€¦ · zinc coated iron is called galvanized iron (gi). 7. vy¡£uh‹ v‹gj vÂªä‹rikÍila...

1

Mw;wypd; tiffs;

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tFg;G - 7

kpd;dpay; kw;Wk; ntg;gtpay; (Electricity and Heat)

1. ,e;jpuhfhe;jp mZ Muha;r;rp ikak; cs;s ,lk; fy;ghf;fk;.

Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research is situated at Kalpakkam.

2. Nkl;^upy; ePu; kpd; epiyak; cs;sJ. In Mettur Dam, hydroelectric power station is located.

3. vz;Z}upy; mdy; kpd; epiyak; cs;sJ. In Ennore, Thermal Power Plant is located.

4. Kj‹ Kjyhf ÿæ fhšthå v‹w Ï¤jhèa éŠPhåahš ä‹fy© cUth¡f¥g£lJ.

The first electric cell was developed by an Italian scientist Luigi Galvani.

5. #upa kpd;fyq;fs;> xspahw;wiy kpd;dhw;wyhf khw;W«. Solar cells convert light energy into electric energy.

6. fh‰whiyfëš äf¥ bgça fh‰whofŸ _y© fh‰W M‰wš ä‹dh‰wyhf kh‰w¥gL»‹wJ.

In a wind farm, huge wind mills convert wind energy into electric energy.

7. jäœeh£oš fh‰whiy _y© 5000 bkfh th£ ä‹dh‰wš c‰g¤Â brŒa¥gL»‹wJ.

In Tamil Nadu, wind power generating capacity is about 5,000 MW.

8. ä‹fy© v‹gJ ntÂ M‰wiy ä‹dh‰wyhf kh‰¿¤ jU© mik¥ò MF©.

An electric cell is a device which converts chemical energy into electric energy.

9. ä‹ndh£l© v‹gJ ä‹}£l¦fŸ mšyJ vy¡£uh‹fë‹ Ïa¡f« MF«.

Electric current is the flow of electrons or charge

10. ä‹R‰W v‹gJ ä‹fy¤Â‹ neªKidæš ÏU¨J vÂ®Kid¡F ä‹ndh£l© bršY© _oa ghij.

An electric circuit is the closed path in which electric current flows from the positive to the negative terminal of the battery.

11. ä‹és¡»DŸ l¦«l‹ Nlh» xëª»‹wJ. Ï¦F ä‹dh‰wš xë M‰wyhf kh‰w¥gL»wJ.

In a bulb, the tungsten gets heated and glows when the current flows. Here electric energy is converted into light energy.

12. j‹ têna ä‹ndh£l¤ij mDkÂ¡F© bghUŸfŸ fl¤ÂfŸ MF«.

vL¤J¡fh£L: jhäu©, ÏU©ò ngh‹w všyh cnyhf¦fŸ k‰W© kåj clš.

The materials which allow electric current to pass through them are called conductors.

Examples: All metals like Copper,Iron and Human body.

13. j‹ têna ä‹ndh£l¤ij mDkÂ¡fhj¥ bghUŸfŸ. vL¤J¡fh£L: Ãsh°o¡, ku«, u¥g®, f©zho.

The materials which do not allow electric current to pass through them. Examples: Plastic, Wood, Rubber and Glass

14. ä‹ndh£l¤Âdhš cUthF© bt¥géisit mo¥gilahf¡ bfh§L Ïa¦F© xU Áy rhjd¦fŸ : ä‹ bt¨Úª

bfhÂfy« (Electric kettle), ä‹és¡F (Electric bulb), ä‹ ryit¥ bg£o (Electric iron), ä‹ buh£o RL© mL¥ò (Electric

toaster) MFk;.

A few appliances that work on the heating effect of current are Electric kettle, electric bulb, electric iron and electric toaster.

15. ä‹ndh£l© bršY© f©Ãia¢ R‰¿ fh¨j¥òy© ÏU¥gij cWÂ brŒjtª l¢R eh£il¢ rhª¨j m¿Pª »¿«oa‹

xa®°bl£ ( M©L : 1820 )

Around a wire carrying current conductor, magnetic field is produced. This was observed by Christian Oersted in 1820

16. fhªj CÁahdJ v¥nghJ« tl¡F-bj‰F Âiræš ã‰F©.

The pivoted magnetic needle will always point in the North-South direction.



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tFg;G - 7

kpd;dpay; kw;Wk; ntg;gtpay; ( Electricity and Heat ) Page -2

17. Åzhd bghUŸfë‹ Féaèš ÏU¨J ÏU©ò Ãç¤bjL¡f ä‹fh¨j¦fŸ ga‹gL»‹wd.

Huge electromagnets are used to remove iron scraps in the scrap yard.

18. ä‹ndh£l© bršY©nghJ bghUŸ fh¨jkh¡f¥g£lhš, mJ ä‹fh¨j© vd¥gL«.

A material that becomes a magnet when current is passed is called an electromagnet.

19. ä‹nkh£lhª, j¨Â¡fUé, bjhiyngÁ, ä‹rhukâ ngh‹w rhjd¦fëš ä‹fh¨j¦fŸ ga‹gL¤j¥gL»‹wd.

Electromagnets are used in many appliances like Electric motor, Telegraph, Telephones, Electric bell,etc.

20. ã ¡ n u h © v‹gJ ã¡fš k‰W© Fnuhäa© nr®ªj cnyhf¡ fyit MF«.

Nichrome consists mainly of nickel and chromium.

21. Nça‹ édho¡F 3.8 x 10 26

#]š bt¥g M‰wiy btëéL»‹wJ.

The sun gives us 3.8 x 10 26

joule of heat energy per second.

22. Nça M‰wš mQ¡fU ÏizÎ v‹w ãfœédhš cUth»‹wJ.

The solar energy is produced by nuclear fusion.

23. Nça mL¥òfëY«, Nça bt¥g¥gL¤ÂfëY« Nça M‰wš ga‹gL¤j¥gL»‹wJ.

In solar cookers and solar heaters, solar energy is used.

24. bghUŸ x‹W v›tsÎ Nlhf cŸsJ? mšyJ v›tsÎ Fëª¢Áahf cŸsJ v‹gij mséLtnj bt¥gãiy .

Temperature measures the degree of hotness or coldness of a body.

25. bt¥gãiykhå v‹w fUé bt¥gãiyia mséL»wJ.

Thermometers are used to measure the temperature.

26. Âut¦fŸ Nlh¡f¥gL© nghJ éçtilÍ«. Fë®é¡f¥gL« nghJ RU§F«.

Liquids expand on heating and contract on cooling.

27. bt¥gãiyia¡ F¿¥Ãl bršÁa« k‰W© ~ghu‹Ë£ v‹w ÏU myFfis¥ ga‹gL¤jyh©.

Both Celsius and Fahrenheit are used in the measurement of temperature.

28. bršÁa« msÅ£oèU¨J ~ghu‹Ë£ msÅ£o‰F kh‰w ga‹gL© bjhlªò: C / 100 = ( F -32 ) / 180

C = bršÁa« bt¥gãiykhå fh£L© msÅL ; F = ~ghu‹Ë£ bt¥gãiykhå fh£L© msÅL

To convert Celsius into Fahrenheit we use the relation:

C / 100 = ( F -32 ) / 180

C’ : Reading as shown by the Celsius Thermometer;

‘F’ : Reading shown by the Fahrenheit Thermometer

29. MŒtf bt¥gãiykhå msÅLfŸ -10oC Kjš 110

oC tiu F¿¡f¥g£oU¡F«.

The graduations are marked from -100 C to 110

0 C in the Laboratory Thermometer.

30. kåjå‹ ruhrç clš bt¥gãiy 36.9oC (m) 98.4

o F MF«.

The normal body temperature is 36.90C (98.4

0F).

***** Best wishes *****



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tFg;G - 8

kpd;rhutpay; kw;Wk; ntg;gtpay; ( Electricity and Heat )

1. ekJ ÅLfëš cŸs mid¤J ä‹ rhjd¦fS© g¡f¢R‰W Kiwænyna Ïiz¡f¥g£L»‹wd.

The electrical appliances of our houses are all connected in a parallel circuit.

1. xë cäœ ilnahL v‹gJ Fiw¡ fl¤Â¥ bghU£fshš brŒa¥g£lJ.

LED is Light Emitting Diode, made up of semiconductor materials.

2. thiytoÚ® xU ä‹fl¤jh¥ bghUshF«. Distilled water is a poor conductor.

ä‹ndh£l¤ij¡ fl¤J© Âut¦fŸ mid¤J© mäy, fhu k‰W© c¥ò¡ fiuršfshfnt cŸsd.

The liquid that conduct electricity are solutions of acids, bases and salts.

3. fiuršfë‹ têna ä‹ndh£l© ghÍ©nghJ mt‰¿DŸ xU ntÂ kh‰w¤ij V‰gL¤J»wJ.

Ïjidna ä‹ndh£l¤Â‹ ntÂ éisÎ MF«.

The current will produce a chemical change when it is passed through solutions. This is known as

chemical effect of current.

4. xU ä‹gFë¡ fiurè‹ têahf ä‹ndh£l© brY¤j¥gL©nghJ ä‹gFë¡fiurš maåfshf¥ ÃçÍ©

ãfœÎ ä‹dh‰gF¥ò vd¥gL«.

The process by which an electrolyte is decomposed with the help of electricity is called as electrolysis.

5. ä‹ó¢R brŒa¥gL©nghJ v¥bghUë‹ ÛJ k‰bwhU cnyhf¤ij¥ goa it¡f nt§Lnkh m¥bghUŸ

vÂª ä‹thahF©. In electroplating the metal to be coated is taken as cathode.

6. J¤jehf Kyh« ór¥g£l ÏU«ò fhštidRL ÏU©ò (GI) vd¥gL«.

Zinc coated iron is called Galvanized Iron (GI).

7. vy¡£uh‹ v‹gJ vÂªä‹RikÍila JfŸ. ònuh£lh‹ v‹gJ neªä‹RikÍila JfŸ.

ãô£uh‹ v‹gJ ä‹Rika‰w xU JfŸ.

The electron is negatively charged, the proton is positively charged and the neutron has no charge, it is neutral.

8. xU mQ ä‹ eLãiy¤ j‹ik cilaJ. An atom is electrically neutral.

9. ÏU tifahd ä‹}£l¦fŸ cŸsd. mit neª ä‹}£l©, vÂª ä‹}£l«.

There are two types of charges. They are positive and negative charges.

10. xnu tifahd ä‹}£l¦fŸ x‹iwbah‹W éy¡F»‹wd. Like charges repel each other.

11. vÂbuÂª ä‹}£l¦fŸ x‹iwbah‹W <ª¡F«. Unlike charges attract each other.

12. ä‹ fl¤jh¥ bghUŸ x‹¿‹ òw¥gu¥Ãš ä‹}£l¦fŸ nrU© ãfœ¢Áiana ãiy ä‹åaš v‹»nwh©.

The accumulation of electric charges on the surface of a non- conducting material is called Static electricity.

13. ä‹}£l¦fis¡ f§l¿tj‰F© mt‰iw ms¥gj‰F© ga‹gL© fUéna ä‹}£l¦fh£o vd¥gL«.

A device used to detect and measure electric charges is called an electroscope.



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tFg;G - 8 kpd;rhutpay; kw;Wk; ntg;gtpay; ( Electricity and Heat ) – Page-2

14. ä‹}£l¦fh£o fl¤Jjš mšyJ ö§Ljš _y© ä‹}£lkila¢ brŒÍ© j¤Jt¤Âš Ïa¦F»wJ.

Electroscope works on the principle of transfer of charges by conduction or Induction.

15. äf¥bgUksÎ ä‹ M‰wš Xçl¤ÂèU¨J k‰nwhª Ïl¤Â‰F ghÍ© ãfœÎ ä‹dš vd¥gL«.

A high energy electric discharge is called lightning.

16. bgU© ghY© nkf¤Â‹ nkš ghf© mÂf mséš neª ä‹}£l¦fisÍ© , Ñœ ghf© mÂf mséš

vÂª ä‹}£l§fisÍ« cilajhf mik»wJ.

The lower portion of a cloud generally carries negative charges and the upper portion carries positive charges.

17. caukhd f£ll¦fis ä‹dèš ÏU¨J ghJfh¡f ä‹dš jh¦»fŸ (Ïo jh¦»fŸ) ga‹gL»‹wd.

In order to protect tall buildings from lightning, lightning arresters are used.

18. Ïo jh§»ia¡ f©LÃo¤jt® bgŠrä‹ ~Ãuh¦¡ë‹ Mth®.

Lightning arrester was invented by Benjamin Franklin.

19. bt¥g© v‹gJ xU tifahd M‰wš. Heat is defined as a form of energy.

20. bt¥g ãiyahdJ bt¥gãiykhåfŸ _y« msélyh« .Temperature is measured by using thermometers.

21. Nça‹ bt¥g M‰wè‹ äf¢ Áw¨j M‰wš _y© The sun is a major source of heat.

22. j§Ùiu él v§bzŒ éiuéš bt¥gkilÍ«. Oil gets heated up faster than water.

23. xU ä‹fl¤Âæ‹ ä‹jil kÂ¥ò mjid bt¥g¥gL¤J© nghJ mÂfç¡»wJ.

The electrical resistance of a conductor increases on heating.

24. xU fh¨j© bt¥g¥gL¤j¥gL©nghJ mj‹ fh¨j¤j‹ikia ÏH¡»wJ.

A magnet loses its magnetism on being heated.

25. bghUŸfŸ bt¥g¥gL¤j¥gL« nghJ éçtil»‹wd. Substances expand on heating.

26. bt¥g¥gL¤j¥gL« nghJ , Âut¦fŸ Âl¥bghU£fisél mÂfkhf éçtilÍ«.

On heating, the expansion of liquids is greater than that of solids.

27. xU bghUëèU¨J k‰bwhU bghUS¡F bt¥g kh‰w© _‹W têfëš eilbgW»wJ. mit

m) bt¥g¡fl¤jš M) bt¥g¢ryd© Ï) bt¥g¡ fÂªÅrš

There are three different ways in which heat is transferred from one body to the other.

They are (i) Conduction (ii) convection and (iii) radiation.

28. _y¡TWfë‹ c§ikahd Ïa¡f¤jhš bt¥g© guÎ© Kiw bt¥g¢ ryd« vd¥gL«.

The transfer of heat due to the actual movement of particles is called convection.

29. _y¡ TWfë‹ Ïa¡fä‹¿ guÎ© ãfœ¢Á bt¥g¡ fl¤jš vd¥gL«.

The transfer of heat without the actual movement of particles is called conduction.

30. bt¥g© Xçl¤ÂèU¨J k‰bwhU Ïl¤Â‰F v›éj gU¥bghUŸ ClfK© Ï‹¿ guÎ© Kiw¡F

bt¥g¡fÂªÅrš v‹W bgaª.

The process by which heat is transferred without the help of any material or medium is called radiation.



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tF¥ò – 9

myF – 16 ntiy, Âw‹, M‰wš k‰W© bt¥g©

Unit – 16 : Work, power , energy and Heat

1. ntiy W = éir F X ef®ªj bjhiyÎ S

Work W = Force F X distance S

2. ntiyæ‹ myF #]š MF«.

Unit of work is joule.

3. 1 »nyh #]š = 1000 J ; 1 bkfh #]š = 10 6 J.

1 kilo joule = 1000 J ; 1 mega joule = 10 6

J

4. M‰wš mêé‹ik éÂia¢ nrhjid _y© rçghª¤jtª #&š , Ãç£lid nr®ªjt®.

The law of conservation of energy was verified by Joule.

5. bghUŸ x‹W mj‹ ãiyia mšyJ mj‹ Âçig¥ bghW¤J bg‰WŸs M‰wš ãiy M‰wš .

The energy possessed by a body by virtue of its position or due to state of strain, is called potential energy.

6. ãiy M‰wY¡fhd nfhit Ep = mgh

Expression for potential energy Ep = mgh

7. bghUŸ x‹W mj‹ Ïa¡f¤Âdhš bg‰WŸs M‰wš, Ïa¡f M‰wš vd¥gL«.

Energy possessed by an object due to its motion

is called kinetic energy.

8. Ïa¡f M‰wY¡fhd nfhit Ek = ½ mv 2.

Expression for potential energy Ek = ½ mv 2.

9. M‰wiy M¡fnth, mê¡fnth ÏayhJ. xUtif M‰wš kiw¨jhš mJ k‰bwhU tif M‰wyhf kh‰wkilÍ©. ÏJ

M‰wš mêé‹ik éÂ MF«.

Energy can neither be created nor destroyed, but it is transformed from one form to another. This is law of conservation of

energy.

10. ntiy brŒa¥gL© Åj© Âw‹ vd¥gL«. The rate of doing work is called power.

11. Âwå‹ myF #&š / édho. ÏJ th£ vd¥gL«. The unit of power is joule/second or watt.

12. Úuhé vªÂu¤ij nk«gL¤Â totik¤jt® n#«° th£.

Improvements to the steam engine were made by James Watt.

13. 1 ôå£ = 1 »nyh th£ kâ = 3.6 X 10 6 #]š.

1 Unit = 1 kWh = 3.6 X 10 6

joule.

14. 1 »nyh»uh© ãiwÍŸs bghUë‹ bt¥gãiyia

1 K caª¤j¤ njit¥gL© bt¥g M‰wè‹ msÎ, m¥bghUë‹ j‹ bt¥g V‰ò¤ Âw‹ vd¥gL«.

The amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 kg substance by 1 K is defined as specific heat capacity.

15. j‹ bt¥g V‰ò¤ Âw‹ myF : J kg -1

K-1

Unit of specific heat capacity is J kg -1

K-1



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tF¥ò – 9

myF – 16 ntiy, Âw‹, M‰wš k‰W© bt¥g©

Unit – 16 : Work, power , energy and Heat Page – 2

16. bghUë‹ bt¥gãiyia 1 K caª¤j¤ njit¥gL© bt¥g M‰wè‹ msÎ, m¥bghUë‹ bt¥g V‰ò¤ Âw‹

vd¥gL«.

The amount of heat required to raise the temperature of a body by 1 K is defined as heat capacity.

17. bt¥g V‰ò¤ Âw‹ myF : J K-1

Unit of specific heat capacity is J K-1

18. Úç‹ j‹bt¥g V‰ò¤Âw‹ = 4180 J kg-1

K-1

MF«.

Specific heat capacity of water is 4180 J kg -1

K-1

19. ghjur¤Â‹ j‹bt¥g V‰ò¤Âw‹ = 140 J kg-1

K-1

Specific heat capacity of mercury is 140 J kg-1

K-1

20. bt¥g¥gL¤J© nghJ bt¥g¤ij vL¤J¡ bfh§L Âl¥ bghUŸ Âutkhf khW© ãfœÎ cUFjš vd¥gL«.

The process in which a substance changes from the solid state into liquid state on heating is called melting or fusion.

21. gå¡f£oæš cUFãiy = 00

C. Melting point of ice is 00

C.

22. bkG»‹ cUF ãiy 570

C. The melting point of wax is 57o

C.

23. Úç‹ bfhÂãiy bt¥gãiy = 100 0

C The boiling point of water is 100 0

C

24. jå¢Rê bt¥gãiyæš _y¡TWfë‹ Ïa¡f© KGtJkhf ã‹WéL©. bghU ëš bt¥g M‰wš Rê.

At absolute zero there is no molecular motion and hence there is no heat energy.

25. Tk = Tc + 273 Here, Tk = kelvin temperature : Tc = Celsius temperature

26. thÍ¢ rk‹ghL PV = nRT : The gas equation is PV = RT

27. ešèašò thÍ¢ rk‹ghL PV = nRT ; n v‹gJ thÍéš cŸs nkhšfë‹ v§â¡if

The perfect gas equation is PV = nRT ; n is the number of mole in the gas.

28. fdmsÎ éÂ : V α T k‰W© mG¤j éÂ : P α T .

Law of volume: V α T and Law of pressure: P α T .

,aw;if md;id toq;fpl;l mz;lkpjd;

,ay;ghd jd;ik kOq;fhky; mDjpdKk;

,ad;kzk; fko;jy; Ntz;Lnkd mofhf

,ak;Gjy; Ntz;Lk; ,q;Fs;s midtUf;Fk;.

cUthf;fpatu; - gh.,sq;Nfhtd;. M.Sc.,M.Ed.,M.Phil.,

gr;irag;gd; Nkdpiyg; gs;sp, fhQ;rpGuk;.



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TET material tFg;G : 6 Standard : 6 Types of energies

1. ,ae;jpu Mw;wypd; ,U tiffs; : epiyahw;wy; kw;Wk; ,af;f Mw;wy;..

Mechanical Energy : two types are Potential energy and Kinetic energy.

2. ntg;gk; xU tif Mw;wy; vd fz;lth; - N[k;]; [_y;.

Heat is a form of energy – by James Joule.

3. Mw;wypd; myF – [_y;

Unit of energy is joule.

4. Ntjp Mw;wy; - czT> vhpnghUs;> kpd;fyd;.

Chemical energy sources : food, fuels, cells.

5. kpd; tpsf;F – kpd;Mw;wy; xspahw;wyhFk;

Electric bulb – electric energy into light energy.

6. kpd;tprpwp – kpd; Mw;wy; ,af;fMw;wyhFk;.

Electric fan - electric into mechanical energy.

7. mdy;kpd; epiyak; - ntg;g Mw;wy; kpd; Mw;wyhFk; ,lk;.

Thermal power stations – heat energy into electric energy.

8. fhw;whiy - ,af;f Mw;wy; kpd;dhw;wyhFk;

Wind mills – wind energy ( kinetic energy) ia converted into Electric energy.

9. xypngUf;fp – kpd; Mw;wy; xyp Mw;wyhf

Loudspeakers - electric into sound energy.

10. kpd;rhu kzp – kpd; Mw;wy; xyp Mw;wyhFk;

Electric bell - electric energy into sound energy.

11. lhh;r; iyl; - Ntjp Mw;wy; - kpd; Mw;wy; - xsp Mw;wyhFk;

Torch light – Chemical energy - Electric energy - light energy.

12. #hpa Mw;wy; - nraw;iff; Nfhs; kw;Wk; fzf;fPl;L fUtp

Solar energy – satellites and calculators.

13. mKf;fg;gl;l RUs; tpy; - epiyahw;wy;

Compressed spring – potential energy.

14. xspr;Nru;f;ifapd; NghJ> #upa Mw;wy; - Ntjp Mw;wyhfr; Nrkpf;fg;gLk;.

During photosynthesis, Solar energy is converted into Chemical energy.

15. faj;jhW kw;Wk; Muy;tha;nkhop Mfpa ,lq;fs; - fhw;whiy %yk; kpd;rhuk;.

In Kayathar and Aralvoimozhi – wind mills produce electric energy.



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tFg;G : 6 Standard : 6

xspapay; - LIGHT

1. fypypNah – njhiyNehf;fp (1609)

Galileo – Telescope ( 1609 )

2. cyf tpz;ntsp Mz;L – 2009

Year of Astronomy is 2009.

3. #hpa xsp G+kpia mila MFk; fhyk; - 8 epkplk; 20 tpehb

Time taken by the sun light to reach the earth – 8 minute 20 second.

4. Crpj;Jisf; fhkpuh – xsp Neh;f;Nfhl;by; nry;Yk; vd epUgpf;Fk; fUtp

Pin hole camera proves that light travels in straight line.

5. xspfrpAk; nghUs; - jd; topNa gFjpahf Yk; mDkjpf;Fk; nghUs; - vz;nza; jltpa fhfpjk;

Translucent objects – partially allow light to pass through them – tracing paper

6. jd; topNa xspia nry;y mDkjpf;Fk; nghUs;fs; - xsp GFk; nghUs;fs; -fz;zhb. J}a ePu;.

The objects that allow light to pass through them – transparent objects – glass, pure water.

7. jd; topNa xspia nry;y mDkjpf;fhj nghUs;fs; - xsp Gfh nghUs;fs; - fy;. ge;J.

The objects that allow light to pass through them – transparent objects – stone, ball..

8. fpufzk; - #hpas;> G+kp> re;jpud;; xNu Neu;f;;Nfhl;by; mikAk;.

Eclipses are formed when the Sun, the Earth and the Moon come in straight line.

9. re;jpu fpufzk; - re;jpud; kiwf;fg;gLk; ( kiwg;gJ G+kp )

Lunar eclipse – when the shadow of the earth falls on moon ( moon is hidden )

10. #hpa fpufzk; - #hpad; kiwf;fg;gLk; ( kiwg;gJ epyh )

Solar eclipse – when the shadow of the moon falls on earth (sun is hidden )

11. re;jpud; xU xspuhg; nghUs; - #upa xspiag; ngw;W xspu;fpd;wJ.

Moon is a non-luminous body – it reflects the sun light.

12. jhkhf xspiaj; jUk; nghUs;fs; - xspUk; nghUs;fs; - #upad;> lhu;r;R tpsf;F

The bodies which emit light by itself – luminous bodies – Sun, Torch light.

13. xspapd; ghijapy;, rpy nghUs;fis itf;Fk; NghJ epoy; Vw;gLfpwJ.

When some objects are placed in the path of light, shadow is formed.



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10

tFg;G : 7

15. xspapay; ( LIGHT )

1. xsp – ghh;f;Fk; czh;itj; jUk; Mw;wy;

Light is a form of energy that gives us the sensation of vision.

2. vjpnuhspg;G – xsp nghUs;fspd; kPJ gl;L jpUg;gp mDg;gg;gLk; nray;

The bouncing back of light from a surface is called reflection.

3. Mb – jd; kPJ tpOk; xspia Vwf;Fiwa KOtJkhf vjpnuhspf;f $ba gug;G

A mirror is a shining surface which reflects almost all the light falling on it.

4. gpk;gk; cUthjy; - xsp vjpnuhspg;gjhy; gpk;gk; cUthFk;

When light is reflected, image is formed.

5. rkjs Mb gpk;gk;

Image formed by a plane mirror

-Neuhd khag; gpk;gk; - virtual and erect

- gpk;gj;jpd; msTk; nghUspd; msTk; rkk; - sizes of the object and the image are equal

- ,ltykhw;wj;Jld; gpk;gk; mikAk; - the image is laterally inverted

- nghUspd; njhiyTk; gpk;gj;jpd;; njhiyTk; - the distance of the object from the mirror is

rkk; equal to the distance of the image from the

mirror.

6. Mbapy; KO cUtk; fhz Mbapd; cauk;; nghUspd; cauj;jpy; ghjp ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.

To see the full size image, the mirror should be at least half of the height of the object.

7. Nfhsf Mbfs;

(1) Ftp Mb – Nky; Nehf;fp tise;J fhzg;gLk;

(2) Fop Mb – cs; Nehf;fp tise;j Mb

Spherical mirrors

1. convex mirror - The mirror with the bulged reflecting surface.

2. concave mirror - the mirror with the hollow reflecting surface.

8. Fop Mb – xspia vjpnuhspj;J xU Gs;spapy; Ftpf;Fk;

Concave mirror - makes the light to meet at a point after reflection.

9. Ftp Mb – xsp vjpnuhspj;J tphpe;J nry;Yk;

Concave mirror - makes the light to diverge from a point.



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10. nka;gpk;gk; - jhspy; my;yJ jpiuapy; tpOk; gpk;gk; nka;gpk;gk;

The image formed on the paper or screen is called a real image. 11. Fop Mb – gad;fs;

Concave mirror - Uses

(1) thfd Kfg;G tpsf;F 1) reflectors in car head lamps

(2) njhiyNehf;fpapy; vjpnuhspg;G Mb 2) reflectors in telescopes

(3) Kfr; rtuk; nra;a cjTk; fz;zhb 3) shaving mirrors

(4) #hpa mLg;Gfspy; xspia Ftpf;f gad;gLk; 4) solar cookers

12. Ftp Mb - gad;fs;

(1) thfdq;fspy; gpd;Gwk; cs;stw;iw ghh;f;Fk; fz;zhb

(2) mjpfkhd ,lj;ij fz;fhzpff;f cjTk; Mb

Convex mirrors - Uses

1. Used as rear view mirrors in automobiles.

2. Used to watch over a large area.

13. nts;is xsp - gy tz;zq;fspd; njhFg;G

White light - composition of various colours

14. epwkhiy - epwq;fspd; njhFg;G( VIBGYOR )

Spectrum - band of colours ( VIBGYOR )

15. epwg;gphpif - nts;is xsp VO tz;zq;fshf gphpAk; epfo;T

Dispersion - the splitting up of white light into its seven constituent colours.

16. epA+l;ld; tl;L - VO tz;zk; ,ize;J nts;is cUthFk; vd mwpAk; fUtp

Newton’s disc - the device that proves seven colours can be mixed to give white light.

17. MrpahtpNyNa kpfg;ngupa vjpnuhspg;G njhiyNehf;fp – fhtY}H> [t;thJ kiy> NtY}H

Largest reflector telescope in Asia is in Kavalur, Javadu Hills, Vellore Dt.



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xspapay; kw;Wk; xypapay ;

LIGHT and SOUND

(1) xspapay; ( LIGHT )

1. vjpnuhspj;jy; : xsp nghUspd; kPJ gl;L gpwF jpUg;gp mDg;gg;gLk; epfo;T

Reflection - The bouncing of light from a surface of a body

2. fjph; : xsp nry;Yk; ghij

Ray – the path taken by the light.

3. ,izf;fw;iw : xspf; fjph;fs; ,izahf nry;Yjy;.

Parallel beam - the light rays are parallel

4. tphp fw;iw: fjph;fs; xU Fwpg;gpl;l Gs;spapy; ,Ue;J tphpe;J nry;Yjy

Divergent beam - the rays move away from apoint

5. gLfjph; :vjpnuhspg;G jsj;jpy; gLfpd;w xspf; fjph;

A light ray which strikes the surface is called as an incident ray.

6. vjpnuhspg;G fjph; : vjpnuhspg;G jsj;jpy; ,Ue;J mNj Clfj;jpy; jpUg;gp nry;Yk; fjph;

The light ray that comes out from the reflecting surface after reflection is called reflected ray.

7. gLNfhzk; : gLfjpUf;Fk; Fj;Jf; Nfhl;bw;Fk; ,ilNa cs;s Nfhzk;

Angle of incidence – the angle between the incident ray and the normal.

8. Fj;Jf; NfhL : vjpnuhspg;Gj; jsj;j py; gLGs;spapd; kPJ tiuag;gLk; nrq;Fj;Jf;NfhL.

Normal - The perpendicular line drawn to the surface at the point of incidence

9. vjpnuhspg;G Nfhzk; : vjpnuhspg;G fjpUf;Fk; gLGs;spapy; tiuag;gl;l Fj;JNfhl;bw;Fk; ,ilNa cs;s

Nfhzk;.

Angle of reflection – the angle between the reflected ray and the normal.

10. vjpnuhspg;G tpjpfs; :

m) gLfjph; vjpnuhspg;G fjph; kw;Wk; Fj;Jf;NfhL Mfpa %d;Wk;; xNu jsj;jpy; mikAk;

M) gL Nfhzk; kw;Wk; vjpnuhspg;G Nfhzk; rkk;.

Laws of reflection :

a) incident ray, reflected ray and the normal lie in the same plane.

b) angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection.

11. xOq;fhd vjpnuhspg;G : gsgsg;ghd gug;gpy; elf;Fk;

Regular reflection -Reflection from a polished surface.

12. xOq;fw;w vjpnuhspg;G : nrhunrhug;ghd gug;gpy; elf;Fk;

Irregular reflection -Reflection from a rough surface



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xspapay; kw;Wk; xypapay ; gf;fk;-2

13. rkjs Mbapy; Njhd;Wk; gpk;gk; : xU nghUSf;F xU gpk;gk; kl;LNk Njhd;Wk;

Image formed by a single plane mirror - only one image.

14. gpk;gq;fspd; vz;zpf;iff;Fk; Nfhzj;jpw;Fk; ,ilNa cs;s njhlh;G : ( 360/Nfhzk; - 1)

Number of images = ( 360 / angle - 1 )

16. mjpf gpk;gq;fisg; ngw : fz;zhb ,izahf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;

To get more images : mirrors should be parallel.

17. gd;Kf vjpnuhspg;G elf;Fk; fUtp : nghp];N;fhg; (,U rkjs Mb)> fiylh];Nfhg; (3rkjsMb)

Instruments showing Multiple reflections : Periscope

(2 plane mirrors) and Kaleidoscope (3 plane mirrors)

18. xsp tpyfy; : xsp xU Clfj;jpy; ,Ue;J kw;nwhU Clfj;jpw;F nry;Yk; epfo;T

Refraction - When light rays pass from one medium to another medium the path of the ray will be

changed. This is refraction.

19. ePUf;Fs; itj;j ngd;rpy; tistJ Nghd;W Njhd;WtJ : xsp tpyfy;

The pencil looks bent when it is in the water. This is due to refraction.

20. xspfjph; mlh;Fiw Clfj;jpy; ,Ue;J mlh; kpF Clfj;jw;F nry;Yk; NghJ : nrq;Fj;J Nfhl;il

Nehf;fp tpyFk;.

When light travels from a rarer medium to a denser medium, it will be deviated towards the normal.

21. xspfjph; mlh;kpF Clfj;jpy; ,Ue;J mlh; Fiw Clfj;jpw;F nry;Yk; NghJ : nrq;fj;J Nfhl;il

tpl;L tpyfp nry;Yk;.

When light travels from a denser medium to a rarer medium, it will be deviated away from the normal.

22. ePr;ry; Fsj;jpy; Mok; Fiwe;jJ Nghy; Njhd;WtJ : xsp tpyfy;

A swimming pool appears shallower than its actual depth.

23. epwkhiyg; gw;wp Kjypy; $wpath; : Irf; epA+l;ld;

First who discovered about the spectrum – Newton.

24. epwg;gphpif : nts;nshsp Kg;gl;lfj;jpd; topNa nrd;W 7 epwq;fspy; gphpAk; epfo;T

Disperson – Splitting of white light into seven colours, when it is passed through a prism.

25. khWepiyf; Nfhzk; : tpyF fjph; gphpjsj;jpd; topNa tpyfp nry;Yk; NghJ Vw;gLk; gLNfhzk;

(tpyF Nfhzk; r = 900)

Critical angle - The angle of incidence for which the angle of refraction becomes 90°



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xspapay; kw;Wk; xypapay ; gf;fk;-3

26. KO mf vjpnuhspg;G : gLNfhzj;jpd; kjpg;G khWepiyNfhzj;ij tpl mjpfkhdhy;> xsp

mlh;kpF Clfj;jpNyNa vjpnuhspf;Fk;. ,JNt KOmf vjpnuhspg;G vdg;gLk;

If the angle of incidence in the denser medium is greater than the critical angle, then total internal

reflection is produced.

27. KO mf vjpnuhspg;G Vw;gl epge;jid

m) xsp mlh;kpF Clfj;jpy; ,Ue;J mlh;Fiw Clfj;jpw;F nry;yNtz;Lk;

M) gLNfhz kjpg;G khWepiyNfhzj;ij tpl mjpfk; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.

Conditions for total internal reflection:

1. The light must proceed from a denser medium to a rarer medium.

2. The angle of incidence in the denser medium must be greater than the critical angle.

28. fz; jf mikjy; : njhiyTf;F Vw;g tpopnyd;R jd; FtpaJhuj;ij khw;wp mikj;J nfhs;tJ

( cjtp: rpypahp jir)

Ciliary muscles stretches and relaxes to change the focal length of the lens. This is called as power of

accommodation of an eye.

29. njspTW fhl;rpapd; kPr;rpW njhiyT : 25 nr.kP

The least distance of an eye - The most comfortable distance at which one can read with a normal eye

– It is 25 cm.

30. fz;zhb xsp ,io :

- nkype;j tisAk; jd;ik nfhz;l fz;zhb jz;L

- KO mf vjpnuhspg;Gj; jj;Jtj;jpd; gb ,aq;Fk;

- nra;jp njhlh;G iriffs; kw;Wk; ekJ

- clypd; cs; cWg;Gfis glk; vLf;f cjTk;

Optical fibers :

1) based on the principle of total internal reflection.

2) Optical fibers are thin, flexible and transparent strands of glass

3) transmit communication signals.

4) are used in endoscope and laparoscopes.



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(2) xypapay; ( SOUND )

1. mjph;TWk; nghUs;fs; xypia Vw;gLj;Jk;.

Vibrating bodies produce sound.

2. xyp jplg; nghUs;fspy; Ntfkhf guTk;.

Sound travels very much faster in solids than liquid and air.

3. xyp gut VNjDk; xU Clfk; Njit (fhw;W> eP h;)

For the propagation of sound, a medium is necessary

4. kzp FLitr; Nrhjid – xyp ntw;wplj;jpy; guthJ vd ep&gpf;Fk; Nrhjid

Bell jar experiment proves that sound cannot pass through vacuum.

5. Mz;fspd; Fuy; ehz;fspd; ePsk; - 20 kp.kP

The vocal cords in men are about 20 mm long.

6. ngz;fspd; Fuy; ehz;fspd; ePsk; - 15 kp.kP

In women, these are about 15 mm.

7. xypia ehk; Nfl;gjpy; Kf;fpa gq;F tfpf;Fk; cWg;G – nrtpg;giw

“Ear drum” performs an important function in hearing.

8. miyTfs; - mjph;tilAk; nghUspd; Kd; gpd; ,af;fk;

Vibration - to and fro motion of an object.

9. ,irf;fit – cNyhfj;jhy; MdJ Nkw;gFjp (Gaq;fs;)> fPo;gFjp (jz;Lfs;)

A tuning fork is made of steel. Upper portion – prongs; lower portion - stem

10. mjph;ntz; - mjph;tilAk; nghUs; 1 nehbapy; Vw;gLj;Jk; miyTfspd; vz;zpf;if (myF -

n`h;l;];)

Frequncy – number of oscillations produced per second – Unit: hertz.

11. miyTf; fhyk; - mjph;tilAk; nghUs; xU KO miyTf;F vLj;Jf; nfhs;Sk; fhyk; ( myF - nehb)

Time period : The time taken by the vibrating body to complete one vibration or oscillation. Unit – s

12. tPr;R -rkepiyg; Gs;spapy; ,Ue;J mjph;tilAk; nghUs; milAk; ngUk ,lg;ngah;r;rp (myF - kPl;lh;)

Amplitude: Maximum displacement of the vibrating body from the mean position. Unit : metre.

13. miyTf; fhyk; (T) = 1 /mjph;ntz;.

The reciprocal of the time period is called frequency.

14. xypapd; Kf;fpa gz;G – tPr;R kw;Wk; mjph;ntz;.

Important properties of sound – amplitude and frequency.

15. xypapd; kjpg;G – tPr;irg; nghUj;jJ

The loudness of the sound depends on its amplitude.

16. nrtpAzh; xypapd; mjph;ntz; - 20 n`h;l;]; Kjy; 20000 n`h;l;]; tiu.

The audible frequency range of the human ear is 20 Hz to 20,000 Hz.



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17. nrtpAzuh xypapd; mjph;ntz; - 20 f;F cs; (Fw;nwhyp) 20000 Nky;

Inaudible frequency is less than 20 Hz. Ultrasonic waves have frequencies above 20,000 Hz.

18. 20000 n`h;l;Rf;F mjpfkhd mjph;ntz; nfhz;l kPnahypia Nfl;Fk; tpyq;F - eha;.

Dogs can hear the sound of frequencies higher than 20,000 Hz.

19. ntsthy;fs; gwg;gjw;Fk;. jpiriaf; fhzTk; kPnahypiag; gad;gLj;Jfpd;wd.

Bats use ultrasonics waves for their flight.

20. ,iwr;ry; - xyp %yj;jpy; ,Ue;J tUk; Njitaw;w> ,dpikaw;w xyp.

The unpleasant sound is called as noise.

***** Best wishes *****


xypapay; ( SOUND )

1. Ïuhgª£ ghæš - xè bt‰¿l¤Â‹ têna guthJ vd ã%Ã¤jhª.

Robert Boyle proved that sound cannot pass through vacuum

2. Clf¤ÂYŸs JfŸfŸ miy guÎ© Âir¡F Ïizahf mÂªÎWtjhš c§lhF© miyfŸ be£liyfŸ.

Particles of a medium vibrate in a direction, parallel

to the direction of propagation of wave, it is called longitudinal wave.

3. be£liyfëš - beU¡fK© be»œÎ© cUth»‹wd.

Longitudinal waves - compressions and rarefactions.

4. xè miyfŸ fh‰W mšyJ thÍéš be£liy toéš.

Sound waves in air or gas - Longitudinal waves

5. FW¡fiyfŸ

Transverse wave - The particles of the medium vibrate perpendicular to the direction of propagation.

6. FW¡fiyfŸ – mfLfŸ k‰W© KfLfŸ.

Transverse wave – crests and troughs.

7. FW¡fiyfŸ – ÚuiyfŸ, ÏG¤J¡f£l¥g£l f©Ãæ‹ mÂªÎfŸ

Water waves, vibrations of stretched string

8. miy¤ Âirntf« V = nλ.

Wave velocity V= nλ.

9. mÂ®bt© = 1 / miyÎ¡ fhy«.

Frequency = 1 / time period.

10. xëæ‹ Âirntf© = 3 X 10 8 m s

-1.

xèæ‹ Âirntf© = 340 m s -1

.

velocity of light = 3 X 10 8 m s

-1.

velocity of sound = 340 m s -1

.



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11. vÂbuhè nf£f¥gl nt§Lbkåš xèia vÂbuhè¥ò mila¢ brŒÍ© jilbghUshdJ Fiw¨jJ 17 Û bjhiyéš

mika nt©L«.

To hear echo, the barrier reflecting the sound should be least at a distance of 17 meters.

12. g‹Kf vÂbuhè¥Ã‹ fhuzkhf, xè

nf£lš Úo¤ÂU¡F© j‹ik vÂªKH¡f©.

The repeated reflection that results in the persistence of sound is called reverberation.

13. 20 Hz ¡F© Fiwthd mÂªbt§ bfh§l xè F‰bwhè.

Sound of frequencies below 20Hz are called infrasonic.

14. bA®£° - Kj‹ Kjyhf nuonah miyfŸ ÏU¥gij MŒé‹ _y© ã%Ã¤jhª.

Hertz proved the existence of radio waves first.

15. mÂf msÎ bréz® beL¡f« bfh©lJ – flš ehŒ.

Which one has large audible range? – seal.

16. nrhdh® - flè‹ MH© fhz.

Sonar – Depth of the sea.

17. xè _y¤Â‰F©, nf£FeU¡F© Ïilæš xU rhªÃa¡f© cŸsnghJ xèæ‹mÂªbt§âš njh‰w kh‰w© V‰gL©

ãfœÎ lh¥sª éisÎ vd¥gL©.

The phenomenon of the apparent change in the frequency

of the source due to relative motion between the source and the observer is called as Doppler’s effect

18. nulhª ga‹fŸ:

1) Ú®_œ»¡ f¥gš k‰W© th}ªÂfë‹

Ïa¡f© k‰W© Âirntf© fhz

2) thfd¤Â‹ ntf© fhz

3) btsthšfŸ Ïiuæ‹ bjhiyÎ k‰W© Ïa¡f¤ij m¿¨J bfhŸs.

Uses of Radar:

1) to determine the velocities and movement of submarines and aircrafts.

2) the speed of vehicles are detected.

3) Bats detect the location, distance and movement of the prey by the Doppler shift.

19. Ïja¤Jo¥ò khå brašgL© j¤Jt© - g‹Kf vÂbuhè¥ò.

The principle on which stethoscope – multiple reflection.

20. 20 kHz ¡F« mÂfkhd mÂ®bt© bfh©l xè Ûbahè.

Sound of frequencies above 20 kHz are called ultrasonic.



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tFg;g[ Standard : 10

( Electricity and energy )

1.

The rate of flow of charge is called electric current.

2.

The unit of current is ampere.

3. X

1 C is the charge contained in nearly 6 X 10 18

electrons.

4.

The unit of potential difference is volt.

5. V = I R.

The equation for Ohm’s law is V = I R.

6. Rs = R1 + R2 + R3.

Resistors in series – Effective desistance Rs = R1 + R2 + R3.

7. 1/ RP = 1/R1 + 1/R2 +1/ R3

Resistors in parallel – 1/ RP = 1/R1 + 1/R2 +1/ R3

8. H = I2

R t.

Joule’s law of heating H = I 2

R t.

9. 37 % 63 %

Fuse wire is an alloy. 37 % lead and 63 % tin.

10. V

The emf of the voltaic cell is 1.08 volt.

11. V

The emf of the leclanche cell is 1.5 volt.

12. dil H2SO4

In leclanche cell the electrolyte is dil H2SO4

13.

Radioactivity was discovered by Henry Becquerel in 1896.

14.

Heavy elements having atomic number greater than 82 are called radioactive materials.

15.

92 U 235

+ 0 n 1 → 56 Ba

141 + 36 Kr

92 + 3 0 n

1 + 200 MeV.

The equation for Nuclear fission is

92 U 235

+ 0 n 1 → 56 Ba

141 + 36 Kr

92 + 3 0 n

1 + 200 MeV.

16.

1 H 2 + 1 H

3 → 2 He

4 + 0 n

1 +



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17. = 9 X 10 16

J.

The energy produced when 1 kg of substance is fully converted into energy = 9 X 10 16

J.

18.

The unit of radioactivity is Roengen.

19. 250 mR per week.

Safety limit of radioactivity is 250 mR per week.

20. 1.6 X 10 12

One roentgen is defined as the quantity of radiation which produces 1.6 x 1012

pairs of ion in 1 gram of air.

tFg;g[ _ 10 Standard : 10

Magnetic effect of electric current and Light

Magnetic field is a vector quantity.

Magnetic line of force start from the north pole and terminate at the south pole.

3.

From Fleming’s left hand rule, the thumb will point in the direction of motion or the force acting on the conductor.

4. →

Electric motor - electric energy → mechanical energy

5.

Electromagnwtic induction discovered by Faraday( 1831)

6.

From Fleming’s right hand rule, the middle finger will show the direction of induced current.

7.

Alternating Current generator - The current changes its direction after equal intervals of time.

8.

Direct Current generator - The current flows in the same direction.

9. R = 2f. R = ; f =

For spherical mirrors, R = 2f. r = radius of curvature :

f = focal length.

10. 1 / v + 1 / u = 1 / f.

Mirro formula is 1 / v + 1 / u = 1 / f.

11. μ = sin i / sin r = c a / c m.

Snell’s law is μ = sin i / sin r = c a / c m.



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12.

Magnification = height of the image / height of the object.

13. /

Power of the lens = 1 / focal length. Unit: dioptre.

14. ê

Myopia is near-sightedness. Elongation of the eyeball.

15. ê

Hypermetropia is far- sightedness. Eyeball becomes shorter.

16.

Presbyopia - The power of accommodation of the decreases with ageing.

TET nju;tpdpy; btw;wp bgw thH;j;Jf;fs;.

e – mail id: [email protected]

Phone: 9444438464



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Mwhk; tFg;G

mstPL ( Measurement )

1) njupe;j cWjpg;gLj;jg;gl;l msNthL> njupahj msit xg;gpl;Lg; ghu;g;gJ mstPL

( Measurement ) vdg;gLk;.

2) njupe;j cWjpg;gLj;jg;gl;l msT myF ( Unit ) vdg;gLk;.

3) ve;j Xu; mstPLk; midtUf;Fk; xNu msitj jhd; juNtz;Lk;. ,J jpl;l mstPL

( Standard Measurement ) vdg;gLk;.

4) kPl;lu;> fpNyhfpuhk;>tpehb vd;git jpl;l myFfs; ( Standard Units ) vdg;gLk;.

5) FPS Kiw vd;gJ Foot, Pound, Second myFKiw MFk;.

6) CGS Kiw vd;gJ Centimetre, Gram, Second myFKiw MFk;.

7) MKS Kiw vd;gJ Metre, Kilogram, Second myFKiw MFk;.

8) SI myF Kiw vd;gJ gd;dhl;L myFKiw ( System International de Units ) vdg;gLk;.

9) ,uz;L Gs;spfSf;F ,ilNa cs;s njhiyT ePsk; ( Length ) vdg;gLk;.

10) SI myF Kiw Vw;gLj;jg;gl;l Mz;L 1971 MFk;.

11) SI myF Kiwapy; ePsj;jpd; myF kPl;lu; ( metre ) MFk;.

12) SI myF Kiwapy; epiwapd; myF fpNyhfpuhk; ( kilogram ) MFk;.

13) SI myF Kiwapy; fhyj;jpd; myF tpehb ( second ) MFk;.

14) SI myF Kiwapy; kpd;Ndhl;lj;jpd; myF Mk;gpau; ( ampere ) MFk;.

15) SI myF Kiwapy; ntg;gepiyapd; myF nfy;tpd; ( Kelvin ) MFk;.

16) SI myF Kiwapy; nghUspd; msT Nkhy; ( mol ) vd;w myfhy; mstplg;gLk;.

17) SI myF Kiwapy; xspapd; nrwpT Nfz;byh ( candela ) vd;w myfhy; mstplg;gLk;.

18) jsf;Nfhzj;jpd; myF Nubad; ( radian ) MFk;.

19) jpz;kf; Nfhzj;jpd; myF ];bNubad; ( steradian ) MFk;.

20) ePsj;jpd; myfpd; gd;klq;Ffs; - fpNyhkPl;lu; ( kilometre ) MFk;.



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Mwhk; tFg;G

mstPL ( Measurement )

21) ePsj;jpd; Jizg; gd;klq;Ffs; - kpy;ypkPl;lu; ( millimetre )> nrd;bkPl;lu; ( centimetre ) MFk;.

22) xU kPl;lu; vd;gJ vj;jid nrd;bkPl;lu;? ( 100 nrd;bkPl;lu; ).

23) xU kPl;lu; vd;gJ vj;jid kpy;ypkPl;lu;? ( 1000 kpy;yp kPl;lu; ).

24) xU fpNyhkPl;lu; vd;gJ 1000 kPl;lUf;Fr; rkk;.

25) kpd;dZj; juhR> ,aw;gpay; juhR %yk; epiwia ( mass ) I mstplyhk;.

26) xU nghUspy; cs;s gUg;nghUspd; msT epiw ( mass ) vdg;;gLk;.

27) epiwapd; gd;klq;Ffs; - Ftpz;lhy; ( Quintal ), nkl;upf; ld; ( metric tone ) MFk;.

28) epiwapd; Jizg; gd;klq;Ffs; - kpy;yp fpuhk; ( milligram ) kw;Wk; fpuhk; ( gram ) MFk;.

29) xU Ftpz;lhy; vd;gJ 100 fpNyhfpuhKf;Fr; rkk;.

30) xU nkl;upf; ld; vd;gJ 1000 fpNyhfpuhKf;Fr; rkk;.

31) ,uz;L epfo;TfSf;F ,ilg;gl;lfhy msT Neuk; vdg;gLk;.

32) epkplk;> kzp> ehs;> thuk;> khjk;> Mz;L Mfpait fhyj;jpd; gd;klq;F myFfs; MFk;.

33) Neuj;ijg; nghWj;J nghUspd; epiy khWtJ ,af;fk; vdg;gLk;.

34) nghUnshd;W Neu;f;Nfhl;Lg; ghijapy; ,aq;fpdhy; mJ Neu;f;Nfhl;L ,af;fk; vdg;gLk;.

35) nghUs; xU Gs;spia ikakhff; nfhz;L tl;lg; ghijapy; ,aq;fpdhy; mJ tl;l ,af;fk; MFk;.

36) Fil uhl;bdk; > fbfhuj;jpd; Ks; Nghd;witfspd; ,af;fk; tl;l ,af;fk; MFk;.

37) kpjptz;bapd; rf;fuj;jpd; ,af;fk; tl;l ,af;fk;. mjd; ,af;fk; Neu;f;Nfhl;L ,af;fk;.

38) cUSk; ge;jpd; ,af;fKk; tl;l ,af;fk; kw;Wk; Neu;f;Nfhl;L ,af;fk; Mfpatw;iw ngw;Ws;sJ.

39) NuhNghtpd; ( ROBOT ) je;ij vdg;gLgtu; Irf; mrpNkh Mthu;.

40) NuhNghtpd; ( ROBOT ) %is vd;gJ xU kpd;dZr; rpy;Y ( Electronic Chip ) MFk;.



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tFg;G - 7 mstPl;bay;

1) gug;gsT vd;gJ ePsk; X ePsk; MFk;.

2) gug;gstpd; myF kPl;lu;2 MFk;.

3) ePsk;> epiw> fhyk; vd;gd mbg;gil msTfs; vdg;gLk;.

4) ePsk;> epiw> fhyk; Mfpatw;iwr; rhu;e;J mikAk; msTfs; top msTfs; vdg;gLk;.

5) 1 Vf;fu; vd;gJ 4000 kPl;lu; 2 my;yJ 100 nrd;l; MFk;.

6) 1 n`f;Nlu; vd;gJ 2.47 Vf;fu; MFk;.

7) 1 kPl;lu; vd;gJ vj;jid mbf;Fr; rkk;? ( 1 kPl;lu; ® 3.28 mb )

8) rJuj;jpd; gug;gsT rkd;ghL l 2 MFk;.

9) nrt;tfj;jpd; gug;gstpd; rkd;ghL l X b MFk;.

10) Kf;Nfhzj;jpd; gug;gstpd; rkd;ghL ½ X b X h MFk;.

11) nghUs; xd;W milj;Jf; nfhs;Sk; ,lj;jpd; msT gUkd; vdg;gLk;.

12) gUkd; = mbg;gug;G X cauk; MFk;.

13) gUkdpd; myF kPl;lu; 3 MFk;.

14) xU ypl;lu; vd;gJ 1000 nrkP 3.

15) mizfspy; Njf;fp itf;fg;gLk; ePupd; fd msit Fwpf;Fk; myF Mapuk; kpy;ypad; fd mb.

16) mlu;j;jpapd; rkd;ghL epiw / gUkd; vdyhk;.

17) mlu;j;jpapd; myF kg m -3 MFk;.

18) jdp Cry; xd;W xU KO miyTf;F vLj;Jf; nfhs;Sk; Neuk; miyT Neuk; vdg;gLk;.

19) ISRO vd;gJ ,e;jpa tpz;ntsp Muha;r;rpf; fofk; MFk;.

20) 1 thdpay; myF vd;gJ 1.496 X 10 11

kPl;lUf;Fr; rkk;.

21) 1 xsp Mz;L vd;gJ 9.46 X 10 15

kPl;lUf;Fr; rkk;.

22) #upa xsp Gtpia te;jila MFk; fhyk; 500 tpehb .

23) mstPl;L rhb jputj;jpd; fd msit msf;fg; gad;gLfpwJ.

24) ePupd; mlu;j;jp kjpg;G 1000 fpfp / kP 3 MFk;.

25) ghjurj;jpd; mlu;j;jp kjpg;G ePupd; mlu;j;jpiag; Nghy; 13.6 klq;F MFk;.



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tFg;G - 8

mstPl;bay;

1. ePupd; ciwepiy ntg;gepiy kjpg;G 0o C MFk;.

2. ePu;%yf;$Wfs; Xa;Tepiyia milAk; ntg;gepiy -273 o C MFk;.

3. jdpr;Rop ntg;gepiy ( 0 K ) vd;gJ vt;tsT nry;rpa]; ? ( 0 K = - 273 o C ) .

4. 0.012 fpfp fhu;gd; - 12 y; mlq;fpAs;s mbg;gil Mf;ff; $Wfspd; msT XU Nkhy; MFk;.

5. vupAk; nkOtu;j;jp xd;W ntsptpLk; xspapd; nrwpT Njhuhakhf xU Nfz;byhtpw;Fr; rkk;.

6. xsp%yk; xs;W ckpOk; 540 X 1012 Hz mjpu;ntz; cila xw;iwepw fjpu;tPr;rpd; nrwpT xU Fwpg;gpl;l

jpirapy; xU ];bNubaDf;F 1 / 683 thl; vdpy;> mj;jpirapy; xspapd; nrwpT 1 Nfz;byh MFk;.

7. Muj;jpw;Fr; rkkhd ePsk; nfhz;l tl;ltpy; Vw;gLj;Jk; Nfhzk; 1 Nubad; MFk;.

8. jsf;Nfhzj;jpd; myF Nubad; MFk;.

9. jpz;kf; Nfhzj;jpd; myF ];bNubad; MFk;.

10. A ( A = r 2 ) gug;Gs;s Nfhsj;jpd; xU gFjp ikaj;jpy; Vw;gLj;Jk; Nfhzk; 1 ];bNubad; MFk;.

11. xypapd; nrwpit mstpLk; myF nlrpgy; MFk;.

12. epy eLf;fj;jpid msg;gJ upf;lu; msTNfhy; MFk;.

13. kpf ePz;l njhiyTfis msf;f cjTk; myF thdpay; myF MFk;.

14. tpirapd; myF epA+l;ld; MFk;.

15. SI myF Kiwapy; 7 mbg;gil msTfs; kw;Wk; 22 top msTfSk; cs;sd.



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tFg;G - 9

mstpLk; fUtpfs; ( Measuring Instruments )

1. kPl;lu; msTNfhypd; kPr;rpw;wsit kjpg;G 1 kpkP MFk;.

In a metre scale, the least count value is 1 mm.

2. xU fUtpiaf; nfhz;L mstplf; $ba kpff; Fiwe;j msT mjd; kPr;rpw;wsit vdg;gLk;.

The smallest measurement that can be measured in an instrument is called Least count.

3. ntu;dpau; mstpapd; kPr;rpw;wsT kjpg;G 0.01 nr. kP . MFk;.

In a vernier calipers, the least count value is 0.01 cm.

4. ntu;dpau; msTNfhypd; Ropg;gpupT> Kjd;ik msTNfhypd; Ropg;gpupTf;F tyg;gf;fkhf mike;jhy;>

mf;fUtpapy; cs;s gpio Neu;g;gpio MFk;.

In a vernier calipers, if the zero of the vernier lies to the right side of Main scale zero, the error is positive.

5. ntu;dpau; msTNfhypd; Ropg;gpupT> Kjd;ik msTNfhypd; Ropg;gpupTf;F ,lg;gf;fkhf mike;jhy;>

mf;fUtpapy; cs;s gpio vjpu;g;gpio MFk;.

In a vernier calipers, if the zero of the vernier lies to the left side of Main scale zero, the error is negative.

6. ntu;dpau; mstpapy;> gjpT nra;ag;gl;l cUisapd; ePsk; = MSR + ( VC X LC ) cm MFk;.

In a vernier calipers, the observed length of the cylinder is = MSR + ( VC X LC ) cm.

7. ntu;dpau; mstpapy;> cUisapd; rupahd ePsk; = MSR + ( VC X LC ) ± ZC cm MFk;.

In a vernier calipers, the correct length of the cylinder is = MSR + ( VC X LC ) ) ± ZC cm.

8. ,aw;gpay; juhR Ma;tfq;fspy; nghUl;fspd; epiwia kpy;ypfpuhk; mstpw;F Jy;ypakhf msf;Fk;.

The physical balance is used to measure the mass of an object correct to milligram.

9. nghUspd; kPJ nray;gLk; <u;g;gpay; tpirapd; kjpg;G mjd; vil vdg;gLk;.

Weight is a measure of gravitational force on a body.

10. RUs;tpy; juhR nghUspd; vilia mstplg; gad;gLfpwJ.

The weight of a body is measured by a spring balance.

11. b[pl;ly; juhR jpupG mstp ( Strain gauge ) jj;Jtj;jpd; mbg;gilapy; nray;gLfpwJ.

Digital balance works on the strain gauge scale principle.



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tFg;G - 9

mstpLk; fUtpfs; ( Measuring Instruments ) …..

12. ePsj;jpw;F Vw;g kpd;jil czu;T vd;gJ jpupG mstp jj;Jtk; MFk;.

The length sensitive electrical resistance is called as strain gauge scale principle

13. Fthu;l;]; fbfhuj;jpy; gad;gLk; gbfk; Fthu;l;]; gbfq;fs; cau; mjpu;ntz;zpy; mjpu;TWk;.

In a Quartz clock, quartz crystals vibrate with high frequency.

14. rPrpak; mZtpy; Vw;gLk; rPuhd mjpu;Tfspd;mbg;gilapy; nray;gLk; fbfhuk; mZf;fbfhuk; MFk;.

Atomic clock is based on the principle of periodic vibration taking place within the ceasium atom.

15. ,e;jpahtpd; jpl;l Neuk; 82.5 o

E Nfhz rha;tpy; mike;j jPu;f;f Nuifiaf; nfhz;L mstplg;gLfpwJ.

The standard meridian of India is 82.5 0 E to calculate Indian Standard Time.

16. cyfg; glj;jpy; tl kw;Wk; njd; JUtq;fSf;F ,ilNa tiuag;gLk; fw;gidf; NfhL

jPu;f;f Nuiffs; MFk;;;

An imaginary line drawn between north and south poles of the globe is called meridian.

17. 0 o Nfhz rha;tpy; mike;j Kjd;ik jPu;f;f Nuif nry;Yk; ,lk; ,q;fpyhe;jpy; cs;s fpuPd;tpr; MFk;.

The prime meridian with the origin of 0o passes through Greenwich, England.

18. 10 X 10 7 μm f;Fr; rkkhd kjpg;G 100 kPl;lu; MFk;.

10 X 10 7 μm = 100 metre.

19. 5 GHz vd;gJ 5 X 10 9 Hz MFk;.

5 GHz = 5 X 10 9 Hz

20. kpf mjpf vilAs;s yhup kw;Wk; buf;Ffspd; vil mstpLk; vil Nkilfspy; gad;gLk;

jj;Jtk; jpupG mstp ( Strain gauge ) MFk;.

Weigh bridge is used to measure the weight of lorries and trucks using the principle of Strain Gauge.



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tFg;G - 10

mstpLk; fUtpfs;

1. nghUs;fspd; gupkhzq;fis 0.001 nr.kP. msTf;Fj; Jy;ypakhf msf;f cjTk; fUtp jpUF mstp .

Using the screw gauge , the dimensions can be measured to an accuracy of 0.001 cm.

2. jpUF mstpapd; jiyf; Nfhypy; cs;sgpupTfspd; vz;zpf;if 100 MFk;.

The number of divisions in the head scale of a screw gauge is 100.

3. jpUF mstpapd; jj;Jtk; jpUFj; jj;Jtk; MFk;.

Screw Gauge works under the principle of the screw.

4. xU epiyahd kiuf;Fs; ,aq;Fk; jpUifr; Rw;Wk; NghJ> mjd; Kid Kd;Ndhf;fp efUk; njhiyT

Rw;wg;gl;l Rw;Wfspd; vz;zpf;iff;F Neu;jftpy; ,Uf;Fk;.

When a screw is rotated in a nut, the distance moved by the tip of the screw is directly proportional

to the number of rotations.

5. Gupf;Nfhypy; jpUF efu;e;j njhiyTf;Fk;> jiyf;Nfhy; Rw;wpa Rw;Wfspd; vz;zpf;iff;Fk;

,ilNaahd jfT Gupapilj; J}uk; vdg;gLk;.

The distance travelled by the tip of the screw for one complete rotation of the head is called the

Pitch of the screw.

6. jiyf;Nfhypd; Ropg;gpupT Gupf;Nfhy; tiuNfhl;Lf;Ff; fPo ; mike;jhy; jpUF mstpapd; gpio Neu;g;gpio.

If the zero of the head scale lies below the pitch scale axis, the zero error is positive.

7. jpUF mstpapy; nkhj;j msT = PSR + ( HSC X LC ) ± ZC mm MFk;.

The total reading in a screw gauge = PSR + ( HSC X LC ) ± ZC mm.

8. ePz;l njhiyTfis msf;f cjTk; Kiwfs; NubNah vjpnuhspg;G Kiw> Nyru; Jbg;G Kiw > ,lkhW

Njhw;w Kiw Mfpait MFk;.

Special methods adopted to determine very large distances are Radio echo method, laser pulse method

and parallax method.

9. Gtpad; ikaj;jpypUe;J #upadpd; ikak; tiu cs;s ruhrupj; njhiyT thdpay; myF vdg;gLk;.

The mean distance of the centre of the sun from the centre of the earth is called as Astronomical Unit.

10. xspahdJ> ntw;wplj;jpy; Xu; Mz;by; nry;yf;$ba njhiyT xU xsp Mz;L vdg;gLk;.

The distance travelled by light in one year in vacuum is called one light year.



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tFg;G - 11 mstPl;bay; ( Measurements)

1. mOj;jj;jpd; myF N m -2

or pascal MFk;.

The unit of Pressure is N m -2 or pascal

2. gug;G tpirapd; myF N m -1

MFk;.

The unit of Surface Tension is N m -1

3. Ntiy my;yJ Mw;wypd; myF [{y; MFk;.

The unit of work or Energy is joule.

4. Nfhzj; jpirNtfj;jpd; myF Nubad; tpehb -1

MFk;..

The unit of angular velocity is radian s -1 .

5. ,aw;gpay; msit Q = k M x

L y T

z vd;W Fwpg;gpLNthk;. ,q;F x, y , z vd;gd epiw> ePsk; kw;Wk;

fhyj;jpd; gupkhzq;fs; MFk;.

A physical quantity can be represented by Q = k M x L y T z . Here x, y , z are called the dimensions of mass,

length and time.

6. tpirapd; gupkhzk; M L T -2 .

Dimensions of force are M L T -2 .

7. Ntiyapd; gupkhzk; M L 2T -2 MFk;.

Dimensions of work are M L 2T

-2 .

8. mOj;jj;jpd; gupkhzk; M L -1 T -2 MFk;.

Dimensions of Pressure are M L -1

T -2 .

9. epiw kw;Wk; jpirNtfj;jpd; ngUf;fy; gyd; ce;jk; vdg;gLk;.

The product of mass and velocity is called momentum.

10. <u;g;gpay; khwpyp kjpg;G 6.67 X 10 -11 N m2 kg -2.

The Gravitational constant value is 6.67 X 10 -11 N m2 kg -2.

11. ntg;gepiyiag; nghJthf SI myF Kiwapy; nfy;tpd; myfpy; Fwpf;fg;gLk;.

In SI system of units, temperature is measured by kelvin scale.

12. ntw;wplj;jpy; xspapd; jpirNtf kjpg;G 3 X 10 8 m/s MFk;.

Velocity of light in vacuum is 3 X 10 8 m/s .

13. jdp Crypd; miyTf; fhyj;jpw;fhd rkd;ghL t = 2 π √ l / g MFk;.

The equation for the time period of simple pendulum is t = 2 π √ l / g.

14. Ntiyf;fhd rkd;ghL Ntiy W = tpir X efu;e;j njhiyT MFk;.

The equation for work is work W = force X distance moved.

15. rptg;G epw xspapd; miyePsk; 7000 Ao vdpy; , μm y; mjd; kjpg;G 0.7 μm MFk;.

The wavelength of red light is 7000 Ao . Its value in μm is 0.7 μm.



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