your vote. our future. · 2014. 12. 16. · your vote. our future. a module for citizen-voter...
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Your Vote. Our Future.
a module for citizen-voter education
Training Manual 2003
Prepared by the Institute for Political and Electoral Reform (IPER) with the support of Consortium on Electoral Reforms (CER) and the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)
Adopted by the 2003 National Voters’ Education Summit.
CCEERR
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Training Manual for the IPER Core Citizen-Voter Education Module I. Introduction This module and manual serves to contribute to the efforts at effecting matured and informed political attitudes and decisions of Filipino citizen voters. As a generic citizens education module, it covers the broader aspects of the political and electoral system, human rights and governance. Contents of this module are the basic concepts and ideas to be considered in creating messages according to various forms of communication for the education campaign. The manual translates the strategy in which the trainers will give the course. II. Manual This manual will provide trainers with the general concepts for citizen-voter education course, the references, the proposed training methods to be employed for the course, and the guidelines in handling each topic and method. The contents of the manual are also outlined in the training schedule. III. Course Objectives The course aims to raise the level of awareness of the electorate especially the disadvantaged sectors towards a responsible, democratic, and sustained participation in electoral and governance processes. Specifically, this citizen-voter education module aims to: -acquaint the electorate with the basic concepts of democracy and the role of elections in democracy and governance; -stress the importance of one’s vote; -encourage voters to participate in the whole electoral and governance process; and -eventually effect informed political choices among the citizen voters. IV. Course Content The module contains the basic concepts for the citizen-voter education. Part I gives a note on the right of suffrage and a brief history of elections in the Philippines. Part II advances the concepts of elections and democracy and various mechanisms for people’s participation in such set-up. Part III discusses the government structure and electoral process and system and outlines the duties and responsibilities of both the public servants and the citizen voters to watch out for. A review of electoral procedures and processes is also done in Part III, which aims to guide voters in the actual conduct of elections. Part IV deals with the existing voter behavior and elections: attitudes and decisions of the electorate; and of political candidates; dynamics and mechanisms employed by stakeholders in the electoral and political processes. Finally, Part V shares a vision of ideal government, citizen-voter and political leaders and enumerates action points for the citizen voters before, during, and after elections. V. Methodology A mix of lectures, discussions, small group sharing, game, and role playing will be used for this citizen-voter education course. Open forum will only be done after the small group sharing and after the last lecture has been delivered. During the open forum, the participants can clarify and thresh out issues (with the trainer/s as well as with the other participants) that may have arise from the lectures, discussions, and sharing. To encourage active involvement from the participants, game, role-playing and group sharing on the observations, reflections and experiences will be conducted. VI. Participants This course is designed for citizen-voters from class C, D, and E. VII. Duration The training shall be conducted for four (4) hours.
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Activity 1: Introduction to the Training
Duration: 5 mins.
Materials: IPER Brochure, Profile of Partner Organzation, Course Objectives
and Contents
Prodedure: The trainer introduces the sponsor organization/s (i.e. IPER and partner/s), the objectives and contents of the training, and gives a background on IPER’s YOUR VOTE OUR FUTURE Module. Reading: Introduction The development of the IPER’s YOUR VOTE. OUR FUTURE. Citizen-Voter Education Module serves as a contribution to the call for new politics based on political and electoral reforms. Recognizing that education plays a key part in raising the political consciousness of the electorate towards a responsible, democratic, and sustained participation in the electoral and governance processes, IPER initiated the development of materials in response to such needs. After a series of consultations with civil society stakeholders on political and electoral reforms, IPER came up with a core module that aims to provide a broader coverage on the right of suffrage, the political and electoral system and governance. Such reforms are aimed at broadening the genuine participation of the grassroots in politics and governance, ensuring universal suffrage, assuring clean, honest and fair elections, and developing a politically mature citizenry. These are further directed towards making Philippine elections a more meaningful political exercise through an enlightened electorate.
Course Objectives The course aims to raise the level of awareness of the electorate especially the disadvantaged sectors towards a responsible, democratic, and sustained participation in electoral and governance processes. Specifically, this citizen-voter education module aims to: -acquaint the electorate with the basic concepts of democracy and the role of elections in democracy and governance; -stress the importance of one’s vote; -encourage voters to participate in the whole electoral and governance process; and -eventually effect informed political choices among the citizen voters. Course Content The module contains the following concepts for the citizen-voter education.
Part I The Right of Suffrage History of elections in the Philippines Part II Elections and Democracy Part III Government Structure Electoral System and Process Part IV Voter behavior and Elections Part V Guiding Vision Action Points for Citizen Voters
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I. The Right of Suffrage and Brief History of Philippine Elections Objective: At the end of this session, the participant shall be able to understand the basic right of suffrage and gain knowledge on the history of elections. Activity 2: Lecture on the Right of Suffrage
Duration: 5 mins.
Materials: Readingon Right of Suffrage; Annex 1 – Matrix of Article 21, UDHR; Art.25, ICCPR; and Art. V, 1987 Philippine Constitution Procedure: The trainer discusses the provisions of UDHR, ICCPR, and the 1987 Constitution pertaining to the right to vote. Reading: The Right of Suffrage The human right to vote is embodied in three instruments: Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR); the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights; and in the 1987 Philippine Constitution. The Philippines is governed by these three documents which similarly mandate universality of the right; equality in access to public servce; and secrecy of votes.
Article 21 (1-3) of the
Universal Declaration of Human Rights
(December 10, 1948)
Art.25 (a-c) of International Covenant on Civil and Political
Rights, (March 1976)
Art. V, Sec. 1-2 of The 1987 Philippine
Constitution
1 Everyone has the right to take part in the government of his country, directly or through freely chosen representatives. 2 Everyone has the right to equal access to public service in his country. 3 The will of the people shall be the basis of the authority of the government; this will shall be expressed in periodic and genuine elections, which shall be by universal and equal suffrage and shall be held by secret vote or by equivalent free voting procedures.
Every citizen shall have the right and the opportunity, without any of the distinctions mentioned in article 2 and without unreasonable restrictions:
(a) To take part in the conduct of public affairs, directly or through freely chosen representatives;
(b) To vote and to be elected at genuine periodic elections which shall be by universal and equal suffrage and shall be held by secret ballot, guaranteeing the free expression of the will of the electors;
(c) To have access, on general terms of equality, to public service in his country.
1 Suffrage may be exercised by all citizens of the Philippines not otherwise disqualified by law. 2 The Congress shall provide a system for securing the secrecy and sanctity of ballot as well as a system for absenteoe voting by qualified Filipinos abroad. The congress shall also design a procedure for the disabled and the illiterates to vote without the assistance of other persons. Until then, they shall be allowed to vote under existing laws and such rules as the Commission on elections may promulgate to protect the secrecy of the ballot.
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Activity 3: Lecture on the History of Philippine Elections
Duration: 10 mins.
Materials: Matrix of Elections in the Philippines; Reading on History of Elections in the Philippines; Visual Aids Procedure: The trainer briefly presents elections in the Philippines during the pre-colonial, colonial, pre-martial law, martial law, post martial law, and the current periods. Emphasis should be given on the major political and election events, contenders and results in each period.
Reading:
History of Elections A system of election was first practiced in the Philippines during the Spanish and American colonial period. But the process was only limited to male voters and was more of a ceremonial rather than a genuine democratic mechanism.
Sectoral struggle and political participation were only realized in 1937: when Act 4112, granting women the right of suffrage, was implemented; and when the peasant movements gained meaningful participation in political parties and in actually filling of government positions.
The first democratic elections after WW II was the 1946 election for President and Vice-President of the Republic, Members of the Senate and of the House of Representatives. From then on, the country operated on a two-party system where two major political parties, the Nacionalista Party and the Liberal Party, figure in succeeding elections.
When Marcos declared Martial Law in 1972, the 1935 Constitution was scrapped, an Interim Batasang Pambansa was created and a new (1973) Constitution was adopted.
Election for the Interim Batasang Pambansa was called for in 1978. The Kilusang Bagong Lipunan (KBL) became the administration party. The election was claimed to be towards restoration of old political order but Marcos’ purpose was to gain legitimacy for his unpopular administration and to create a rubber stamp legislature. The exercise defied democratic procedures, and was characterized by rampant electoral manipulation done by the Marcos government to ensure victory.
Local election in 1980 was characterized by widespread terrorism, violence and wholesale fraud.
Intense opposition coming from the peasant and student sector in the countryside supported peasant and labor unrest. In 1981, Marcos submitted himself to the electoral process to regain legitimacy. This is mandated by the constitutional provision of a parliamentary system.
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The Aquino assassination in 1983 resulted in waves of protest forcing the creation of wider democratic space. Batasang Pambansa elections happened in 1984 to replace the Interim Batasang Pambansa. The exercise was intended to divert the people’s attention away from the Aquino assassination. Still, the period was marked by weakening popularity of Marcos and the people’s growing political will to guarantee that their sentiments are reflected in election results.
Snap elections were held in 1986. The widespread election manipulations and irregularities and the worsening social, political and economic order triggered the EDSA uprising in the same year. The mass action known as the People Power Revolution of 1986 led to the ouster of Marcos, the collapse of KBL and the installation of Corazon Aquino as the President.
Aquino’s program of restoring democracy, promoting stability and establishing political legitimacy involved three major electoral exercises: national plebiscite for the approval of the 1987 Constitution in February 1987; election for members of the Senate and House of Representatives in May 1987; and local elections in January 1988. The 1987 Constitution provided for a multi-party system.
During the 1992 synchronized national and local elections, the people voted for president for the first time under the 1987 Constitution. The main campaign issue was doing away with “trapo” or traditional politics. In 1995, congressional and local elections were held. A new form of fraud dubbed as “dagdag-bawas” or the subtraction of votes from one candidate to be added to the contending candidate was in practice during these two major elections.
In 1998, the first party-list elections were held. Joseph Estrada was seated as President of the Republic with popular support. However in January 2001, EDSA DOS, a repeat of the 1986 People Power removed Estrada from Malacañang and seated Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo as the new president.
Time and again, the struggle for our independence and for democratic governance resulted in a kind of political system, political leaders and electorate that we have right now. Election has been one major feature and mechanism in practice and through a more informed electorate is hoped to continue to serve as a vehicle towards genuine democratic governance.
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II. Elections and Democracy Objective: At the end of this session, the participant shall be able to gain insights on the concepts of election and democracy and on the particular mechanisms for participation in political exercises.
Activity 4: Lecture-Discussion on Elections and Democracy
Duration: 15 mins.
Materials: Reading on Elections and Democracy
Procedure: The interrelation of the main concepts of sovereignty/sovereign people, consent of the governed, free and informed political choice should be stressed. The trainer also discusses the specific mechanisms of political participation available to the citizen-voters. Reading: Elections and Democracy
The Constitution guarantees that we are a sovereign people, where all government authority comes from. Sovereignty or the power to govern is exercised directly through suffrage and indirectly through public officials elected by the people. The will of the people, then, is best expressed in clean, orderly and honest election.
The representative democratic structure, in which the people govern through
elected representatives, is based on the idea of “consent of the governed”. Thus, the government officials chosen and elected by the people become servants and not masters of the people from whom and for whom these officials exercise their power and authority.
The citizen voters are entitled to free and informed choice on whom to vote and
must be dictated by the genuine welfare of the majority. Every individual political choices and decisions made by the citizen voters will determine the kind of government that will serve them.
Specific Mechanisms
Since the enactment of the 1987 Constitution, elections for President and Vice-president are held every six years, while elections for Senators and members of the House of Representatives and local government officials happen every three years.
At the local level, barangay elections and Sangguniang Kabataan elections are
also held periodically.
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In 1993 and 1996, elections for the Autonomous Region of Muslim Mindanao (ARMM) were held. The 1996 ARMM elections also served as pilot-test for automated system of elections.
Aside from voting in elections, our Constitution mandates other mechanisms to advance democratization and citizen’s stake in governance.
The system of initiative and referendum gives the people power to directly enact,
propose and reject laws at the local level. Also through initiative, the people may directly propose amendments to the
Constitution by a petition of at least 12% of the total number of registered voters, in which 3% of registered voters in each legislative district is represented.
Through plebiscites, the people approve or reject the call for a constitutional
convention to propose changes to the Constitution, approve or reject proposed changes in the Constitution and, at the local level, express their will with respect to certain local issues.
The party-list system of representation allows for marginalized and
underrepresented sectors to be represented in the national legislature. The system serves as an attempt to depart from the personalistic character of political and electoral system by giving focus on the party and its issue-based platform.
The Constitution and the 1991 Local Government Code (LGC) mandate sectoral
representation in the legislative bodies of local governments.
People participation is also provided for by the Local Government Code through representation in consultative bodies such as the local health boards, local school boards, local peace and order councils and local development councils in all local levels.
There is also the LGC-mandated barangay assembly (peoples’ assembly or meeting of
all over-15-year-old-residents of the barangay). The assembly has the power to hear and pass upon the report of Sangguniang Barangay’s (SB) performance. It can also recommend measures for legislation by SB.
The Barangay Assembly is one manifestation of people’s power and a (truly)
direct and participatory democratic exercise.
The latest development in upholding the right of suffrage is Republic Act 9189, which provides for a system of absentee voting for qualified Filipinos abroad.
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III. Government Structure and the Electoral Process A. Government Structure Objective: At the end of this session, the participant shall be able to learn the basic government structure in terms of the elective positions and their corresponding powers and functions. The participants shall also be able to reflect on the performances of past national
and local officials.
Activity 5: Workshop and Lecture-Discussion on Government Structure
Duration: 40 mins.
Materials: Matrix of Powers and Functions of Elective Officials; Game Materials
Procedure: (Workshop-Game) The trainer asks the participant to count in 2s to break them into two groups. The trainer then introduces the mechanics of the game. Group 1 is instructed to identify the different executive positions from the national to the local level and what functions they perform in government; while Group 2 is instructed to identify legislative positions from the national to the local level and identify functions in government. The groups will be given 30 minutes for the activity, after which, they will be asked to report on the discussions. (Lecture-Discussion) If necessary, the trainer then discusses the other executive and legislative positions and corresponding functions not mentioned in either reports Reading: Powers and Functions of Public Servants
Executive power is vested in the President of the Republic. This power covers: control of all executive departments and all implementing agencies of the government; appointment of high officials in the government (heads of executive
departments/cabinet members, ambassadors, public ministers, consuls, officers of the armed forces);
seeing to the execution and implementation of laws and policies Local government units also exercise executive functions through the governors of provinces, municipal and city mayors. Legislative power is lodged in the Congress of the Philippines: the Senate and the House of Representatives. Legislative functions include:
Statute making, constitution making, and amending of constitution; Appropriations/financial function; Oversight function; Informational or the power to conduct inquiries in aid of legislation.
Legislative functions are carried out in the local level by the different “sanggunians” or local legislative bodies.
In the law-making process, the president can either approve or veto a law passed by Congress. It would require 2/3s vote by the legislative body to finally pass the bill into law. At the local level, chief executives can also veto any ordinance on the ground that it is prejudicial to the public. In turn, the sanggunian or the local legislative body can override the veto, also by 2/3s vote of the whole sanggunian.
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B. Election Process Objective: At the end of this session, the participant shall be able to learn/review the election process, new developments/initiatives in the process, and other matters, which need the attention of citizen-voters in the actual exercise of the right of suffrage. Activity 6: Lecture-Discussion on Election Process
Duration: 35 mins.
Materials: Diagram and Reading on Election Process; Visual Aids
Procedure: The trainer will discuss the qualifications and disqualifications of of a voter and will trace the election process with the aid of a diagram of the usual election process and introduce new developments in the process using the proposed process for the 2004 elections, that is incorporating the extent of automation in the counting and canvassing of votes. In each step of the process, the trainer discusses important procedures to be followed by the citizen-voters in the exercise of right of suffrage. The new system and procedures (i.e. automated counting and canvassing, absentee voting, etc.) should also be highlighted. Reading: Qualifications and Disqualifications of a Voter All citizens of the Philippines, eighteen years of age or over, and a resident of the Philippines for one year and in the city or municipality wherein he proposes to vote for at least six months immediately preceding the election are qualified to vote. The following shall be disqualified from voting:
a. Any person who has been sentenced by final judgment to suffer imprisonment for not less than one year. However, he/ she may reacquire the right to vote upon expiration of five years after service of sentence.
b. Any person who has been adjudged by final judgment by competent court or tribunal of having committed any crime involving disloyalty to the duly constituted government such as rebellion, sedition, violation of the anti-subversion and firearms laws, or any crime against national security, unless restored to his full civil and political rights in accordance with law: Provided, That he shall regain his right to vote automatically upon expiration of five years after service of sentence.
c. Insane or incompetent persons as declared by competent authority
In addition, RA 9189 or the Overseas Absentee Voting Law entitles all Filipino citizens overseas, not otherwise disqualified by law, and immigrants and permanent residents with affidavit of intent to resume residence in the Philippines, to vote for elective positions in the national level: President; Vice-President; Senators; and Party-List Representatives
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Election Process Registration
Preliminary to the voting exercise is the registration of voters. During the registration process, the qualified voter accomplishes and files a sworn application for registration before the election officer of the city or municipality wherein he resides and including the same in the book of registered voters upon approval by the Election Registration Board. This process is currently guided by RA 8189 or the Continuing Voters’ Registration Act of 1996.
The Overseas Absentee Voting (OAV) Law applies the mechanics in RA 8189 of personal registration either with the Election Board of Inspectors in their place of residence before their departure or with the representative of the Commission in the Philippine embassies, consulates and other foreign service establishment in their temporary residence overseas.
Election Day
After undergoing the registration process and during election day, the voter proceeds to the casting of votes, which is conducted by the Board of Election Inspectors (BEI). All voters whose name appears in the list of voters will be allowed to vote. Official candidates and registered political parties and party-list groups are represented in the precincts by watchers.
Public counting of votes starts immediately after the close of voting at 3:00 p.m. Votes for candidates, simultaneously with the reading, are entered in the tally board and the election returns. Official watchers shall be permitted full access to the proceedings, but only the members of the BEI can write or place marks on the tally board and on the election returns. All questions on appreciation of ballots are decided by BEI by majority votes.
After all ballots have been read and recorded, the BEI signs and thumbmarks the election returns and lets the principal watchers of six major political parties do the same. Sic copies of the election returns are placed inside corresponding envelopes, sealed and submitted to officials concerned. These returns are then distributed to the Comelec, to designated canvassers, and candidates/parties through their watchers and are then used for canvassing of votes.
Modernized Election Process Republic Act 8436 or the Election Automation Law, legislated in 1997, mandates the use of automated election system in the country as early as the May 1998 elections. This system will comprise the use of appropriate technology for voting and electronic devices to count votes and canvass/consolidate results. The law also provides for the following features of the automated system: a) use of appropriate ballots; b) stand-alone machine which will count and consolidate elections results; c) provision for audit trails; d) minimum human intervention; and e) adequate safeguard and security measures. However, the succeeding elections in 1998, 2001, and 2002 (except for the 1996 ARMM elections, which pilot tested an automated system) came and went but still under a manual system of voting and counting. The approaching 2004 elections will again not see through a fully nationwide automated system. Only Phase I (validation of voters’ registration) of the automation was implemented by the Comelec. Phase II (automated counting and canvassing) will not push through for the 2004 elections, while according to the Comelec Phase III (transmission of election results) will still be implemented during the May 2004 elections.
Implementation of RA 8436 through Comelec Resolution 02-0170 Phase I Voter Registration and Validation System Phase II Automated Counting and Canvassing System Phase III Electronic Transmission of Election Results
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IV. Voter Behavior and Elections Objective: During this session the participants shall be able to share and reflect on their observations of voting behavior and observations/ views/ experiences of elections and governance in their locality. Activity 7: Workshop: Role Playing –or- Lecture-Discussion
Duration: 40 mins.
Materials: Workshop Guide; Reading on Voter Behavior and Elections
Procedure: (Workshop-Role Playing) The trainer breaks the participants into 3-4 groups and asks them to come up with a short skit portraying an “election period” scenario that they will pick by drawing lots. Each group will then be asked to do the role-playing in front of all the participants. (Feedback) The trainer then facilitates the group in identifying the scenario portrayed and the various characteristics and practices commonly observed during election period. He/She then discusses other practices, which have not been brought up in the activity. (Lecture-Discussion) The trainer gives inputs on voter behavior and election, which may serve as segue to the workshop on guiding vision. Reading: Voter Behavior and Elections
A 2003 update study on voter behavior suggest the top four factors on what determines the vote of Filipino electorate:
1. candidate’s public servant image; 2. political machinery; 3. candidate’s popularity; and 4. endorsement of traditional network and organizations which include the
family, the church, the ward leaders, and formal groups and association.
The conduct of elections is made complex by the practices and values, which in turn are reflective of the behavior and attitudes of the electorate and the politicians and of the actual practices before, during and after elections. Further, voter behavior reflects the personalistic and patronage orientation of traditional Filipino politics or “trapo”.
Patronage politics thrive on a culture where the government leader becomes a
politician who serves as a patron accommodating special favors to dole out money or provide jobs, recommendations and contracts to only a few in exchange for votes in the succeeding elections or support for a political agenda.
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A common element of patronage culture is utang na loob. The powers-that-be use
this to ensure that their political and economic interests will be served. For instance, a “powerful” politician may invite a candidate to run under his political party and in return, the candidate will feel indebted and eventually feel pressured to support the political agenda of his benefactor (even if he is opposed to said agenda).
For the poor, giving their support to a candidate is seen as an investment so that
they can depend on the politician for help, e.g. donations, medicine, school fees. Campaign supporters view their help as a personal favor that the elected official should perceive as utang na loob. In return, they expect the official to accept personal invitations from their organizations, to comply with personal requests for donations, to award them perhaps with a government position upon electoral victory.
In preparation for a coming election, people with plans of running for public
office would be seen attending public functions from the barangay (community) to the provincial level. For constituents at the national level, candidates engage themselves in media exposure.
Conversely, voting has always been determined by popularity of the candidate
and financial and party machinery, which enhances the popularity of a candidate. Elections now become a high-spending process to the detriment of the candidates who has neither the financial resources nor the machinery, which can provide for posters and airtime in mass media.
Consequently, the electoral system becomes bereft of the real issues affecting the
electorate. Venues to seriously discuss programs of action and performances of candidates become less relevant in determining who gets elected into office.
The traditional guns, goons, and gold element of Filipino politics continue to be a
real phenomenon in certain districts, provinces, and regions particularly in the local level.
Massive election fraud and violence are employed in order to win the elections.
Instances of cheating range from use of flying voters, registration of disqualified voters, vote-buying, ballot and ballot box switching, padding of votes through dagdag bawas and other forms, tampering canvass of votes, etc. Again, these practices become more detrimental to candidates who have neither the financial nor political machinery to guard the integrity of the votes and election results. However, the most powerful safeguard against election fraud is the awareness and vigilance of every voter.
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V. Guiding Vision and Action Points for Citizen Voters Objective: During this session, the participants shall be able to draw up visions of their ideal government, ideal leaders and ideal citizen-voters. This portion aims to provide the participants with some guidelines in looking/choosing/building a good government, good leaders, and good citizen-voters. It also aims to provide the participants action points before, during and after elections. Activity 8: Workshop: Small Group Sharing -or- Brainstorming
Duration: 40 mins.
Materials: Workshop Guide; Writing Materials; Reading on Guiding Vision or Manila Paper/Cartolina labeled as: 1. government; 2. leaders; 3. citizen-voters; Meta cards; Writing Materials; Reading on Guiding Vision Procedure: (Small Group Sharing) The trainer divides the participants into 3 groups. These groups will then reflect on and discuss their ideas of the characteristics of 1.) ideal government, 2.) ideal leaders, and 3.) ideal citizen-voters. Each group will be assigned one topic (e.g. group 1 will discuss vision of an ideal government, etc.) The trainer will give out copies of guide questions for the groups. Groups will then assign a facilitator and a scribe. The groups post the results of their group sharing and the plenary discusses them. (Brainstorming) The trainer gives out metacards and markers and asks the participants to write (or draw) their ideas on what makes up the ideal government, ideal leaders, and ideal citizen-voters. The trainer posts 3 sheets labeled as 1. government; 2. leaders; and 3. citizen-voters, then asks the participants to post their cards to the corresponding sheets. Reading: Vision of Good Government, Leaders and Citizen Voters The government, the leaders and the citizen voters are now faced with the challenge of advancing various reforms in the system and in attitudes and perceptions towards a system of wider and genuine participation of the grassroots in politics and governance, and towards citizen’s political maturity.
• Government Advancing democratization and good governance Making available a meaningful and accessible election process Maximizing the benefits of democratic mechanisms for the interest and welfare of all sectors of society, particularly the marginalized and underrepresented sectors. Ensuring that the government agenda and programs of action are genuinely reflective of peoples’ agenda. Advocating new politics and new kind of leaders that engage the participation of citizen voters in running the affairs of the government • Leaders Capitalizing on the program of action and public service rather than on popularity in winning elections Promoting the envisioned government and engaging the citizens’ stake in governance • Citizen Voters Exercising the right to vote and the duty of guarding the integrity of the vote itself from any fraudulent maneuvering Using conscience in choosing the right leaders Safeguarding and defending the democratic mechanisms and institutions
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Activity 9: Lecture-Discussion on Action Points for Citizen-Voters
Duration: 10 mins.
Materials: Reading on Action Points for Citizen-Voters; Visual Aids
Procedure: The trainer gives out action points that may be followed by the participants in the exercise of their right of suffrage. Reading: Action Points for Citizen-Voters Below are some action points for the citizen-voters in his/her exercise of the right of suffrage.
Pre-Elections Engage in preparatory activities that would enable him/her to exercise the right of suffrage and the right to an informed and free choice.
Register during the period allotted for voter registration Be informed of the issues, platforms and personalities of the political candidates Set specific guidelines in choosing government leaders in terms of the candidates’ social
affiliations and interests, competence, lifestyle, performance records. Conduct/participate in public debates that would inform citizens and gain the commitment
of the candidates to integrate, foremost, the interests and welfare of the citizens in their program of government. This process can be used to remind and hold the elected leaders accountable to the promises made during the campaign.
During elections
Exercise vigilance and the right to vote
Vote according to your conscience Practice vigilance by protecting the integrity of your own vote from any undue influence,
volunteering in organizations that work for clean and peaceful elections, watching out for instances of cheating in the elections, and informing the rest of the electorate of such activities.
Post-Elections
Practice continued vigilance and participate in governance
Be vigilant in the counting and canvassing of votes Another arena of participation is open to the citizen voter once the candidates they have
voted for assume office. Participate in local governance through development planning in the barangay level,
consultations and public hearings, representation in local special bodies. Aside from direct exercise of legislative power through the system of initiative and
referendum, citizen voter can participate in legislating laws through legislative advocacy, a process of engaging with the legislature and other governmental and social institutions to ensure that the concerns and welfare of the general electorate be articulated in the deliberations of bills and other legislative measures as well as in the final versions of laws.
The citizen voter can also engage in the political and electoral process in other ways such as: a. running for office. b. supporting/campaigning for a political party, candidate or party-list group. c. supporting initiatives of civil society organizations to ensure honest and
peaceful elections. d. making views known to the elected representatives.
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Activity 10: Open Forum/ Action Points
Duration: 20 mins.
Materials: --
Procedure: The trainer opens the floor for any clarifications, questions, and comments on the various concepts from the training. Here the participants shall be able to clarify and thresh out issues with the trainers as well as with the other participants that may have arise from the lectures, discussions, and sharing. Also, the participants shall be able to draw up post-training action points.
Activity 11: Closing/ Evaluation
Duration: 10 mins.
Materials: Evaluation Forms
Procedure: The trainer closes the training session and hands out evaluation forms to the participants. The participants then assess the activity by answering the evaluation forms.
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ning
, and
gi
ves
a ba
ckgr
ound
on
IPER
’s Y
OU
R VO
TE.
OU
R FU
TURE
Mod
ule.
IPER
Bro
chur
e, P
rofil
e of
Pa
rtne
r O
rgan
izat
ion,
Cou
rse
Obj
ectiv
es a
nd C
onte
nts
5 m
ins.
At th
e en
d of
this
ses
sion
, the
pa
rtic
ipan
t sha
ll be
abl
e…
…to
und
erst
and
the
basi
c rig
ht o
f su
ffra
ge a
nd g
ain
know
ledg
e on
th
e hi
stor
y of
ele
ctio
ns.
The
Rig
ht
of S
uff
rage
H
isto
ry o
f El
ecti
ons
AC
TIV
ITY
2
Lect
ure
Th
e tr
aine
r di
scus
ses
the
prov
isio
ns o
f UD
HR,
IC
CPR,
and
the
1987
Con
stitu
tion
pert
aini
ng
to th
e rig
ht to
vot
e.
AC
TIV
ITY
3
Lect
ure
Th
e tr
aine
r br
iefly
pre
sent
s el
ectio
ns in
the
Phili
ppin
es d
urin
g th
e pr
e-co
loni
al, c
olon
ial,
pre-
mar
tial l
aw, m
artia
l law
, pos
t mar
tial l
aw,
and
the
curr
ent p
erio
ds.
Emph
asis
sho
uld
be
give
n on
the
maj
or p
oliti
cal a
nd e
lect
ion
even
ts a
nd c
onte
nder
s in
eac
h pe
riod.
Mat
rix o
f Ar
ticle
21,
UD
HR;
Ar
t.25
, ICC
PR;
and
Art.
V,
1987
Phi
lippi
ne C
onst
itutio
n
Mat
rix o
f El
ectio
ns in
the
Ph
ilipp
ines
; Re
adin
g on
His
tory
of
Ele
ctio
ns
Visu
al A
ids
5 m
ins.
10
min
s.
…to
gai
n in
sigh
ts o
n th
e co
ncep
ts o
f el
ectio
n an
d de
moc
racy
and
on
the
part
icul
ar
mec
hani
sms
for
part
icip
atio
n in
po
litic
al e
xerc
ises
.
Elec
tion
s an
d D
emoc
racy
A
CTI
VIT
Y 4
Le
ctu
re-D
iscu
ssio
n Th
e in
terr
elat
ion
of th
e m
ain
conc
epts
of
sove
reig
nty/
sove
reig
n pe
ople
, con
sent
of t
he
gove
rned
, fre
e an
d in
form
ed p
oliti
cal c
hoic
e sh
ould
be
stre
ssed
. Th
e tr
aine
r al
so d
iscu
sses
the
spec
ific
mec
hani
sms
of p
oliti
cal p
artic
ipat
ion
avai
labl
e to
the
citiz
en-v
oter
s.
Rea
ding
on
Elec
tions
and
D
emoc
racy
15
min
s.
…to
lear
n th
e ba
sic
gove
rnm
ent
stru
ctur
e in
ter
ms
of t
he e
lect
ive
posi
tions
and
the
ir co
rres
pond
ing
pow
ers
and
func
tions
.
Gov
ern
men
t St
ruct
ure
AC
TIV
ITY
5
Wor
ksh
op-G
ame
The
trai
ner
asks
the
part
icip
ant t
o co
unt i
n 2s
to
bre
ak th
em in
to tw
o gr
oups
. The
trai
ner
then
intr
oduc
es th
e m
echa
nics
of t
he g
ame:
G
roup
1 is
inst
ruct
ed to
iden
tify
Gam
e M
ater
ials
M
atrix
of
Pow
ers
and
Func
tions
of El
ectiv
e O
ffic
ials
40 m
ins.
Inst
itute
for
Polit
ical
and
Ele
ctor
al R
efor
m (
IPER
)
T
rain
ing
Sche
dule
/
1
8
O
bjec
tive
s To
pic/
Con
ten
t M
eth
odol
ogy/
Trai
ner
’s G
uid
e R
efer
ence
/Mat
eria
ls
Du
rati
on
At th
e en
d of
this
ses
sion
, the
pa
rtic
ipan
t sha
ll be
abl
e…
…to
ref
lect
on
the
perf
orm
ance
s of
pas
t na
tiona
l and
loca
l off
icia
ls
th
e di
ffere
nt e
xecu
tive
posi
tions
from
the
natio
nal t
o th
e lo
cal l
evel
and
wha
t fun
ctio
ns
they
per
form
in g
over
nmen
t; w
hile
Gro
up 2
is
inst
ruct
ed to
iden
tify
legi
slat
ive
posi
tions
from
th
e na
tiona
l to
the
loca
l lev
el a
nd id
entif
y fu
nctio
ns in
gov
ernm
ent.
The
grou
ps w
ill b
e gi
ven
30 m
inut
es fo
r th
e ac
tivity
, afte
r w
hich
, th
ey w
ill b
e as
ked
to r
epor
t on
the
disc
ussi
ons.
Lect
ure
-Dis
cuss
ion
If n
eces
sary
, the
trai
ner
then
dis
cuss
es th
e ot
her
exec
utiv
e an
d le
gisl
ativ
e po
sitio
ns a
nd
corr
espo
ndin
g fu
nctio
ns n
ot m
entio
ned
in th
e gr
oups
’ rep
orts
.
…to
lear
n/re
view
the
ele
ctio
n pr
oces
s, n
ew
deve
lopm
ents
/initi
ativ
es in
the
pr
oces
s, a
nd t
he a
reas
whi
ch
need
the
att
entio
n of
citi
zen-
vote
rs in
the
act
ual e
xerc
ise
of
the
right
of
suff
rage
.
Elec
tion
Pro
cess
A
CTI
VIT
Y 6
Le
ctu
re-D
iscu
ssio
n Th
e tr
aine
r w
ill d
iscu
ss th
e qu
alifi
catio
ns a
nd
disq
ualif
icat
ions
of a
vot
er a
nd w
ill tr
ace
the
elec
tion
proc
ess
with
the
aid
of a
dia
gram
of
the
usua
l ele
ctio
n pr
oces
s an
d in
trod
uce
new
de
velo
pmen
ts in
the
proc
ess
usin
g th
e pr
opos
ed p
roce
ss fo
r th
e 20
04 e
lect
ions
, tha
t is
inco
rpor
atin
g th
e ex
tent
of a
utom
atio
n in
th
e co
untin
g an
d ca
nvas
sing
of v
otes
. In
each
st
ep o
f the
pro
cess
, the
trai
ner
disc
usse
s im
port
ant p
roce
dure
s to
be
follo
wed
by
the
citiz
en-v
oter
s in
the
exer
cise
of r
ight
of
suffr
age.
The
new
sys
tem
and
pro
cedu
res
(i.e.
aut
omat
ed c
ount
ing
and
canv
assi
ng,
abse
ntee
vot
ing,
etc
.) s
houl
d al
so b
e hi
ghlig
hted
.
Dia
gram
and
Rea
ding
on
Elec
tion
Proc
ess
Visu
al A
ids
35 m
ins.
B
reak
1
0 m
ins.
Inst
itute
for
Polit
ical
and
Ele
ctor
al R
efor
m (
IPER
)
T
rain
ing
Sche
dule
/
1
9
O
bjec
tive
s To
pic/
Con
ten
t M
eth
odol
ogy/
Trai
ner
’s G
uid
e R
efer
ence
/Mat
eria
ls
Du
rati
on
Dur
ing
this
ses
sion
the
part
icip
ants
sha
ll be
abl
e…
…to
sha
re a
nd r
efle
ct o
n th
eir
obse
rvat
ions
of
votin
g be
havi
or
and
obse
rvat
ions
/ vi
ews/
ex
perie
nces
of
elec
tions
and
go
vern
ance
in t
heir
loca
lity.
Vot
er B
ehav
ior
and
Elec
tion
s
AC
TIV
ITY
7
Wor
ksh
op/R
ole
Pla
yin
g Th
e tr
aine
r br
eaks
the
part
icip
ants
into
3-4
gr
oups
and
ask
s th
em to
com
e up
with
a
shor
t ski
t por
tray
ing
an “
elec
tion
perio
d”
scen
ario
that
they
will
pic
k by
dra
win
g lo
ts.
Each
gro
up w
ill th
en b
e as
ked
to d
o th
e ro
le
play
ing
in fr
ont o
f all
the
part
icip
ants
. Fe
edba
ck
The
trai
ner
then
faci
litat
es th
e gr
oup
in
iden
tifyi
ng th
e sc
enar
io p
ortr
ayed
and
the
vario
us c
hara
cter
istic
s an
d pr
actic
es
com
mon
ly o
bser
ved
durin
g el
ectio
n pe
riod.
H
e/Sh
e th
en d
iscu
sses
oth
er p
ract
ices
, whi
ch
have
not
bee
n br
ough
t up
in th
e ac
tivity
.
Rea
ding
on
Vote
r Be
havi
or
and
Elec
tions
W
orks
hop
Gui
de
40 m
ins.
or
Lect
ure
-Dis
cuss
ion
Th
e tr
aine
r gi
ves
inpu
ts o
n vo
ter
beha
vior
and
el
ectio
n, w
hich
will
ser
ve a
s se
gue
to th
e w
orks
hop
on g
uidi
ng v
isio
n.
…to
dra
w u
p vi
sion
s of
the
ir id
eal
gove
rnm
ent,
idea
l lea
ders
and
id
eal c
itize
n-vo
ters
. Th
is p
ortio
n ai
ms
to p
rovi
de t
he
part
icip
ants
with
som
e gu
idel
ines
in
look
ing/
choo
sing
/bui
ldin
g a
good
gov
ernm
ent,
goo
d le
ader
s,
and
good
citi
zen-
vote
rs.
Gu
idin
g V
isio
n
AC
TIV
ITY
8
Wor
ksh
op-S
mal
l Gro
up
Shar
ing
The
trai
ner
divi
des
the
part
icip
ants
into
3
grou
ps. T
hese
gro
ups
will
the
n re
flect
on
and
disc
uss
thei
r id
eas
of t
he c
hara
cter
istic
s of
id
eal 1
.gov
ernm
ent,
2. l
eade
rs, &
3.c
itize
n-vo
ters
. Eac
h gr
oup
will
be
assi
gned
one
top
ic
(e.g
. gro
up 1
will
dis
cuss
vis
ion
of a
n id
eal
gove
rnm
ent,
etc
.) T
he t
rain
er w
ill g
ive
out
copi
es o
f gu
ide
ques
tions
for
the
gro
ups.
G
roup
s w
ill t
hen
assi
gn a
fac
ilita
tor
and
a sc
ribe.
T
he g
roup
s po
st th
e re
sults
of t
heir
grou
p sh
arin
g an
d th
e pl
enar
y di
scus
ses
them
.
Wor
ksho
p G
uide
W
ritin
g M
ater
ials
Rea
ding
on
Gui
ding
Vis
ion
40 m
ins
Inst
itute
for
Polit
ical
and
Ele
ctor
al R
efor
m (
IPER
)
T
rain
ing
Sche
dule
/
2
0
O
bjec
tive
s To
pic/
Con
ten
t M
eth
odol
ogy/
Trai
ner
’s G
uid
e R
efer
ence
/Mat
eria
ls
Du
rati
on
or
Bra
inst
orm
ing
The
trai
ner
give
s ou
t met
a ca
rds
and
mar
kers
and
ask
s th
e pa
rtic
ipan
ts to
writ
e (o
r dr
aw)
thei
r id
eas
on w
hat m
akes
up
the
idea
l gov
ernm
ent,
idea
l lea
ders
, and
idea
l ci
tizen
-vot
ers.
The
trai
ner
post
s 3
shee
ts
labe
led
as 1
. gov
ernm
ent;
2. l
eade
rs;
and
3. c
itize
n-vo
ters
, the
n as
ks th
e pa
rtic
ipan
ts
to p
ost t
heir
card
s to
the
corr
espo
ndin
g sh
eets
.
Man
ila P
aper
/Car
tolin
a la
bele
d as
: 1.
gov
ernm
ent;
2. l
eade
rs;
3.
citi
zen-
vote
rs
Met
a ca
rds
Writ
ing
Mat
eria
ls
Rea
ding
on
Gui
ding
Vis
ion
This
por
tion
aim
s to
pro
vide
th
e pa
rtic
ipan
ts a
ctio
n po
ints
bef
ore,
dur
ing
and
afte
r el
ectio
ns.
Act
ion
Poi
nts
for
Cit
izen
-V
oter
s A
CTI
VIT
Y 9
Le
ctu
re-D
iscu
ssio
n Th
e tr
aine
r gi
ves
out a
ctio
n po
ints
that
may
be
follo
wed
by
the
part
icip
ants
in th
eir
exer
cise
of t
he r
ight
of s
uffr
age.
Rea
ding
on
Actio
n Po
ints
for
Ci
tizen
-Vot
ers
Vi
sual
Aid
s
10 m
ins.
Her
e, t
he p
artic
ipan
ts s
hall
be a
ble
to c
larif
y an
d th
resh
ou
t is
sues
(w
ith t
he
trai
ner/
s as
wel
l as
with
the
ot
her
part
icip
ants
) th
at m
ay
have
aris
e fr
om t
he
lect
ures
, dis
cuss
ions
, and
sh
arin
g.
Also
, the
par
ticip
ants
sha
ll be
abl
e to
dra
w u
p po
st-
trai
ning
act
ion
poin
ts.
Ope
n F
oru
m
AC
TIV
ITY
10
Ope
n F
orum
Th
e tr
aine
r op
ens
the
floor
for
any
clar
ifica
tions
, que
stio
ns, a
nd c
omm
ents
on
the
vario
us c
once
pts
from
the
trai
ning
. P
ost-
trai
nin
g A
ctio
n P
oin
ts f
or t
he
part
icip
ants
20
min
s
The
part
icip
ants
and
the
tr
aine
r sh
all b
e ab
le t
o as
sess
the
tra
inin
g, w
hich
ha
s ju
st b
een
cond
ucte
d.
Clo
sin
g/Ev
alu
atio
n
AC
TIV
ITY
11
The
trai
ner
clos
es th
e tr
aini
ng s
essi
on a
nd
hand
s ou
t eva
luat
ion
form
s to
the
part
icip
ants
. The
par
ticip
ants
then
ass
ess
the
activ
ity b
y an
swer
ing
the
eval
uatio
n fo
rms.
Eval
uatio
n Fo
rms
10 m
ins.
Institute for Political and Electoral Reform (IPER), Inc.
Your Vote. Our Future. IPER Citizen-Voter Education Module
The monumental event that was People Power II or EDSA DOS called for new politics based on political and electoral reforms targeted at the traditional elite-dominated, patriarchal and personalist political system. Such reforms are aimed at broadening the genuine participation of the grassroots in politics and governance, ensuring universal suffrage, assuring clean, honest and fair elections, and developing a politically mature citizenry. These are further directed towards making Philippine elections a more meaningful political exercise through an enlightened electorate.
A key part of these reforms concern the education and raising of the political consciousness of the electorate towards a responsible, democratic, and sustained participation in the electoral and governance processes. Immediately, citizen-voter education targets the marginalized and underrepresented sectors who constitute the vast majority of voters.
Your Vote. Our Future.– the module then serves to contribute to the efforts at effecting matured and informed political attitudes and decisions of Filipino citizen voters. As a generic citizens education module, it covers the broader aspects of the political and electoral system, human rights and governance. Contents of this module are the basic concepts and ideas to be considered in creating messages according to various forms of communication for the education campaign. Part I gives a note on the right of suffrage and a brief history of elections in the Philippines. Part II advances the concepts of elections and democracy and various mechanisms for people’s participation in such set-up. Part III discusses the government structure and electoral process and system and outlines the duties and responsibilities of both the public servants and the citizen voters to watch out for. A review of electoral procedures and processes is also done in Part III, which aims to guide voters in the actual conduct of elections. Part IV deals with the existing voter behavior and elections: attitudes and decisions of the electorate; and of political candidates; dynamics and mechanisms employed by stakeholders in the electoral and political processes. Finally, Part V shares a vision of ideal government, citizen-voter and political leaders and enumerates action points for the citizen voters before, during, and after elections.
Institute for Political and Electoral Reform (IPER), Inc. Citizen-Voter Education Module/
2
I. The Right of Suffrage and Brief History of Philippine Elections
A. The Right of Suffrage (See Annex1) The human right to vote is embodied in three instruments: Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR); the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights; and in the 1987 Philippine Constitution. The Philippines is governed by these three documents which similarly mandate universality of the right; equality in access to public service; and secrecy of votes.
B. History of Elections (See Annex 2: History of Philippine Elections: Year and Type,
Contenders and Results) During the pre-colonial period, leaders were chosen based on his/her capacity to ensure the survival of his/her tribe and clan. Wisdom, skills, and respect for people were the important qualities for leadership.
A system of election was first practiced in the Philippines during the Spanish and American colonial period. But the process was only limited to male voters and was more of a ceremonial rather than a genuine democratic mechanism.
Sectoral struggle and political participation were only realized in 1937: when Act 4112, granting women the right of suffrage, was implemented; and when the peasant movements gained meaningful participation in political parties and in actually filling of government positions.
The first democratic elections after WW II was the 1946 election for President and Vice-President of the Republic, Members of the Senate and of the House of Representatives. From then on, the country operated on a two-party system where two major political parties, the Nacionalista Party and the Liberal Party, figure in succeeding elections.
When Marcos declared Martial Law in 1972, the 1935 Constitution was scrapped, an Interim Batasang Pambansa was created and a new (1973) Constitution was adopted.
Election for the Interim Batasang Pambansa was called for in 1978. The Kilusang Bagong Lipunan (KBL) became the administration party. The election was claimed to be towards restoration of old political order but Marcos’ purpose was to gain legitimacy for his unpopular administration and to create a rubber stamp legislature. The exercise defied democratic procedures, and was characterized by rampant electoral manipulation done by the Marcos government to ensure victory.
Local election in 1980 was characterized by widespread terrorism, violence and wholesale fraud.
Intense opposition coming from the peasant and student sector in the countryside supported peasant and labor unrest. In 1981, Marcos submitted himself to the electoral process to regain legitimacy. This is mandated by the constitutional provision of a parliamentary system.
The Aquino assassination in 1983 resulted in waves of protest forcing the creation of wider democratic space. Batasang Pambansa elections happened in 1984 to replace the Interim Batasang Pambansa. The exercise was intended to divert the people’s attention away from the Aquino assassination. Still, the period was marked by weakening popularity of Marcos and the people’s growing political will to guarantee that their sentiments are reflected in election results.
Institute for Political and Electoral Reform (IPER), Inc. Citizen-Voter Education Module/
3
Snap elections were held in 1986. The widespread election manipulations and irregularities and the worsening social, political and economic order triggered the EDSA uprising in the same year. The mass action known as the People Power Revolution of 1986 led to the ouster of Marcos, the collapse of KBL and the installation of Corazon Aquino as the President.
Aquino’s program of restoring democracy, promoting stability and establishing political legitimacy involved three major electoral exercises: national plebiscite for the approval of the 1987 Constitution in February 1987; election for members of the Senate and House of Representatives in May 1987; and local elections in January 1988. The 1987 Constitution provided for a multi-party system.
During the 1992 synchronized national and local elections, the people voted for president for the first time under the 1987 Constitution. The main campaign issue was doing away with “trapo” or traditional politics. In 1995, congressional and local elections were held. A new form of fraud dubbed as “dagdag-bawas” or the subtraction of votes from one candidate to be added to the contending candidate was in practice during these two major elections.
In 1998, the first party-list elections were held. Joseph Estrada was seated as President of the Republic with popular support. However in January 2001, EDSA DOS, a repeat of the 1986 People Power removed Estrada from Malacañang and seated Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo as the new president.
Time and again, the struggle for our independence and for democratic governance resulted in a kind of political system, political leaders and electorate that we have right now. Election has been one major feature and mechanism in practice and through a more informed electorate is hoped to continue to serve as a vehicle towards genuine democratic governance.
II. Elections and Democracy
The Constitution guarantees that we are a sovereign people, where all government authority comes from. Sovereignty or the power to govern is exercised directly through suffrage and indirectly through public officials elected by the people. The will of the people, then, is best expressed in clean, orderly and honest election.
The representative democratic structure, in which the people govern through elected
representatives, is based on the idea of “consent of the governed”. Thus, the government officials chosen and elected by the people become servants and not masters of the people from whom and for whom these officials exercise their power and authority.
The citizen voters are entitled to free and informed choice on whom to vote and must be
dictated by the genuine welfare of the majority. Every individual political choices and decisions made by the citizen voters will determine the kind of government that will serve them.
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Specific Mechanisms Since the enactment of the 1987 Constitution, elections for President and Vice-president
are held every six years, while elections for Senators and members of the House of Representatives and local government officials happen every three years.
At the local level, barangay elections and Sangguniang Kabataan elections are also held
periodically.
In 1993 and 1996, elections for the Autonomous Region of Muslim Mindanao (ARMM) were held. The 1996 ARMM elections also served as pilot-test for automated system of elections.
Aside from voting, our Constitution mandates other mechanisms to advance democratization and citizen’s stake in governance.
The system of initiative and referendum gives the people power to directly enact,
propose and reject laws at the local level. Also through initiative, the people may directly propose amendments to the Constitution
by a petition of at least 12% of the total number of registered voters, in which 3% of registered voters in each legislative district is represented.
Through plebiscites, the people approve or reject the call for a constitutional convention
to propose changes to the Constitution, approve or reject proposed changes in the Constitution and, at the local level, express their will with respect to certain local issues.
The party-list system of representation allows for marginalized and underrepresented
sectors to be represented in the national legislature. The system serves as an attempt to depart from the personalistic character of political and electoral system by giving focus on the party and its issue-based platform.
The Constitution and the 1991 Local Government Code (LGC) mandate sectoral
representation in the legislative bodies of local governments.
People participation is also provided for by the Local Government Code through representation in consultative bodies such as the local health boards, local school boards, local peace and order councils and local development councils in all local levels.
There is also the LGC-mandated barangay assembly (peoples’ assembly or meeting of all
over-15-year-old-residents of the barangay). The assembly has the power to hear and pass upon the report of Sangguniang Barangay’s (SB) performance. It can also recommend measures for legislation by SB.
The Barangay Assembly is one manifestation of people’s power and a (truly) direct and
participatory democratic exercise.
The latest development in upholding the right of suffrage is Republic Act 9189, which provides for a system of absentee voting for qualified Filipinos abroad.
Institute for Political and Electoral Reform (IPER), Inc. Citizen-Voter Education Module/
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III. Government Structure and the Electoral Process National and Local Elective Public Servants (See Annex 3) At the national level, we vote for: President Vice President 12 Senators 1 District Representative or Congressman/woman (1 Party-list group). At the provincial level, we vote for: Governor Vice Governor Sangguniang Panlalawigan Member At the municipal/city level, we vote for: City/Municipal Mayor City/Municipal Vice-Mayor Members of the Sannguniang Panlunsod (City Councilors) /Sangguniang Pambayan (Municipal Councilors) At the barangay level, we vote for: Punong Barangay Members of the sangguniang barangay (barangay kagawad and sangguniang kabataan chair) Powers and Functions of Public Servants
Executive power is vested in the President of the Republic. This power covers: control of all executive departments and all implementing agencies of the
government; appointment of high officials in the government (heads of executive
departments/cabinet members, ambassadors, public ministers, consuls, officers of the armed forces);
seeing to the execution and implementation of laws and policies Local government units also exercise executive functions through the governors of provinces, municipal and city mayors. Legislative power is lodged in the Congress of the Philippines: the Senate and the House of Representatives. Legislative functions include:
Statute making, constitution making, and amending of constitution; Appropriations/financial function; Oversight function; Informational or the power to conduct inquiries in aid of legislation.
Legislative functions are carried out in the local level by the different “sanggunians” or local legislative bodies.
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In the statute-making process, the president can either approve or veto the bill. It would require 2/3s vote by the legislative body to finally pass the bill into law. At the local level, chief executives can also veto any ordinance on the ground that it is prejudicial to the public. In turn, the sanggunian or the local legislative body can override the veto, also by 2/3s vote of the whole sanggunian.
Election Process (See Annex 4: Diagram of Election Process)
Qualifications and Disqualifications of a voter All citizens of the Philippines, eighteen years of age or over, and a resident of the Philippines for one year and in the city or municipality wherein he proposes to vote for at least six months immediately preceding the election are qualified to vote. The following shall be disqualified from voting:
a. Any person who has been sentenced by final judgment to suffer imprisonment for not less than one year. However, he/ she may reacquire the right to vote upon expiration of five years after service of sentence.
b. Any person who has been adjudged by final judgment by competent court or tribunal of having committed any crime involving disloyalty to the duly constituted government such as rebellion, sedition, violation of the anti-subversion and firearms laws, or any crime against national security, unless restored to his full civil and political rights in accordance with law: Provided, That he shall regain his right to vote automatically upon expiration of five years after service of sentence.
c. Insane or incompetent persons as declared by competent authority
In addition, RA 9189 or the Overseas Absentee Voting Law entitles all Filipino citizens overseas, not otherwise disqualified by law, and immigrants and permanent residents with affidavit of intent to resume residence in the Philippines, to vote for elective positions in the national level: President; Vice-President; Senators; and Party-List Representatives
Registration
Preliminary to the voting exercise is the registration of voters. During the registration process, the qualified voter accomplishes and files a sworn application for registration before the election officer of the city or municipality wherein he resides and including the same in the book of registered voters upon approval by the Election Registration Board. This process is currently guided by RA 8189 or the Continuing Voters’ Registration Act of 1996.
The Overseas Absentee Voting (OAV) Law applies the mechanics in RA 8189 of personal registration either with the Election Board of Inspectors in their place of residence before their departure or with the representative of the Commission in the Philippine embassies, consulates and other foreign service establishment in their temporary residence overseas.
Election Day
After undergoing the registration process and during election day, the voter proceeds to the casting of votes, which is conducted by the Board of Election Inspectors (BEI). All voters whose name appears in the list of voters will be allowed to vote. Official candidates and registered political parties and party-list groups are represented in the precincts by watchers.
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7
Public counting of votes starts immediately after the close of voting at 3:00 p.m. Votes for candidates, simultaneously with the reading, are entered in the tally board and the election returns. Official watchers shall be permitted full access to the proceedings, but only the members of the BEI can write or place marks on the tally board and on the election returns. All questions on appreciation of ballots are decided by BEI by majority votes.
After all ballots have been read and recorded, the BEI signs and thumbmarks the election returns and lets the principal watchers of six major political parties do the same. Six copies of the election returns are placed inside corresponding envelopes, sealed and submitted to officials concerned. These returns are then distributed to the Comelec, to designated canvassers, and candidates/parties through their watchers and are then used for canvassing of votes.
Modernized Election Process Republic Act 8436 or the Election Automation Law, legislated in 1997, mandates the use of automated election system in the country as early as the May 1998 elections. This system will comprise the use of appropriate technology for voting and electronic devices to count votes and canvass/consolidate results. The law also provides for the following features of the automated system: a) use of appropriate ballots; b) stand-alone machine which will count and consolidate elections results; c) provision for audit trails; d) minimum human intervention; and e) adequate safeguard and security measures. However, the succeeding elections in 1998, 2001, and 2002 (except for the 1996 ARMM elections, which pilot tested an automated system) came and went but still under a manual system of voting and counting. The approaching 2004 elections will again not see through an automated system. Only Phase I (voter registration and validation) of the automation was implemented by the Comelec. Phase II (automated counting and canvassing) will not push through for the 2004 elections, while according to the Comelec Phase III (electronic transmission of election results) will still be implemented during the May 2004 elections. IV. Voter Behavior and Elections
A 2003 update study on voter behavior suggest the top four factors on what determines the vote of Filipino electorate:
1. candidate’s public servant image; 2. political machinery; 3. candidate’s popularity; and 4. endorsement of traditional network and organizations which include the family,
the church, the ward leaders, and formal groups and association.
The conduct of elections is made complex by the practices and values, which in turn are reflective of the behavior and attitudes of the electorate and the politicians and of the actual practices before, during and after elections. Further, voter behavior reflects the personalistic and patronage orientation of traditional Filipino politics or “trapo”.
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Patronage politics thrive on a culture where the government leader becomes a politician who serves as a patron accommodating special favors to dole out money or provide jobs, recommendations and contracts to only a few in exchange for votes in the succeeding elections or support for a political agenda.
A common element of patronage culture is utang na loob. The powers-that-be use this
to ensure that their political and economic interests will be served. For instance, a “powerful” politician may invite a candidate to run under his political party and in return, the candidate will feel indebted and eventually feel pressured to support the political agenda of his benefactor (even if he is opposed to said agenda).
For the poor, giving their support to a candidate is seen as an investment so that they
can depend on the politician for help, e.g. donations, medicine, school fees. Campaign supporters view their help as a personal favor that the elected official should perceive as utang na loob. In return, they expect the official to accept personal invitations from their organizations, to comply with personal requests for donations, to award them perhaps with a government position upon electoral victory.
In preparation for a coming election, people with plans of running for public office would
be seen attending public functions from the barangay (community) to the provincial level. For constituents at the national level, candidates engage themselves in media exposure.
Conversely, voting has always been determined by popularity of the candidate and
financial and party machinery, which enhances the popularity of a candidate. Elections now become a high-spending process to the detriment of the candidates who has neither the financial resources nor the machinery, which can provide for posters and airtime in mass media.
Consequently, the electoral system becomes bereft of the real issues affecting the
electorate. Venues to seriously discuss programs of action and performances of candidates become less relevant in determining who gets elected into office.
The traditional guns, goons, and gold element of Filipino politics continue to be a real
phenomenon in certain districts, provinces, and regions particularly in the local level.
Massive election fraud and violence are employed in order to win the elections. Instances of cheating range from use of flying voters, registration of disqualified voters, vote-buying, ballot and ballot box switching, padding of votes through dagdag bawas and other forms, tampering canvass of votes, etc. Again, these practices become more detrimental to candidates who have neither the financial nor political machinery to guard the integrity of the votes and election results. However, the most powerful safeguard against election fraud is the awareness and vigilance of every voter.
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V. Guiding Vision and Action Points for Citizen Voters
A. Vision of Good Government, Leaders and Citizen Voters The government, the leaders and the citizen voters are now faced with the challenge of advancing various reforms in the system and in attitudes and perceptions towards a system of wider and genuine participation of the grassroots in politics and governance, and towards citizen’s political maturity. • Government Advancing democratization and good governance Making available a meaningful and accessible election process Maximizing the benefits of democratic mechanisms for the interest and welfare of all sectors of society, particularly the marginalized and underrepresented sectors. Ensuring that the government agenda and programs of action are genuinely reflective of peoples’ agenda. Advocating new politics and new kind of leaders that engage the participation of citizen voters in running the affairs of the government • Leaders Capitalizing on the program of action and public service rather than on popularity in winning elections Promoting the envisioned government and engaging the citizens’ stake in governance • Citizen Voters Exercising the right to vote and the duty of guarding the integrity of the vote itself from any fraudulent maneuvering Using conscience in choosing the right leaders Safeguarding and defending the democratic mechanisms and institutions
B. Action Points Below are some action points for the citizen-voters in his/her exercise of the right of suffrage.
Pre-Elections Engage in preparatory activities that would enable him/her to exercise the right of suffrage and the right to an informed and free choice.
Register during the period allotted for voter registration Be informed of the issues, platforms and personalities of the political candidates Set specific guidelines in choosing government leaders in terms of the candidates’
social affiliations and interests, competence, lifestyle, performance records. Conduct/participate in public debates that would inform citizens and gain the
commitment of the candidates to integrate, foremost, the interests and welfare of the citizens in their program of government. This process can be used to remind and hold the elected leaders accountable to the promises made during the campaign.
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During elections
Exercise vigilance and the right to vote
Vote according to your “informed conscience” Practice vigilance by protecting the integrity of your own vote from any undue
influence, volunteering in organizations that work for clean and peaceful elections, watching out for instances of cheating in the elections, and informing the rest of the electorate of such activities.
Post-Elections
Practice continued vigilance and participate in governance
Be vigilant in the counting and canvassing of votes Another arena of participation is open to the citizen voter once the candidates they
have voted for assume office. Participate in local governance through development planning in the barangay level,
consultations and public hearings, representation in local special bodies. Aside from direct exercise of legislative power through the system of initiative and
referendum, citizen voter can participate in legislating laws through legislative advocacy, a process of engaging with the legislature and other governmental and social institutions to ensure that the concerns and welfare of the general electorate be articulated in the deliberations of bills and other legislative measures as well as in the final versions of laws.
The citizen voter can also engage in the political and electoral process in other ways such as:
a. running for office. b. supporting/campaigning for a political party, candidate or party-list
group. c. supporting initiatives of civil society organizations to ensure honest and
peaceful elections. d. making views known to the elected representatives.
Inst
itute
for
Polit
ical
and
Ele
ctor
al R
efor
m (
IPER
), I
nc.
Ci
tizen
-Vot
er E
duca
tion
Mod
ule
/
YO
UR
VO
TE. O
UR
FU
TUR
E. C
itiz
en V
oter
Edu
cati
on M
odu
le
Ann
ex 1
The
Rig
ht
of S
uff
rage
: U
DH
R, I
CC
PR
, 19
87
Con
stit
uti
on
The
hum
an r
ight
to
vote
is e
mbo
died
in t
hree
inst
rum
ents
: U
nive
rsal
Dec
lara
tion
of H
uman
Rig
hts
(UD
HR);
the
Int
erna
tiona
l Cov
enan
t on
Civ
il an
d Po
litic
al R
ight
s; a
nd in
the
198
7 Ph
ilipp
ine
Cons
titut
ion.
The
Phi
lippi
nes
is g
over
ned
by t
hese
thr
ee d
ocum
ents
whi
ch s
imila
rly m
anda
te u
nive
rsal
ity
of t
he r
ight
; eq
ualit
y in
acc
ess
to p
ublic
ser
vice
; an
d se
crec
y of
vot
es.
Art
icle
21
(1
-3)
of t
he
Un
iver
sal
Dec
lara
tion
of
Hu
man
Rig
hts
A
rt.2
5 (
a-c)
of
Inte
rnat
ion
al
Cov
enan
t on
Civ
il an
d P
olit
ical
R
igh
ts, M
arch
19
76
A
rt. V
, Sec
. 1-2
of
The
19
87
Con
stit
uti
on
1 Ev
eryo
ne h
as t
he r
ight
to
take
par
t in
the
go
vern
men
t of
hi
s co
untr
y,
dire
ctly
or
th
roug
h fr
eely
cho
sen
repr
esen
tativ
es.
2 Ev
eryo
ne h
as t
he r
ight
to
equa
l acc
ess
to
publ
ic s
ervi
ce in
his
cou
ntry
. 3
The
will
of
the
peop
le s
hall
be t
he b
asis
of
the
auth
ority
of
th
e go
vern
men
t;
this
w
ill
shal
l be
ex
pres
sed
in p
erio
dic
and
genu
ine
elec
tions
, w
hich
sh
all b
e by
uni
vers
al a
nd e
qual
suf
frag
e an
d sh
all b
e he
ld b
y se
cret
vot
e or
by
equi
vale
nt f
ree
votin
g pr
oced
ures
.
Ever
y ci
tizen
sha
ll ha
ve t
he r
ight
and
th
e op
port
unity
, with
out
any
of t
he
dist
inct
ions
men
tione
d in
art
icle
2 a
nd
with
out
unre
ason
able
res
tric
tions
:
(a)
To t
ake
part
in t
he c
ondu
ct o
f pu
blic
aff
airs
, dire
ctly
or
thro
ugh
free
ly c
hose
n re
pres
enta
tives
;
(b)
To v
ote
and
to b
e el
ecte
d at
ge
nuin
e pe
riodi
c el
ectio
ns w
hich
sh
all b
e by
uni
vers
al a
nd e
qual
su
ffra
ge a
nd s
hall
be h
eld
by s
ecre
t ba
llot,
gua
rant
eein
g th
e fr
ee
expr
essi
on o
f th
e w
ill o
f th
e el
ecto
rs;
(c)
To h
ave
acce
ss, o
n ge
nera
l te
rms
of e
qual
ity, t
o pu
blic
ser
vice
in
his
cou
ntry
.
1 Su
ffra
ge m
ay b
e ex
erci
sed
by a
ll ci
tizen
s of
the
Phi
lippi
nes,
no
t ot
herw
ise
disq
ualif
ied
by la
w, w
ho a
re a
t le
ast
eigh
teen
ye
ars
of a
ge, a
nd w
ho s
hall
have
res
ided
in t
he P
hilip
pine
s fo
r at
leas
t on
e ye
ar a
nd in
the
pla
ce w
here
in t
hey
prop
ose
to
vote
, for
at
leas
t si
x m
onth
s im
med
iate
ly p
rece
ding
the
el
ectio
n. N
o lit
erac
y, p
rope
rty,
or
othe
r su
bsta
ntiv
e re
quire
men
t sh
all b
e im
pose
d on
the
exe
rcis
e of
suf
frag
e.
2 Th
e Co
ngre
ss s
hall
prov
ide
a sy
stem
for
sec
urin
g th
e se
crec
y an
d sa
nctit
y of
the
bal
lot
as w
ell a
s a
syst
em for
ab
sent
ee v
otin
g by
qua
lifie
d Fi
lipin
os a
broa
d.
The
Cong
ress
sha
ll al
so d
esig
n a
proc
edur
e fo
r th
e di
sabl
ed
and
the
illite
rate
s to
vot
e w
ithou
t th
e as
sist
ance
of ot
her
pers
ons.
Unt
il th
en, t
hey
shal
l be
allo
wed
to
vote
und
er
exis
ting
law
s an
d su
ch r
ules
as
the
Com
mis
sion
on
Elec
tions
m
ay p
rom
ulga
te t
o pr
otec
t th
e se
crec
y of
the
bal
lot.
Inst
itute
for
Polit
ical
and
Ele
ctor
al R
efor
m (
IPER
), I
nc.
Ci
tizen
-Vot
er E
duca
tion
Mod
ule
/
Elec
tion
s
Ann
ex 2
Year
an
d T
yp
e
Co
nte
nd
ers
Is
sues
Resu
lts
Pos
t-in
depe
nde
nce
per
iod
1946 P
resi
den
tial
,
Vic
e-Pr
esid
ential
, Congre
ssio
nal
Ele
ctio
ns
(A
pril 23,
1946)
Nac
ional
ista
Par
ty o
f Ser
gio
Osm
eña,
Sr.
Li
ber
al Pa
rty
of M
anuel
Roxa
s; a
nd
Par
tido M
oder
nis
ta o
f H
ilarion M
onca
da
Phili
ppin
e In
dep
enden
ce
Nac
ional
ista
Par
ty-L
iber
al W
ing M
anuel
Roxa
s w
on t
he
Pres
iden
cy w
hile
Elp
idio
Quirin
o w
on t
he
Vic
e-Pr
esid
ency
1947 C
ongre
ssio
nal
an
d L
oca
l el
ections
(Nove
mber
11,
1947)
Nac
ional
ista
Par
ty b
ecam
e th
e opposi
tion
The
Liber
als
wer
e det
erm
ined
to b
eat
Nac
ional
ista
on a
ll posi
tions
Som
e ca
ndid
ates
ev
en t
hre
aten
ed
vote
rs in o
rder
to
ensu
re v
icto
ry
The
win
nin
g 7
out
of 8 s
enat
ors
wer
e Li
ber
als;
37 o
f 45 g
uber
nat
orial
sea
ts w
ere
also
tak
en b
y Li
ber
al
1949 P
resi
den
tial
, Vic
e-Pr
esid
ential
, Congre
ssio
nal
Ele
ctio
ns
(N
ove
mber
8,
1949)
Liber
al P
resi
den
tial
and v
ice-
pre
siden
tial
ca
ndid
ate
Elp
idio
Quirin
o a
nd F
ernan
do
Lopez
N
acio
nal
ista
pre
siden
tial
and v
ice-
pre
siden
tial ca
ndid
ate
Jose
P.
Laure
l an
d
Man
uel
Briones
70.7
4 %
act
ual
ly v
ote
d;
Elp
idio
Quirin
o a
nd
Fern
ando L
opez
won
1951 S
enat
orial an
d
Loca
l Ele
ctio
ns
(Nove
mber
13,
1951)
Sen
atorial
Tic
ket
of th
e: N
acio
nal
ista
was
le
d b
y G
il Puya
t;
Liber
al b
y M
aria
no J
esus
Cuen
co
All
Nac
ional
ista
sen
atorial
can
did
ates
won
1953 P
resi
den
tial
, Vic
e-Pr
esid
ential
and
Congre
ssio
nal
Ele
ctio
ns
Nove
mber
10,
1953
Nac
ional
ista
Pre
siden
tial
and V
ice-
pre
siden
tial tick
et:
Ram
on M
agsa
ysay
and
Car
los
Gar
cia;
Li
ber
al Par
ty c
andid
ates
Elp
idio
Quirin
o
and J
ose
Yulo
Iden
tifica
tion o
f M
agsa
ysay
with t
he
com
mon t
ao.
Part
y sw
itch
ing
bec
ame
pre
vale
nt.
77.2
2%
act
ual
ly v
ote
d
Nac
ional
ista
sta
ndar
d b
eare
rs w
on b
y a
landsl
ide.
N
acio
nal
ista
als
o d
om
inat
ed t
he
Sen
ate
and
House
of
Rep
rese
nta
tive
s.
Sen
atorial
and L
oca
l Ele
ctio
ns
(N
ove
mber
8,
1955)
1957 P
resi
den
tial
, Vic
e-Pr
esid
ential
and
Congre
ssio
nal
Ele
ctio
ns
(Nove
mber
12,
1957)
Pres
iden
tial
can
did
ates
:
Nac
ional
ista
-Car
los
P.
Gar
cia
Liber
al – J
ose
Yulo
N
atio
nal
ist-
Citiz
ens
Part
y- C
laro
M.
Rec
to
Progre
ssiv
e Pa
rty
of t
he
Phils
.-M
anuel
M
anah
an
Liber
al-
Quirin
o W
ing-
Anto
nio
Quirin
o
Lapia
ng M
alay
a-Val
entin S
anto
s Fe
der
al P
arty
-Alfre
do A
bce
de
Man
ahan
and p
arty
use
d M
agsa
ysay
’s
cam
pai
gn
tech
niq
ues
. O
ther
s dis
cuss
ed iss
ues
of
gra
ft a
nd
corr
uption,
and
oth
er p
erso
nal
ac
cusa
tions.
75.5
2 %
act
ual
ly v
ote
d
Car
los
P. G
arci
a an
d D
iosd
ado M
acap
agal
won for
Pres
iden
t an
d V
ice-
Pres
iden
t re
spec
tive
ly.
Inst
itute
for
Polit
ical
and
Ele
ctor
al R
efor
m (
IPER
), I
nc.
Ci
tizen
-Vot
er E
duca
tion
Mod
ule
/
Year
an
d T
yp
e
Co
nte
nd
ers
Is
sues
Resu
lts
1959 S
enat
orial an
d
Loca
l Ele
ctio
ns
(Nove
mber
10,
1959)
Nac
ional
ista
and L
iber
al p
arty
hav
e th
eir
ow
n s
et o
f co
ngre
ssio
nal
ca
ndid
ates
Issu
es o
f nat
ional
ism
and
Pre
s. G
arci
a’s
“Fili
pin
o-
Firs
t Polic
y” w
hic
h w
as
consi
der
ed a
nti-A
mer
ican
81%
act
ual
ly v
ote
d;
the
Nac
ional
ista
can
did
ates
outn
um
ber
ed t
he
Liber
als
1961 P
resi
den
tial
, Vic
e-Pr
esid
ential
and
Congre
ssio
nal
Ele
ctio
ns
(Nove
mber
14,
1961)
Nac
ional
ista
Par
ty’s
Car
los
P. G
arci
a an
d G
il Puya
t Li
ber
al’s
Dio
sdad
o M
acap
agal
and
Em
man
uel
Pel
aez
The
Nac
ional
ista
see
ks
renew
al o
f peo
ple
’s
man
dat
e to
car
ry o
n its
ro
le o
f as
suring p
olit
ical
indep
enden
ce,
econom
ic
eman
cipat
ion a
nd
cultura
l re
nai
ssan
ce.
Mac
apag
al a
nd P
elae
z w
on t
he
top t
wo
seat
s
Congre
ssio
nal
and
Loca
l Ele
ctio
ns
(Nove
mber
12,
1963)
1965 P
resi
den
tial
, Vic
e-Pr
esid
ential
and
Congre
ssio
nal
Ele
ctio
ns
(Nove
mber
9,
1965)
Pre
siden
tial
and V
ice-
Pre
siden
tial
Can
did
ates
: N
acio
nal
ista
-Fer
din
and M
arco
s an
d
Fern
ando L
opez
Li
ber
al-D
iosd
ado M
acap
agal
and
Ger
ardo R
oxa
s Pa
rty
for
Phili
ppin
e Pr
ogre
ss-R
aul
Man
gla
pus
and M
anuel
Man
ahan
The
continued
ris
e in
price
s of
consu
mer
goods,
pea
ce a
nd o
rder
pro
ble
m,
ram
pan
t gra
ft
and c
orr
uption,
continued
sm
ugglin
g o
f dutiab
le g
oods
Nac
ional
ista
bet
s bes
ted t
he
oth
er c
andid
ates
for
pre
siden
t an
d v
ice-
pre
siden
t
Sen
atorial
and L
oca
l Ele
ctio
ns
(Nov
ember
14,
1967)
Pres
iden
tial
, Vic
e-Pr
esid
ential
and
Congre
ssio
nal
Ele
ctio
ns
(Nove
mber
11,
1969)
Pre
siden
tial
and V
ice-
Pre
siden
tial
Can
did
ates
: N
acio
nal
ista
-Fer
din
and M
arco
s an
d
Fern
ando L
opez
Li
ber
al-
Ser
gio
Osm
eña,
Jr.
and
Gen
aro M
agsa
ysay
The
cam
pai
gn c
an b
e ch
arac
terize
d a
s an
ex
chan
ge
of
accu
sations
and a
ttac
ks o
n iss
ues
co
nce
rnin
g n
atio
nal
ism
, la
nd r
eform
, fo
reig
n
polic
y, c
ronyi
sm,
and
gra
ft a
nd c
orru
ption.
Mar
cos
won a
nd b
ecam
e th
e firs
t RP p
resi
den
t to
be
re-e
lect
ed.
Part
y-m
ate
Fern
ando
Lopez
won
the
vice
-pre
siden
cy.
Nac
ional
ista
Par
ty a
lso w
on
maj
ority
of th
e H
ouse
sea
ts.
Ele
ctio
n o
f Conco
n D
eleg
ates
1971 C
ongre
ssio
nal
an
d L
oca
l el
ections
(Nove
mber
8,
1971)
Nac
ional
ista
and L
iber
al p
arties
wer
e th
e m
ajor
conte
nder
s Pl
aza
Miran
da
bom
bin
g
was
the
mos
t co
ntr
ove
rsia
l an
d
emotional
iss
ue.
The
senat
orial ra
ce w
as d
om
inat
ed b
y th
e Li
ber
al
candid
ates
Inst
itute
for
Polit
ical
and
Ele
ctor
al R
efor
m (
IPER
), I
nc.
Ci
tizen
-Vot
er E
duca
tion
Mod
ule
/
Y
ear
an
d T
yp
e
Co
nte
nd
ers
Is
sues
Resu
lts
Mar
tial
Law
Per
iod
1978 I
nte
rm B
atas
ang
Pam
ban
sa
KBL-
adm
inis
trat
ion p
arty
ESP,
Lab
an,
Phili
ppin
e La
bor
Part
y, B
agong L
ipunan
-Kilu
san
ng N
agka
kais
ag N
acio
nal
ista
, In
dep
enden
ts
Dec
lara
tion o
f m
artial
law
, so
cial
just
ice,
pac
e an
d o
rder
, ec
onom
ic r
ecove
ry
The
elec
tions
“def
ied d
emocr
atic
pro
cedure
s”.
Var
ious
elec
tora
l m
anip
ula
tions
wer
e em
plo
yed t
o
ensu
re M
arco
s vi
ctory
.
1980 L
oca
l el
ections
KBL-
adm
inis
trat
ion p
arty
La
ban
, N
UL,
Min
dan
ao A
llian
ce
Char
acte
rize
d b
y w
ides
pre
ad
terr
orism
, vi
ole
nce
and
whole
sale
fra
ud
94%
guber
nat
orial
and 9
1%
m
ayora
l vi
ctory
for
the
KBL
Pos
t-M
arti
al L
aw P
erio
d 1981 P
resi
den
tial
Ele
ctio
ns
and
Ref
eren
dum
(J
une
16,
1981)
Can
did
ates
fro
m t
he
KBL,
Nac
ional
ista
, Fe
der
al P
arty
, Sove
reig
n C
itiz
en P
arty
, an
d indep
enden
ts
It w
as a
mov
e by
Mar
cos
to
subm
it h
imse
lf t
o t
he
elec
tora
l pro
cess
to r
egai
n
legitim
acy
for
his
ad
min
istr
atio
n;
a re
leva
nt
Pres
iden
tial
Pro
clam
atio
n
was
iss
ued
whic
h lim
ited
the
cam
pai
gn d
ays
and c
han
ged
th
e ag
e re
quirem
ent
for
pre
siden
tial ca
ndid
ate
from
45 t
o 5
0 y
ears
; su
ch
pre
vente
d N
inoy
Aquin
o t
o
run for
pre
siden
t
Mar
cos
won b
y a
landsl
ide
This
ele
ctio
n w
as d
escr
ibed
as
the
“most
leg
ally
-bia
sed e
lect
ions
as
the
Procl
amat
ion w
as d
esig
ned
to
ensu
re v
icto
ry f
or
Mar
cos”
.
1982 B
aran
gay
Ele
ctio
n
Des
pite
the
suppose
d n
on-p
artisa
n
char
acte
r of
hte
ele
ctio
n,
the
KBL
was
ve
ry invo
lved
in t
he
elec
tion
The
elec
tion w
as g
ener
ally
pea
cefu
l
1984 B
atas
ang
Pam
ban
sa
Ele
ctio
ns
(May
14,
1984)
KBL,
United
Nat
ional
ist
Dem
ocr
aic
Ogan
izat
ion (
UN
IDO
) an
affili
ate
of
oth
er p
arties
, Li
ber
al P
arty
, La
ban
, Pa
rtid
o n
g D
emoka
tiko
ng P
ilipin
o,
Nac
ional
ista
Par
ty
UN
IDO
-Aquin
o a
ssas
sinat
ion
and t
he
wors
enin
g p
olit
ical
, so
cial
, an
d e
conom
ic
conditio
ns
KBL-
acco
mplis
hm
ents
of
the
Mar
cos
adm
inis
trat
ion
Unid
o w
on 5
0 B
atas
ang P
amban
sa
seat
s w
hile
KBL
won 1
16 s
eats
Inst
itute
for
Polit
ical
and
Ele
ctor
al R
efor
m (
IPER
), I
nc.
Ci
tizen
-Vot
er E
duca
tion
Mod
ule
/
Y
ear
an
d T
yp
e
Co
nte
nd
ers
Is
sues
Resu
lts
1986 S
nap
Pr
esid
ential
and
Vic
e-Pr
esid
ential
Ele
ctio
ns
KBL
‘s F
erdin
and M
arco
s-Art
uro
Tole
ntino a
nd
the
UN
IDO
-LABAN
Coal
itio
n’s
Cory
Aquin
o-S
alva
dor
Laure
l
KBL’
s sl
ogan
“Cory
wal
ang
alam
” pla
yed o
n C
ory
’s
inex
per
ience
while
Aquin
o’s
sl
ogan
“Tam
a na,
Sobra
Na,
Pal
itan
Na”
bec
ame
the
rally
ing e
vent
on t
he
day
M
arco
s w
as o
ust
ed
Com
elec
dec
lare
d M
arco
s an
d
Tole
ntino a
s w
inner
s w
hile
Nam
frel
co
unt
reflec
ted A
quin
o a
nd L
aure
l’s
vict
ory
. In
stan
ces
of
elec
tion
irre
gula
rities
wer
e re
por
ted:
case
s of
mis
sing v
ote
rs’ nam
es,
bal
lot
snat
chin
g,
mis
sing v
ote
rs’ lis
t an
d
voting m
ater
ials
, ca
ses
of
elec
tion
viole
nce
.
Due
to t
he
People
Pow
er U
prisi
ng
at E
DSA a
nd p
ress
ure
fro
m U
S
gove
rnm
ent,
Mar
cos
was
ove
rthro
wn fro
m M
alac
añan
g a
nd
left
for
Haw
aii.
Pos
t-ED
SA P
erio
d 1987
Congre
ssio
nal
Ele
ctio
ns
(May
11,
1987)
LABAN
(La
kas
ng B
ayan
) co
alitio
n
com
pose
d o
f PD
P-La
ban
, U
nited
N
atio
nal
ist
Dem
ocr
atic
org
aniz
atio
n
(UN
IDO
), L
iber
al P
arty
-Sal
onga
Win
g,
Nat
ional
Unio
n o
f Christ
ian D
emocr
ats
(NU
CD
), P
artido D
emokr
atik
o
Sosy
alis
ta n
g P
ilipin
as (
PD
SP)
and
Ban
dila
, an
alli
ance
of
moder
ate
cause
orien
ted g
roups.
Show
ed t
he
emer
gen
ce o
f th
e per
sonal
ity-
orien
ted
cam
pai
gn s
tyle
The
popula
rity
of M
rs.
Aquin
o
agai
nst
Mar
cos
dra
ined
the
elec
tora
l ca
mpai
gn o
f si
gnific
ant
issu
es.
85.5
% v
otin
g t
urn
out
indic
ated
th
e le
vel of
polit
ical
consc
iousn
ess
that
to e
nfo
rce
a dem
ocr
atic
sy
stem
whic
h w
ill g
uar
ante
e fr
eedom
and d
emocr
acy.
The
“Cory
coal
itio
n”
won
by
a la
ndsl
ide.
1988 L
oca
l el
ections
(Jan
uar
y 18,
1988)
Can
did
ates
fro
m P
DP_
Laban
, KBL,
PD
P-La
ban
-Lak
as n
g B
ansa
, PD
P, B
iled
Ti La
Unio
n,
Nac
ional
ista
Par
ty,
Bal
ane,
PD
P-La
ban
-Lib
eral
Par
ty,
Mag
adal
o,
Cory
Coal
itio
n,
Nat
ional
Unio
n o
f Christ
ian D
emocr
ats,
Indep
enden
t N
acio
nal
ista
ALL
IEN
, La
ban
, Pan
aghin
sa,
CCA-U
nid
o,
Par
tido
Dem
okr
asya
Sosy
alis
ta,
OM
PIA
Par
ty,
Tim
awa
Part
y an
d U
nid
o-L
P-La
ban
, an
d
Indep
enden
ts
Less
fra
udule
nt
than
the
congre
ssio
nal
ele
ctio
ns.
The
rulin
g p
arty
has
lim
ited
ca
pac
ity
for
whole
sale
fra
ud.
Vig
ilance
of
the
elec
tora
te,
med
ia a
nd o
pposi
tionis
ts
safe
guar
ded
the
exer
cise
fr
om
man
ipula
tion.
Although e
lect
ions
in “
hot
spots
wer
e post
poned
by
Com
elec
to p
reve
nt
poss
ible
vi
ole
nt
enco
unte
rs b
etw
een
riva
ls.
Most
of
the
candid
ates
anoin
ted b
y Cory
Aquin
o w
on t
he
support
of
the
maj
ority
of th
e el
ecto
rate
Inst
itute
for
Polit
ical
and
Ele
ctor
al R
efor
m (
IPER
), I
nc.
Ci
tizen
-Vot
er E
duca
tion
Mod
ule
/
Year
an
d T
yp
e
Co
nte
nd
ers
Is
sues
Resu
lts
1989 B
aran
gay
ele
ctio
ns
(M
arch
28,
1989)
Voting t
urn
out
was
only
67.4
5 %
1992
Syn
chro
niz
ed
pre
siden
tial,
Congre
ssio
nal
and
Loca
l Ele
ctio
ns
(M
ay 1
1,
1992)
Sev
en c
andid
ates
com
pet
ed f
or
the
top p
ost
:
Nac
ional
ista
Par
ty-S
alva
dor
Laure
l Li
ber
al Par
ty-J
ovi
to S
alonga
Laban
ng D
emokr
atriko
ng P
ilipin
o
(LD
P)-
Ram
on V
. M
itra
La
kas-
NU
CD
-Fid
el V
. Ram
os
Nat
ional
ist
Peo
ple
’s C
oalit
ion (
NPC
)-Eduar
do
Coj
uan
gco
Pe
ople
’s R
eform
Par
ty-M
iria
m
Def
enso
r San
tiag
o
Kilu
sang B
agong L
ipunan
-Im
elda
Mar
cos
Eco
nom
ic r
eform
, polit
ical
st
abili
ty,
clea
n g
ove
rnm
ent,
an
d s
oci
al just
ice
wer
e th
e m
ain iss
ues
of
the
cam
pai
gn.
“Tra
po”
or
trad
itio
nal polit
ics
and p
olit
icia
ns
was
the
centr
al iss
ue
at t
hat
tim
e.
Fidel
V.
Ram
os
bes
ted t
he
other
ca
ndid
ates
for
the
pre
siden
cy
1992 S
K E
lect
ions
(D
ecem
ber
4,
1992)
1994 B
aran
gay
Ele
ctio
ns
(M
ay 9
, 1994)
1995
Congre
ssio
nal
and
Loca
l Ele
ctio
ns
(M
ay 8
, 1995)
The
adm
inis
trat
ion p
arty
Lak
as-N
UCD
an
d o
pposi
tion p
arty
LD
P co
ales
ced t
o
fiel
d c
om
mon c
ongre
ssio
nal
ca
ndid
ates
; N
PC a
s w
ell as
PRP
fiel
ded
th
eir
ow
n c
andid
ates
too.
The
elec
tions
resu
lted
in L
akas
-La
ban
Coal
itio
n g
etting m
ajority
of
the
seat
s
1996 S
K E
lect
ions
(
May
6,
1996)
1996 A
RM
M E
lect
ions
for
Gove
rnor
and V
ice-
Gove
rnor
(Sep
tem
ber
9,
1996)
Laka
s N
UCD
-UM
DP
candid
ates
: P
arouk
S.
Huss
in a
nd M
ahid
M.
Mutila
n w
on t
he
guber
nat
orial an
d
vice
-guber
nat
orial
sea
ts
resp
ective
ly.
1997 B
aran
gay
Ele
ctio
ns
(May
12,
1997)
Inst
itute
for
Polit
ical
and
Ele
ctor
al R
efor
m (
IPER
), I
nc.
Ci
tizen
-Vot
er E
duca
tion
Mod
ule
/
Year
an
d T
yp
e
Co
nte
nd
ers
Is
sues
Resu
lts
1998 P
resi
den
tial
, Vic
e-Pr
esid
ential
an
d C
ongre
ssio
nal
Ele
ctio
ns
(M
ay 1
1,
1998)
Pres
iden
tial
Can
did
ates
Pa
rtid
o M
asan
g P
ilipin
o-J
ose
ph
Est
rada
-J
ose
de
Ven
ecia
-R
enat
o D
e Vill
a -S
antiag
o D
um
lao
-Juan
Pon
ce E
nrile
-A
lfre
do L
im
-Im
elda
Mar
cos
-Man
olin
g M
ora
to
-Lito O
smen
a -R
aul Roco
-M
iria
m D
efen
sor-
San
tiag
o
Firs
t par
ty-l
ist
elec
tions
Appar
ent
vict
ory
for
candid
ates
with “
cele
brity
st
atus”
or
asso
ciat
ed w
ith
“cel
ebrities
”
Jose
ph E
jerc
ito E
stra
da
won o
ver
the
oth
er c
andid
ates
, w
hile
Glo
ria
Mac
apag
al-A
rroyo
won t
he
vice
-pre
siden
cy
2001
Congre
ssio
nal
and
Loca
l Ele
ctio
ns
(M
ay 1
4,
2001)
Pe
ople
Pow
er I
I/ED
SA D
os
Cal
l fo
r good g
ove
rnan
ce
A m
ix o
f in
dep
enden
t an
d L
AKAS-
NU
CD
-UM
DP
candid
ates
won
se
nat
orial
sea
ts.
LDP
got
2 s
eats
w
hile
PD
P-La
ban
and L
iber
al P
arty
ea
ch f
ield
ed 1
. 2002 S
ynch
roniz
ed B
aran
gay
and S
K E
lect
ions
(July
15,
2002)
Th
is m
atrix
of H
isto
ry o
f Ph
ilipp
ine
Elec
tions
is c
onso
lidat
ed f
rom
Car
los,
C.R
. and
Ban
laoi
, RC.
(19
96).
Ele
ctio
ns in
the
Phili
ppin
es F
rom
Pre
-col
onia
l Per
iod
to th
e Pr
esen
t. w
ww
.com
elec
.gov
.ph
, an
d M
aam
bong
, Reg
alad
o. O
utlin
e an
d St
udy
Gui
de o
n El
ectio
n La
w.
Inst
itute
for
Polit
ical
and
Ele
ctor
al R
efor
m (
IPER
), I
nc.
Ci
tizen
-Vot
er E
duca
tion
Mod
ule
/
Elec
tion
s an
d D
emoc
racy
Th
e Co
nstit
utio
n gu
aran
tees
tha
t w
e ar
e a
sove
reig
n pe
ople
, whe
re a
ll go
vern
men
t au
thor
ity c
omes
fro
m. S
over
eign
ty o
r th
e po
wer
to
gove
rn is
exe
rcis
ed d
irect
ly t
hrou
gh
suff
rage
and
indi
rect
ly t
hrou
gh p
ublic
off
icia
ls e
lect
ed b
y th
e pe
ople
. The
will
of
the
peop
le, t
hen,
is b
est
expr
esse
d in
cle
an, o
rder
ly a
nd h
ones
t el
ectio
n.
The
repr
esen
tativ
e de
moc
ratic
str
uctu
re,
in w
hich
the
peo
ple
gove
rn t
hrou
gh e
lect
ed r
epre
sent
ativ
es,
is b
ased
on
the
idea
of
“con
sent
of
the
gove
rned
”. T
hus,
the
go
vern
men
t of
ficia
ls c
hose
n an
d el
ecte
d by
the
peo
ple
beco
me
serv
ants
and
not
mas
ters
of
the
peop
le f
rom
who
m a
nd f
or w
hom
the
se o
ffic
ials
exe
rcis
e th
eir
pow
er a
nd
auth
ority
.
Th
e ci
tizen
vot
ers
are
entit
led
to f
ree
and
info
rmed
cho
ice
on w
hom
to
vote
and
mus
t be
dic
tate
d by
the
gen
uine
wel
fare
of
the
maj
ority
.
Ever
y in
divi
dual
pol
itica
l cho
ices
an
d de
cisi
ons
mad
e by
the
citi
zen
vote
rs w
ill d
eter
min
e th
e ki
nd o
f go
vern
men
t th
at w
ill s
erve
the
m.
Spec
ific
Mec
hani
sms
Si
nce
the
enac
tmen
t of
the
198
7 Co
nstit
utio
n, e
lect
ions
for
Pre
side
nt a
nd V
ice-
pres
iden
t ar
e he
ld e
very
six
yea
rs, w
hile
ele
ctio
ns f
or S
enat
ors
and
mem
bers
of
the
Hou
se o
f Rep
rese
ntat
ives
and
loca
l gov
ernm
ent
offic
ials
hap
pen
ever
y th
ree
year
s.
At
the
loca
l lev
el, b
aran
gay
elec
tions
and
San
ggun
iang
Kab
ataa
n el
ectio
ns a
re a
lso
held
per
iodi
cally
.
In
199
3 an
d 19
96,
elec
tions
for
the
Aut
onom
ous
Reg
ion
of M
uslim
Min
dana
o (A
RM
M)
wer
e he
ld.
The
1996
ARM
M e
lect
ions
als
o se
rved
as
pilo
t-te
st f
or a
utom
ated
sys
tem
of
ele
ctio
ns.
As
ide
from
vot
ing,
our
Con
stitu
tion
man
date
s ot
her
mec
hani
sms
to a
dvan
ce d
emoc
ratiz
atio
n an
d ci
tizen
’s s
take
in g
over
nanc
e.
The
syst
em o
f in
itiat
ive
and
refe
rend
um g
ives
the
peo
ple
pow
er t
o di
rect
ly e
nact
, pro
pose
and
rej
ect
law
s at
the
loca
l lev
el.
Al
so t
hrou
gh in
itiat
ive,
the
peo
ple
may
dire
ctly
pro
pose
am
endm
ents
to th
e C
onst
itutio
n by
a p
etiti
on o
f at l
east
12%
of t
he to
tal n
umbe
r of r
egis
tere
d vo
ters
, in
whi
ch 3
% o
f re
gist
ered
vot
ers
is re
pres
ente
d in
eac
h le
gisl
ativ
e di
stric
t.
Thro
ugh
pleb
isci
tes,
the
peo
ple
appr
ove
or r
ejec
t th
e ca
ll fo
r a
cons
titut
iona
l con
vent
ion
to p
ropo
se c
hang
es t
o th
e Co
nstit
utio
n, a
ppro
ve o
r re
ject
pro
pose
d ch
ange
s in
the
Co
nstit
utio
n an
d, a
t th
e lo
cal l
evel
, exp
ress
the
ir w
ill w
ith r
espe
ct t
o ce
rtai
n lo
cal i
ssue
s.
The
part
y-lis
t sy
stem
of
repr
esen
tatio
n al
low
s fo
r m
argi
naliz
ed a
nd u
nder
repr
esen
ted
sect
ors
to b
e re
pres
ente
d in
the
nat
iona
l leg
isla
ture
. The
sys
tem
ser
ves
as a
n at
tem
pt
to d
epar
t fr
om t
he p
erso
nalis
tic c
hara
cter
of
polit
ical
and
ele
ctor
al s
yste
m b
y gi
ving
foc
us o
n th
e pa
rty
and
its is
sue-
base
d pl
atfo
rm.
The
Cons
titut
ion
and
the
1991
Loc
al G
over
nmen
t Co
de (
LGC)
man
date
sec
tora
l rep
rese
ntat
ion
in t
he le
gisl
ativ
e bo
dies
of
loca
l gov
ernm
ents
.
Pe
ople
par
ticip
atio
n is
als
o pr
ovid
ed f
or b
y th
e Lo
cal G
over
nmen
t Co
de t
hrou
gh r
epre
sent
atio
n in
con
sulta
tive
bodi
es s
uch
as t
he lo
cal h
ealth
boa
rds,
loca
l sch
ool b
oard
s,
loca
l pea
ce a
nd o
rder
cou
ncils
and
loca
l dev
elop
men
t co
unci
ls in
all
loca
l lev
els.
Ther
e is
als
o th
e LG
C-m
anda
ted
bara
ngay
ass
embl
y (p
eopl
es’ a
ssem
bly
or m
eetin
g of
all
over
-15-
year
-old
-res
iden
ts o
f the
bar
anga
y).
The
asse
mbl
y ha
s th
e po
wer
to
hear
an
d pa
ss u
pon
the
repo
rt o
f Sa
nggu
nian
g Ba
rang
ay’s
(SB
) pe
rfor
man
ce. I
t ca
n al
so r
ecom
men
d m
easu
res
for
legi
slat
ion
by S
B.
The
Bara
ngay
Ass
embl
y is
one
man
ifest
atio
n of
peo
ple’
s po
wer
and
a (
trul
y) d
irect
and
par
ticip
ator
y de
moc
ratic
exe
rcis
e.
The
late
st d
evel
opm
ent
in u
phol
ding
the
rig
ht o
f su
ffra
ge is
Rep
ublic
Act
918
9, w
hich
pro
vide
s fo
r a
syst
em o
f ab
sent
ee v
otin
g fo
r qu
alifi
ed F
ilipi
nos
abro
ad.
Inst
itute
for
Polit
ical
and
Ele
ctor
al R
efor
m (
IPER
), I
nc.
Ci
tizen
-Vot
er E
duca
tion
Mod
ule
/
Po
wer
s an
d Fu
nctio
ns o
f El
ectiv
e O
ffic
ials
An
nex
3
N
atio
nal
Lev
el
Pro
vin
cial
leve
l M
un
icip
al/C
ity
leve
l B
aran
gay
Leve
l Ex
ecu
tive
-P
resi
dent
(V
ice
Pres
iden
t)
-Gov
erno
r
-City
/Mun
icip
al M
ayor
-Pun
ong
Bara
ngay
(PB
)
Legi
slat
ive
-12
Sena
tors
-1
D
istr
ict
Repr
esen
tativ
e or
Co
ngre
ssm
an/w
oman
-(
1 Pa
rty-
list
grou
p).
-Vic
e G
over
nor
-San
ggun
iang
Pa
nlal
awig
an
Mem
ber
-City
/Mun
icip
al V
ice-
May
or
-Mem
bers
of
the
Sann
guni
ang
Panl
unso
d (C
ityCo
unci
lors
) /S
angg
unia
ng
Pam
baya
n (M
unic
ipal
Cou
ncilo
rs)
-PB,
Mem
bers
of
the
sang
guni
ang
bara
ngay
(b
aran
gay
kaga
wad
and
sa
nggu
nian
g ka
bata
an
chai
r)
P
ower
s an
d Fu
nct
ion
s Ex
ecu
tive
: Th
e ex
ecut
ive
pow
er
shal
l be
vest
ed in
th
e P
resi
den
t of
th
e Ph
ilipp
ines
. (Ar
t VI
I Se
c 1)
1. A
ppoi
nt t
he h
eads
of
the
exec
utiv
e de
part
men
ts, a
mba
ssad
ors,
oth
er p
ublic
min
iste
rs a
nd c
onsu
ls, o
r of
ficer
s of
the
arm
ed f
orce
s fr
om t
he r
ank
of c
olon
el o
r na
val c
apta
in, a
nd o
ther
off
icer
s. (
Art
VII
Sec.
16)
2.
The
Pre
side
nt s
hall
have
con
trol
of
all t
he e
xecu
tive
depa
rtm
ents
, bur
eaus
, and
off
ices
. He
shal
l ens
ure
that
the
law
s be
fai
thfu
lly
exec
uted
. (Ar
t VI
I Se
c. 1
7)
3. T
he P
resi
dent
sha
ll be
the
Com
man
der-
in-C
hief
of al
l arm
ed f
orce
s of
the
Phi
lippi
nes.
(Ar
t VI
I Se
c. 1
8)
4. S
uspe
nd t
he p
rivile
ge o
f th
e w
rit o
f ha
beas
cor
pus
or p
lace
the
Phi
lippi
nes
or a
ny p
art
ther
eof
unde
r m
artia
l law
. (Ar
t VI
I Se
c. 1
8)
5. G
rant
rep
rieve
s, a
mne
sty,
com
mut
atio
ns, a
nd p
ardo
ns, a
nd r
emit
fines
and
for
feitu
res.
(Ar
t VI
I Se
c. 1
9)
6. C
ontr
act
or g
uara
ntee
for
eign
loan
s. (
Art
VII
Sec.
20)
7.
Sub
mits
bas
is o
f th
e ge
nera
l app
ropr
iatio
ns b
ill, a
bud
get
of e
xpen
ditu
res
and
sour
ces
of f
inan
cing
. (Ar
t VI
I Se
c. 2
2)
8. T
he P
resi
dent
sha
ll ha
ve t
he p
ower
to
veto
any
par
ticul
ar it
em o
r ite
ms
in a
n ap
prop
riatio
n, r
even
ue, o
r ta
riff
bill.
(Ar
t VI
Sec
. 27)
Le
gisl
ativ
e:
The
legi
slat
ive
pow
er
shal
l be
vest
ed in
th
e C
ongr
ess
of
the
Ph
ilipp
ines
w
hich
sha
ll co
nsis
t of
a
Sena
te a
nd a
H
ouse
of
Rep
rese
ntat
ives
, ex
cept
to
the
exte
nt
rese
rved
to
the
peop
le b
y th
e pr
ovis
ion
on
initi
ativ
e an
d re
fere
ndum
. (Ar
t VI
Se
c 1)
Pow
ers
and
Fun
ctio
ns
1. S
tatu
te-m
akin
g
2. C
onst
itutio
n M
akin
g an
d Am
endi
ng
3. E
lect
oral
Fun
ctio
n (A
rt V
I Se
c 16
)
- Th
e Se
nate
sha
ll el
ect
its P
resi
dent
and
the
Hou
se o
f Rep
rese
ntat
ives
, its
Spe
aker
, by
a m
ajor
ity v
ote
of a
ll its
res
pect
ive
Mem
bers
. 4.
Fin
anci
al (
Appr
opria
tions
) Fu
nctio
n (A
rt V
I Se
c. 2
4)
-All
appr
opria
tion,
rev
enue
or
tarif
f bi
lls, b
ills
auth
oriz
ing
incr
ease
of
the
publ
ic d
ebt,
bill
s of
loca
l app
licat
ion,
and
priv
ate
bills
, sha
ll or
igin
ate
excl
usiv
ely
in t
he H
ouse
of Rep
rese
ntat
ives
, but
the
Sen
ate
may
pro
pose
or
conc
ur w
ith a
men
dmen
ts.
5. J
udic
ial F
unct
ion
(Art
VII
I Se
c 2)
-
The
Cong
ress
sha
ll ha
ve t
he p
ower
to
defin
e, p
resc
ribe,
and
app
ortio
n th
e ju
risdi
ctio
n of
var
ious
cou
rts
but
may
not
dep
rive
the
Supr
eme
Cour
t of
its
juris
dict
ion
over
cas
es.
- H
ouse
of
Rep
rese
ntat
ive
may
impe
ach
any
civi
l off
icer
of
the
natio
nal G
over
nmen
t.
6. I
nfor
mat
iona
l Fun
ctio
n (A
rt V
I Se
c 21
) -
The
Sena
te o
r th
e H
ouse
of
Rep
rese
ntat
ives
or
any
of it
s re
spec
tive
com
mitt
ees
may
con
duct
inqu
iries
in a
id o
f le
gisl
atio
n in
ac
cord
ance
with
its
duly
pub
lishe
d ru
les
of p
roce
dure
. 7.
Ove
rsig
ht F
unct
ion
Inst
itute
for
Polit
ical
and
Ele
ctor
al R
efor
m (
IPER
), I
nc.
Ci
tizen
-Vot
er E
duca
tion
Mod
ule
/
El
ecti
on P
roce
ss
A
nnex
4
R
EGIS
TRA
TIO
N
ELEC
TIO
N D
AY
C
AN
VA
SSIN
G A
ND
PR
OC
LAM
ATI
ON
R
evis
ion
Day
(R
evis
ion
of
List
of
Vot
ers)
Li
st o
f V
oter
s
R
egis
trat
ion
Day
Cas
tin
g of
Vot
es
C
oun
tin
g of
Vot
es
Pre
para
tion
of
Elec
tion
R
etu
rns
and
oth
er
Rep
orts
Dis
trib
uti
on o
f El
ecti
on
Ret
urn
s
B
oard
of
Can
vass
ers
(For
Pre
side
nt
and
Vic
e-P
resi
den
t)
Pro
clam
atio
n o
f w
inn
ing
can
dida
tes
Boa
rd o
f C
anva
sser
s (F
or S
enat
ors)
Boa
rd o
f C
anva
sser
s (P
rov’
l/C
ity/
Dis
tric
t/M
un
icip
alit
y)
Pro
clam
atio
n o
f w
inn
ing
can
dida
tes
Pro
clam
atio
n o
f w
inn
ing
can
dida
tes
Inst
itute
for
Polit
ical
and
Ele
ctor
al R
efor
m (
IPER
), I
nc.
Ci
tizen
-Vot
er E
duca
tion
Mod
ule
/
Institute for Political and Electoral Reform (IPER), Inc. Citizen-Voter Education Module /
References: Carlos, C.R. and Banlaoi, RC. (1996). Elections in the Philippines From Pre-colonial Period to the Present. Commission on Elections. (1998). General Instructions on the General Registration of Voters (Including RA 8189).
Consortium on Electoral Reforms and Institute for Political Reform. (1997). Education Campaign for Clean Elections and Good Governance.
Franco, Ernesto A. (n.d.) A How-to-Book for Trainers and Teachers TRAINING. Metro Manila. Institute for Political and Electoral Reform. (1992). Pagsasanay Pang-Instruktor para sa Batayang Edukasyong Pambotante Training Kit. Quezon City. 151 pp. Maambong, Regalado. (n.d.). Outline and Study Guide on Election Law. Parish Pastoral Council for Responsible Voting (PPCRV). (n.d.). Pollwatching Manual. National Secretariat for Social Action, Justice and Peace(NASSA-JP). (2001). Modules I-III. Nolledo, Jose N. (1993). The Local Government Code of 1991. Annotated. Institute for Political and Electoral Reform. (2002). Documentation and Workshop Results of Citizen-Voter Education Module-Building Project. Workshops held on 21 October 2002 at Imperial Palace Suites, Quezon City and 21 November 2002 at Richmonde Hotel, Mandaluyong City. Institute for Political and Electoral Reform. (2003). Documentation and Workshop Results of Sectoral Citizen-Voter Education Module-Building Project. Workshops held on 17-18December 2002 at Calamba, Laguna and on 3-4 February 2003 at Quezon City. Institute for Political and Electoral Reform. (2003). Documentation of the 2003 National Voters’ Education Summit. Summit held on 26-28 May 2003 at Bayview Park Hotel, Roxas Boulevard, Manila. Institute for Political and Electoral Reform. (2003). Initial Findings of the (Update) Psychographics Study on Voting Behavior. National Movement for Free and Honest Elections (NAMFREL). (2001). Curious Practices in Philippine Elections. Retrieved 16 October 2002 from http://www.namfrel.org/Pdf/2001OrganizingManual/2001manual2.pdf
Universal Declaration of Human Rights. International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. 1987 Philippine Constitution. Republic Act 7941. Party-List System Act. Republic Act 8436. Election Modernization Act of 1997. Republic Act 9600. Fair Election Act. Republic Act 9189. Overseas Absentee Voting Act of 2003. X-COM. (1998). Politico-Everyman’s Guide to Philippine Elections: Interactive CD-ROM. Quezon City. www.comelec.gov.ph www.iper.org.ph; www.cer.org.ph
TNA (English)/ 1
PARTICIPANT’S TRAINING NEEDS DATA SHEET
CITIZEN-VOTER EDUCATION
To the participant:
This is not an examination of your skills and abilities. Please answer the questions to the best of your knowledge. Do not skip any of the questions; write “N/A” if the question is not applicable to you. THANK YOU.
I. Personal Information Name: ________________________________________ Gender: _______ Birth date: ________________________ Civil status: _________________ Address / Tel. #: __________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ Highest Educational attainment: ______________________________________ Present Organizational Affiliation / Designation: __________________________ ________________________________________________________________ Short description of Tasks and Responsibilities in the Organization: ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ II. Right of Suffrage and History of Elections
1. How does a person gain the right to vote? ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________
2. What laws provide for the right to suffrage? ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________
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3. Give your brief account of the history of Philippine Elections.
____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________
III. Elections and Democracy
1. What is the relationship of Elections and Democracy? ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________
2. What other mechanisms (aside from voting for elected officials) are available
for the citizens to participate in governance? ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________
IV. Election Process and Government Structures
1. What national elective positions do people vote for? ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________
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2. What are the functions of these positions? ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________
3. What local elective positions do people vote for?
____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________
4. What are the functions of these positions?
____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________
5. Describe how you participate in the elections (process).
____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________
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6. Have you heard about the Election Modernization Program, particularly the Automated Canvassing System? What do you know about it? ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________
7. Have you heard about the Absentee Voting? What do you know about it?
____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________
V. Voter Behavior, Elections and Governance
1. How do you choose the candidate you vote for? ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________
2. What are the characteristics that you look for in a candidate (for elected
positions at the national level)? Why? ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________
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3. What are the characteristics that you look for in a candidate (for elected positions at the local level)? Why? ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________
4. Do you still value your vote? Why?
____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________
VI. Related Training Attended (voters’ education or any other election related)
Title of Training Year Sponsoring Organization
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VI. Expectations 1. What topics/subject matter would like to be emphasized in this training? _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ 2. What are your other expectations from this training (ex. Resource Persons, methods, venue, etc.)? _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________
THANK YOU AGAIN. Hope to see you during the Training.
TNA (Filipino)/ 1
PARTICIPANT’S TRAINING NEEDS DATA SHEET
CITIZEN VOTER EDUCATION Para sa kalahok:
Ang mga sumusunod na katanungan ay hindi pagsusulit ng inyong kaalaman at kakayahan. Maari po sanang sagutan sa abot ng inyong makakaya. Huwag lagtawan ang mga tanong, isulat ang “N/A” sa mga puwang kung hindi angkop sa inyo ang katanugan. Maraming salamat.
I. PERSONAL INFORMATION Pangalan: _______________________________________ Kasarian: _______ Edad: ________________________ Estado sibil: _________________ Tirahan at Telepono: _______________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ Natapos na pag-aaral (Pinakamataas na antas): _________________________ Organisasyon / posisyon: ___________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ II. KARAPATAN SA PAGBOTO AT KASAYSAYAN NG ELEKSYON
1. Paano nagkakaroon ng karapatan ang isang tao bumoto sa eleksyon? ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________
2. Anu-anong mga batas ang nagbibigay ng karapatang bumoto? ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________
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3. Magbigay ng maikling salaysay ukol sa kasaysayan ng eleksyon sa
Pilipinas. ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________
III. ELEKSYON AT DEMOKRASYA
1. Ano sa tingin ninyo ang relasyon ng eleksyon at demokrasya? ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________
2. Ano sa tingin ninyo ang iba pang pamamaraan (maliban sa pagboto sa
opisyales ng pamahalaan) ng pakikilahok ng mamamayan sa pag-gogobyerno? ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________
IV. PROSESO NG ELEKSYON AT ISTRUKTURA NG PAMAHALAAN 1. Anu-anong mga pambansang posisyon ang inihahalal?
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________
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2. Anu-ano ang mga gawain ng mga posisyon na ito?
____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________
3. Anu-anong mga panglokal na posisyon ang inihahalal?
____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________
4. Anu-anong mga gawain ng mga posisyon na ito?
____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________
5. Magbigay ng maikling paglalarawan ng pamamaraan ng pagboto (proseso ng
eleksyon). ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________
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6. Napag-alaman niyo na ba ang Election Modernization Program ng Comelec?
Ano ang alam niyo tungkol dito?
____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________
7. Napag-alaman niyo na ba ang Absentee Voting? Ano ang alam niyo tungkol
dito? ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________
V. UGALI SA PAGBOTO, ELEKSYON AT PAMAMAHALA
1. Paano kayo pumipili ng kandidatong iboboto ninyo? Ano ang mga nakakaimpluwensiya sa pagpili niyo? ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________
2. Anu-anong mga katangian ang hinahanap niyo sa kandidatong tumatakbo
para sa pambansang posisyon? Bakit? ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________
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3. Anu-anong mga katangian ang hinahanap niyo sa kandidatong tumatakbo para sa panglokal na posisyon? Bakit? ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________
4. Pinapahalagahan ninyo pa ba ang inyong boto? Sagrado pa ba ito para sa
inyo? Bakit? ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
VI. MGA PAGSASANAY NA NADALUHAN (VOTERS’ EDUCATION O IBA PANG MAY RELASYON SA ELEKSYON)
Pamagat ng Pagsasanay Taon Organisasyon na nagbigay
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VI. INAASAHAN 1. Anu-anong mga paksa ang gusto ninyong mabigyang diin sa pagsasanay na ito? _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ 2. Ano pa ang iba ninyo pang inaasahan para sa pagsasanay na ito (halimbawa: sa Tagapagpadaloy, pamamaraan, lugar na pagdadausan, atbp.)? _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________
Maraming Salamat. Magkita Po Tayo sa Darating na Pagsasanay.
Citizen-Voter Education Evaluation Form / 1
<Organization Logo or Letterhead>
Pagtatasa sa Tagapagsanay/Tagapagsalita Pamagat ng Kurso/ Pagsasanay: Citizen Voter Education Pangalan ng Tagapagsalita:______________________________________________________
Kalakasan
Kahinaan
Rekomendasyon
NILALAMAN
(content)
PAMAMARAAN
(method)
PAGPAPADALOY
PAKIKITUNGO SA
MGA KALAHOK (rapport with the
trainees)
Iba pang komentaryo / mungkahi: Nagbigay ng Puna: _______________________________
Citizen-Voter Education Evaluation Form / 2
Citizen Voter Education
Ang pagtatasang ito ay inihanda upang malaman namin ang mga kalakasan at mga kahinaan ng mga naging tagapagsalita at ng mga tinalakay na paksa. Sa pamamagitan ng pagtatasang ito mas mapapagbuti pa ang mga susunod na pagsasanay na ilulunsad.
Mga Tanong Para sa Pagtatasa
Hindi Bahagya Oo 1. Naabot ba ang inaasahan mo sa Kurso? 1 2 3 4 5 2. Anu-ano ang mga natutuhan sa kurso? 3. Ang mga gawain/ paksang pinakagusto ko ay: 4. Ang mga gawain/ paksang hindi ko nagustuhan ay: 5. Lagyan ng marka ang mga sumusunod batay sa ganitong rating scale: 1 - Hindi maganda 2 - Medyo maganda 3 - Maganda 4 - Magandang-maganda
Citizen-Voter Education Evaluation Form / 3
MARKA KOMENTARYO a. Mga paksa/ nilalaman ______ _____________________ b. Mga pamamaraan ______ _____________________ c. Partisipasyon ng mga kalahok ______ _____________________ d. Oras at haba ng pagsasanay ______ _____________________ e. Lugar/ pagkain ______ _____________________ f. Mga babasahin (handouts) at iba pang gamit ______ _____________________ 6. Sa pangkalahatan, ang ibibigay kong marka sa pagsasanay ay: ____________ (gamitin ang rating sa itaas) Dahilan: 7. Mga rekomendasyon/ mungkahi sa pagpapaunlad at pagpapatakbo ng kurso: 8. Saan mo magagamit/ balak gamitin ang kursong ito? 9. Mga minumungkahing follow-up activities/ pagsasanay: Pangalan: _______________________________________ Petsa: _____________________
IPER Citizen-Voter Education Module-Building Project
Pool of Experts
Elson D. Azores – KAMMPIL Ramon C. Casiple – IPER
Ceres P. Doyo – Media/PDI Jose Luis Martin C. Gascon. Esq.- NIPS
Jocel Gonzales – AKBAYAN! Luie Tito F. Guia – Kumare-Kumpare
Edilberto Guyano- NASSA Marie V. Labajo – AKBAYAN!
Erwin Vicman R. Lara – House of Representatives Andie C. Lasala – Konsensiyang Pilipino
Arturo Guerrero T. Liñan – House of Representatives Jo-Ann Q. Maglipon – Media
Malou Mangahas – Media/PCIJ Noel M. Medina – IPER
Andres “Tatang” Mendoza – PPCRV-Archdiocese of Manila Jeremy T. Nishimori – ECPG
Ana Elzy Ofreneo – CHR Rudy G. Santos – NIPS
Jorge V. Tigno – UP CIDS/Political Science Department Antonio R. Villasor – ACFOD
Documentation Team
Marjorie F. Acal Rosa Blanca R. Enrique
Sheila Marie Anne R. Jambalos Alfonso Bonifacio T. Liñan Cheryll Myra C. Mercado
Paolo C. Santiago
Pool of Facilitators
Maria Sonia B. Atienza-Liñan Arturo Guerrero T. Liñan
Jeremy Nishimori Antonio R. Villasor
Production Team
Edsil V. Bacalso Benjamin Jose T. Liñan
Michelle D. Avelino
Project Team
Rosa Bella M. Quindoza – Project Coordinator Jazz Pauline M. Blanco – Research Assistant Armando A. Avelino – Technical Assistant Paolo C. Santiago – Research Assistant
WORKSHOP PARTICIPANTS FOR SECTORAL MODULES
ELDERLY Myrna Cabamalas
FISHERFOLK
Rodolfo Tigas, Jr.
INDIGENOUS PEOPLE Basilio Bati-el
Diahalo D. Duldula Datu Angelito Omos
Langley Segundo
LABOR Christine Comia
Jennie Tess Madayag
MORO PEOPLE Noverto Barretto Reina Hataman
Macrina A. Morados Sonny Plariza
PEASANTS Elson Azroes
Enrico Cabanit Evangeline Mendoza
Florencio Satorre
PERSONS WITH DISABILITY Edwin Alquillera Renato B. Cada
Ricardo Calapatia
URBAN POOR Gloria M. Villena
WOMEN
Tita M. Castro Elma Encio
Margie Lacanilao Jovita Q. Magyaya
Elizabeth L. Menzana-Diaz Ma. Flora B. Umali
YOUTH
Mark M. Cajara Rannie M. Dico Jomar Modesto
Notes
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________