YEAR 7 LATIN REVISION – SUMMER 2018

Common Entrance Level 1

Blank Page

Contents

Revision Tips 1

Nouns 2

Adjectives 4

Superlatives 5

Verbs 6

Infinitives 10

Imperatives 10

Exam Format 11

Background Topics 12

Terminology 16

Vocabulary List 17

1

Revision Tips

Use the following checklist to help you with your revision:

1. I know the set vocabulary from Latin-English

2. I understand what the six noun cases are used for

3. I understand what the three verb tenses are used for

4. I know my 1st and 2nd declension noun endings off by heart

5. I know my present, imperfect and perfect endings off by heart

6. I know what infinitives and imperatives look like and how to translate them

7. I know how to use the infinitive of a verb to identify its conjugation

8. I know how to use the genitive singular of a noun to identify its declension

9. I understand the way in which adjectives agree with the noun that they are describing

10. I know my chosen background topics well

Learning Methods

Look, Cover,

Write, Check

Look at a list of vocabulary or an endings table and try to memorise it. Cover it up and

write it out. Check against the original. Repeat until you can do it perfectly.

Verbal Testing Ask someone to test you verbally. This works particularly well for vocabulary.

Flashcards Identify words that you find difficult to remember and make flashcards with the Latin on

one side and English on the other.

Songs & Rhymes Reciting verb and noun endings to a tune or a particular rhythm is usually the most

effective way to commit it to memory.

Explaining Teaching a concept (e.g. how adjectives agree with nouns) to somebody who doesn’t

know it is the best way to see if you really understand it!

Identification Try looking through a translation passage and identifying things from the above checklist

e.g. a verb in the pluperfect, an infinitive, a pronoun.

2

Nouns

Nouns are people, places and things. In Latin, nouns have endings to signal their role in the sentence; these

are called case endings. There are six cases:

Case Meaning

Nominative Subject of the verb – the person or thing doing the main verb in the sentence

(e.g. the master punished the slaves.)

Vocative Being addressed – a person or thing being spoken to – only used in direct speech

(e.g. “master, punish your slaves!”)

Accusative Object of the verb – the person or thing on the receiving end of the main verb

(e.g. the master punished the slaves.)

Genitive Owner of another noun in a sentence – unrelated to the verb – key word: of

(e.g. the master punished the king’s slaves.)

Dative Used if something is being given to or being done for a noun – key words: to, for

(e.g. the king gave food to the slaves.)

Ablative A variety of meanings – key words: by, with, from

(e.g. the master beat the slaves with a stick.)

Nouns are divided into five distinct groups and each group has its own set of endings to signal the above

cases; these groups are called declensions. For Common Entrance Level 1, you only need to know the 1st

and 2nd declension.

You can identify the declension of a noun by looking at its genitive singular ending, which is always given in

the dictionary next to every noun. The genitive singulars associated with each declension are:

1st Declension 2nd Declension

-ae -i

As well as cases, all nouns have a gender:

1st Declension 2nd Declension

feminine masculine or

neuter

There is one exception to the above:

1. poēta, agricola, incola and nauta are masculine 1st declension nouns since they refer to male roles

3

The endings for each declension of nouns:

1st Declension Nouns

Singular Plural

Nominative (subject) puell – a puell – ae

Vocative (calling) puell – a puell – ae

Accusative (object) puell – am puell – ās

Genitive (of / owning) puell – ae puell – ārum

Dative (to / for) puell - ae puell - īs

Ablative (by / with / from) puell - ā puell - īs

2nd Declension Masculine and Neuter Nouns

Masculine Neuter

Singular Plural Singular Plural

Nominative serv – us serv – ī bell – um bell – a

Vocative serv – e serv – ī bell – um bell – a

Accusative serv – um serv – ōs bell – um bell – a

Genitive serv – ī serv – ōrum bell – ī bell – ōrum

Dative serv – ō serv - īs bell - ō bell - īs

Ablative serv – ō serv - īs bell - ō bell - īs

It is essential that you know the 1st and 2nd declension noun tables off by heart.

A note on forming 2nd and 3rd declension nouns:

Some 2nd declension masculine nouns end in –er instead of –us. Some of these drop their ‘e’ (e.g.

magister, magistrī) and some retain their ‘e’ (e.g. puer, puerī). Always check the genitive singular to be sure.

Summary of Nouns

Each noun is giving you three pieces of information:

1. Its case – the role of the noun in the sentence

2. Its gender – masculine, feminine or neuter

3. Its number – whether the noun is singular or plural

4

Adjectives

Adjectives are words that describe nouns. Since word order is so flexible in Latin, an adjective cannot be

relied upon to be next to the noun it’s describing as it would in English. Therefore the ending of the

adjective must match the noun in order to signal that they are connected; this is called agreement.

An adjective agrees with the noun it’s describing in three ways: case, gender and number.

e.g. if a noun is nominative, feminine and singular, its adjective must also be nominative, feminine

and singular.

Adjectives are divided into two distinct groups, sometimes called terminations. At this stage, you only

need to know 1 / 2 termination adjectives. In the dictionary, they look like this:

1 / 2 Termination Adjectives

laetus, -a, -um or

pulcher, pulchra, pulchrum

For 1 / 2 termination adjectives, the masculine, feminine and neuter forms are provided to help you form

them. Here are the endings in full:

1 / 2 Termination Adjectives

Masculine Feminine Neuter

Singular Plural Singular Plural Singular Plural

Nominative laet – us laet – ī laet – a laet – ae laet – um laet – a

Vocative laet – e laet – ī laet – a laet – ae laet – um laet – a

Accusative laet – um laet – ōs laet – am laet – ās laet – um laet – a

Genitive laet – ī laet – ōrum laet – ae laet – ārum laet – ī laet – ōrum

Dative laet – ō laet - īs laet - ae laet - īs laet - ō laet - īs

Ablative laet – ō laet - īs laet - ā laet - īs laet - ō laet - īs

Note that these are identical to 1st and 2nd declension noun endings – if you know your nouns, you

know your adjectives!

5

Superlative Adjectives

Adjectives used to describe nouns are said to be in their positive form, given above. Adjectives used to

signify that a noun is the most something or very something need to be in their superlative form.

Adjectives are easy to turn into their superlative form. Simply add –issimus to the stem and decline as normal

e.g. laetissimus puer (the happiest boy)

laetissimī puerī (the happiest boys)

Unfortunately, there are some adjectives that have irregular superlative forms. These just need to be

learnt:

Positive Superlative

bonus, -a, -um (good) optimus, -a, -um (the best)

malus, -a, -um (bad) pessimus, -a, -um (the worst)

magnus, -a, -um (big) maximus, -a, -um (the biggest)

parvus, -a, -um (small) minimus, -a, -um (the smallest)

multus, -a, -um (much) plurimus, -a, -um (the most)

6

Verbs

Verbs are ‘doing words’. A verb is the main action in a sentence. Every sentence has a verb and the verb is

the most useful word in that sentence. It is usually found towards the end of a sentence.

Each verb is giving you three pieces of information:

1. The action – what is happening in the sentence

2. Its tense – when the verb happened

3. Its person – who is doing the verb

Always find the verb in the sentence before doing anything else; this will help you to avoid missing

sentences with a hidden subject (sentences where the person doing the verb is found only in the verb

ending and nowhere else in the sentence: e.g. puellam vīdī – I saw a girl.)

Verbs are divided into four distinct groups called conjugations. Each conjugation has its own vowel

sound, although the endings for most tenses are broadly the same. You can identify the conjugation of a

verb by looking at the infinitive (given amongst the principal parts in a dictionary).

e.g. pugnō, -āre, -āvī, -ātum – I fight

present infinitive perfect supine – meaning The infinitives associated with each conjugation are:

1st Conjugation 2nd Conjugation 3rd Conjugation 4th Conjugation

-āre -ēre -ere -īre

Knowing the conjugation of a verb will help you to apply the correct set of endings.

You need to know the following three tenses:

The perfect and imperfect tenses are both past tenses; the perfect tense describes a finished action in the

past (e.g. I jumped) whereas the imperfect tense describes a continuous action in the past (e.g. I was

singing).

The tense endings can be summarised as follows:

Present Tense

I walk / I am walking

Imperfect Tense

I was walking

Perfect Tense

I walked

7

Present Imperfect Perfect

I -ō -bam -ī

you (s) -s -bās -istī

he, she, it -t -bat -it

we -mus -bāmus -īmus

you (pl) -tis -bātis -istis

they -nt -bant -ērunt

Each tense laid out in full:

Present Tense

I fight / I am fighting, I warn / I am warning, I rule / I am ruling, I listen / I am listening

1st Conjugation 2nd Conjugation 3rd Conjugation 4th Conjugation

I pugn-ō mone-ō reg-ō audi-ō

you (s) pugn-ās monē-s reg-is audi-s

he, she, it pugn-at mone-t reg-it audi-t

we pugn-āmus monē-mus reg-imus audi-mus

you (pl) pugn-ātis monē-tis reg-itis audi-tis

they pugn-ant mone-nt reg-unt audi-unt

Imperfect Tense

I was fighting, I was warning, I was ruling, I was listening

1st Conjugation 2nd Conjugation 3rd Conjugation 4th Conjugation

I pugn-ābam mone-bam reg-ēbam audi-ēbam

you (s) pugn-ābās monē-bās reg-ēbās audi-ēbās

he, she, it pugn-ābat monē-bat reg-ēbat audi-ēbat

we pugn-ābāmus monē-bāmus reg-ēbāmus audi-ēbāmus

you (pl) pugn-ābātis monē-bātis reg-ēbātis audi-ēbātis

they pugn-ābant monē-bant reg-ēbant audi-ēbant

8

Perfect Tense

I fought, I warned, I ruled, I listened

1st Conjugation 2nd Conjugation 3rd Conjugation 4th Conjugation

I pugn-āvī mon-uī rex-ī audi-vī

you (s) pugn-āvistī mon-uistī rex-istī audi-vistī

he, she, it pugn-āvit mon-uit rex-it audi-vit

we pugn-āvīmus mon-uīmus rex-īmus audi-vīmus

you (pl) pugn-āvistis mon-uistis rex-istis audi-vistis

they pugn-āvērunt mon-uērunt rex-ērunt audi-vērunt

Notes on forming each tense:

Present Tense Remember to use the correct vowel before the ending; ‘a’ for 1st, ‘e’ for 2nd,

‘i’ or ‘u’ for 3rd and 4th

Imperfect Tense Remember to use the correct vowel combination before the ending; ‘a’ for

1st, ‘e’ for 2nd and 3rd, ‘ie’ for 4th

Perfect Tense Always form this using the third principal part given in the dictionary as so

many are irregular and impossible to guess.

Notes on WHO is doing the verb:

1st person singular

1st person plural

I

we

2nd person singular

2nd person plural

you (s)

you (pl)

3rd person singular

3rd person plural

he, she, it

they

9

You also need to know the verb ‘to be’, which is irregular:

sum, esse, fui – I am

Present Tense Imperfect Tense Perfect Tense

sum eram fuī

es erās fuistī

est erat fuit

sumus erāmus fuīmus

estis erātis fuistis

sunt erant fuerunt

Note that ‘absum’, ‘adsum’ and ‘possum’ are all compounds of ‘sum’ and follow similar

patterns of endings.

10

Infinitives

We’ve already seen that the infinitive of a verb is listed among the principal parts in the dictionary and that

it helps identify the conjugation of the verb. This infinitive is called the present infinitive. It ends in –re

and is translated ‘to…’ (e.g. pugnāre = to fight).

Example sentence: puerī pugnāre cupīvērunt – the boys wanted to fight.

The infinitives associated with each conjugation are:

1st Conjugation 2nd Conjugation 3rd Conjugation 4th Conjugation

-āre -ēre -ere -īre

Imperatives

An imperative is a direct order or command. It can only be found in direct speech. There is a singular

form used when giving an order to a single person and a plural form used when giving an order to more

than one person.

The singular imperative is formed by chopping the –re off the present infinitive (the second principal part

given in the dictionary):

1st Conjugation 2nd Conjugation 3rd Conjugation 4th Conjugation

pugā! (fight!)

monē! (warn!)

rege! (rule!)

audī! (listen!)

The plural imperative is formed by adding –te to the singular imperative. The only exception is that the –e

in the 3rd conjugation singular imperative must be changed to an –i before adding the –te.

1st Conjugation 2nd Conjugation 3rd Conjugation 4th Conjugation

pugāte! (fight!)

monēte! (warn!)

regite! (rule!)

audīte! (listen!)

11

Exam Format

Section 1 – Comprehension

Although this is labelled a comprehension, it is more of a vocabulary test. You do not need to answer

in full sentences and the usual rule is one mark per Latin word that needs to be translated. Always

following the mark scheme so that you know how much to write for each question. Make sure that

you follow the story as it will help you in the next section.

Section 2 – Translation

This section is worth the most marks. Read the whole passage before attempting to translate. Pay

attention to tenses and look out for sentences with hidden subjects. Make a note of pronouns as these

often get missed out in translations.

Remember that each word is worth a mark; analyse the endings carefully. When you have finished,

read over what you’ve written to spot any errors such as inconsistencies with tense. Check singulars

and plurals carefully.

Remember to always put names into the nominative case. The nominative form of the name should be

given, either in the introductory sentence or in the vocabulary on the right.

WRITE YOUR TRANSLATION ON ALTERNATE LINES.

Section 3 – Grammar

This is the most challenging section. Read the questions carefully; they often have two or more parts

to them. Try to use the correct terminology. In the derivation question, ensure that you give the

meaning of the Latin, the meaning of the English and the way in which those two meanings are

connected.

When translating into Latin, use the vocabulary to identify the conjugation of the verb and the

declension of the nouns needed. Remember to put the verb at the end as there is a bonus mark for

this. Ensure that you have used the write tense and person for your verb and the right case and

number for your nouns.

Section 4 – Background

Choose only one question from a choice of three. Choose the one you know the most about. There

will be one question on the Trojan War, one question on the Wanderings of Odysseus and one on

The Roman Army. Revision notes on all three topics are found on the next few pages. Revising one of

these three topics well will be enough. The question will be worth 10 marks in a 75 mark paper.

Section 5 – English to Latin extension

You will be given a passage of English to translate into Latin. To be attempted if time allows.

12

Background Topics

The Trojan War

The Judgment of Paris Achilles & Agamemnon

Discord, the goddess of strife, is not invited to the

wedding of Peleus and Thetis.

She takes revenge by throwing a golden apple into

the midst of the wedding party with the words

“for the most beautiful” inscribed upon it.

An argument ensues between the goddesses who

think it belongs to them: Hera, Athena and

Aphrodite. They ask Zeus to decide.

Zeus suggests they ask Paris, a mortal man who is

known for his love of beautiful women. Hermes

leads them to Paris.

Each goddess offers a prize to Paris if he chooses

them: Hera offers land and wealth, Athena offers

wisdom and Aphrodite offers a beautiful wife.

Paris chooses Aphrodite. She takes him to Sparta

to claim his wife – Helen, the wife of Menelaus.

When Menelaus realises that Helen has been

taken, he asks his brother, Agamemnon, to gather

all the armies of Greece and sail to Troy to rescue

her and punish the Trojans.

When the Greeks arrive, they are unable to

penetrate the walls of Troy. For nine years, they

camp outside the city, conquering nearby islands.

During one of these raids, Agamemnon captures

the daughter (Chryseis) of a priest of the god

Apollo. The priest prays to Apollo, who punishes

them by showering them with poisonous arrows.

Achilles, a powerful Greek warrior, begs

Agamemnon to let Chryseis go. Out of spite,

Agamemnon takes Achilles’s own slave-girl to

replace his own.

Achilles is furious and refuses to fight.

Achilles & Hector The Trojan Horse

Patroclus, Achilles’s best friend, steals Achilles’s

armour and goes into battle disguised as Achilles in

order to raise the morale of the Greeks, who are

losing to the Trojans.

Patroclus is killed by Hector, the leader of the

Trojans, older brother of Paris.

When Achilles finds out, he is furious and goes

into battle himself, desperate to kill Hector.

After he kills Hector, he ties his dead body to a

chariot and rides in circles around the city of Troy

to taunt the Trojans.

His mother, a goddess, advises him to stop as his

behaviour is disrespectful. He returns the body to

Priam, the king of Troy.

Homer, the author of the Iliad and Odysseus, does

not tell us what happened to Achilles – other

myths suggest that he was shot in the foot with an

arrow by Paris.

When the Greeks are about to despair of ever

winning the war, Odysseus, a cunning Greek

warrior from Ithaca, devises a plan to build a

wooden horse, fill it with Greek soldiers and then

pretend to depart.

One man, Sinon, stays behind, pretending to be a

Greek deserter. When the Trojans come out of

the city to investigate the horse, Sinon tells them

that the Greeks have surrendered and that the

horse is a gift to the gods.

The priest Calcas, who attempts to burn the horse

out of fear, is consumed by sea serpents. The

Trojans bring the horse into the city and celebrate

the end of the war.

After the Trojans have fallen asleep, drunk and

happy, the Greeks come out of the Trojan horse

and slay them all, burning the city and recapturing

Helen.

13

The Wanderings of Odysseus

Polyphemus the Cyclops Circe the Witch

After the Trojan war, Odysseus and his crew set sail

for Ithaca. After an encounter with the Lotus-Eaters

and Aeolus, god of the winds, they land on the island

of the Cyclopes.

Odysseus and 12 men find a cave filled with cheeses.

Complying with the rules of hospitality, they wait for

the owner of the cave.

Soon Polyphemus, the Cyclops, returns from grazing

his giant sheep. He rolls a large stone in front of the

mouth of the cave and eats 2 of Odysseus’s men for

supper.

The next day, Polyphemus eats 2 more men and takes

his sheep out to graze. Odysseus orders to men to

sharpen a large wooden stake that he finds lying

around and hide it.

When Polyphemus returns, he eats another 2 men.

Odysseus offers him the wine they brought with them

from the ship, telling him that his name is ‘nobody’.

Polyphemus gets drunk and falls unconscious.

Odysseus and his men stab him in the eye with the

wooden stake, blinding him. “Nobody has blinded me”

he shouts.

The next morning, as Polyphemus lets his sheep out,

Odysseus and his men cling to the underneath of

them, escaping from the cave. Odysseus shouts his

name to the Cyclops boastfully, not realising that

Polyphemus’s father is Poseidon, god of the sea.

After losing all but one of his ships on the island

of the Laestrygonians, Odysseus ends up on the

isle of Circe.

He splits his crew in two and sends out a

search party led by his lieutenant Eurylochus.

Eurylochus and the men soon find a lovely

house surrounded by tame wild animals. A

beautiful woman greets them and invites them

in for a feast. The men go in but Eurylochus is

suspicious and waits outside.

As the men drink Circe’s wine, they turn into

pigs. Horrified, Eurylochus rushes back to the

ship to tell Odysseus, who decides to rescue

his men.

On their way back to Circe’s house, they meet

Hermes, the messenger god, who gives

Odysseus the herb ‘moly’ to protect him from

Circe’s spell.

When Odysseus arrives at Circe’s house, she

greets him and invites him inside. When he

drinks the wine, however, he does not turn

into a pig. Circe is terrified and surrenders,

thinking that he must be a god. Odysseus

orders her to turn his men back into humans.

Circe agrees and holds a year-long banquet to

apologise for what she has done.

14

Sirens, Scylla & Charybdis Homecoming

When Odysseus and his men are ready to leave,

Circe helps them prepare to sail past the sirens –

creatures with the faces of beautiful women and

the bodies of birds who lure sailors towards

them with their singing and devour them.

Odysseus wants to hear the singing so Circe

advises him to block his men’s ears with beeswax

and get them to tie him to the mast of the ship.

When they approach the sirens, they follow

Circe’s instructions. Odysseus shouts at his men

to untie him and steer the ship towards the

sirens but his men cannot hear him and continue

to sail straight on. Odysseus was the only mortal

ever to have heard the sirens and lived to tell the

tale.

Next the ship approaches two dangers: Scylla, a

six-headed dog-like creature who sits atop a cliff

and snatches sailors from their ships and

Charybdis, a whirlpool who sucks ships to the

bottom and swallows them.

Odysseus steers the ship wide of Charybdis

successfully but in doing so sails too close to

Scylla’s cliff. Each of Scylla’s dog heads grabs one

sailor between its teeth and eats them alive.

Odysseus and what’s left of his crew sail on

towards the island of Hyperion, the sun god.

After losing his ship and crew in a storm as a

punishment for his men who ate Hyperion’s sacred

cattle, Odysseus spends 7 years on the island of

Calypso and another year with Alcinous, king of the

Phaeacians.

Eventually, king Alcinous helps him to return to

Ithaca. However, Odysseus is cautious as he has

been gone for 20 years and does not know what has

happened to his wife, Penelope, so Athena disguises

him as a beggar.

Odysseus finds that his swineherd, Eumaeus, is still

loyal to him. Eumaeus introduces him to his son,

Telemachus, who was a baby when Odysseus left to

fight in the war.

In the palace are many suitors waiting for Penelope

to decide which of them she will marry. She delays

the decision by saying that she has to weave a

shroud and will not decide until it is finished. Every

night she unpicks the work she does in the day.

Eventually the suitors realise what she is doing and

demand that she make a choice. She sets a challenge

that she hopes they will not be able to complete –

to shoot an arrow from Odysseus’s war bow

through 12 axe rings. None of the suitors can even

string the bow but a beggar in the corner asks to

have a go.

Of course, Odysseus is able to complete the task.

He shoots each of the suitors before proving his

identity to Penelope, who asks him to move their

marriage bed. He knows that this is not possible

because it is carved from a living tree.

15

The Roman Army

THE LEGION

Up to 6,000 men could be based in a standard legionary fortress under the command of a legate. They were divided

into ten cohorts, nine of which were made up of 480 men, with the first cohort nearly double size at 800 men. Each

cohort was then divided into six centuries of 80 men commanded by a centurion. Each century lived in a single barrack

block within the fortress. The centurion would occupy a range of rooms and offices at the end of the block, while the

80 legionaries were housed in ten sets of twin rooms (containing a sleeping room and a utility room).

THE LEGIONARY’S DAY

The day started at sunrise. The legionary would have spent the night in the bunk room (which he shared with seven

other soldiers) in the barracks, with possibly a brazier and woollen blankets to keep him warm. Breakfast would have

been prepared in the utility room. Porridge was a favourite, washed down with beer. While the soldiers were

scrabbling around in the first light, their centurion would have been at the fortress headquarters with the other officers

receiving the orders and duties for the day. Tasks within the fortress included guard duty, patrols, collecting food and

fuel, manning the bath complex, cleaning the latrines, or working in the various workshops and offices in the complex.

KIT AND INSPECTION

After the centurion had received his orders from the fortress legate he would have returned to inspect his men. The

soldiers would have been wearing woollen tunics (tunica), which came down to just above the knees, and linen

undergarments. On their feet they would have worn military hobnailed sandals (caligae). In colder months the soldiers

could also wear trousers (braccae) and socks. A sword (gladius) and dagger (pugio) hung from the waist by a belt

(balteus). Their armour (lorica segmentata) consisted of broad iron strips ('girth hoops') fastened to internal leather

straps. The strips were arranged horizontally on the body, overlapping downwards, and they surrounded the torso in

two halves, being fastened at the front and back. The standard broad neck guard helmet with cheek pieces (galea),

the rectangular shield (scutum) and the javelin (pilum) would have completed the kit.

The centurion's inspection could well have been a nervous moment for the men. As a rank of office a centurion carried

a heavy vine stick with which to administer punishment. Officers had the authority to beat soldiers at will for any

violation of the rules and also regularly handed out the worst jobs to unfavoured soldiers. Reports of soldiers bribing

centurions to get the best jobs are well known in the archaeological record.

TRAINING

After roll call many soldiers would commence training. The Roman writer Vegetius tells us that soldiers were trained

every day so that they would be ready for battle at all times. This required constant and vigorous training with personal

and siege weapons, running, jumping and swimming. Working in formations, marching, ditch digging and preparing

temporary camps were also standard activities. Every three months the soldiers had to complete a route march of 20

miles carrying full equipment within a time limit of five hours. The centurion with his vine stick would be waiting for

the stragglers.

EVENING MESS

The soldiers took their main meal of the day in the evening. Each soldier was responsible for preparing their own food

(with the exception of bread which was baked for each century). Corn was the staple, which could be made into

porridge or bread. Meats such as beef, mutton and lamb and a variety of fish supplemented this. A wide range of

vegetables was also available, such as lentils, beans, cabbage and carrots, as well as fruit and nuts. In addition to local

produce, the fortress imported favourites from the continent, including figs, dates, wine, olive oil and fish sauce.

FREE TIME

With duties completed, soldiers would have enjoyed the bath house. Here they could play ball games, swim, gamble,

employ the services of a hair-plucker or have a massage. They could also have series of cold, warm and hot baths,

adding oil to their bodies before the hot suite, then having it scraped off before a final plunge into the cold bath.

They may also have been given a pass to visit the civilian vicus, or settlement, near the military base. Traders, bars,

performers and brothels could all be found nearby. Though not allowed to marry whilst in the army, many soldiers

had unofficial partners who lived in the vicus settlement and who relied on the soldiers for financial support.

END OF THE DAY

As night drew in the soldiers would have to return to their double barrack room where they first started their day.

Perhaps they would finish off the day with some gambling or board games.

16

Terminology

Adjective a word that describes a noun; agrees with its noun in case, gender and number

Adverb a word that tells you how or when a verb is done (e.g. quickly, yesterday, at last)

Case the role of a noun in the sentence; there are six cases, each indicating a different role

Conjugation a group of verbs that all have the same infinitive; there are four conjugations

Declension a group of nouns that all have the same genitive singular; there are five declensions

Gender masculine, feminine or neuter

Imperative an order or command found in direct speech; there is a singular and a plural form

Infinitive the second principal part of a verb; it ends in –re and is translated ‘to…’ (e.g. to fight)

Noun a person, place or thing

Number singular or plural

Person who is doing a verb; 1st person (I, we), 2nd person (you), 3rd person (he, she, it, they)

Preposition a word that tells you where a noun is or the direction in which it is moving; followed by

either the accusative or ablative case

Pronoun a word that stands in place of a noun (e.g. hic, ille, is, qui)

Superlative a type of adjective ending in –issimus that describes a noun as being the most something

Tense when a verb happened (present, imperfect, perfect, pluperfect, future)

Verb a doing word

17

Vocabulary List

1. ā/ab + abl from, by

2. absum, abesse, āfuī I am away

3. ad + acc to, towards

4. adsum, adesse, adfuī I am present

5. aedificō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus I build

6. ager, agrī (m) field

7. agricola, -ae (m) farmer

8. altus, -a, -um high, deep

9. ambulō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus I walk

10. amīcus, -ī (m) friend

11. amō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus I love

12. ancīlla, -ae (f) maid

13. aqua, -ae (f) water

14. audiō, -īre, -īvī, -ītus I hear, listen

15. aurum, -ī (nt) gold

16. auxilium, -ī (nt) help

17. bellum, -ī (nt) war

18. bene well

19. bībō, -ere, bībī I drink

20. bonus, -a, -um good

21. caelum, -ī (nt) sky

22. cantō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus I sing

23. capio, -ere, cēpī, captus I take, capture

24. celeriter quickly

25. cibus, -ī (m) food

26. clamō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus I shout

27. clārus, -a, -um clear, famous

28. cōnstituō, -ere, cōnstituī I decide

29. cōnsūmō,-ere, cōnsūmpsī I eat

30. contrā + acc against

31. cum + abl with

32. cupiō, cupere, -īvī I want

33. cūr? why?

34. currō, -ere, cucurrī I run

35. dē + abl down from, about

36. dea, -ae (f) goddess

37. decem 10

38. decimus, -a, -um 10th

39. deinde then

40. dēleō, -ēre, dēlēvī I destroy

41. deus, -ī (m) god

42. dīcō, -ere, dīxī, dictus I say

43. discēdō, -ere, discessī I leave

44. diū for a long time

45. dō, -āre, dedī, dātus I give

46. dominus, -ī (m) master

47. dormiō, -īre, -īvī I sleep

48. dūcō, -ere, dūxī, ductus I lead

49. duo, duae, duo 2

50. ē/ex + abl out of

51. ego I

52. equus, -ī (m) horse

53. et and

54. etiam even, also

55. faciō, facere, fēcī, factus I do, make

56. fēmina, -ae (f) woman

57. fessus, -a, -um tired

58. festīnō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus I hurry

59. fīlia, -ae (f) daughter

60. fīlius, fīliī (m) son

61. fortiter bravely

62. gladius, gladiī (m) sword

63. Graecus, -a, -um Greek

64. habeō, -ēre, habuī I have

65. habitō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus I live

66. hasta, -ae (f) spear

67. heri yesterday

68. hīc here

69. hodiē today

70. iaciō, iacere, iēcī, iactus I throw

71. iam now, already

72. ibi there

73. igitur therefore

74. in + abl in, on

75. in + acc into, onto

76. incola, -ae (m) inhabitant

77. īnsula, -ae (f) island

78. intrō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus I enter

79. īra, -ae (f) anger

80. īrātus, -a, -um angry

81. itaque and so

82. iterum again

83. iubeō, -ēre, iussī I order

84. labōrō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus I work

85. laetus, -a, -um happy

86. laudō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus I praise

87. legō, -ere, lēgī, lectus I read, choose

88. lentē slowly

89. liber, librī (m) book

90. locus, -ī (m) place

91. lūdō, -ere, lūsī I play

92. magister, magistrī (m) master

93. magnopere greatly

94. magnus, -a, -um big, great

95. malus, -a, -um bad

96. maneō, -ēre, mansī I stay

18

97. meus, -a, -um my

98. miser, misera, miserum wretched

99. mittō, -ere, mīsī, missus I send

100. moneō, -ēre, -uī, monitus I warn

101. moveō, -ēre, mōvī, mōtus I move

102. mox soon

103. multus, -a, -um many, much

104. mūrus, -ī (m) wall

105. nauta, -ae (m) sailor

106. nāvigō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus I sail

107. -ne? (question)

108. necō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus I kill

109. nihil nothing

110. nōn not

111. nōnus, -a, -um 9th

112. nōs we

113. noster, nostra, nostrum our

114. nōtus, -a, -um famous

115. novem 9

116. novus, -a, -um new

117. numquam never

118. nūntius, nūntiī (m) messenger

119. octāvus, -a, -um 8th

120. octō 8

121. ōlim once

122. oppidum, -ī (nt) town

123. oppugnō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus I attack

124. ostendō, -ere, ostendī I show

125. parō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus I prepare

126. parvus, -a, -um small

127. patria, -ae (f) country

128. pecūnia, -ae (f) money

129. per + acc through, along

130. periculum, -ī (nt) danger

131. perterritus, -a, -um frightened

132. poēta, -ae (m) poet

133. pōnō, -ere, posuī, positus I put

134. portō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus I carry

135. prīmus, -a, -um 1st

136. proēlium, -ī (nt) battle

137. prope + acc near

138. puella, -ae (f) girl

139. puer, -ī (m) boy

140. pugnō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus I fight

141. pulcher, pulchra, pulchrum beautiful

142. pūnio, -īre, -īvī, -ītus I punish

143. quārtus, -a, -um 4th

144. quattuor 4

145. quid? what?

146. quīnque 5

147. quīntus, -a, -um 5th

148. quis? who?

149. quod because

150. quoque also

151. rēgīna, -ae (f) queen

152. regō, -ere, rexī, rectus I rule

153. respondeō, -ēre, respondī I reply

154. rīdeō, -ēre, rīsī I laugh

155. rogō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus I ask

156. Rōmānus, -a, -um Roman

157. sacer, sacra, sacrum sacred

158. saepe often

159. saevus, -a, -um fierce, savage

160. sagītta, -ae (f) arrow

161. scrībō, -ere, scrīpsī I write

162. scūtum, -ī (nt) shield

163. secundus, -a, -um 2nd

164. sed but

165. semper always

166. septem 7

167. septimus, -a, -um 7th

168. servus, -ī (m) slave

169. sex 6

170. sextus, -a, -um 6th

171. sīc so, thus

172. socius, sociī (m) ally

173. spectō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus I watch

174. statim at once

175. stō, -āre, stetī, stātus I stand

176. subitō suddenly

177. sum, esse, fuī I am

178. superō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus I overcome

179. suus, -a, -um his, her, their

180. tamen however

181. tandem at last, finally

182. templum, -ī (nt) temple

183. teneō, -ēre, -uī, tentus I hold

184. terra, -ae (f) land

185. terreō, -ēre, -uī, territus I frighten

186. tertius, -a, -um 3rd

187. timeō, timēre, timuī I fear, am afraid

188. trāns + acc across

189. trēs, tria 3

190. tū you (sing.)

191. turba, -ae (f) crowd

192. tūtus, -a, -um safe

193. tuus, tua, tuum your (sing.)

194. ubi when, where

195. unda, -ae (f) wave

196. ūnus, ūna, ūnum 1

19

197. validus, -a, -um strong

198. veniō, -īre, vēnī I come

199. ventus, -ī (m) wind

200. verbum, -ī (nt) word

201. vester, vestra, vestrum your (plu.)

202. via, -ae (f) street, road

203. videō, -ēre, vīdī, vīsus I see

204. vīnum, -ī (nt) wine

205. vir, virī (m) man

206. vocō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus I call

207. vōs you (plu.)

Dulwich Prep London

42 Alleyn Park | London SE21 7AA | Telephone 020 8766 5500 | Fax 020 8766 7586 | www.dulwichpreplondon.org