in refuting so nefarious

a project.IIB At this point Randolph stuck to the Yazoo subject and

did not make claims about conspiracies. Still, his great power

to cower his opnonents caused Mr. Elliot in this discussion to hopethat lithe Committee would not be intimidated by the threats of

9individual members.1I

The House moved into the regular session and Randolph moved

that his resolutions should be considered. This was paosed 57 to 46

after aomanne attempted to preclude the vote by unsucc8'3z,ful1V10muving to adjourn. Then the House adjourned due to the lutuncE;s

of tile hour.F[]I' the next five days tt18 House com...lideI'ed tr18 Yaz uo ui.Ll mId

resolutions. On the 8th of March the House votad in f~vor of

considering the resolutions 11(58 pro). Typical of

:-."'"1f..'~ 1-10 -, -rn c-ll.' I·_j () I.J ,-~ '.--' [J T'O [~Cl,·I,U r .,J -]'1[1 '-)n r-'· r-)'" ,'I l' , •L> _. _, _.~r •. _-_ _ c' . !', ~" ",l"r~C'I:~c uy nr~C';lons. TI18

22

pointed out that Georgia in the compact stipulat8d that settlement

had to be made within one year of the passage of the act and that

if the United States attempted to settle the matter later, all the

land would revert back to Georgia. He regarded this as evidence

that Georgia did not want the claims to be paid at all.Mr. Lyon and John Randolph in this had a running altercation

over the Randolph resolutions. It is here that Randolph began to

personally attack his opponents. Mr. Lyon called Mr. Randolph's13resolution "political heresy" and offered twenty-one amendments

with Mr. Randolph's resolutions. The amendments attempted to qualify

the previous resolutions so that the Yazoo cLaimants could be paid.

t.!Jr.Lyon stated that if the claimantH to[lI~thei.r petitil1ns to tt18

federal court, then the court would Favor them. The doctrine of

judiCial rC~Vi8Ld l.uclE-i r18LtJ at th i s t i.me and iIJr. Lyon ura af'r aid t.i'lclt

throuLjh it the cour ts uruuId r81~11 rn ,Jll the 18ml I_;[J trw cLJ.Lmant su f 17'35 td h 0 ilojd paid f [)r t 118 i r 1_ ~Jn r1 • Lyon nJ i cJ "ti 1f) Uni ~~[)d :;t i'J 1;8 S

,'",'." I: r _i. r. n ~.,'''-,[1 ,:'•......] r. '1 1,.1,-.,]0', ',el!J "'.)1\~f·.I·U 1'1"e ,r.', IJ 1'1!-',' J_ L•.•·r 1.'_~ ,. , !' . I ' . ,, __ ~ c.J ,1 _I, ," __ u" ,_. I J. 1"'; ~ 1"[(I n[ Cl'j 1n l.i 1.)1:; '31lJ Ij f~l' •

['J ~.~1t rl ~.~r side LdF13 ;.•J'!J 1P to s [:_~CL.I1.-) {~_J, c'j s t ,l'f,'II'1 ..,' • 1 1 • f',__ ' " . _ lilClJCll'l CIj 1~.L_,lfir~i ur . :l\.lUr·UI~J

rmys 50 j y8QS 5~, nays 49;1651 ..

The Las t vote lJJ303 (,J tie 8nD it rFJpre:J8ntJd CI E;t3li:m2tu DVU.!' tile

ulliJr::tinq CLJLme uhi.ch f o rbi d tile rFl'jlll(mt of trw V,]lnO claims.

2,3

The resolution was not brought up in the House on the First

Mondav in December, 1804. At this tims the House and the loader,

r~ b•.,qy pr'qrJi:lI'l"nr.J for the im,oe8c",'lroRrl't ofIre ~~iJncJolph,l,J8re _.J co - -_F8Clel'cJli:3 t

JudCj::?~Jc.llfI1j8l Chase of the Supreme Court. The House fieril; elll

pet It i ano o f l~hB 'Yazoo cl 'Jirnant s to ttl! S t ~Jnrjj_ ng CClflliTl:i. t l,(won

claims for investigation.On JC=Jlluc:!ry 29, 1805, the Corflflli ttt.Fl of Claims reported Hit!

fol1ouJing resolution:

Resulved, That three commis0ioners be authorized to r8ceivoPI'opoE"jitions or compromise clnd 38ttleHl2r1t ••• and finally tCJmljllst and settle the, sa~8 i~l.~uch .1~1(:JnrJ!:n~, "lEi ,i~l,thn~~' , 17op irtltm uill_ conr:Juc.~'co d18 J.llbn'8c,1:; of tl18 LmlLorJ :::Ji;aG8:::, ••••

CLJl'k moved to 8rnenrJ tilt=) COlm,\itLI;e on C1:~Lj_il!S I'8suluticm ~JD as to

tirnss i~(lr IdrJ 1p fl

po i n t s : (1) by ,Jgreuinq to Lhu resoluLiorl UIE! House :]c!IIiY_t,; it il-

tl'18 s1.!JinrjlEJI's of 1795, and (2) the:: cLdrncmt~j f~VrJn eil'C! nut sure of

their claim tJeCcJU:CllJ tiley only ac:J~ for par t , nut ~jl1, of LitD Land ,Tile House, in r.'larch, 1803, P2Jc3cJ8rJ Cl I11CdSUl'F.': p rov l.d i nq for ~jt.d;t18-

ment uf the 'Yazoo clairns. The Congress adjourned on March 4th

ending any full discussion nn tho bill and the House had passed the

rn8~)SUre GO EiCJti:lfy tile claims or not at all. n~lain the main point of

· t' t 'L' 1)' 11~"1;:"]!' co'j"'rl .if ~~h2 hc.J·rJ,' 1~1'~I'-' i'~rli·ll-l"·".jC~·1 I.J·c1._ij···',uI'lJj'IC,U nEJ,<8!l2 :33 £,' L.I ~u _ ~ .. -- -- t.. . _I, "- ~

f cJ 11 ~.~rl!j 1.)C)'lll." 20in CDI' l'IJPt Lon arH:i r auu , was nu r.. -'.. j

1. " ti!8 spl r 1 L iJ f ForJerali r,rn! Tin t :1:]i ri t i·lid. ch CUWi l ..er a the filln'}C) 1

filL.au, The very strict principles

Jt;fl"[JrE30n~:JnsrJ8velCl~J8d while <JtLackinq LiH'l F;:cJel'oli':Jcs ',L1e)''-; ::,lowl,!

'-'''''Ji[J rnore of tile c r imaa and f'u Lli.e a of t.llsirJl'11121' :lurninicli;['clLinn." U:..

He 2/(~mplj. fled the reasoning uf tiF~ Il'CJ:lmmnt:3 of tim 'Y::tZClD cLai man t s ,

lrr8vocable cDn~rgct. Elliot read a 18Ltel' of Albert GallaLin,

f i.I' ~J I; , to 1'1' 8V r:mt Cone]1'8,> s frum lJU Luni: CIdol 'j con f Lrrnt nq '01LS[Jlfi[] PutUl'£~ time, i:;ht~ cFliel GC1"J1'1·j8 c Ln iurs ; sUi;cJlld, t.o13clve it in t,\leir p[ll&~r to onmp rumis e lui. t)1 ttlClt descriptionof cl"lim;mtE., ••• cls th81j·miDilt l.hi nl: rH'(J!J(~r. 23

Elliot silowed t.hai;the Committe8 em Cl;lirns intended for ,] setl:lmmmL,

I'Jhici1 nr. ;~andolph sai d they had not cuns i nar etl, To ['11'. ihmclo1ph's

charoe of neo-federalism ~r. Elliot 18plied:Are we guilt'! of political apostacy? No such thing. Weare about to make arrangements for carrying into effecta solemn stipulation in the tr88t~ with Georgia, and asolemn act of our predecessor ••••24

In late January and early February of 1805 John Randolph

25

and Mathew Lyon had another fierce debate. Mathew Lvon had been a

soldier, business man, and politician. he was made a Republicanhero in 1798 when the Federalists convicted him of violating the

Sedition Act. 80th men had a flair for personal polemics. "Since

both Randolph and Lyon had bona fide credentials as charter Jeffer-

sonian Republicans, their clash in a sense exemplifies the splitthat the Yazoo issue causau in the ReputJlican r-anks;" 25

Randolph began the debate on January 31, 1805. To the Virginian,

This government •••has acquired the confidence of the publicby th~ disinterestedness of its measures. The repeal ofthe internal taxes 1s not the less conspicuous among them.How long III 111 VOU retaln tiFi t con fidenc8 Lf 'lOll hJV inh ona IElmJ of speculators a landed C,Wi~;11 11hose cH11lUa1 in [;81'-

Bst is mora than 9qui\JiJlunl: to tile u\1018 roceml~_nq8 o F

tim t;:lX8S.26

This :L~)t inrJ8c?d, \'\:8 ~]~l8of lfluflstr[Jus cD"llitionnj ,_mdthis COI'l'u\Jtion IHs l;h',; qU;-Jly_tv 11f Cr:~1118nt.!n'J thd IIIU,:,L

invetui';:1i;I:! 8Ileminc;, pr!('C"lCHFll c\D 1<I"L1 us polj,\;lc'll. 27

s c ~-)n cJ d 15 <J ;:1r 1.i OJ l' • T h <'3 ::;iC]tit u f t; II c; c;)I, UC!_ It i IJ C ! J f f i. C ,} r \1 1 '" 1j '.11 l '1

:1nL! 1d11dcri\,mdolrJh cri:;rJ, 11).:'3 L',~i ',' l'i n~1tC) T'r I .. ,-. ......"::11 w' - Ii_ t i,~1}C n

df3Ctmt? ';hall polj_tlC;;J}_ :JUI,<J21' bn m;ld" the :m' i1H [If pri'rjtf~

; \"l-p i"""eo't' 11 20.... I.~ _._'__ J __ J •

C<J11ing his C3'38 one for the \luiJlic [JuDd ~]rl;J dis,-'uCJ,nLli, rHJ the

2G

uut ••• lf official influenct3 is tn ',HCOlfie the II'JrldincJicJFmC:JF l'iv.JGU intt?"8)r~, if tile old CnriG8ff1 is GCJ ,) l'cNl'JdU

I.'lith the) ol d men, or 2m,! t.h at t.an iF~ jlickr3rJ up ••• TlSV81'',JiLl I C':!C]E;i,': to sLil]rn2tLze it. fjf~\f':I' :';iklll I 11E)~)it"lt[)

bF~:_;ldet~n cmy minority, far 12fJS in thClL 1~lh.1cll I now find. f d I '0 " +y ~,c.' l' ~ or,1',',1.o"1o,.(1 t o lJe' ?9TTl'J fJ F, J. , ::Jn r ',U C 1 E.\ [fI d J I 1 u CI",::;J ~ L w ..l.~· '

On Februa1'lj 1, 1.805, H8j~rww Lyon 1'8pUerJ to John 1~2HIUf)lph

In the course of this discussion, us who wish for a compro-mise of ted_s !Jerplexin~l business - this i1usineC3s IJlhichSE'"ems to be kindling the greatest, t:i3CUI cl in the rLi ti8f1'-have hEmn char qad wi th an intentiDn of comrni t ting a robberywhich is far to exceed all the petty larcenies of theformer {~dministration, and such of us as have aided todepose the former and support trw oresent i'ldminl stra t i.un ,an~ threatened wi th L18ing for the future considered asFederalists, let our professions be what they may. For mypart, I can assure the member who threatens us, that itnever in my life gave me pain to be called a Federalist,in the true sense of that word - in.Lhe sense in whichthe word uraa used by the great man LJeff8rso~ who said,"We are all Federalists, we are all ~epublicans •••• 30

Randolph had insinuated that the Postmaster General had

bribed Lyon with mail contracts. The Kentuckian denied that he

was bribed or that the honor of Granger was tarnished as "the

betraying of a jackall or the fulminations of a madman." 31Randolph'S opposition "teas fabricatmJ in the disorciered irnarj l na t Lnn

of a young man uhnae pride had been provoked by rTII; (['\fOIl'S] r8f'll:31ng

to s i n: encores to all his poli t i cul. dogmas." 32 Ldlilu L'Jon 'Jji]S

em esp[~cic!lly <:1(]i18 debater, this one debate il1ustr,ltecJ t,hc.lt 1;110

Jef~8rsonian party was und8rgoin~ severe tensions.

The fJmJ England fviississippi CompClny IJICJ; c r e a t eri clftf:l' l;ilU

YE1ZOtJ frauds nf 1795. ns the name im(11i..,s, tlw ,,':,uckl1fJl [J!'~; ill

Lilis COTn!Jc:ny resided in 1~81u England. lhey ~J8nt; nUIIJ,;l'!JU;~ iuLiL.iuns

c]. a1.Tili n~! that tl18V we1'8 i nnOCElnt bUyHl'S nut i n'/o 1VE'Jdi n t.ilU Dr i ']i lml

27

33

Cj'jG ITIUr'[, th'JrI Fndt:!,':jli':;t~j Ld81.'8 Lnv o Lv erl , Duu to i;rlf3 tdid,:] ["':IE':

t:;'j;'3 nut in 21 InrJDd to CrJfllprUI111s:;. Til8

v irnuo , and nCJIJJt nat; tlleljlJJrlI'8 in pU1,.<='31' fmJnd tll':'JG !!UIJf'H'mfiCnL couldnn t b () car!'i ,]d nn c!s t h8Y Iml p 18d ed t h8ms 81 v est r) co ntlu e t; it. H :;

4

Randolph charged in his ~anu8rlj 29th and 31st speeches that

Granger imprnp'3rly l'obbved for the Yazoo cLairnarrts , [In FE~iJruary 1,

1305, Mr. Granger wrote to the HOUS8 and asked for 8 full investi-

gation of his cabinet op8r~tions. He wrote to Nathaniel Macon,

~)peak8r of the Hcuaa , that Itevery charge or ihsinuation toh i.ch has

been made against mv public or private character".is absolutely35and altogether untrue, and founded in error only.1t The House

11esitated to take action on the Granger letter. Some members

supnorted action and attacked Randolph. Some members stated th8t

they were offended bV the strong language the Postmaster General

2B

used in denouncing 8 member of the HOUS8 (Mr. Randolph). Men hadbeen insulted in tile House before, and the current rnemhar s ldBl'e

asked to set B precedent - to study an accusation made in debate

even t nnuqh the Hnus a «ias still in tile heat of ar qurnerrt , 1Jir. HuggBr

movsd to postpone consideration until the next Monday and the

ldClSbnuchv abnut this iCjSLl8 is 8viclrmc,d by this strong vote for

EJI'r] I I r:mts thur, the 5,:iOO,OUO Z]CI'::;fj set ;J::licl," l.o :J3Y 'fuZOD ,;l"Ji_nIZJlll~s

Til:Jt, ,JO rouch or fi'18 1l1.i.lliiJne3 uf m~'I'C:3'J ;'.1;, "iFlll !:'(";IfII.Jln eJf't;'Jl'j"l?J\Jin!J :~j~Jti_c~:;fiE3rJ tillJ claj~rn~-; :'Jf3::~t ~Gli ;-.:iI:~J I~jcli~:;r'.I!I ilh~':JojP pro ~;ci ~J t tJ cI f [J r t il ,~ 'I U1'!.1 0 E3r''. II rei eli; 1':f 'j i, n !] ,]11 rl '; IJ 1 c i, j_rl! I[;IltJ Cl:l~lllCI F rntn 1m ,]ct o F l;h~JCjt2JLe If ;_:i,'.,) I CJi 01, !J;I-;,:;,,:j~':Jn

~i\[j 7~:il'd;.IV -r ];:mu;:Jr'J, 1795.37

i.ll8 pc'OPDS;::l onl'} t.o UULil0I':i.Zt~ t nc Fre!;iuf!II:, to Up;-Jclint, nndiJlJb\~, thE! Lill'8;:,l b,c~:;t. fllerl tllCJi~ l.iie Unit;:-~Li Jt'JLF;~J C;JrJ off Ell',

t.o clj_~)tribut8, not an ~\lrl-lil'B, 'Jut; the ruai uuc uf fivrl'11' f 38TIll_JJJ!'J'::; 0' ac re. ,

29

the Lorn;c isc)lf:mr~rs to c:~rrClnlJ€-! ,] compromise Sf3Gt l ernent o f tilE] v azuo

clairncmts tJV a vote of 53 to 5,3. 39 This 1,188 (][loth81' nar rmo vote

llJi-lich showed the cl.ose dLvi s i nn of the House. "Un ,:1 subsfJquent

day, a bill was introduced for cornpromisino the claims; but it l1Jas

nut clctecl upon bV [;he House during Gt18 r8lnclinrJor of t.he

i~cmdolph at this point; in his HOuc)8 record had Lwcorrm the most

:=mimateej. He led l;h8 House and :~8i JuL11L:Em-i nspir[)cl imp8c-)CrHlIEn1 t

and tr i al. uf F8rlr~r,Jlj_st .::JUiJl""Hm Cuurt J_wticD Samuel CrEJS8. r:]v tile

iilri t1 nLJ on [;he FeLll'U81'Y, IDLJS dulli.1 teof the nep'llJli.cEJn par tV.

C::[HlfJl'~," S SI11an Joh n DclV 2 np I] l' t Clln C1ude []: IIJ • ~andn 1.p!1 I s pn pu 1 dI'i i;. \j i:::;

'2"'[J 1'1-1"1' 1 'j !,1", !.,~.j~J I' IcJ"-' II t1_ i '_::' ....... I ...~ J._ ._ t... ,_, C> • II •

r~i d 8 rJn G l' clli ~J;~r , "'..l[~n',:r OJ1,

til~ "j;-]Ij fUT' rJ,cJnI'ue's H1_c:cciIHI trJ :~;i'~~Pn'!<'if'jEmcy.3uorl 11'3 J":i~.i tT'ylnql ~

t.u C;I[lC;!;U' the ,"Lliilinintr~rtiun i t ae Lf n U HisLori.ClII CliILHJ:; UDI,j:!':'~ 1,_I;lU

~J . [] tIl i;3 I:J L'!.I ,::;:C' D f Li iU i{ unrro 1ph I

~tl.i]_linC] to ".\Ii::lp cL Cf]iT:;iir;Jci."!S, 'Jiol::;nt1v ruuctUr] to iii'; 'j'jlililfJl of

J8fFsrson1an com~romis8.

C! "'-,J ,rJ" t,qr _T"_r J__" • - - '/:!I[ID 811 J, HEJl'ch 31 J lDC~1

Jnhn R~ndolph was not a member of the Houss. On March 31, 1806, the

House received a bill from the Senate:That, if, on or before ~h8 first day of January next,

such sufficient rele8ses 8S aforesaid shall be lodged inthe said office of the Secretary of State, as shall releaseto the United States and shall discharge all claims to saidlands, which have been exhibited to the Secretary of Stateand recorded as aforesaid, or which be exhibited Bndrecorded agreeably to the provisions of this act; Congresswill make provision by law for the indemnification of suchclaimants.l

Through a prolonged debate the House defeated the measure 62

to 54. 2 A study of this last important recorded vote before the

settlement of 1814 will graphically illustrate the changing party

r al.ationstu.pe in the Jeffersonian era,

ut'Hn the Yazoo bill was in traduced into tile House, iiog':::r rJulson

of Maryland moved that the bill b~ rejectod. A fellow prOSBGutur of

":'~)

;JlfUI' ~',!lIJI!lrI."

:'1 ;HI d [)1fl h • f'J 0 [Jm~ CIJnt 8 ,:;L;~cl hi .c--; ~;i,,] t, [~HII~ r I t n III i t t1 an y 11;];jr t • I \;

1 I' t ~,_1 ') r' 'L"'1'-, 'I- 0 I' c' '] f I' or I" I' ) '"," 'i'C 0 f --J _'1r,:; r,,~I,J:.')r,'J I fJ 1'1 !I"1,",'-,,'1',1d r'J rJ~ ;n'(,)C, ~II;_!, rllu bt, t"J.:J '-' _,I C u L. ," I "C 'j':_' ,j.,) ~-," -

1 t ' If' , . F' I,';'18 IJrul,JI~-1 (J' pernJ_I;,VJl._l:; QLI,llJlIS.

pLIes,) rJivision:

J?

nile; iTjll !fl(JVI'I:; c;llll3Ll the OTn8,]21, thr~ List hlttel' of ttlf')

fJDlit:lcal 81phC'lfJElGj ilLiG, Iditrl ff1'3, it is tile rUphel; it i~3the he arl of tile divisions "'JTnongthe r epub l Lc an party; i 1~ isthe SBcret and subvert cause of the whole. 4

Tha lobbying for a settleTnent and the push within his own party

caused Randolph to exclaim:These men have agents here, within your government, whohold great offic8s under it. The whole weight of theExecutive Government passes on it. The whole ExecutiveGovernment has had a bias to the 'lazoo interest 8\181' sinceI had a seat here. This is the original sin, uhich huscreated all mischiefs •••• 5Randolph cited the Yazoo issue as the supreme Bvil, but as for

the speculators -Thu quar t ar from which bJ8 have most tl1 d1'881:1 l s c;p8culators ..land jobbers, and if you can ~r8sBrve tho interests of thecnmmurut v inviolable ,J~lfjinst' Gh8fl1, 'JUUI" lnfei'iol" li'1G8I'E~Hts

r-8I'B safe. LJ

But l'l\!8nthis vitupE'JI'ativB nut hur st; se,::m18cl flclCkrlE!ymJ dmi [Jut of

place after the bitter fights of 1804 dnd 1805.

Table I - Houss Vote March 31, lBOG

The final vote rocord8d in the I\nn,]ls of CUnCjl'cJSS on thu filutir;rt------ -- --------

\(F..ns:7

:18 p r [) s,? n I; ,It i \.f 8

IFiS C1C ,!'Ir!riu rEJO n

Driv i d ,lard!]uI'I.!Jf311 f1,:j3'~8ttC18f) ,e'']tel ;J f::rJ:i n fJ 8 rUi]_Ji~JTlI ~JLlcklr3cllJ13J D hn 8 1.;:1ke , j U n •r: iJ I,: oj <:. :J 1. (Juntf~ubi~!'t Ormm!Hlliarn :)ul:.lr!I', L H\j i C ~-jc;~8 V.Inhr: C1HlhnrneCill'i::; tuplmr Clork

r)r:HHl.\J (J •

I; 'J •l l • r; •il ,V ~l l '"'j" II' I......

rJ z] •~.C!<s .c ,V (1.

V 8•Pa.V rJ.\hl.

.J.,(") ,', 'J r) '..1 j' 'l -II f'_ .:-;': .....j- I ... ..1 •• C. oJ

n it i_~h81_JJ G1avJ Cl 'i 1'1 r, 1('1pi; CJ n

l)"" te)as tr t c t10

P ;JI'l;~

DFrcm:<s t[J1·mi,:Jlll i 31:1'3IJu1'fJ D

~jprillCJHilli~(JntIJClm,J,r'JT 'l1' riO r0l!lfJ cll10 r ,,'.11. lIB:3ulullc

D

DDD

DrunstJJick(rJfYuJ London)flhiladolphi8l-hl1i faxTunstall

D

DD

F 1_';; r.j f!. i.,' i c!< r=f~.1rl T' 'r~ldhri D~Hd~~;Ur!

E J. 1. :_J ~ [;]E' l,~~]'J hi! i!J. E fJpesJ ~_\u 'I'-:.~~:'} 1.'1. r~r] r ('I fj t t[I '::) :>~;I'?j !j r; II[Ju rJ [,Jin[cJLjln GT'~j'j

! Id r eJIJJ r; r DI] fJ311;1;31-\81::::;1.:)"1]nhn fi :'3mi LtrmDe]V i rJ flo ImssLi;lll~r; r JunesTl IUTfl"i~:i 11HIF:HI

in c h eJ81 L8ibDuncan McFarland~~obel' t li1 ;:11' ionJ[];,i ;lh [!,astnrs~lcholas R. MooreThomcH') i/;[)ore.John ;iiDl'l'OW

Gurdun HumfonlnOfj8I' I'JelsonTilrmEl'] iJt2wtonGidr,mn OlinJLlhn r'ughJolin f~ clr!rju lphHIOlrliJS t'l. Randolpt-,J (J 1-1 f'j n~~~[J.] elC [J lJ (1:1ell cJrdsThelin",,; :J 8LlfriUrlSTil[JlilcEi ~;(mfu!'dl~:12 flr;~; I: r:; F3:JV8 rJ2J!;I'::'] :-;103nJuhn SIrlilluJr_Jlll-1 r;rnl th'_)c!f'lljf3J. 'JmithflC)fIl'Y 'Ji_]l] LilaI'dT 'II 0111 '_le] 'J p u l,-J ini]:< i_ r;!: I'j! r~ t :111 fu rei

:1 i 1 i fl Tl-lfJlllr-JSOn,'_- _. "'f' - f

,!\ rJ_L' ~.Jnl T r i f~Jg..-1(11·1\'"1 .itF_~ililli10:_ji:L' I"~ llJid tr--lhi 11f):_Jvid 1.ljill:i:Jrr!s:\ }_;__:/JfIU:3I' I;J iIson:Ur_;fFll'll Jinn-: ,1 '3 :~ I 1JJ i r I::_i t CJ n

JU'.J c;ph U:I ckurS"_lTi J1C!tLnr-J

~Jtat8F-i a,;j;:] •I~.C ~\J ;J.\J :::1.\h.'J ~J.

P 8.fJ • Y •PD.\J;oj •

IJ 'J.['J. C •

i,:.c .S.C.[.J. Y •Hd.s.c.\J CJ •"',1 \'! J ~ 'r' •j!I(J •

V 'J.vt.P CJ t.

Va.V'I.Fa.Pa.r'·). V •Tl:mn.f:1ac3S.fJ • ,] •

V,l.F' ~l.[,J. J •G Cl.

IJ. C •Va.Va.Fa •P ::1.;3. C.\/a.~i•C.fJ • C •

"J . C.HElSS.

r\J. H •

D1si;l'id;

C,mt:::!l'vil18Ch ~Jr{:!'~3 C 1.t YLor;~t tc

P e rirl\} ~J.l]_;::! V(Locli )( UJ ::1fj 1-)i r1 9t Cj n r__-; CJ " )::Ji nchu ';)Li~l'

}~~m:m~3Vill~P!l I 1 :J ci e 1 IJ ili ,1(Lc1U1'81 Hi 11)Chell' le03 to n~ich~:Jc:il ticok8iluxtDnPriCf3S S t'Jl'8

f'J8W 'lark CityFreri2I'i ckf.Jorfulk

DoylesGlJwnClmrlnt b~

Chambol':,uurgChestel'J [J rJrl s t mun

;~oxburv

F 8\jC]t; I~~~(Fl'f:!derick Co.)Erh~i]c]sk1. n~Jri dge

1!<:II_u fi uld~)

ChriB ti ,cmsbul'1J

Cmnp HillSociety Hill

Winnshol'e(StokfJS Co.)

GreenvillefJlidell nboro

..., .....':',)

FD

D

DD

~)

'_)

Fr)[J

DU

DIJDD

r',)

[)

D

I)

oD

D

Do

o

ii[\ ( r; I] r)1; i n u mJ )

Qarn~b~3 BidwellJuhn CampbellJohn Chuncller1-181LJ_n Chi t tenden[J rch;]l'rJ enDl<:J~lCUiJ r::I'C1(ilni nsl: i elclr~ichrH'd CuttsS~mlu81 DanaEzra [jarbvJohn D ;C\\lenportWil1i;:nn Dickson.]mn81::j ElliotC:'lleb EllisEfJ8nf:3Zf3r ElmerlJllliafT1 E1V:.,j) 111 am Fi ndlBIj.]tJHle:3 FiskJohn FowlerLs a i ah Green'if:.l th HrntingsijJU 1iam HelmsDavid HoughJohn G. Jacl<nDnJames f~ell yJoseph LewistlJathew LvonWilliam McCreeryJeremi ah i·1orrow.Innathan r<1oselyJeremiah fJelsonTimothy PitkinJosiah QuincyJohn RusselPeter 5ail1yMartin SchunemanJohn Cotton SmithJoseph StantonIJJilliarnStedmanLeldls SturlJ8sSamuel TaggartBenjamin TallmadgeSamuel TenneyDavid ThomasThDmas ThompsonUri TracyKillian Van RensselaerJOs('lph VarnumPeleg ilJadSLtlOrthEliphalet WickesMarmaduke WilliamsI\i;]than Williams

~Jtacer~iss •f'1d.Hass~Vt ..r~ass.~~ass~r"ic~sB.,Conn.I\J.:3.Conn.Tenn •\Jt. •I'·j. H •n.J.t'tass.Fla.Vt.HCl~3CJ •I'hss.fl. J •

\.1 a •

Vi'! 0

V,') •1''ieJ.LJhioConn.r-lass.Conn.r'~18FJS•

\\j. Y •r,.] ~ Y II

fJ. V •COlln.;~~.I"i'''18f)~~.:II:

Corm.[1Iiss.Conn.f!. H.!,'). V II

rJ • j I •i',i. V •I'J • Y •i';la~;s•

f'J It G.f"J. Y •

OlstricL

StockbridgePort TobacCOr~onmouth cr:jr~.)hliLll s tnnWiscass8 G W(~~.)SaleT!lPepperelboI'of-1idd18s8x~Jco tell Pl8insS t am f'n I'd

Brat t.1H\10X'D

EiprillqfieldYnunus tuunOurI'e(L ':><1n~Jtun)Barris t ab le

Hackat tstmJll(Lr_~b;JnrJn)CIClrkrlbuI"DPhi 1 (lLi~J Iplli i:l

Up f!I'villuEclrJyvillBf~f;! i~lt;>, I'D tuunr;llif1 tljOHIery~:cEJt Haduarn( r·JE::I_dlJu rIjp [Jl' L )FurmingtoflDustunC>JOp81'~; tLll:Jrl

(F 1 CJ tE;hul'lj)CGI'2om Co.)(<::'\. '··IT'rln)" '. J ll~..,"",_ t

C11:JrJc::~) tUuJrliJu rr;flt) tel'F ,:li l'Pi I'] ldCU18I':linLltchfield

r-_;aleln

U><fnrcl:-UbanyDracut(PcJrLhmd, Hu.)(LDng L,laml)

r-r

D

DoFDF

F

DFDD

r-rD

D

F[)

r-,-I""I-

F...r

DDF[)

FFr-rF

D

DD

oD

~, , -I'} '1""" ',I"j:' (If lli:J \}rjl,8i_ i 1-1 ; : fi :~i~:~I' ..,~. - ,j I,: J.._ ) .. J .-- •• .1 . . .I~"< -

',f,

... " .' '2('1 -I '''0-'- ',..rui-,,',:? l·.'-I,:"-:"'J;~,:;, ',I,>",-J" 1-,'1,1;',1 '(", ·;"·,'ll,:-~U r S ,I "J d j'i _t'" I.'~~n-:/, ,._,U - '::.:.i, - - u - - - . . .. .... • w -

pijn~;rl!;:; :,I.1'E: eel r:CJI!I'JD::)ite of f-'3r__!':]r,]]_i~~ts 811d r~[~rlu:.lllc2n'c'. L!II I;nu

V] sr.! rd' ej2 Co 5/+ l'f:ljI3t:tlng :,1 V'JZOIJ s8UlrJffl8n[" 1:7 ilr:~pUfJlic;HI,j and

2 FClcl~,rDLi_r:; :;') '=JUp'[)I'God them. 1

E:nqlcmd st a [;85 (['JeIJJ Harnpshir e , HausClchusett s , Connecticut, Rhnde

LsLann) vo tf~d 1 to 29 to pass the bill. The Souti'lern states(Georgia, South Carolina, North Carolina, Virginia, Maryland) voted36 to 5 to reject the bill. By a record of 3 to 7 the Frontierstates (Vermont, Kentucky, Tennessee, Ohio) did not support rejectionof the bill. In the Middle states (New York, Pennsylvania, NewJersey, Delaware) the contest was not a3 one sided with a vote of 22

Lo 13 favoring rejection of the bill.

1,' )_ J ' ' ~! :J r t 'J inf;~r 1 j. fJ

.If i;i::; '/ /'ii, C ~.'il1:lr'-Hil·,,'j:; un r!(ltloni]l pu l Lt i c:s ,

c"~ j 1.'/2

~'_I'.:··":;":,C:"'II,J-,.',:J';'_,:'~i,,,',,,",,=)''.; ''If-''l''l'-'C'''-'l'I'-~I-l l]"'le) 1-"'111 J"" \-, 1 ')__ .. .~ _ _ f:J _ r.:~_J·. J It...' . 01._ ,-,': ~ J, ,I .•: .._,I! :.:;1:1:~r_:'; ..... \J :._:~~ : \ I,; l'J l-!. r_~ l___l i j 'j , f '~JU r

f 'JU _I_'I-:~ \.~1: :.:': 1) i 11

'.,J:_~ , : iIU!., :'Iffil,_i_::.j;~ :e1 I",-,I,i,.'.;i: :,,','1-1','/ ',",1:11.'1,',,/ ',ll--lrJ '-1"1"'1/ 'J'le"'I' '1'1-1'__ __ _ __;;, ". ,:~ "', J ,,'.C '.' -I l_:ll: ....J.:C

",'r,,' '. ,i,. 'J ('I :,,1::,' .... 'oJ 1 "I , J". _~ . '_) '_,....1,,) (, :-:;] , •..:_i.tr1J ill. I~.n II ~'1. i; 'j

.,;-: ;i. :ji j

Cr::l;!JI; til:':; irl Ll. IjJ'C;J'···~ tJ:'ivi:i8cl :ifT1IJng i"'.irlJ.'Lh C;ll'ul:i.neJ, \Jj"IJinia, UflJ

1[j1j:;!'LillC:j 'hllDO c l alrns , _. 1"ernl:Je.rC" o f the Virginia d:.JlerFll;ion, John

2.];n;I/:C:iun hod tJf~8n a land GUrv8IjOI' in the ulas t and he uas rn'uu::Joly

c!fl/ious GO halJr~ the qU8f3cion of ldestern land titles clE'~ar8dLlP~Juseph Lewis represented a Federalist stronghold in Viroinia and

elected to office from 1803 to 1817. 3 Lewis uas ouns i s t ent in

ilis op0osition and minority relationship in voting against rsj8ctlon.

nIl r:;i[Jht of t.he mm-affiliatetj \Jirl]inians voted for rejection.

o f r~;:H'vLmd OrJPosr~rJ rejection CJ f thE3 maasur-e , C;lrnpLmll '.:.F.lf3 :l LJ!dljt:ll'

Itfrom POI't Tobacco, Maryland, . who probably r8nr8sent8~, in part,

;Jicl t;o the ~JP8culdtors (ril8n lik •.J. them). HcCl'[:;ol'Y loJ:tS iJ F:ll'1l18 L' :IIJl'n

if I Ireland :J bJho WcJS cert;:linly s'ltl1jl;:lt;hetlc to the uJestFJrn claimD.

!-,h :'" c; CJ 1111i rrnn j S 8. Tilr:~): ('8 p r aSf~ n t nt iv rm from Varrn: .n l;, ,rlU i',~)ll t ur.l: 'J

.37

r:

T 'J r J 1 ,~ I I - ':;t l:J t :;~fJ Cl r LV',] 0 t c~ Di :::3 i;rib uti u n U

,"', i~~Jt ;~j)

'j '; ,; flU FU [J13 r~!li!OJ t ;1, epu!l 1i c ~ln [·Ju1, ;j f f i.E 'Jt:~;Jy r,j If rJ V t'J

Cunr:"~r; t J, Ci_! t0 7 0 7 0 0 tl 0

Dsl;:jl'I;:II'8

fJ [" n [) 0 0 0 n.J ,J

G8uT'ljiu1 [l D D 0 n 1 [I

U

r~'l:~~("1 t u c 1< yn " 0 0 n , 2 1c. -: .L

f :'1 J.' 'j 1dnd2 ~~ 0 1 2 0 0 1

[:1;) J S '.le: hU?3 8 t!; <,1 15 0 6 1 It 0 ::5

[J8iJJ H ;jmpniJiren ') [] [J [J [] 0 5.J

f'.J8uJ .] :] J.' ~,;r~~,2 -, 0 0 1 3 1 0.J

i',.1,~~:r_]J York~j n 1 0

., .- 1 2' ..J

.) u

;·jurth [;:jI'ulindr 2 0 0 c· 2 1 0u :J

Ohiu0 1 n [J CJ 1 0 0

h~nl'fc)vbrmia15 " 1 r-t 8 1 r 1c. j u

«hudD Ls l and0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0

';outil Cru'Dlina,.., 0 0 0 4 0., 0

I.J

T8nn8ssr:~e0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1

\/8rn:unt1

..., 0 1 1 1 0 1.J

I]lrgini cl

20 2 0 1 12 1 '1 0u

62 S!.

House Vo t e - Harch 31, lEmF~ 7

.,.. .v-8S - ,.", .No ,. '_." :I';r ••.. :~,,'"l;. ,

f/2 5l.

C/'1r~A[)A

B 1\ I TIS H POSSESSIONS

I,,'-

'::"

<J'I"

Fort Mich~Lf_!l.8CY.\.~Od-

/)~) II.~

)

/

INDIANA"I,'I(

)j

I'j '. .. )/"·(1803.5)

,<,'

->;ooCO~j

U) :r:ue

::; UJQ::lJ..

0 '-

-'f6--(

./ [ADDED TO

f MISSISSIPPI TEHRITORY/

~ 1804-12).

~, . ..~.t-----·--______;- ·:::i • ...;_.------')

.J MISS\iSSIPPI/ TERHITORY

,boWas!lington 8 1804)~ Natchoz ( 1 79 ~ r __ - ..-.-.~l_ .. ...-.-.·..-----._.-;~ A N I S

.... ,_. New Orjean~ . 1795), l~.S. DeposIt StatIon /

()

"9 ~,-,

.•-v" ~.

" .i',e

" \ \\'

•• f ' f)1,,1 L X. I\.. l

J\.1

i\ .',

'.~ ", i I

>:': ""/. ,','

I. I) W [ Ii

,IN 'f ! C

..I' Ii J'-I0','~JewEnglcmd --j'Jjidllle -Suubhar-nFrontie!' -

, ~'

-.' •••• t.... ..... ,1." ...... ~.._ •. ,...... ~ i'.)

U 01-'~-T:-·l)~S~A~L-:S--- !~1783-1803

o original tturt een s tate s

o new stc te s au mlt ted

o military reserves:SOIIIt, Carulinn Mili!illY Re setve 1778North Carulina Mililnry Reserve 17BOMnryl:)rHl Reserve 1781Virp,iflia Mililiuy lnHNew York Milil;HY Tract 1'IP.2North Cnrulina Mililnry Reserve 1783Vir~inin Mililruy lte~(Irve 173,1Pennsylvarli:l Don;l1ioll ond[)epre~ iatiol1 Lnnds 1733

9 Gcoril,in Milit[lfY H(!servlJ 178410 U.S. Military District 1796

(!;I U.S. capital 0 stato 01' territorial cnpital

~ r..lBntlsh posts II~ld until I/SJ6

II ~~.J00 \,1]_ 2~lh.~~~~----~

39

nI:JS G Dt 8 d 81 E'! cJ (] t u S II

VOi;E, :3 I:,u 1D in 1'8\101:' of PUSS']08 of tho bill. John Gtl()IHj1_'31'

V:]200 COITJprom5.m; hi 11. I~s a group, the r/:j_dr:l12 f3 t at as s trengthfJrwrJ

the vute fj f the ~JouthnI'n S G<J tns , Tuo r81]r8~18n tati vr~s f rnrn PUllflcj\jl-r -

vonia, 8ioht repr8aBnt~tiv8s from New York, and thre8 f8preserltatlv8sfrom M8W Jersey voted as th~ minority in thIs division. WilliamFincJlf:\j (Republican) of Ynurnjs tnun , Pcnnsv Lvan.ia, was n f'urrne r who

irnll]j.gr21tC!d to i-\rm~riCC1from Ireland. 9 l1.sa re:W8sentrJGl.ve from tilDuJest, he co lnc i.rlenLJith that section's rnajorit'j vl.eus but 1.');]5 thesols rroponent of the Yazoo claims in his party. SS8minDly

cunt rao lc torv , J::JmesKellV, a non-affiliated r8pl'l~::;BntrJtiv8 from

Philadelphia which is located in the eastern half of the state,favored the cornpr-omi.ae, The majority of the state and his (non-affi liated) d818CJation opposed his views lJ.lhichcould not nave beensolidly based on section. Pennsylvania voted nearly unanimously

against this bill and the mavericks within the state represented

different geographical sections.The majority of the New York delegation (8 out of 13) voted

for the compromise. They deviated from the transitional section

(8d!1':211sc, [\uI'don l-lumf'o r d UT fJeHu York City, WIG Dfl8 uf DnLy (;l.JCJ

Lli,[Jl':::; :;iw;:~ ho !,J;:IS on Lhu unur d nf ti18janl~ [If fJ8lJJ Yur l: ~Jlld ,:!\/:::nLu-

uf' ',[1IJm !iIUsi., ill\ll'. twell hi s c lien t s , However, at tilL; 1;1.1,1::: i;lli!

irJ"; 1.1 f 8 [lush t hr ouqh the Bupr erne CDuI' t ,

Thc~ CJL~ f!8[d York f(s[Jublic8ns ltlhu f':!\lurmJ tim nomprumi ue

Hartin SCfluneman, Grmm County;. David Thomas, '3Cll81T1j Uri Tr acv ,Oxford; Killian Van Rensselaer, Albanv; and Eliphalet Uickes,Lon~ Island. Russsl was a member of the Clinton faction in NewVork politics. 11 Sailly was a judge and merchant whos8 commercialinterests would have pointed to the need for Westward movement and

1 t· 12specu a lonw13Schuneman was an inn owner in Green County.

David Thomas was another march ant as Sai11'1. 14 Uri Tracy was

a Presbljterian minister uhn had been a missionary to the Indians.

15Tracy later movec.l to uaat arn ['Jew York. Killian Vun RcnsGe18er

was em e;_:jst8rn His friends, 8S thos:=] of m::mlj f-ncJclle

:;tfJtm) r';pl":.lD8nt~JLiv[~s, must IVNe been invn l.v ad in

, ....• " •• , 'j r j , .L I

2 :J'::i '~,~~-ji: f"'J ,2. Lll:J"_f 2 E'l I (. ;:.~ , rm i \ dn~:3?jU1 c:.l;-3.t' uho se cliunts 111U:3 t; h;]V8 'o.\l:u

19ld~IS d due tor. Ht~ 11118

;::]fILi2[J

ile L!G21' ICliwed tlJ Ohio.

the uiLl IJ;:JS Hemry

,-, , , , f Min" c.", innr i drJP 21,.J[]ut;,'lcJl'U, :] 'UI'lIICr r r mn !_j,.L:.I. ,,:!J._ •• -. His sul.e c.;UP[JClI'i:; bF1S UI8

or ;1I'ur8'j",icJfl;:Jl j_nb3r-:~;ts appe ar eri to favor adnut i.nn uf t\w Y:lzon

C'Jln[Jl'olid. '3f3.

~ . 1 ~T I r"'·t t I:J' !"J t i c l t i 231 ~JD. 8 1_ - ·J;d ,a o t e ;]1' .a c i pa Ion

5hlt8 2/+Yes r\Ju JJo t Votin~J Total Delef.)Cltion 01 Voting/e

Conn2C t.l cut0 7 0 7 100DelmFJl"~0 0 1 1 0

Georgi a1 [J 3 l. 25

hentuckv2 2 2 6 66i~aryland2 2 5 9 1+4

r~assachU:3et ts1 15 1 17 94Neb) Harnpshirn0 5 0 5 100

rJ r:J!JJ Jr:!rsBIj2 :3 1 r 82tJ

fJ8lJJ Vork5 8 4 17 76I\Jort.h C21l'olina6 2 4 12 66

Ohio0 1 0 1 100

Pcmns':ll \J '_mi cl15 2 1 18 9l.

Rhode Island0 1 1 2 SO

South C,II'olin2]7 0 1 ,'3 eoT8nn8sse~~0 1 2 3 JJ

VeI'rIHJnt1 :j 0 "

100....

Virginiel20 '1 0 22 lODc.

~.

;'cl\!C~ lO[]')G IfU tine1 ',Jc!rLici r,,~J~"I·.l·rJf-'. r'lr"] 'f I . I' •. • • ~::J _ , __ w ' _J 1_ j _oj!. ,; I-IL I"! '3 '" >cCC: ::J C 1. [J n !J r t II t~

states nut unarllmouslv BnrJ·ur'.:.~F_~~ c;.~r+:.-,·,'.l~lr'l'j]·_R·"'.J.) . ,_.~ __ u _ __ CCinrlucL1.Cl.li~,

that they voted strongly for t flU !Ill J. 'j

G L ,:' ij r-: n, .1\,' f.·J Ii' J ,r,,I [-1 c_H..' I-.t,I "'C.~ " ',I:' 1, .'J,. • l' J I-I 'I- :'1-' 0 "J ") r' -';" d f''' ]',j _ / "_, _ _ _ __. .,1 '" . ,.: _,,-,1,"£3 enr, nD unu rOlf! u..-: .. ·:I!.·ldre

\!~Jt 2 d ~j t 'J}. J •1'1

'Jotirll~5_r Ii,F) T' C3 'j L • T h [3 fJ iJ l' t II d rr I I'U rJ i u n h 'J rJ t h '=' Iii, '] 11.:'~~);~ b '..1 r n o u L

pru 'lilly cuunl_;c;rJfill' bl18 Ili Uri turnout in their p'Nur. Irl tilC3 S'_il!ciIUl'n

clnlE)U::'li;i:]lI ClpPO::J8CI trlu rJIJrtrl8rri ']I'OUp n f cungrE:)sr:;nl~ln. LLiith unlv

absent8B factor in Congresslonal voting was shown. If anythino,

turnout against t118 weaker structure, not will, of tt-1B :JOutl1f31'n

delegation. After 811, the Southerners led bV Juhn Randolph of

Roanoke were the moat vociferouS in their opposition to a Vazoo

compromise.Table IV illustrates the regional splits within the Feceralist

and Republican parties. In the New England states the Federalists

produced the greatest strenth against rejection, while only in the

transitional Middle states did the Federalists break ranks to vote

44

Table IV - Regional Party Breakdown

RegionVes ~Jo Federalist f~eput)lican r~on-Affi liated

y P,J V N V rJ

r.JewEngland1 29 0 13 1 5 0 11Southern36 5 0 1 23 3 13 1flJidclle22 13 2 0 12 10 [J 3Frontier.3 7 0 I l' .3 2 3

Table V - Regional Participation

RegionYes rJo !"Jot Voting Total Del8~FJ cion

r~1 Voting;J

1 -q 97.J_

ll~ 55 80

,.,1;2 83I

[, llf 71

~J8Ltl England1 29

Southern36 5

Hiddle22 L3

Fr-orrt i ar.3 7

fiJI' 1':~j8ct;lCln nntl tilu E;t;I'OnOE~st O[J:io~;in!1 REJputllir::;ml ''''Jntiment C'.I1118

(1. n d 1;':; !;o 10 vo t r~') 1" r'l 1,;'1'18 1)1i. rl :,,',',1,",', ,,'0 c·,' '''j r cs .-, -1"'" -, 'J: ,,'f ':',1' I,'c,:', :Ij",'(,] ['J ,"",'1,,0,v _ .' _ _ _ ...:J '_; !:: '.I t;., ~) ':. _ -:::::c.. l_l_ J.,. L! .' ".~'_ - ~-

upponr~d to I'ejec t lon , ThrClU r" ',"1','.' ," 't','" f,'" , ',i" 0 ','''1:'; f,', c. ! '"." ,',". r< 'P' !"I 1 l' C' '}')') 1 " ,, ,~ _ ,,', _~,~ s ~Lr~ Sp_l~.

f;:J\JU_f~ tl-l;::~ C[JffIPT'Qlilj.:~Je ..

roglonal 8id1nOs.nli~ Y21ZiJU cClfl!prolni(jl-J I/Oi~tJ ') r [,larch 31, lDC1G, whcm dis3UC tr3d

shu 1_JJ;;] cl t f I ;3 P ]_:]5 t i__ cit '.j o f Ie::] I'1.V par I;1 [3 '3 • F f:i d [31' ,'J 1. i :i t:o, ~')t r 0 n ~jl'j U 11\I [J (] 1,' t;:; '.:1

cornpror:Li. 'F3. TiL) V ::,11''uJLJ S j_ n L 81' Ln ck 1. r1'; r e 2JS fJ n~l nrn emu c un COI,I!=,TOil Ii El8

ciS :.;ilU\JJf1 Lhrougi'j tim firclt t;h1'8C CllHpGer2, art'. :,m complm< ,nrJ Luc al.Ly

dc'!citJHrl :JS ti1u vOGe rE!cords proved.

HfJpulJlican pen'ty. n LJ::H3icc!lllj 3~outt18rn R8publicEm- HiLldlE~stat,3

orouping defeated a F8d~ralist 8n~ Jeffersonian back2d measure.The strong will and voice of John Randolph kept the Yazou issue

defeated until 1814. In that term, Congress passcd bV a narrow vote

a compensation bill for the Yazoo claimantse Randolph was not in

46

1.1J;-j~_J UrIGfJl-j~J'I~1·tu tJ..orJrJl

••• Lile :Ji;~Jt8 of Gf~ul'fjj_a 1,1;:13resi~['cl'i,rF~;:J, >31tt18I' e)\} omlr3l'cll:Jrif1ci.:~11'3S l:lilicil ~lr8 curnmo n t.n 0'11' f!'EJ'" insGli;lltloIF;, ur try\;118 !J'Jl'Liculc{r 11l'UVj'3icHkJ of' the Ccm,~ti1:1Ii~ion u f til,! UnlLurJr- >, r:, , I I- I, l' 1 . .. > • ~ '".~JL:cjCr.~s L!,iD S-~8tIH SI-!UU (j P~]SS ~:!n'J ..... ;JeJ lrnp~]lr.Ln~J t ne U,J_lfJc]-

Liun u F crJfl::r2Jcl;s], Prenn f1;wsLnq a lcl1!J Wfl'J1'2iJy tlls :J':;Le]te ofU'Il'JJ1:Cjintiff in cr1':: pl'E!rni:;c:Jc, SIJ ;'lul'ch;Js(nl crjiJ}_rJ LJ<:J CUfl5-

\:1, LII i f lln U, I,' r.:i Icl lr: i': 'J J. 11} "'-rW,.J'Ji 1':3d ,1Jl tl i' Em r:] t; l'FJ;_I nu 1J. "HI r:.i"J c, ,.

vo Ld , c.:»

1.:) t cnuo 1.';1. It': I: I:J i I ;j i_ Z 8 I:J t h '" C IIeeln '01'c: :) r i r I 'J l'C.!',.» !~i I I.d,~ L i 1 j II '" ' I 12 I I'] !,)

, . ,:--_i 1,',1 uri \.1.

i~,:l17[jU h !]ri_,]~.-~nizcJt:lC)nj r\[)t!'~ltJ.;?~:3, -mrl ti'j 'UUIJr'l ri;-Jti~Jr;~JJ,J.~-,)rj!, nut

t.r:;. "

".1":u~ .. '1

( j! ;:,:;i_;J

;:~!r_~ '.~.Jf : , '.":'.1 (:\

,'\ i" 1 ;-J ; (_J r Un 1. L',:~'.J .....;1 s~,:__';;;,.·:1.;;.....::.1_,-:; :' i 1 ·_:.~i to 111r= r~_1tI9 ~ J. ~~:;-I '::-1/): L 1. ,:')It

:~... U J_l'~_ (;1 I ~J[Jr'lr-~:;!11 J_ J_ J .;..~J ,

2_[.iU:C' ..t fJ! i'~h8 ;'-\nl·~l',-}.r;>-.:ri il~t ':i:,[}f'J_L':~i~,

i~~J':':UJ_'U~_;--1 ;_:rr!eJ .)1,;, l'J(~ i'-~iUhL::.~,ii ;~,rl'il!J~__IJ~~ '-,;U C~:i :..1 t .i.. u_11 , \J r.l 1. I I (1. ')CJ.. ) t 2(~)"

ltd.£. ,7. ~., 77.

n. Illie.

(Ci1ulF,1 r lill.:

13. C. PetElr r'ICJIJI"cJj-,il, 'liII.OD: The Ci:l~~U of FleLchF.cl' :i.. P;';cl~(lle111 Vork: W.W. r,Jorton and Co., 19G7),-S:--

14. Thomas Jeffet'srJr), "Yaznu Lr:mu tia18S, II Jeff,Jrsoniun Cljt:lopedia,ad. John P. Foley (New York: Russell and Russell, 1967), 952.

16. .ll!.i£., 96.

17. ~.

18. ItJirJ., 97.

19. S8fTlUBl Fleig'] n,Jrnis, Jolin IJuinc~ nd;]l1IEj ;CHId til'" Lllllon ([JU'd Yo rk :~lfr8d ~nurFp 1956), 2g4.

21. CU~,Jl L I' , i~~~;rJI'Cil f_-J, 1(J,'j It

?3.

r")n(',1_)",

-r- "'" ,.~' 1 •~ )Ui.J.~n,

, I ~,__ ;'.-1.

'I !_'j::;L"'::_], J(r~f?(?tr:'Jn;1 \!.. :.~_;r1 • \. J Li n ton:

1(l r [Ji'Ji~ l' : T~, D:>1 Lti-; t;r ill! r! L: u fHourJhLr:n j'1i_f'flin CD., 19CI7), 300.

36. UftS., Congress, Annals of the Conqress of ~ Un!ted !;tates,8th Con~Jr8ss, 2nd session, February 17, 1795 <Washington: Gales andSeaton, 1851), 838.

37 • I b i cl., 12 J[J •

38. Bowers, Jefferaon in Power, 300.

mmrn'Jtll'j, ~ ~jouGil, 152.

- -- -----_ -_- -----

" _.'J" _', U':J 1",-~....... ,....,~·I._i _~ ..

'j, ~ t , C'~-r j.

,-,

, :< ,i~ r. Sf 1'/ , -r- ' l--i :_.J~:": .. j '__; 1,1 1,:)U.

1;J. I :j 1:1 •

~,:) .I, •

(I r:rjl ;,;[-\::-1

Madi~on: S8cr2t~ryi' 1 J~--17~ ?-·'l_J U .) ___._._; ~) c.__ ) t.

: ~,~J ~ ':11 ! ~-; ~_-J.. ., '"

"'''1-: -. i' f' '1._ .L.L

909.

C \1,1 [J [;'-'.1' I I

1J, •

, ~.-:..+ / •

2-.. l.J.~j", t_",'U-Jif.J.i.'~~!C~3':)J ..-~r!n:Jl,~~, ]_2t~1-1 Con!] .. , 2.nd S~2:~~3., J':ljlUcjry 13,(--J r-','!I (_J.:::_' ~

3., U ..._~.. , Crn'l'~;r'C!':'~~_':i, nni'j;~;l E~, r~l~JICfY;lS_j 1'1, Ls t S8~~~3.. , Decr~n1!J~.-~I' 3D,H.j03, TH~.

7. Lbi d ,

'3. Hd_d.-10. Ibid., D2'2.

~2 -1'· I1.... ~.

1-,:Y. I tJ i(I .. , 1153 .,

Ihid., 1.160.

Ih', ,-,~.,

S(J

19.

20.

21.

22.

~.,

r . • 1~I'!'

T Ii i,,1

~"'1

1']'23.

... '1"" r-'~L'_J~) [.J ,.

........ "'...,.-._!_U_;_) ~

20','-j •

-, 1) -~ .

,I !_-Jj~ 1..; ~ ,

I}-],i ri ,

33.. H~;riL''j

Cu., li~,cl2)J 12'].

of~r.).; .,

the F ':!i',:}j) j c'l~ r-t,:, :-jUI,j.~ r s ,:z!. '~.1]_ 1~:)t.3 ( '~~f.J :~; tun:

7r_) I,J ""

37.

39.,

T:, i :~flJ

.,.. t. ~ I

~~~

1 " 1 t>~... L ..__ '.

"'! ,.-,r)r-"_i_! .. ! : ,!

1,Fi7 •

.. '1 r"1-:"_J.:_ /_J' fJl

tt,l" j:-r! J.:_~! C:L';-jn~rii.Ji'::lIi:f T:-I~_~J;~~ff~jr~3u(jj_3n r~~3~-JulJli:-,·..~]n8 in i'1u!._!Jr~r:P'-:lrt'l Up;:oL3Lioiic; 1.JCn ...J2_Q2 (i~hap81 Hill: The University of f'JorthCarolina Press, 1953), 81.

42. ~., 78.

43. Bowers, Jefferson in Power, 303.

45. Adams, John Randolph, 130.

Chapter III

1. U.S., Congress, Annals, 9th Cong., 1st S8SS~, 906.

3. Ibid., 90S.

4. Ibid., 909.

5. Ibid., 912.6 • I bi [1., 917 •

7. Ibid., 920-921.B. lJ.zi., CmFJr8~33, Joint Enrnml t t ne on Printing, CJim!r~FJhi'~al

o f ttlC; ;\fIIl;l':l.CJJl Ccmqres8 1771~-1961, prnsented IJ'j 111'. f'1~)yrJ8n.B;:Jwr tl',h r,',',f,'J'rl'-,,-•. , -:;-.,,1,_ C, ,',- i (IJ ,c.I,; "1'" I'Jll~'J-;--JP1'rH-JPI'lt f1ri nUIIC' U f f'i[>~.' _, ~ _J '''' ~ ". _J \ . \ '_! '.J, • ._... j..... I "-' '-' - :J - ,

lJG1), ~7-:'~7~o

9. I~Jil_-l", ;::J'!:_-_! l~il ~:"-:;UL~uD!.' il-~~jl;_Tf.':~·;_i::~ ;:JrjclfJ-~njcJ if 1 fjc.tt(Jllth ~']US

ar e tha ['1'1:::1. (-j .1 ~'; _;_:.:J TJI..; l-i7 tli'_~ [~unCJI' 0~_)iTJ8f1 li:-.:jt;:~cj l.n !·..h,~! Dio[_~1';:1:-;h~~(.:21Dir8ctul"j ~ 10): 1 r1U:.J ij;:_;c.::,_Jc.j·;::-\l'j_ly l'~;PJ[·;~.~~.~nt !.;l·!~~l.L'Ie I [;1:;11]\1 rjlst-I'l:-;t'~1t

J.

-

1,...,~_ I J "

11"-. ,..-), "·······fII

• I1. 'f •

,.-.~- / .18.

20.

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Cunliff8, r-1nrcus, .J::.!:l§. P'Jation Tclkes Shape .l2§2-1837, VDl. III ofThe Chic~lnO History of Am[nicc3n Civilization, f>.d. D,]niel iJuCll'stin.ChI'CDIJD; Universi.ty of Chlc,J[Jo Pr~~3S, .959.

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Hh,torical Statistics £f ~ UnitedWashington: Government Printing

D' U.S., Congress, Joint Committee on Printing, 8ioQraphica1lrectorv of the (\meric,-JnConaress 1774-1961, presented by f'lr.

Ha\loen r_)r., ,.'. C'.' - - F) .. "Off1 •• DU\.,II onl]., l.:"t S8S~j., Washington: Government 'rH1Lln~1a c e , J.');;1.