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Sunanda Patwardhan 1967 Socia l Mobility and Conversioo of Mahars

soc io log ica l B u l l e t i n

Vol.. 18.

Viswanadham, C. 1974 The Funct ional Theory of

S t r a t i f i c a t i o n and Socia l

I n c a s u a l i t i e s i n India ,

Indian Journal of Comparative

S o c i o l a g ~ , August.

Kumar Awades h 1982 "The Conditions of Soc ia l

Mobili ty i n Caste System", "The Indian Journal of

s o c i a l Research" , 2 3 , 2 ,

August, pp. 120 - 1 2 5 .

Mehra, Savi tha and 1985 " s o c i a l Mobili ty Trends i n Sharma Rural Haryano i n t h e Context

of Regional Advancement",

The Indian Journal of

s o c i a l Work,

46 , 1, April, pp. 85 - 93. Venkateswara Rao 1985 Chenetha, Telugu Monthly,

Journa l of Andhra Pradesh

Handloom Industry ,

Hyderabad, February, p. 1.

Batnagar, Damyanti 1986 "Pos i t ion of S o c i a l Change i n t h e Context of the A t t i -

t udes of Bureaucrat ic Per-

sonnel towards scheduled

Castes and Scheduled Tr ibes"

"The Journa l of .wciological

Studies" , January , p. 150-160.

Beck, s c o t t , H.

G i l b e r t , G. Nigel

Hodge, Robert , W., Kraw Vered, Cheng. an-TSW and Treiman, Conald, J.

Pearson, David and Thorns, David, C.

1986 "Mobility from Preret i rement

t o Post re t i rement job.

"The Sociolos i c a l Quar te r ly"

2 7 , 4, mcember, p. 515-531.

1906 "Occupational Classes and

I n t e r Class Mobili ty".

'The B r i t i s h Journal of

Sooioloqyn,

37, 3 , September, pp.370-391

1986 " In te rqenera t ion

Cccupational Mobi l i ty

and Income" -- Social Science Research,

1 5 , 4 , pp. 297-322,

1986 " A Tale of two cities Marriage and Mobility i n

Newzealand".

"The Austra l ian and

Newzealand Journa l of

socioloqy" , 2 2 , 2 , J u l y , pp. 208-224.

REPORTS:

Census of Ind ia 1924 V o l . I; Ind ia , P a r t 1 (1921) Vo1. XXII, Madras S t a t e ,

P a r t I and II.

Vol. XXI, Hyderabad S t a t e , P a r t I and 11.

Census of I n d i a 1931 V O l . XVIII, W i t e d

P r o v i n c e and Oudh.

1981 Andhra Pradesh District Census Hand Book,

Cuddapah . 1981 Andhra Pradesh G a z e t t e e r ,

Government of Ind ia .

1986 S t a t i s t i c a l A b s t r a c t

of Andhra Pradesh,

Hyderabad.

1985 The Survey Department of

t h e S t a t e Southern C i r c l e ,

Bangalore .

OFFICIAL DOCUMENTS:

1. The D i r e c t o r of Backward Classes Weif are D e p a r t r e n t , Hyderabaq.

/

2 , . The Prodda t ur Municipal Records ,

P rodda tur . 3 . The Cuddapah District Municipal

Kecords, Cuddapah.

*************** * * APPENDIX

***************

* * * * * * * * b * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * . k * * * * * * * * * * * * ,

( i) L I 3 T b~ BACKWARD CASTES

( ii) SCtiEDULE

(iii) PLATES

I*************************************

L i s t of Baclmilrd Castes i n I'roddatur Town

Dackward Cas tes - G R O W ' A '

S . Name oi t h e tlouse- Popula- T r a d i t i o n a l No. c a s t e nolds t i o n Occupation - 1. Vada B a l i j a 9 6 557 Agr icu l tu re

2 . s e s t a 45 213 F i sh ing

3 . ~ a l l e Kapu 4 4 189 Agr icu l tu re

4 . Agnikula Kshatr iya 59 317 -- 5 . Bandara

* 6 . Chakali

2 13 -- 417 1904 Washing c l o t h e s

7 . n a s a r i 11 54 Begging

9 . Jangama 8 39 Begging

10. ~ o g i ' 1 6 Begging

11. Medara

12. ~ < d i v a r u

*13. Mangali 3 3 3 1661 H a i r c u t t i n g and playing mu. i c

14. P i t c h i Guntla 4 2 6 Legend t e l l e r s

15 . Pamula 3 8 Begging

16. Valmiki BOya 105 521 Hunting b i r d e

17. Kalinga 2 5 - 18. Vadde 59 273 Construction of

Bui ld ings

source: Proddatur Municipal Records

S. N a m e o f t h e NumbL'r Popula- Occupat ion No. c a s t e of House- t i o n

h o l d s

Arya I e h a t r i y a

B a t h a r i

Dfvanga

Ediga

Cowda

setti i 3 a l i j a

Dudel~ula

Gandla

Kwnlllari

J a n d r a

Kur una

P e r i k a U a l i j a

PaUrlrasalZ

Toga t a

V i s w a Brahrrtarla

Carpentary

Weaving

Cot ton c l e a n e r s and bed inanura- cturere

oil s q u e e z e r s

Making e a r t h e n wear

'Weaving

Rea r ing s heeps

E n t e r t a i n e r s

Weaving

Weaving

Goldslnith and c a r p e n t a r y

304

BAClCrlARD CASTES - GilOW ' C '

5 . Name of t h e Number P o p u l a - T r a d i t i o n a l No . caste of t i o n O c c u p a t i o n

h a u s e - holdu

1. H a r i j a n a C n r i s t i a n 650 2739 A g r i c u l t u r e

2 . A d i A n d h r a C h r i s t i a n 1 U7 9 2 5 A g r i c u l t u r e

BACWARL, CXSTES - GROUP 'D'

- s . Name of t h e Number . Pol~u- T r a d i t i o n a l NO. c a s t e of l a t i o n Occupation

households

1. Kat ika ( ~ u t c h e r ) 1 7 Butchering

2 . Bha t r a ju 68 290 Teaching

3 . Kalavanthulu 5 34 Kalavanthulu

4 . Krishna B a l i j a 10 4 7 -- 5 . Koppala Velama 3 15 -- 6. Mudiraju 1 6 --

8. Thenagollu 3 1 2 .... 9. Ranga Raju 54 2 6 1 T a i l o r i n g

7 36 P r i e s t f o r dea th cerenlonies

1 2 . Thamrnari 2 11 p r i e s t s

13. Uppara

14. Yadava

9 2 4 64 p repare s a l t

773 2972 Rearing s heeps

* Se l ec t ed Backward Castes f o r t h e s tudy .

DEPAR'rMENT OI3 SOCIOLOGY

SR1 VFNKATESClhlc9 UNIVERSITY COLLEGE

T I R-U P A T-I - - - - -

Name of t h e Scho la r : Name of t h e Research S u p e r v i s o r

P.sIVARAM,M.A.,M.Phil Dr.S.BtlAS2VIK.Ph.D.. ~h .D. Research Scho la r ~ e c t u r e r

Door NO.

S t r e e t :

Ph .D. Research Topic :

Occupa t iona l M o b i l i t y among nackward Cas tes

i n P r o d d a t u r town of Cuddapah Distr ic t , Andhra

IJradesh, South I n d i a .

I . P e r s o n a l I n £ orrnation

1. N a m e of t h e Respondent (+lead of t h e f a r r ~ i l y )

2 . Age ( i n y e a r s )

3 . Cas te

4 . occupa t ion

5 . Incane (per annurn Us.)

6 . Sex

7. Educat ion

8 . M a r i t a l s t a t u s

9 . Housing p a t t a r n

11. F a s ~ i l v BaCKgrOund:

I.. P l e a s e , give t h e f o l l o w i n g p a r t i c u l a r s a b o u t t h e

members of y o u r family, l i v i n g w i t h you.

3. I1 y o w j o i n t f m i l y ? Yes/No

4 . .If y o u r f a m i l y is n u c l e a r , m e n t i o n how niany b r o t h a r s a n d s i s t e r s do you h a v e ?

5. PI ease g l v e n t h e f o l l o w i n g infiorl l lat ion a b o u t y o u r b r o t k r s a n d sisters.

111. O c c u ~ ~ a t i o n and o c c u p a t i o n a l m o b i l i t y :

1. A t what a g e d i d you start ea rn ing /work ing?

2 . What was your o c c u p a t i o n t h e n ?

3 . What is your primary ( p r e s e n t ) O c c u p a t i o n .

4 . Mave you e v e r changed y o u r o c c u p a t i o n ? Yes/No

If ' Y e s '

( a ) Now many t i m e s and what are t h e y ?

(b) Why d i d you change t h e o c c u p a t i o n ?

G ive Reasons: -

5 . Do you p u r s u e any s u b s i d a r y o 3 c u p a t i o n 7 Y e s / N o

If ' Y e s '

'Yhat i s your s u b s i d a r y o c c u p a t i o n ?

6 . Have y o u e v e r changed . o u r s w s i d b r y o c c u p a t i m ? I

Y e s / N o

I f ' Y e s '

a) Which o c c u p a t i o n y o u have c h a n g e d >

b ) Whether t h e r e is any r o t a t i o n of t h e s e changes .

C ) W h e t k r t h e s e r o t a t i o n s a r e a t r e g u l a r i n t e r v a l s .

d ) Give reasons for t h e s e changes.

7 . lnlhat i s your t r a d i t i o n a l o c c u p a t i o n 7

8. A r e y o u f o l l o w i n g t h e c a s t e o c c u p a t i o n ? Yes/No

If 'No'

What are t h e reasons i o r n o t f o l l o w i n g t h e

caste or t r a d i t i o n a l o c c u p a t i o n .

9 . A t t h e t i ~ w r e t i r e m e n t / d e a t h of y o u r f a t h e r wha t was h i s o c c u p a t i o n .

a) If he is s t i l l w o r k i n g , what i s h i s p r e s e n t occupa . t i o n .

lo. What was your f a t h e r ' s o c c u p a t i o n , when h e s t a t e d w o r k i n g ?

11. Did h e e v e r c h a n g e h i s o c c u p a t i o n ? Y e s / N o

If ' Y e s '

G i v e t h e r e a s o n s

, 1 2 . D i d h e p u r s u e a n y subs i< ' a ry o c c u p a t i o n ? Y e s / N o

If ' Y e s '

What are t h e y :

13. What w a s y o u r g rand - f a t h a r 's o c c u p a t i o n ?

7 1 4 . D i d h e p u r s u e a n y s u b s i d x y 0 2 C u p a t i o n 7 Y e s / N o 1

I V . E d u c a t i o n :

1. A r e y o u s e n d i n g y o u r c h i l d r e n t o s c h o o l ?

Y e s / N o

I f ' N O '

G i v e r e a s o n s :

2 . Can y,ou r e a d a n d w r i t e 7 Y e s / N o

3 . If y o u h a v e d i s c o n t i n u e d y o u r e d u c e t i o n , at wha t a g e d i d y o u s t o p y o u r e d u c a t i o n .

P r i m a r y / U J p ~ ~ r / S e c o n d a r y / C 0 l Lege/Any o t h e r spceif y

4 . P l e a s e , g i v e t h e f o l l o w i n g i n f o r m a t i o n about your

e d u c a t i o n of t h e nlemlers of your f a m i l y .

s. Kela t - Age Illi- Can Age a t Voca- P l a c e N o . i o n s h i p i n te- r e a d which t i o n a l of

y e a r s r a c y and t h e t r a i n - educa- write f o r m a l ing/ t i o n /

educa- Appre- t r a i n i n g / t i o n n t Lship appren- comple- t i s h i p ted

5 . Do nwnbers of ?,our c a s t e i n g e n e r a l encourage h i g h e r e d u c a t i o n ? Yes/No

6 . I n d i c a t e t h e e d u c a t i o n a l p r e f e r e n c e of your c h i l d r e n . ( F o r example, Science/Mattls/Arts/Engineerirly e t C . )

V. L a n d H o l d i n q s :

1. Do y o u h a v e a n y l a n d h o l d i n g s ? Y e s / N o

If ' Y e s ' w h a t is t h e e x t e n t o f y o u r l a n d h o l d i n g s .

s.No. I J a r t i c u l s s Number T o t a l v a l u e Of rii.

acres

2 . Do y o u h a v e a n i m a l h u s b a n d r y 7 Yes/No

If 'Ye8 ' G i v e p a r t i c u l a r s a b e u t it.

P a r t l c u l a r s Nunlber A n i m a l i n c o m e Ps.

1. o x e n

2 . Cows/she Luff a l o e s

3 . S h r e p / g o a t s

4 . A s s e a

5 . P o u l t r y / o t h e r a n i m a l s

3. D i d y o u g r a n d f a t h e r h a v e a n y own l a n e s . Ye.s/No

1f ' Y e s '

G i v e t h e s ize of hol .c l ings .

S. Number o f V a l u e N o . P a r t i c u l a r s A c r e s Kr.

1. W e t

4 . D id y o u r f a t h e r h a v e any own l a n d ? Yes/Na

I f ' Y e s '

G i v e t h e s i z e of h o l d i n g s .

S.No. P a r t i c u l a r s Nunlrer of Value k. A c r e s

1. wet

5 . A r e t h e r e any c h a n g e s i n t h e l a n d h o l d i n g s i n

e a r l y g e n e r a t i o n s Y e s / N o

If ' Y e s '

a ) f r a g m e n t a t i o n d u e t o p r o p e r t y d i v i s i o n

b) S a l e

C ) Purchase

d) Land r e f o r m s

e ) Any o t h e r ( s p e c L f y

6. Do y o u c u l t i v a t e y o u r l a n d on y o u r own7 Y e s / N o

Sf ' Y e s '

a ) By w o r k i n g y o u r s e i f

W i t h nk?rnWrs of y o u r Earni ly

c ) By s u p e r v i s i n g a n d en lp loy ing o r h e r w o r k e r s .

7: 1s y o u r l a n d c u l t i v a t e d b y t e n a n t s ? Y e s / N o

If ' Y e s '

What are t h e tarrns a n d c o n d i t i o n s

8. ?.re y o u c u l t i v a t i n g any l a n d o n Lease basis

Y e s / N o

If ' Y e s ' g i v e t h e p a r t i c u l a r s .

P a r t i c u l a r s

1. wet

2 . m y

Nwwr of Arlriual Incorne A c r e s ts.

9 . Have y o u p u r c h a s e d / a c y ~ i r e d any l a n d d u r i n g t h a l a s t t w e n t y y e a r s . Y e s / N o

I f ' Y e s '

a) id y o u purchase/acquire/inherit

b) From whom

C ) When

d) The s i z e of t h e l a n d .

10. Have you e v e r so ld / rno r t i gaged any p i e c e of l a n d i n

t h e l a s t tun y e a r s ? Y e s / N o

If Y e s , on what p u r p o s e

a ) C h i l d r e n ' s e d u c a t i o n

b) C h i l d r e n ' s m a r r i a g e

C ) TO c l e a r d e b t s

d ) To i n v e s t i n o t h e r e n t e r p r i s e s

e ) o t h e r r e a s o n s ( s p ~ c i f y )

11. How many c r o p s d o y o u r a i s e p e r y e a r ?

1 2 . What are t h e main c r o p s d o you r a i s e ?

Crop Nunbar of Annual Income a c r e 8 hs.

13. Do you r a i s e commercial a r o p s a l s o ? Yes/No

If; ' y e s '

Is. t h e r e any i n c r e a s e i n the bene f i t s / i nco rne7

1 4 . Are you a d o p t i n g any of t h e p r e s e n t modern p r a c t i c e s

i n your a g r i c u l t u r a l p u r s u i t s ? Yes/No

(I) U s e of pesticides

( 2 ) U s e of t ractors

( 3 ) use of mechanised p l o u g h

( 4 ) U s e of c h e m i c a l manures

( 5 ) Improved s e e d s

(6) O t h e r t h i n y s

1 5 . What a r e t h e s o u r c e s of Income?

S.No. s o u r c e Income p e r annum Ks.

I , I'rimary O c c u p a t i o n .

11. subs i<a ry o c c u p a t i o n :

a ) A g r i c u l t u r e

b ) Animal Husbandry

C ) t l en t s

d ) Bus i ne s s

e) Any o t h e r subsid ,hry o c c u p a t i o n s

VI. M i a r a t i o n :

1. IS it your n a t i v e p l a c e 7 Yes/No

I f 'Yes '

s i n c e how many y e a r s /

g e n e r a t i o n s l i v i n g i n t own /a r ea .

If 'No '

From where d i d you m i g r a t e a n d what are t h e r e a s o n s .

2 . M i g r a t i o n and o c c u p a t i o n a l m o b i l i t y .

S. Main o c c u p a t i o n Main o c c u p a t i o n N o . G e n e r a t i o n bef o r e m i g r a t i o n a f t e r m i g r a t i o n

3 . -: P l e a s e , f u r n i s h t h e i n£ a rmat i o n f o r

t h e f o l l o w i n g

S . Generation Income p e r a n n m Income per annurn No. b e f o r e m i g r a t i o n a E t e r m i g r a t i o n

f f i . Rr.

4 . 1% you s t i l l p o s s e s s any l a n d p r o w r t y i n you r

n a t i v e place. Yes/No

I f ' Y e s ' . G ive d e t a i l s :

P a r t i c u l a r s Nt.u&er of Annual Income a c r e s Ri.

t) vret

2 ) Dry

5 . Where d o y o u m a r k e t y o u r a g r i c u l t u r a l p r o d u c t / t r a d i t i o n a l o c c u p a t i o n a l p r o d u c t s .

6. Do y o u v i s i t any o t h e r p l a c e s t o rnarket your p r o d u c t s

Y e s / N o

I f ' Y e s '

a) What are t h e p l a c e s , i t s d i s t a n c e fro111 y o u r r e s i d e n c e ( i n knls. )

b) I iow f r e q u e n t l y y o u v i s i t t h e r e .

C ) W h a t i s t h e minimwn d u r a t i o n of s t a y f o r e a c h v i s i t .

7. Do you make a n y p l e a s u r e t r ips t o o t h e r places Y e s / N o

If ' Y e s '

a ) How f r e q u e n t l y

b) Winirnwn d u r a t i o n of s t a y

C ) The p l a c e s of v i s i t .

8. W you r e c e i v e any money frorn t h e m e m b e r s of y o u r f a m i l y who are l i v i n g o u t s i d e t h e a r e a ?

Y e s / N o

a ) 1.10~ d o y o u s p e n d t h e money?

EX:- To p u r c h a s e , l a n d , d o m e s t i c c o n s w n p t i o n

etc.

9. Ec y o u or t h e rnernwrs o f y o u r f a m i l y make a n y y e a s o n a l t r i p s ? Y e s / N o

If ' Y e s '

a) Where

b) Why

c ) I n wt i i ch rnonth a n d d u r a t i o n of s t a y .

V I I . C a s t e - I n t o r m a t i o n :

1. Ace y o u r caste p e o p l e o b s e r v i n g a n y s o c i a l restr ict ions Yes/No

I f ' Y e s '

What are t h e y .

( W a t e r , i n t e r d i n i n g , m a r r i a g e e t C . )

2 . Are y o u m a i n t a i n i n g a n y c a s t e a s s o c i a t i o n . Y e s / N o

If ' Y e s '

D o y o u h o l d a n y p o s i t i o n i n i t .

( E x e c u t i v e r m m b e r s , o r d i n a r y members etc. )

3 . D o t h e members of y o u r caste e n c o u r a g e t o t a k e u p o t h e r t h a n t r a d i t i o n a l o c c u y a t i o n a . Y e s / N o

4 . rn y o u r caste people h e l p among t h e r r ~ s e l v e s

t o ge t jobs? Yes/No

5 . Do they encourage t o fo l low modern ways?

What ace they 7

(Ex : - Dress, l l v i n g , d i s c a r d i n g t r a d i t i o n a l mores e t c . )

6. Genera l ly , a t what age the r r ~ a r r i a ~ e occurs

Male : years

Female : Years

7. dhich r a l a t i o n do you encourage t o marry: Blood r e l a t i v e s

O u t s i d e r s

8. D o you encourage t r a d i t i o n a l 1 2 3 c i s t a ~ w a t t h e t i m e of n ~ a r r i a g e ? Y e s / N o / l ' a r t l y

9. D o you encourage dowry system?

I f 'Yes ', g i v e reasons:

~f ' N o ' , Give reasons:

10. Which of t h e fo l lowing you e n c o a a g e :

i . I n t e r c a s t e

2 . I n t e r r e l i g i o u s

3. I n t e r c a s t e and I n t e r r e l i g i o u s

4. None of t h e a b o v e :

11. D o you e n c o u r a g e widow-marr iages

I f ' Y e s '

Give r e a s o n s :

If ' N O '

~ i v e r e a s o n s :

1 2 . Do y o u have any source of d e b t Y e s / N o

If ' Y e s ' , nank/soc ie ty /Money l e n d e r .

13. Do y o u hsve any s a v i n g s . Yes/lJo

r t y e s i n what for!" Cash/Qank ~ a l n n c e / C o l d

1 4 . DO y o u possess any of t h e fol1ow.incj gadgets.

~ a d i o / f a n / c h a i r s

T a b l e s / Motor cycles / car / c y c l e s

L5. Vlhat are t h e C o v t . welfare rltcasures e x t e n d e d t o y o u r Coriununity:

How far are t h e y b e n e r i c i a l t o you:

D o y o u get any harm through them:

P L A T E - I - -

1

P L A T E - 111

P L A T E - 1 V

P L A T E - VII

PLATE - VIII