yield decomposition and excitation energy reconstruction ... · 43 yield decomposition and...

PHYSICAL REVIE'W C VOLUME 43, NUMBER 2 FEBRUARY 1991

Yield decomposition and excitation energy reconstruction in an incomplete fusion reaction

A. Chbihi, L. G. Sobotka, Z. Majka, D. G. Sarantites, D. W. Stracener, V. Abenante,T. M. Semkow, and N. G. Nicolis

Department of Chemistry, Washington University, St Lo.uis, Missouri 63130

D. C. Hensley, J. R. Beene, and M. L. HalbertOak Ridge Rational Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TenrIessee 37830

(Received 12 July 1990)

The velocity distribution of fusionlike products formed in the reaction 701 MeV Si+ ' Mo is

decomposed into 26 incomplete fusion channels. If Coulomb corrections are neglected the yields ofthe incomplete fusion channels correlate much better with the Q value for projectile fragmentationthan with the Q value for incomplete fusion. However, the correlation is much improved for incom-

plete fusion if a Coulomb correction is included. The partition of linear momentum between vari-

ous sources is deduced using the measured residue velocity, multicomponent fits to light chargedparticle spectra, and mean neutron multiplicities. This reconstruction indicates that a substantialfraction of the momentum is not detected by our apparatus when slow residues are produced. Withreasonable assumptions about this missing momentum component, the initial excitation of the com-poundlike system is calculated as a function of the residue velocity.

I. INTRODUCTION

The decline of the complete fusion cross section inheavy-ion reactions as the relative velocity at contactexceeds —,

' c is well known. The telltale sign of this de-cline is found in measurements of the velocity distribu-tions of the fusionlike residues' (ER) or in measurementsof the angle between fission fragments. In the formercase the velocity distributions are broad and skewed tolow velocities with mean values less than expected forcomplete momentum transfer. Coarsely, one can dividethe explanations for this incomplete momentum transferinto those where the projectile nucleons carrying thenonfusing momentum traverse the target nucleus, andthose where they do not. The latter, most appropriate forlarge impact parameters, was first provided by the sum-rule model of Wilczynski. Here the projectile fragmentsinto two pieces, one which fuses and the other which con-tinues on a Coulomb trajectory with a velocity close tothat of the beam. In this model, the nonfusing mass pro-vides a crude impact parameter selection. On the otherhand, for small impact parameters, one must account forincomplete fusion by lack of su%cient stopping power tothermalize the relative kinetic energy within the nuclearvolume. Preequilibrium models of this sort have takenseveral forms, including Fermi jets, ' hotspot forma-tion ' and the standard preequilibrium model modifiedfor heavy-ion systems. More recently, Harvey has gen-erated a model based on free nucleon-nucleon scatter-ing. ' This model may be valid over a broad range of im-

pact parameters, but is undoubtedly restricted to high-energy heavy-ion collisions due to the lack of an explicittreatment of Pauli blocking. Another recent and promis-ing development is the melding of the Fermi jet model tothe nucleon exchange model developed for lower energydeep inelastic heavy-ion collisions. " The relevance of the

different mechanisms underlying those models is one ofthe fundamental issues in the study of intermediate ener-

gy heavy-ion reactions. This is so, not simply because wewish to understand why complete fusion ceases to be vi-able, but also because of the restrictions imposed by thesemechanisms on our capabilities of forming and thereforestudying highly excited and rapidly rotating nuclear sys-tems.

In this work we make two contributions to the under-standing of the nature of the incomplete fusion process.The first contribution involves the properties of incom-plete fusion (IF) channels, defined by the exclusive charge(Z, t, ) and associated mass ( A, t, ) which compose the for-ward spray of particles, and the second contribution is toreconstruct the momentum, energy and mass partition asa function of residue velocity. The data presented hereare from the reaction 701 MeV Si+ ' Mo. Certainfacets of this work have been presented previously' andthe extracted excitation energies along with the evapora-tion spectra are used in the accompanying paper to inves-tigate the level density of highly excited nuclei. '

II. EXPERIMENTAL

This study used a multilayered coincidence apparatuscapable of detecting all of the emissions associated withfusionlike events. These include (a) the evaporation resi-due; (b) the nonfusing components which, as statedabove, specify the channel; and (c) the products which re-sult from the deexcitation of the highly excited, rapidlyrotating, compound system (mostly n, p, cz, and y's).These diverse needs are served by a detection scheme in-corporating (a) a forward annular parallel plate avalanchecounter (PPAC) spanning 2.1' to 8.1' in the laboratory;(b) a forward wall of 35 plastic-CsI scintillators subtend-ing angles between approximately 11 and 3S'; and (c) a

652 1991 The American Physical Society

43 YIELD DECOMPOSITION AND EXCITATION ENERGY. . . 653

small ball of 64 plastic-CsI scintillators subtending angleslarger than approximately 35, which is positioned insidea large multielement NaI ball. These experiments weredone at the Holifield Heavy Ion Research Facility at OakRidge National Laboratory, where the 72 element NaISpin Spectrometer was used to detect the penetrating y'sand neutrons. ' In this work, the most forward NaI ele-ments were removed in order to make room for an en-larged scattering chamber to house the CsI Wall and thePPAC. Therefore, only 65 of the 72 Spin Spectrometerelements were used, corresponding to 88% of 4a. Theplastic-CsI multidetector system, which we call theDwarf Ball and Wall, gives particle identification by util-izing the particle dependence of the time characteristicsof the scintillation output. For the present study, eachplastic-CsI module provides light charged particleidentification (LCP=p, d, t, and a), distinguishes theseLCP's from heavy ions (HI) and provides an energy forthe LCP's. No heavy-ion identification was done due tothe limited HI statistics obtained in these experiments.The energy calibration for LCP was obtained from elasticand inelastic scattering of 17 and 25 MeV protons on a' C target. The details of the Dwarf system are discussedin Ref. 15.

The event trigger was generated by any coincidence be-tween the PPAC and the Dwarf system. The PPAC waspositioned 285 mm downstream of the target (306pg/cm, enriched to 97.3% ' Mo). The time of the

PPAC signal relative to the cyclotron radio frequencypulse and the PPAC pulse height were recorded for eachevent. A two-dimensional map of these parameters isshown in Fig. 1. The tall steep mountain at large timesand small pulse height results from elastic scatteringevents. The locus for fusionlike events is the long arc ex-tending from small times and small pulse heights to largetimes and large pulse heights. Only the data in this areare analyzed in this work. The time resolution estimatedfrom the full width at half maximum of the elastic peak isapproximately 3 ns. This resolution is more than ade-quate for this work since no mass information was ex-tracted from the timing information, only coarse binningof the velocity spectrum is done.

III. INCOMPLETE FUSION CHANNELS

We have identified 26 channels differing by their for-ward (0&,b (35') light charged particle (LCP) composi-tion. These channels consist of 1, 2, 3, and 4 LCP's. TheER velocity distributions are shown in Fig. 2 for selectedchannels and for the sum of all charged particle channels(top). The latter distribution should be quite similar tothe inclusive distribution (omitting only xn channels).The most probable velocity, 77% of the full momentumtransfer value, is consistent with the systematics present-ed in Ref. 1. These distributions can be understood asconsisting of two components. One of these components,

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Time (arb. units)FIG. 1. Two-dimensional map of the PPAC time, relative to the RF pulse, vs PPAC pulse height. The time is determined by a

time-to-amplitude converter (TAC) which receives its start from the PPAC and its stop from the cyclotron RF. The intense peak in

the lower right-hand corner is due to elastic scattering. The crescent-shaped region is due to fusionlike products. The RF perioddefines the TAC range, and is 72.9 ns. The FWHM of the elastic peak is 2.9 ns.

A. CHBIHI et aI. 43

which arises from the detection of all the forward lightcharged particles, takes the form of a Gaussian at thehigher velocities. The other one is a background whicharises when some forward particle is not detected, aswould occur for OLcp&11, resulting in a misidentifiedchannel. This background distribution is peaked atsmaller ER velocities, i.e., lower values of the momentumtransfers. In order to extract the channel probability, wetransform the velocity distributions to a Galilean invari-ant representation and fit the large VER portion of thespectra by a Gaussian with an exponential background.The percent yields are listed in the second column inTable I ~

A systematic problem with the procedure describedabove to extract channel yields is that there is no correc-tion for the contribution of the evaporative component inthe forward direction. The moving source fits, which aredescribed in detail in Sec. IV, can be used to estimate themagnitude of the underlying evaporative component inthe channel definition. We find that at most, 34% of theprotons, 24%%uo of the a particles and smaller fractions ofthe deuterons and tritons selected in the forward Wallcan be the result of isotropic evaporation from the resi-due. In order to reduce the evaporative component inthe channel definition, we have obtained distributionssimilar to those shown in Fig. 2 with the requirementthat all particles in the channel definition not only be for-ward of 35', but also have energies in excess of the eva-poration peak. Fitting of these distributions by the pro-cedure described above produces the relative yields listed

5000

in the third column in Table I. While the first procedure,with an unrestricted energy window, overestimates theforward nonevaporative yield, this second procedureprobably does the opposite. Therefore, the difference be-tween the two procedures can be used as a measure of theuncertainty of the true nonevaporative channel yield.

Mp+Mz-~M, h +M~ +Q,F,and

QtF—Q&F+(ZzZr Z zZz )e /Rc . (2)

The masses and charges of the projectile, target, detectedchannel, and primary residue are given by Mz, Mz, M,h,M~, and Zp Zy Z g and Z~, respectively. The parame-ter R~ is the distance at which the transfer occurs. Thevalue of Rc is taken as the interaction radius as definedin Ref. 16, which has the value of 11.5 fm for our system.This phenomenological logic has been verified for chan-nels which result in one large projectile remnant. (It hasalso been used to calculate complete fusion yields. ) How-ever, a considerable fraction of the total incompletefusion yield is in more complicated, highly fragmentedchannels. To modify Eqs. (I) and (2) to account for thesechannels, sums must be introduced for the channel prop-erties,

A. Q-value systematics

The standard picture of incomplete fusion is that of aone-step process, where the channel probabilities are re-lated to the cost of creating the final state. This cost isthe sum of the incomplete fusion Q value, Q&F, and aCoulomb correction,

N 4000—

3000—LU

2000

1000

010 20

V (mm/ns)30

FICr. 2. The channel decomposition of the velocity distribu-tion of fusionlike products. The channels are labeled by thetype and number of the forward particles. The top (bold) distri-bution is the sum of all charged particle channels. The distribu-tions are offset from the abscissa and individually normalizedfor display. The arrow indicates the velocity expected for fullmomentum transfer.

Channel

pd

p pp Ex

0! e

mao, up dp t

dd td at appo'p a 0.'

p d A

A

d ntao.

TABLE I. Channel yields.

Energy integrated(%%uo)

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M, q =+M;, (3)

Z,„=gZ, , (4)

B. Particle emission characterization

The forward ( 8&,b (35') and backward ( 9&,b )35')charged particle multiplicities, M, as a function of the

where the sums run over all particles in the channeldefinition.

It is also possible that incomplete fusion proceeds by atwo-step process; the first step being a rapid projectilefragmentation followed by the target capturing one ormore of the projectile fragments. In this case, the yieldsmight be determined by the cost of the first step. In trueprojectile fragmentation, when there is no second captur-ing step, this correlation has been demonstrated by Pouli-ot et al. ' This cost would be the sum of the projectilefragmentation Q value, Qp„, and a Coulomb correctionfactor. In this case, the Q value is defined by

Mp~M, h+Mp, I, +QpF .

The P —ch subscript indicates the remainder of the pro-jectile, which in this scenario ultimately fuses with thetarget. Since the breakup of the projectile must occur in

close proximity to the target, the only new Coulomb termnot present on the left-hand side of the equation is thatresulting from the interaction between the projectile frag-ments

QPF=QPF —l X Xz,z, e' (6)

J lWJ

The double sum enumerates all pair interactions amongstthe fragments of the projectile. The sum must includenot only all fragments in the channel definition but alsoany piece that is ultimately transferred. We assume thatthere is only one transferred piece which corresponds tothe remainder of the projectile, (Z~ —Z, I, ). All of theseCoulomb interactions result from components of the pro-jectile, so a reasonable choice of the interaction distanceis the radius of the projectile, Rz.

These two reaction scenarios, direct incomplete fusionor fusion of some projectile remnant, have different Qvalues and therefore it is reasonable to compare thecorrelations between these costs and the channel yields.This is done in Fig. 3. In Figs. 3(a) and 3(b), the yieldsare plotted as a function of the uncorrected Q value whilein Figs. 3(c) and 3(d), the abscissa has been Coulombcorrected. There is little correlation between the un-corrected incomplete fusion Q value [Q,„,Fig. 3(a)] andthe channel yields. However, the corrected IF Q value

[Q,„,Fig. 3(c)] does correlate quite nicely with the yields.This observation extends the phenomenological basis ofthe standard incomplete fusion model to highly fragment-ed channels with large but not complete momentumtransfers. This is not meant to imply that incompletefusion must be a one-step process. In fact, the Q valuefor projectile fragmentation, with or without correction[Figs. 3(b) and 3(d)] also exhibits a reasonable correlationto the fragment yields.

A~1 ~ I I t 1I

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FIG. 3. Correlation between channel probability and Qvalue. Channels defined by all forward particles regardless ofkinetic energy are represented by open squares. Channelsdefined only by particles with energies in excess of the evapora-tion peak are represented by solid squares. The correspondingpoints are connected by a vertical line. The abscissa for (a) isthe Q value for incomplete fusion, (b) is the Q value for projec-tile fragmentation, (c) is the Coulomb corrected Q value for in-complete fusion, and (d) is the Coulomb corrected Q value forprojectile fragmentation. The diagonal line is drawn to guidethe eye. Table I contains a list of the channels and percentageyields.

percentage momentum transfer, p, are shown in Figs. 4(a)and 4(b), respectively. (For the purpose of this figure p iscalculated from the residue velocity assuming that allnonfusing mass moves along the beam direction with thesame velocity as the projectile. The fictitious values ofp) 100% arise from the random nature of the evapora-tion sequence which can boost V& V&„».) The open sym-bols correspond to the inclusive residue-charged particlecoincidences while the solid symbols correspond to thespecific channels; see below. The trend seen at forwardangles, Fig. 4(a), is simply that the more massive the ejec-tile, the more likely it is to be correlated with slow resi-

656 A. CHBIHI et al. 43

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FIG. 4. The multiplicities of charged particles detected at (a)forward (0].b &35 ) and (b) backward (0~,,„&35 ) angles as afunction of the linear momentum transfer. The open symbolsare derived from inclusive charged particle-residue coin-cidences. The solid and star symbols are derived from a subsetof the inclusive data where specific exclusive channels (forwardparticles) are selected, see text.

FIG. 5. Neutron fold distributions for seven residue velocitybins. These distributions are deduced from the backward,Ol.„b & 75', NaI detectors with an overall solid angle correction toaccount for the solid angle with 01. b & 75 . The distributions areoffset from the abscissa for display. Only NaI detectors at largeangles are used because the n/y-ray discrimination is far supe-rior to that obtained in the forward direction.

dues. This is no more than a verification of the trendseen in Fig. 2.

The inclusive, nonchannel selected light-ion multiplici-ties in the backward direction [Fig. 4(b)] increase with pand tend to saturate as full momentum transfer is ap-proached. The backward angle inclusive heavy-ion mul-tiplicities exhibit a somewhat different trend, saturatingat relatively small momentum transfers (slow residues).The dependence observed for the light particles indicatesthat their multiplicity at large angles is a measure of theviolence of the collision in the same fashion as has beenpreviously demonstrated for the neutron multiplicity'and as we have also found from the present study (seeFig. 5). Needless to say, the same cannot be said of theforward multiplicities. These reAect the momentumtransfer itself, and therefore there is a slight enhancementof M, , for relatively large values of p, while M andMH, peak at low values of p. The total forward chargedparticle multiplicity is rather insensitive to momentumtransfer, and therefore cannot be used as an indicator ofthe centrality or violence of the collision. This has alsobeen found to be true in the study of the reactions

Ar+ U at E/3 = 35 MeV and ' N+ U atE/2 =50 MeV. '

The solid points in Fig. 4(b) are the backward multipli-cities (M, M, Md, M„and MH, ) for the specific incom-plete fusion channels: 1p, 1o.', 2o.', 3o,', and 4u with de-creasing p. At the five values of p corresponding to thesechannels, the solid points represent a subset of datarepresented by the open points. An additional subset forsmall p is shown by stars which show the backward mul-tiplicities for the forward HI channel with the samemomentum transfer as for the 4o. channel. For the most

part, these channel selected multiplicities agree with eachother and the inclusive values. The exceptions are thevalues of MH, for small p. As most of the excitation en-ergy of the fused system is dispensed in the form of neu-trons, protons, and o. particles, the agreement betweenthe values of M and M for the channel selected and in-clusive data indicates that the value of p prescribes avalue of the excitation energy.

If the mean excitation energies of the emitting nuclei inthe channel selected and inclusive data are the same, andif the backward heavy ions are evaporative emissionsfrom the incompletely fused product, one is led to suspectthat angular momentum differences account for the be-havior of MH, . Heavy-ion evaporation is known to be farmore sensitive to angular momentum than is light parti-cle evaporation. The suppression of MH, for the 3o; and4a channels (the solid squares near the bottom of thefigure at p= 57% and 43%, respectively) implies that thetransferred spin for these channels must be less than thetransferred spin for other channels contributing to thesame region of p. If this is so, the opposite must be trueof the HI channel, stars in Fig. 4. While the total excita-tion energy is virtually the same as the 4o, channel andthe inclusive data (see M and M, ), the MH, in theheavy-ion channel (stars) is significantly larger than thatarising from the 4n channel. This suggests that the high-ly fragmented incomplete fusion channels transfer lessangular momentum than does the channel with an intactspectator.

The infIuence of angular momentum might also pro-vide an explanation for the overall dependence of MH, onmomentum transfer. As pointed out earlier, MH& in-creases faster at low p and saturates sooner than do the


light-ion multiplicities. This can be understood if the an-gular momentum transferred to the fusion product de-creases with p for the events seen in this study, those pro-ducing residues near 0 . The heavy-ion emission is sensi-tive to both excitation energy and spin and therefore MH&would not increase with excitation energy if the spin isdecreasing. On the other hand, light-ion evaporationsimply reAects the increase in excitation energy which isstrictly increasing with increasing p.

It is also possible that the channel dependence of theyield of backward angle heavy ions is due to a truedynamical correlation between forward projectilelikefragments and projectile remnants which have orbited tolarge angles. In fact, the dynamical o.-cluster model ofMohring et al. ' does predict the correlation that we ob-serve, fewer a clusters (HI) when the forward spray ofparticles is highly fragmented. This model ' allows theprojectile, treated as a cluster of a particles, to break upinto individual o; particles or smaller n clusters. These nparticles or clusters can proceed forward thus composingan incomplete fusion channel, orbit and be ejected atlarge angles or fuse.

It is possible that this dynamical process can be dis-tinguished from the statistical angular momentum drivenexplanation, using the angular distributions. However,the present experiment has insufficient statistics to gen-erate meaningful channel gated heavy-ion angular distri-butions.

IV. MOMENTUM RECONSTRUCTIONAND EXCITATION ENERGY DETERMINATION

While the initial dynamics of these reactions is com-plex, at some time the fusion product evolves into a hotcompound nucleus which decays as determined by thestatistical properties of the entire remaining system.However, there are important unanswered questions con-cerning the statistical decay of highly excited nuclei.How does the prescription for calculating the level densi-ty evolve with excitation energy? What role is played bylarge-fragment emission or other exotic decay modes? Isthere an upper limit in the temperature which describesthe statistical properties of the highly excited system?We are therefore interested not only in the fast noncom-pound reaction steps, but also in the properties of thehighly excited fusion product. In this section, we presenta momentum reconstruction, which provides some in-sight into the relative importance of the various possiblefast mechanisms, and an excitation energy reconstructionof the compoundlike object, which is useful for the studyof the questions posed above.

We know from examining Fig. 2 that we do not detectthe complete momentum that of the beam. When a for-ward going particle escapes detection, the channel ismisidentified and the residue velocity is too low to beconsistent with the identified channel. The missingmomentum is therefore correlated with slow residues.Since our detection is blind to projectile fragments for0&,b & 11', most of the missing momentum must be direct-ed at these angles and is likely to be in the form of fastbeamlike particles. Taking this into account, we have

adopted the following procedure to determine the parti-tion of momentum and ultimate excitation of the com-poundlike object.

The data are divided into seven bins based on cuts inthe velocity of the residue. The mean velocities of thesebins range from 28%, Bin No. 1, to over 100%, Bin No.7, of the value expected for full momentum transfer.(Residue velocities greater than 100'~/o of the value for fullmomentum transfer are expected due to recoil erat'ects. )

Neutron fold distributions were generated for each binfrom the backward angle data by applying a solid anglecorrection, see Fig. 5. The average neutron multiplicityM„ is deduced from the average fold. ' Since these multi-plicities are deduced from backward angle data(Oi,b (75 ) they are associated with the decay of the com-poundlike object. The binned charged particle spectraare fitted to a composite source model. Three sources areincluded: one to mock up projectile fragmentation (Plike), another to include a fast, preequilibrium emission ofparticles (int), and a third source for the compoundlikeevaporation (ev). The first and the third of these sourcesare modeled by a Coulomb shifted surface Maxwellian,boosted into the laboratory frame by the appropriate ve-locity. The intermediate velocity source was modeled bythe standard moving source parametrization, whichpostulates a source moving along the beam direction andexperiencing a Coulomb repulsion from a spectator sta-tionary in the laboratory. Representative spectra and thecomposite source model fits are shown in Figs. 6—8 forprotons, deuterons, and o. particles, respectively. The fitsprovide an excellent representation of the spectra of allparticles at all angles from energies near the barrier onup. The multiplicities and temperatures deduced fromthe fits are plotted in Figs. 9 and 10 as a function of resi-due velocity, and listed along with the other parametersassociated with these fits in Table II. The errors given inparentheses in Table II are the statistical errors from thefitting procedure. The deuteron and triton multiplicitieshave an additional systematic uncertainty arising fromthe fact that the loci for these particles in the raw datamaps merge with that for protons at very low energy.We estimate that this problem could result in at most a25go underestimate of these multiplicities. The multipli-cities and temperature parameters extracted from thethree-component fits exhibit the same trends as seen inFig. 4. The evaporative multiplicities (solid squares) in-crease with residue velocity or momentum transfer as dothe ratios M,„/M",„and M,', /M~„(not shown). The pro-jectilelike (triangles) and intermediate (circles) multiplici-ties reAect the momentum transfer itself, the heavier theparticle, the greater the association with the slower resi-due velocities. The temperature parameters for the eva-porative component (squares in Fig. 10) also increasemonotonically with momentum transfer from 3.5 MeV toslightly over 5 MeV. There is no clear evidence of a satu-ration of T,', over this range. The values of T„areslightly greater than T~„. This difference is to a large ex-tent due to the inAuence of angular momentum. Thispoint is discussed at some length in the accompanying pa-per. ' The temperature parameters for the relativelyweak projectilelike component (see multiplicities in Fig.

43A CHBIHI et al658

9, triangles in both Figs. 9 and 10) are generally smallerthan those for the evaporative component. On the otherhand, the temperature parameters for the intermediatesource are larger and increase with momentum transfer.These intermediate source temperature parameters are solarge that if such a source really existed with such a tem-perature, it would completely decompose. The physicainterpretation of this parameter is not clear. However,the need of a large slope parameter for the intermediatesource in multisource fits such as the ones one in thiswork is well documented (for example, see Ref. 23).

This multiple source picture is undoubtedly a greatsimplification of the true reaction dynamics. As men-tioned before, it is designed only to allow us to keep ac-count of the momenta and to deduce the excitation ener-gy oof the compound system. The operational definitionof the compound system is determined by the source can-

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struction and is therefore the system which deexcites bythe emission of particles which exhibit a forward-backward symmetry in the rest frame moving with thevelocity of the ultimate residue. The procedure we usefor this is, with one exception, identical to the procedureused by Wada et aI. A residue velocity is calculated us-ing the momentum and mass associated with the first twosources, projectilelike and preequilibrium. If this velocitydiffers from the experimental one (which it does for thelower velocity bins) an additional momentum in the formof the projectilelike source is included to correct thisdiscrepancy. With this consistency, an excitation energyat the beginning of the evaporation stage can be calculat-ed using the initial momentum transfer, the result of thefirst step, and then subtracting the cost of the preequili-brium emissions. This "top-down" procedure does notdirectly use the parameters from the evaporation source

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25 50 0 25 50 75

E (MeV)

FIG. 7. Deuteron spectra for two selected bins of the residuevelocity: (a) 7 mm/ns and (b) 15 mm/ns. The laboratory anglesare indicated. The lines are the fits described in the text.


or the neutron multiplicities or the sum y-ray energies.Therefore the top-down excitation is checked against a"bottom-up" excitation energy determination using theseother data.

More formally, this logic is as follows. (The readermay also refer to Ref. 23.) In the first step, the projectilebreaks up, some of it fuses and the remainder escapes. Ofthe escaping component, some fraction of the momentumis detected Pp ]'1, and the remainder avoids detection, AP.The fractional momentum transfer, p, (relative to that ofthe projectile, P„)at this stage is

5 I 0 I I I I

t I 1

a) ProtonLI . 0—

3.0—

2.0—

I I I II I I I 1.0

b) Deuter on—0.8

—0.6

—0. LI

Pi = &—X Mp i'k ~'~r

& u

(7)

0.0

0.LI—

I I II

I

c) Triton

I I I tI

II

d) Alpha

0.0

The sum index extends over all charged particles withmass 2 ' and neutrons. See below for the details concern-

0.3—

60106

a)10'—

10"

E, (MeV)1QO 200 0 100I

$I I I I

f I I 1 1 0 ) I 1 I I $ I

2 mm/ns ::b) 15

e, ::~200 3QO

I I I$

' I I I I

mm/ns

0.2—

0. 1—

0 . 0 I I I I

0 10

— 1.0

I I I I I I I I I 0 ~ 00 10 20

V (mm/ns)

103

102

15 15

22

FIG. 9. Proton (a), deuteron (b), triton (c), and a-particle (d)multiplicities extracted from the three source fit to the experi-mental data. The data and fits are shown in Figs. 6—8. Trian-gles are used for M„' ~;&„circles for M,'„„diamonds forMp ];k„+M„„and solid squares for M,', .

108 '

10o

10 ~

10-&

C3

' 'II

42 ~I I::I

—II

50

ss =-~

50

63

I I I I

II I I

ing the neutron parameters. The Atted values of the ve-locity ( V~ ~;z, =93—100% of V „,&, see Table II) and themultiplicity (Mp &;k, ) for the projectilelike source are usedin (7). The excitation at this stage is

ATEpF. *, = +Q, ,op+(w, /p, )

104CU

103

78—

87=

15 I I I I

II I I I

a ) ProtonI

iI I I I 25

10'

100

10-i

93

103

112

117=

131

138

156

93

103

112

117=

131

138

156

10

E

10 3

0 50 0 50 100 I I I I I I I00 10 0

I I I I I I I I I

10 200

E, (NeV)

FIG. 8. u particle spectra for two selected bins of the residuevelocity: (a) 7 mm/ns and (b) 15 mm/ns. The laboratory anglesare indicated. The lines are the fits described in the text.

V (mm/ns )FIG. 10. Proton (a) and o.'-particle (b) temperatures extracted

from the three source fit to the experimental data. The data andfits are shown in Figs. 6—8. The symbols represent the samecomponents as they did in Fig. 9.


TABLE II. Extracted parameters from the fitted p, d, t, and a spectra using three Maxwellian sources.

Particle

Bin no. 1

Pd

an

HI

Bin No. 2

Pd

HI

d

d

Source" '

evevevevevev

intintintint

P likeP likeP likeP like

evevevevevev

intintintint


y (b)S

{mm/ns)

5.05.05.05.05.05.0

52.054.042.035.0

69.064.064.067.0

7.07.07.07.07.07.0

51.049.042.035.0

65.065.065.068.0

1.03(0.06)0.13(0.02)0.04(0.01 )

0.43(0.04)8.02(0.80)0.03(0.01 )

0.69(0.07)0.18(0.02)0.07(0.01 )

0.63(0.04)

O. 18(0.02)0.03(0.01)0.04(0.01)0.58(0.07)

1.50(0.08 )

0.25(0.02 )

0.07(0.01 )

0.82(0.05 )

8.64{0.86)0.06(0.02)

0.67(0.07)o.23(o.o3)0.13(0.02)0.89(0.05 )

0.38(o.04)0.02(0.01 )

0.03(0.01 )

0.48(0.06)

T(cI )

(MeV)

3.29(0.08 )

3.73{0.17)4.00(0. 17)3.87(0. 12)3.29(0.08)3.87(0. 12)

6.36( 1.0)6.36( 1.0)6.36( 1.0)

11.6(1.5)

1.60(0.6)3.60(0.5)4.00(0.7)3.69(0.5 )

3.78(0. 10)4.12(0.11)4.20(0.20)4.61(0.10)3.78(0. 10)4.61(0.10)

7.53( 1.2)7.S3(1.2)7.53( 1.2)

12.0( 1.7)

3.51(o.06)1.57{0.5)2.05(0.7 )

3.80(0.4)

Cb(e)

(Mev)

3.7(0.4)5.2(0.8)4.2(0.5)7.8(1.0)

11.7(2.0)

7.5(1.2)5.2(1.0)5.2{1.0)7.0( 1.2)

1.0{3.0)1.0(3.0)1.0( 3.0)1.4(3.0)

3.5(0.3)5.4( 1.0)5.4( 1.0)7.6( 1.2)

11~ 3(2.0)

7.8(1.3)5.4( 1.0)5.4(1.0)6.9{1.2)

1.0(3.0)1.0(3.0)1.0(3.0)2.1(3.0)

~( f)

{MeV)

10.313.512.415.56.6

19.4

11.014.714.716.87.6

20.6

M[(BE)+e]Ig'

(MeV)

14.33.21.26.4

136.80.6

22.06.52.2

13.2156.0

1.2

Bin No. 3

dt

n

HI

d

P

u

evevevevevev

intintintint


9.09.09.09.09.09,0

50.050.045.035.0

65.065.065.067.0

2.06(0.07 )

0.36(0.03 )

0.13(0.02)1.12(0.08)9.28(0.93 )

0.08(0.02 )

0.78(0.08 )

0.31(0.04)0.17{0.03)1.08(0. 12}

0.36(0.04)0.02(0.01 )

0.02(0.01 )

o.3s(o.os)

4.12(0.07)4.54(0. 16)4.90(0.20)4.81(0.12)4.12(0.07)4.81(0.12)

7.96( 1.3)7.96( 1.3)7.96(1.3)

13.4( 1.7)

3.82(0.6)2.00(o.7)4.oo(1.0)4.03(0.4)

3.4(0.4)5.7{1.0)3.9(1.5)8.0( 1.4)

12.0( 2.0)

9.5(2.0)5.7{1.0)3.9(1.5)4.8( 1.0)

1.0(3.0)1.0{3.0)1.0(3.0)4.8(1.5)

11.615.117.317.68.2

21.6

31.39.64.0

19.0174.0

1.7

Bin No. 4

n

HI

evevev

evev

1 1.011.011.011.01 1.01 1.0

2.61(0.06)0.50(O. 03 )

O. 18(0.01 )

1.37(0. 10)10.2( 1.0)0.08(0.02 )

4.40(0.07 )

4.60(0. 10)s.oo(o. 2o)

5.00(0. 10)4.40(0.07 )

5.00(0. 10)

3.4(0.6)6.4( 1.2)4.2(1.5)

8.2{1.6)

12.3( 1.8)

12.216.217.2

18.48.8

22.5

41.213.85.9

24.2197.0

1.8


TABLE II. (Continued).

Particle Source'"' '

(b)S

(mm/ns) M(c)T(d)

(MeV)( b(ej

(MeV)

~(&)

(MeV)M[(BEj+e]"'

(MeV)

Pd

Pd

intintintint


46.050.047.035.0

69.069.069.067.0

0.64(0.08 )

0.41(0.07 )

0.22(0.04)1.00(0. 12)

0.50(0.08)0.14(0.20)0.02(0.01 )

0.24(0.04)

8.65{1.8)8.65(1.8)8.65(1.8)

14.3(2.0)

4.55(0.6)2.10(0.7)4.00(0.4)4.00(0.4)

10.8(1.5 }6.3( 1.2)4.2(1.0}4.8( 1.0)

1.0{3.0)1.0(3.0)1.0(3.0)3.4(1.5)

Bin No. 5

d

n

HI

d

d

evevevevevev

intintintint


13.013.013.013.013.013.0

56.047.046.035.0

66.066.066.066.0

3.14(0.08)0.66(0.04)0.28(0.03 )

1.65(0.09)10.9(1.1)0.08(0.02)

0.48(0.06)0.39(0.04)0.22(0.04)0.69(0.08 )

0.55(0.07)0.07(0.01 )

0.03{0.01)0.17(0.03)

4.60(0. 10}

5.08(0. 14)5.50(0. 16)5.11(0.10)4.60(0. 10)5.11(0.10)

12.3(2.2)12.3(2.2)12.3(2.2)16.8(2.2)

4.93(0.7 }3.00(0.8)4.00(0.8)4.12(0.3)

3.6(0.6)6.2(1.1)3.5(1.0)9.3(1.8)

14.0(2.0)

5.4(0.8)6.2(1.2)3.5(1.0)4.9(0.6)

1.0( 3.0)1.0(3.0)1.0( 3.0)3.4(1.5)

12.817.317.519.59.2

24.2

51.519.09.3

31.0215.0

1.9

Bin No. 6

Pdt

HI

dt

Pdt

evevevevev

intintintint


15.015.015.015.015.015.0

40.050.045.038.0

69.069.069.067.0

3.55(0. 16)0.82(0.05)0.35(0.03)2.06(0. 15 )

11.3( 1.2)0.08(0.02)

0.17(0.03)0.30(0.05 )

0.17(0.03)0.30(0.05 )

0.47(0.06)0.05(0.01 )

0.02(0.01 )

0.15(0.02)

4.88(0. 10)5.60(0. 14)6.80(0.20)5.50(0. 12)4.88(0. 10)5.50(0. 12)

12.0(2.3 )

12.0(2.3)12.0(2.3 )

22.4(4.0)

4.00(0.8)2.68(0.6)4.00(0.8)4.20(0.4)

3.6(0.5)7.1(1.3)4.4(1.5)

10.1( 1.7)

15.1

3.8(0.5)7.1(2.5)4.4( 1.0)3.8(0.5)

1.2( 3.0)1.0(3.0)1.0(3.0)1.0(3.0)

13.518.419.821.09.8

26. 1

60.324.512.442.0

229.02.1

Bin No. 7

d

HI

d

evevevevevev

intintintint

17.017.017.017.017.017.0

40.042.044.059.0

3.43(0.30)0.87(0.05 )

0.41(0.04)2.35(0. 17)

11.2( 1.2)0.08(0.02)

0.10(0.02)0.12{0.02)0.08(0.01 )

0.15(0.02)

5.03(0.15 )

6.08(0.23 )

7.47(0.50)6.15(0.35)5.03(0.15 )

6.15(0.35 )

12.0(2.3)12.0(2.3)12.0(2.3)6.08(2.0)

3.4(0.5 }7.4( 1.4)4.9(1.5)

10.0( 1.7)

15.0(2.5)

1.0( 3.0)7.4{2.0)4.9( 1.0)

14.7(4.0)

13.919.619.822.310.1

27.3

59.827.014.550.7

231.02.2


TABLE II. (Continued).

Particle Source "(b)

S(mm/ns) M(c)

T(cI )

(MeV)

Cb(e)

(MeV) (MeV)M[(BE)+ e ]"'

(MeV)

d

a


69.069.069.0

0.36(0.05 )

0.07(0.01 )

0.02(0.01 )

4.00(0.8)4.00(0.8)4.00(0.8 )

1.5(2.0)7.4(2.0)1.0(3.0)

"'The sources: (ev) is the evaporative, (int) is the intermediate and (P like) is the projectilelike.'"'The source velocity. The velocity of the evaporative source was fixed at the centroid of the residue velocity window. The velocities

are fitted for the other two sources.'"'The multiplicity. Neutron and heavy-ion multiplicities are deduced from the backward angle event by event data.' 'The temperature parameters deduced from the fitted spectra. Neutron and heavy-ion temperatures were assumed equal to the pro-

ton and a temperatures, respectively."The Coulomb barrier. (Cb)"' was assumed equal to 1.5(Cb) .'"The average kinetic energy.' 'Excitation energy removed. (BE) is the binding energy.

v, =p,P /A, . (10)

The missing mass 53 is deduced from the missingmomentum assuming b,P =62 (P~ I&z ).

The next step in the reaction is a fast preequilibriumemission of particles. This intermediate source has a ve-

locity, v;„„approximately —,' that of the beam, see Table

II. From the parameters of the fit of this component, theresidue velocity V~, mass A~, and excitation energyEI*, d, „can be calculated by subtracting the appropriateterms from v &, 3 „and E &,

A &U&—g M „,A 'U,'„,

A, —gM', „,A'

A~ =A, —gM „,3', (12)

Fg d,„„=E*,—g [M,'„,(B;'„,+ ', T„„)]+Q2—(13)

The intermediate source parameters of multiplicity, ve-

locity, Coulomb barrier, and temperature for the chan-nels, (n, p, d, r, and a particles) are indicated by M', „„U',„„B „„and T,'„„respectively. The Q value for Eq. (13) is

the energy required to separate 2, into the intermediatesource components and the ultimate residue

where Ep is the total laboratory energy and Az and ATare the mass numbers of the projectile and target. The Qvalue for this step is that for the entire incomplete fusionreaction. One can envision correcting Q &

with aCoulomb term which would provide some energy for theescaping projectilelike fragments to break up. However,we see no obvious way to make this undoubtedly smallcorrection so we simply use Q, =Q,„,Eq. (1). After thisincomplete fusion stage, the mass and velocity of the sys-tem are,

A~ =Ap+ AT —QMp ]g 3'—Bc'

A) ~ AR+gM „,A'+Q2 . (14)

[Equation (13) diff'ers from the expression used by Wadaet al. They neglected the Coulomb term and explicitlyincluded a recoil correction. The recoil term is muchsmaller than the Coulomb term, which itself is small. Weneglect the smaller recoil term. ]

The number of preequilibrium neutrons is assumed tobe independent of p& and equal to 2.5, this value is thatdetermined by Hilscher' for the system Ne+ ' Ho at30 MeV/A. We assume that the fractional partition ofneutrons between the projectilelike and intermediatesources is the same as for protons and that the neutronsource velocities are the same as the proton source veloci-ties.

The results of this analysis are also given in Table IIIand plotted in Figs. 11—13. The mass and linear mornen-tum partition are shown in Figs. 11 and 12, respectively.The mass of the primary residue Az (solid squares in Fig.11) increases from 105 amu for the lowest momentumtransfers to 122 amu for the bins near complete mornen-tum transfer. The balance of the mass is found in the in-termediate source (triangles in Fig. 11) which contains asmany as 10 nucleons, the projectilelike source (circles)with as many as four nucleons, and the unobserved ormissing mass (open squares) with as many as 10 nucleons.As discussed previously, these nonevaporative sources areconcentrated at low momentum transfers. It is worthnoting that the three bins with the largest momentumtransfer require no missing mass and the next, fourth bin,only requires two unaccounted-for nucleons. Theinfluence of the fast intermediate, projectilelike, and miss-ing components is highlighted in the momentum recon-struction, Fig. 12.

The excitation energy of the primary residue for eachbin is shown in Fig. 13. The open squares are the excita-tion energies determined from the momentum recon-struction procedure, E~ d, „ from Eq. (13). The solidsquares are calculated from the multiplicities and chanpelenergies of the evaporative component e' and the total g-ray energy,


TABLE III. Linear momentum partition and excitation energy reconstruction.

Bin P /P (b) ~P like

Linear momentum partition.M,„ Pl

1

23

567

0.1510.1500.1100.1050.1020.1140.113

0.1540.1740.2000.1790.1430.0750.052

4.324.303.222.972.933.213.20

7.058.439.728.726.503.532.57

9.8212.4114.5616.4818.3220.3421.42

0.8490.8500.8900.8950.9000.9000.900

0.4220.3040.1920.0860.0000.0000.000

11.828.525.382.400.000.000.00

112115119123125125125

105107110114119121122

95949597

100101101

BinE )fc

(MeV)

~ &ac

~R, down

(MeV)

Excitation energy reconstruction)jc P

ER,.p ER, down /~R(MeV) (MeV/3)

ER,.„/~R(MeV/A )

aE/E'd'(%)

1

234567

242290368413463458458

158200260316372405418

174212251295339381396

1.501.872.372.773.143.343.42

1.661.992.292.592.863.143.24

—10.3—6.4

3.46.68.96.05.4

"Contribution of the projectilelike source momentum, P; is the projectile linear momentum.' 'Contribution of the intermediate source momentum."Contribution of the missing momentum.' 'The relative error between ER d,„„and ER „„.The other parameters are defined in text.

Eg „p=E~,„,i +g M,', [e'+ (BE)'] . (lS)

I I I I

II I I

The sum extends over n, p, d, t, a, and heavy ions. Themean neutron energy e" is taken as that of the proton lessthe proton barrier. Experimental masses are used to cal-

Mass Partition

culate the binding energies, (BE) . The contributions ofthe various terms in Eq. (1S) are given in the last columnin Table II. The total y-ray energy, E„„Iis close to 10MeV for all of the bins. We have also found that M is

independent of momentum transfer. The lack of thelatter dependence can be understood with the aid of sta-tistical model calculations which indicate that only asmall portion of the spin is removed by y rays. We also

L.V. St a&&~gj. 00 & & « il» & i

li i r.

50 — Pl ike

P int

10oI I I I I I I I

10

V (mm/ns)20

0 I I I I I I 1

10V (mm/ns)

20

FIG. 11. Mass partition. The circles give the projectilelikemass, Ap', triangles, the intermediate source; open squares, theundetected mass; and solid squares, the initial mass of the com-pound system.

FIG. 12. Histogram displaying the partition of linearmomentum between the residue, PR, the intermediate source,P;n„ the projectilelike source, Pp „„,, and the missing momen-tum hP.

A. CHBIHI et al.

LI-00—

R, down

CD~ SOO—

00 I I I I1

I I 1 I suggests that the uncertainty in E~ is no more than this.Some additional verification of these excitation energiescould be achieved in an experiment with individual massidentification of the ultimate residue, Az. In this case,the final product of the decay of the primary residue withmass A~ and excitation energy E~ can be compared tostatistical model calculations.

V. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS

200—

1000 10 20

V (mm/ns)

FIG. 13. The initial compound excitation energy, as deter-mined by the "top-down" momentum reconstruction (solidsquares) and the excitation deduced from summing the particleemission costs from the "bottom up" (open squares), plotted asa function of residue velocity.

find that even at the highest excitation energy, over 400MeV, heavy-ion evaporation makes a negligible contribu-tion to the deexcitation mechanism.

The comparison of Ett d, „(open squares) and Ett „(solid squares) presented in Fig. 13, provides confidencethat the mean initial compound excitation energies havebeen determined reasonably well. The disagreement be-tween the two methods is less than 10% over the entirespan covering Ett from 170 to 420 MeV, (see Table III forthe numbers). The terms contributing the most to theuncertainty in the determination of E& from either direc-tion have to do with the neutron parameters. For thedetermination of Ez d, „, it is the total number of pre-equilibrium neutrons and how they are distributed in en-

ergy and angle, which creates the greatest uncertainty.As stated previously, we assume that these neutrons canbe modeled by the sum of a projectilelike component andan intermediate velocity source in the same fashion asprotons with an overall multiplicity taken from the litera-ture for a similar system. While these are reasonable as-sumptions, we cannot verify them with the existing data.For the determination of Ez „„,the primary source of un-certainty is the multiplicity of evaporation neutrons.While this is determined in our experiment, it is donewith a device (Spin Spectrometer) not ideally suited to thetask. We estimate that the absolute uncertainty in M,', isless than 20%. This propagates into a 12—15 /o uncer-tainty in E~ „.This agreement between the two methods

This work is a rather complete study of the reactionsbetween 701 MeV Si and ' Mo which produce a resi-due near O'. These reactions are incomplete fusions. Wehave found that the yields correlate with the Coulombcorrected Q values corresponding to either the entire in-complete fusion reaction or the simple projectile frag-mentation. This means that we cannot learn about thenature of the mechanism from the Q-value yield sys-tematics alone. On the other hand, we do know that aCoulomb correction must be applied, even for the highlyfragmented channels considered here, in order to makethe incomplete fusion systematics work.

We have also learned that there is a difference in thedependence of light- and heavy-ion multiplicities withlinear momentum transfer. Related to this, we have seenthat the backward angle heavy-ion multiplicities dependon the extent of fragmentation while the light-ion multi-plicities do not. This can be explained within the frame-work of equilibrium evaporation if there is a systematicdifference in the transferred spin distributions with theextent of fragmentation, at fixed linear momentumtransfer. However, at least one dynamical explanationalso exists.

The data from this experiment has been used to deter-mine the partition of the mass and momentum and thedeposition of excitation energy. These reactions producehighly excited nuclei. While these nuclei are not as wellcharacterized as simple compound reactions, they aresufficiently well characterized to allow detailed studies ofthe decay of these systems. One of the central issues isthe development of the nuclear level density at these highexcitation energies. This is dealt with in the followingpaper.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

This work was supported in part by the U.S. Depart-ment of Energy under Contract Nos. DE-FG02-87ER40316 and DE-FG02-88ER40406. Oak Ridge Na-tional laboratory is operated by Martin Marietta EnergySystems, Inc. under Contract No. DE-AC05-84OR21400with the U.S. Department of Energy.

*Permanent address: Institute of Physics, Jagellonian Universi-ty of Krakow, Krakow, Poland.

~Permanent address: Wadsworth Center for Laboratories andResearch, New York State Department of Health, Albany,NY 12201.

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yield decomposition and excitation energy reconstruction ... · 43 yield decomposition and...

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