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Page 1: Yuzhou Luo, Ph.D. AGIS Lab, UC Davis 06/16/ · PDF fileYuzhou Luo, Ph.D. AGIS Lab, UC‐Davis. 06/16/2009. Background and objectives y Contamination of pesticides in water and sediment

Yuzhou Luo, Ph.D.AGIS Lab, UC‐Davis

06/16/2009

Page 2: Yuzhou Luo, Ph.D. AGIS Lab, UC Davis 06/16/ · PDF fileYuzhou Luo, Ph.D. AGIS Lab, UC‐Davis. 06/16/2009. Background and objectives y Contamination of pesticides in water and sediment

Background and objectivesContamination of pesticides in water and sediment

California’s 303(d) list, 2006. Source: SWRCB

Page 3: Yuzhou Luo, Ph.D. AGIS Lab, UC Davis 06/16/ · PDF fileYuzhou Luo, Ph.D. AGIS Lab, UC‐Davis. 06/16/2009. Background and objectives y Contamination of pesticides in water and sediment

Background and objectivesContamination of pesticides in water and sedimentBest Management Practices (BMPs)

Grassed waterways Mixed annual cover crop Tailwater pond Riparian buffer

[1] Preventative BMPs (pesticide management; application  management; re‐formulation)

[2] Mitigative BMPs:

Page 4: Yuzhou Luo, Ph.D. AGIS Lab, UC Davis 06/16/ · PDF fileYuzhou Luo, Ph.D. AGIS Lab, UC‐Davis. 06/16/2009. Background and objectives y Contamination of pesticides in water and sediment

Background and objectivesContamination of pesticides in water and sedimentBest Management Practices (BMPs)Modeling vs. monitoring

Continuous predictionsNot limited by site locationsKey processes/parametersScenario analysis Initialize and 

evaluate models

Guide future 

monitoring efforts

Page 5: Yuzhou Luo, Ph.D. AGIS Lab, UC Davis 06/16/ · PDF fileYuzhou Luo, Ph.D. AGIS Lab, UC‐Davis. 06/16/2009. Background and objectives y Contamination of pesticides in water and sediment

Background and objectivesContamination of pesticides in water and sedimentBest Management Practices (BMPs)Modeling vs. monitoringModeling of pesticide transport and mitigation effectiveness

EPA handbook for developing watershed plans

Page 6: Yuzhou Luo, Ph.D. AGIS Lab, UC Davis 06/16/ · PDF fileYuzhou Luo, Ph.D. AGIS Lab, UC‐Davis. 06/16/2009. Background and objectives y Contamination of pesticides in water and sediment

Model development

Transport simulation

SWAT  model (USDA)PRZM model (USEPA)Hydrology simulationPesticide transportManagement practicesWeather generation Plant growth 

ArcGIS/ArcObjects

Spatial frameworkGeo‐database 

developmentSpatial analysisInput preparationOutput visualizationWeb‐GIS

Evaluation system

Statistical evaluationStochastic simulationModel calibrationModel validationUncertainty and 

sensitivity analysisScenario analysis

Page 7: Yuzhou Luo, Ph.D. AGIS Lab, UC Davis 06/16/ · PDF fileYuzhou Luo, Ph.D. AGIS Lab, UC‐Davis. 06/16/2009. Background and objectives y Contamination of pesticides in water and sediment

Modeling studiesWatershed model

Model developmentModel evaluation

Structural BMPs

Model sensitivityBMP representation

IPM

Integrated pesticide management

Human health risk

Cumulative risk analysis for 13 OPs

Climate change

HydrologyAgricultural runoff

Soil property

Soil data processingImpact on model 

performance

Scaling effects

Spatial delineationImpact on model 

performance

Field‐scale model

Linear routingEco‐system risk 

analysis

Page 8: Yuzhou Luo, Ph.D. AGIS Lab, UC Davis 06/16/ · PDF fileYuzhou Luo, Ph.D. AGIS Lab, UC‐Davis. 06/16/2009. Background and objectives y Contamination of pesticides in water and sediment

AcknowledgementCalifornia Water Quality Control BoardCoalition for Urban/Rural Environmental Stewardship (CURES)California Department of Pesticide RegulationProf. Minghua Zhang and other colleagues in the AGIS lab @ UCD

Page 9: Yuzhou Luo, Ph.D. AGIS Lab, UC Davis 06/16/ · PDF fileYuzhou Luo, Ph.D. AGIS Lab, UC‐Davis. 06/16/2009. Background and objectives y Contamination of pesticides in water and sediment

[1] SWAT description[2] Model settings for the San Joaquin Valley[3] Model evaluation[4] Model simulation results

Page 10: Yuzhou Luo, Ph.D. AGIS Lab, UC Davis 06/16/ · PDF fileYuzhou Luo, Ph.D. AGIS Lab, UC‐Davis. 06/16/2009. Background and objectives y Contamination of pesticides in water and sediment

SWAT model

Soil and Water Assessment Tool, is a surface hydrology and water quality modelDeveloped to quantify the impact of land management practices on water quality at large and complex watershedsModel inputs: weather, land use, soil, stream network, management (fertilizer, pesticide…)Model outputs: stream flow, concentrations of sediment, nutrients, pesticides

Page 11: Yuzhou Luo, Ph.D. AGIS Lab, UC Davis 06/16/ · PDF fileYuzhou Luo, Ph.D. AGIS Lab, UC‐Davis. 06/16/2009. Background and objectives y Contamination of pesticides in water and sediment

Pesticide simulation in SWAT“Land phase”: pesticide transport at field scale, to estimate pesticide outputs from a landscape unit“Water phase”

“Land phase”

simulation of pesticide (Neitsch et al., 2005)

Page 12: Yuzhou Luo, Ph.D. AGIS Lab, UC Davis 06/16/ · PDF fileYuzhou Luo, Ph.D. AGIS Lab, UC‐Davis. 06/16/2009. Background and objectives y Contamination of pesticides in water and sediment

Pesticide simulation in SWAT“Land phase”“Water/routing phase”: pesticide transport in stream network, to route pesticide fluxes to a downstream site (e.g., watershed outlet)

Convective movement (outflow)Solid‐liquid partitioningDegradationVolatilizationDiffusionSettling/resuspension/burial

Page 13: Yuzhou Luo, Ph.D. AGIS Lab, UC Davis 06/16/ · PDF fileYuzhou Luo, Ph.D. AGIS Lab, UC‐Davis. 06/16/2009. Background and objectives y Contamination of pesticides in water and sediment

Landscape characterizationSimulation domainNorthern San Joaquin 

Valley watershed

Page 14: Yuzhou Luo, Ph.D. AGIS Lab, UC Davis 06/16/ · PDF fileYuzhou Luo, Ph.D. AGIS Lab, UC‐Davis. 06/16/2009. Background and objectives y Contamination of pesticides in water and sediment

Landscape characterizationSimulation domainWatershed delineation15 sub‐basins (by 

CVRWQCB)

Page 15: Yuzhou Luo, Ph.D. AGIS Lab, UC Davis 06/16/ · PDF fileYuzhou Luo, Ph.D. AGIS Lab, UC‐Davis. 06/16/2009. Background and objectives y Contamination of pesticides in water and sediment

Landscape characterizationSimulation domainWatershed delineationHydrologic Response Unit (HRU) distributionOverlaying land use and 

soil maps

Page 16: Yuzhou Luo, Ph.D. AGIS Lab, UC Davis 06/16/ · PDF fileYuzhou Luo, Ph.D. AGIS Lab, UC‐Davis. 06/16/2009. Background and objectives y Contamination of pesticides in water and sediment

GIS databasesDEM and stream network

Page 17: Yuzhou Luo, Ph.D. AGIS Lab, UC Davis 06/16/ · PDF fileYuzhou Luo, Ph.D. AGIS Lab, UC‐Davis. 06/16/2009. Background and objectives y Contamination of pesticides in water and sediment

GIS databasesDEM and stream networkLand use

Page 18: Yuzhou Luo, Ph.D. AGIS Lab, UC Davis 06/16/ · PDF fileYuzhou Luo, Ph.D. AGIS Lab, UC‐Davis. 06/16/2009. Background and objectives y Contamination of pesticides in water and sediment

GIS databasesDEM and stream networkLand useSoil

Page 19: Yuzhou Luo, Ph.D. AGIS Lab, UC Davis 06/16/ · PDF fileYuzhou Luo, Ph.D. AGIS Lab, UC‐Davis. 06/16/2009. Background and objectives y Contamination of pesticides in water and sediment

GIS databasesDEM and stream networkLand useSoilWeather: CA Irrigation Management Information System (CDWR) Pesticide use: Pesticide Use Reporting (CDPR)Monitoring data (CDPR and USGS)

Surface Water DatabaseNational Water Information System

Page 20: Yuzhou Luo, Ph.D. AGIS Lab, UC Davis 06/16/ · PDF fileYuzhou Luo, Ph.D. AGIS Lab, UC‐Davis. 06/16/2009. Background and objectives y Contamination of pesticides in water and sediment

Simulation designModel initialization and parameterizationTest agents: diazinon and chlorpyrifos

Daily simulations during 1990 though 2005Model calibration

Hydrology (stream flow), and Water quality (sediment, nutrients, and pesticides)

Page 21: Yuzhou Luo, Ph.D. AGIS Lab, UC Davis 06/16/ · PDF fileYuzhou Luo, Ph.D. AGIS Lab, UC‐Davis. 06/16/2009. Background and objectives y Contamination of pesticides in water and sediment

Statistical methodsData preparation for model inputs

Descriptive analysis (trend and variability)Spatial aggregationCorrelation and regression

Page 22: Yuzhou Luo, Ph.D. AGIS Lab, UC Davis 06/16/ · PDF fileYuzhou Luo, Ph.D. AGIS Lab, UC‐Davis. 06/16/2009. Background and objectives y Contamination of pesticides in water and sediment

Statistical methodsData preparation for model inputsModel calibration

Multiple‐objective functionsShuffled complex evolution (SCE) algorithm

Page 23: Yuzhou Luo, Ph.D. AGIS Lab, UC Davis 06/16/ · PDF fileYuzhou Luo, Ph.D. AGIS Lab, UC‐Davis. 06/16/2009. Background and objectives y Contamination of pesticides in water and sediment

Statistical methodsData preparation for model inputsModel calibrationResidue variance analysis for model evaluation

Nash‐Sutcliffe (NS) coefficientRange: ‐∞ ~ 1.0Satisfactory modeling: NS> 0.35Good modeling: NS> 0.75

Root mean square error (RMSE)Coefficient of determination (R2)

−−=

jj

jjj

OO

PONS

2

2

)(

)(1

Page 24: Yuzhou Luo, Ph.D. AGIS Lab, UC Davis 06/16/ · PDF fileYuzhou Luo, Ph.D. AGIS Lab, UC‐Davis. 06/16/2009. Background and objectives y Contamination of pesticides in water and sediment

Statistical methodsData preparation for model inputsModel calibrationResidue variance analysis for model evaluationUncertainty/sensitivity analysis

Latin Hypercube samplingMonte Carlo simulationSensitivity index (in a central difference numerical scheme) 

)(2)()(

)( IPI

IIIPIIP

IPI

IPSI Δ

Δ−−Δ+=

∂∂

=

Page 25: Yuzhou Luo, Ph.D. AGIS Lab, UC Davis 06/16/ · PDF fileYuzhou Luo, Ph.D. AGIS Lab, UC‐Davis. 06/16/2009. Background and objectives y Contamination of pesticides in water and sediment

Model evaluation and resultsCalibration/validation at sub‐basin outlets

Simulation results (taken from: Luo et al., 2008. Environmental Pollution, 156:1171‐1181)

Page 26: Yuzhou Luo, Ph.D. AGIS Lab, UC Davis 06/16/ · PDF fileYuzhou Luo, Ph.D. AGIS Lab, UC‐Davis. 06/16/2009. Background and objectives y Contamination of pesticides in water and sediment

Stream flow @ watershed

Predicted and observed stream flow

(m3/s) in the San  Joaquin River at Vernalis during 1992‐2005

Page 27: Yuzhou Luo, Ph.D. AGIS Lab, UC Davis 06/16/ · PDF fileYuzhou Luo, Ph.D. AGIS Lab, UC‐Davis. 06/16/2009. Background and objectives y Contamination of pesticides in water and sediment

Stream flows @ subbasins

Page 28: Yuzhou Luo, Ph.D. AGIS Lab, UC Davis 06/16/ · PDF fileYuzhou Luo, Ph.D. AGIS Lab, UC‐Davis. 06/16/2009. Background and objectives y Contamination of pesticides in water and sediment

Sediment @ watershed

Predicted and observed sediment load

(kg/month) in  the San Joaquin River at Vernalis during 1992‐2005

Page 29: Yuzhou Luo, Ph.D. AGIS Lab, UC Davis 06/16/ · PDF fileYuzhou Luo, Ph.D. AGIS Lab, UC‐Davis. 06/16/2009. Background and objectives y Contamination of pesticides in water and sediment

Diazinon @ watershed

Predicted and observed dissolved diazinon loads

(kg/month)  in the San Joaquin River at Vernalis during 1992‐2005

Page 30: Yuzhou Luo, Ph.D. AGIS Lab, UC Davis 06/16/ · PDF fileYuzhou Luo, Ph.D. AGIS Lab, UC‐Davis. 06/16/2009. Background and objectives y Contamination of pesticides in water and sediment

Chlorpyrifos @ watershed

Predicted and observed dissolved chlorpyrifos loads  (kg/month) in the San Joaquin River at Vernalis during 1992‐2005

Page 31: Yuzhou Luo, Ph.D. AGIS Lab, UC Davis 06/16/ · PDF fileYuzhou Luo, Ph.D. AGIS Lab, UC‐Davis. 06/16/2009. Background and objectives y Contamination of pesticides in water and sediment

Pesticides @ subbasins

Page 32: Yuzhou Luo, Ph.D. AGIS Lab, UC Davis 06/16/ · PDF fileYuzhou Luo, Ph.D. AGIS Lab, UC‐Davis. 06/16/2009. Background and objectives y Contamination of pesticides in water and sediment

[1] Interpretation of model results[2] Model sensitivity analysis and simulations for 

structural BMPs

Page 33: Yuzhou Luo, Ph.D. AGIS Lab, UC Davis 06/16/ · PDF fileYuzhou Luo, Ph.D. AGIS Lab, UC‐Davis. 06/16/2009. Background and objectives y Contamination of pesticides in water and sediment

Modeling for managementDetermine temporal variation in pesticide yieldIndicate “hot‐spots” of pesticide loadings/exposure

Areas with high pesticide useAreas with high pesticide runoff potentialAreas contributing to high pesticide concentrations

Predict effectiveness of pesticide management and structural BMPs in improving water qualityConduct scenario analysis for management planning

Page 34: Yuzhou Luo, Ph.D. AGIS Lab, UC Davis 06/16/ · PDF fileYuzhou Luo, Ph.D. AGIS Lab, UC‐Davis. 06/16/2009. Background and objectives y Contamination of pesticides in water and sediment

SeasonalityLAPU (load as percent of use) = load/useHigh LAPU for dormant (wet) seasonBased on simulation of chlorpyrifos during 1992‐2005

Annual overall LAPU: 0.03% During January and February, LAPU=0.12%6.6% of chlorpyrifos application in January and February, generating 28.5% of chlorpyrifos load

Page 35: Yuzhou Luo, Ph.D. AGIS Lab, UC Davis 06/16/ · PDF fileYuzhou Luo, Ph.D. AGIS Lab, UC‐Davis. 06/16/2009. Background and objectives y Contamination of pesticides in water and sediment

Spatial distributionHigher pesticide runoff potential in the western watersheds of the San Joaquin River

Annual average pesticide yields (g/km2) during 1998‐2005 (Luo et al., 2008)

Page 36: Yuzhou Luo, Ph.D. AGIS Lab, UC Davis 06/16/ · PDF fileYuzhou Luo, Ph.D. AGIS Lab, UC‐Davis. 06/16/2009. Background and objectives y Contamination of pesticides in water and sediment

Spatial distributionHigher pesticide runoff potential in the western watersheds of the San Joaquin RiverRelationship to topography and soil propertiesRelationship to hydrologic condition

Risks to aquatic ecosystem: Exposure events of chlorpyrifos (>0.015 µg/L): 42.2% of 1990‐2005 in Orestimba Creek

Areas with high runoff potential and ecosystem risk were indicated for future monitoring and mitigation efforts

Page 37: Yuzhou Luo, Ph.D. AGIS Lab, UC Davis 06/16/ · PDF fileYuzhou Luo, Ph.D. AGIS Lab, UC‐Davis. 06/16/2009. Background and objectives y Contamination of pesticides in water and sediment

Sensitivity analysis (“land phase”)

Page 38: Yuzhou Luo, Ph.D. AGIS Lab, UC Davis 06/16/ · PDF fileYuzhou Luo, Ph.D. AGIS Lab, UC‐Davis. 06/16/2009. Background and objectives y Contamination of pesticides in water and sediment

Sensitivity analysis (“water phase”)

Page 39: Yuzhou Luo, Ph.D. AGIS Lab, UC Davis 06/16/ · PDF fileYuzhou Luo, Ph.D. AGIS Lab, UC‐Davis. 06/16/2009. Background and objectives y Contamination of pesticides in water and sediment

BMP representation with SWATSimulated by built‐in functions in SWAT

Vegetated filter stripsSediment ponds

Implemented by altering model parameters, e.g.,Residue management: reduce SCS curve number (CN2) and USLE practice factor (USLE_K), increaseroughness for overland flow (OV_N)Grassed waterway: reduce channel erosion coefficients (CH_COV and CH_EROD), increase roughness for channel flow (CH_N2)

Page 40: Yuzhou Luo, Ph.D. AGIS Lab, UC Davis 06/16/ · PDF fileYuzhou Luo, Ph.D. AGIS Lab, UC‐Davis. 06/16/2009. Background and objectives y Contamination of pesticides in water and sediment

Predicted effectiveness 

•Pond dimensions are determined by USDA NRCS Technical Guide; an 

operating depth of 2.44 m (8 ft) is used based on field survey.• Residue management is parameterized for 500 kg/ha residue

Page 41: Yuzhou Luo, Ph.D. AGIS Lab, UC Davis 06/16/ · PDF fileYuzhou Luo, Ph.D. AGIS Lab, UC‐Davis. 06/16/2009. Background and objectives y Contamination of pesticides in water and sediment

Effectiveness of grassed waterway

0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.40

50

100

150

pest

icid

e lo

ad (g

/mon

)

0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.40

1000

2000

3000

channel roughness coefficients (Manning's "n")

sedi

men

t loa

d (to

n/m

on)

Sensitivity of CHN2 on chlorpyrifos load at the Orestimba Creek outlet

dissolved phaseparticulate phasetotal pesticide

Page 42: Yuzhou Luo, Ph.D. AGIS Lab, UC Davis 06/16/ · PDF fileYuzhou Luo, Ph.D. AGIS Lab, UC‐Davis. 06/16/2009. Background and objectives y Contamination of pesticides in water and sediment

ConclusionsSWAT model could be reliably used to simulate monthly hydrologic and water quality parameters in the Lower San Joaquin River watershed;Factors for the spatial and temporal variability of OP pesticide loads in surface water

Magnitude and timing of surface runoffMagnitude and timing of pesticide applicationsSoil propertiesPesticide properties related to processes in soil

Page 43: Yuzhou Luo, Ph.D. AGIS Lab, UC Davis 06/16/ · PDF fileYuzhou Luo, Ph.D. AGIS Lab, UC‐Davis. 06/16/2009. Background and objectives y Contamination of pesticides in water and sediment

ConclusionsSWAT model could be reliably used to simulate monthly hydrologic and water quality parameters in the Lower San Joaquin River watershed;Factors for the spatial and temporal variability of OP pesticide loads in surface water;Management implications

Pesticide loads could be significantly reduced by decreasing use amounts during dormant (wet) seasonAreas with high pesticide yields were identified and could be candidates for further management evaluations

Page 44: Yuzhou Luo, Ph.D. AGIS Lab, UC Davis 06/16/ · PDF fileYuzhou Luo, Ph.D. AGIS Lab, UC‐Davis. 06/16/2009. Background and objectives y Contamination of pesticides in water and sediment

ReferenceLuo, Y., et al., 2008. Dynamic Modeling of Organophosphate Pesticide Load in Surface Water in the Northern San Joaquin Valley of California. Environmental Pollution, 156(3): 1171‐1181Luo, Y. and M. Zhang, 2009. Multimedia Transport and Risk Assessment of Organophosphate Pesticides and a Case Study in theNorthern San Joaquin Valley of California. Chemosphere, 75(7):969‐978Luo, Y. and M. Zhang, 2009. A Geo‐Referenced Modeling Environment for Ecosystem Risk Assessment: Organophosphate Pesticides in an Agricultural Dominated Watershed. Journal of Environmental Quality, 38(2): 664‐674Luo, Y. and M. Zhang, 2009. Management‐Oriented Sensitivity Analysis for Pesticide Transport in Watershed‐Scale Water Quality Modeling. Environmental Pollution (In review)

Page 45: Yuzhou Luo, Ph.D. AGIS Lab, UC Davis 06/16/ · PDF fileYuzhou Luo, Ph.D. AGIS Lab, UC‐Davis. 06/16/2009. Background and objectives y Contamination of pesticides in water and sediment

Yuzhou

[email protected]

(530) 754‐AGIS