zoology and evolution. zoology the scientific study of animals what is an animal?
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Zoology and Evolution
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Zoology
• The scientific study of animals
• What is an animal?
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Evolutionary Tree of Life
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Animals
• Multicellular eukaryotes
• Heterotrophs (consumers)
• Develop through a blastula stage
• Motile at some stage of their life
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Choanoflagellate Protozoan
• Simple colonial flagellates
• No specialization
• Precursor to Metazoa
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Spherical Colonies of Choanoflagellates
• Reproduction of the whole cell aggregate through gametes
• Cell specialization
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Animal Kingdom Includes Very Diverse Organisms
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Cell level of specialization
• Porifera
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Tissue level of specialization
• True tissues– Endoderm– Ectoderm
• Example– Cnidaria
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Organ level of specialization
• Tissues form organs
• Three germ layers– Ectoderm– Mesoderm– Endoderm
• Example– Platyhelminthes
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Complete alimentary canal
• Mouth and anus
• Example– Nematoda
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Internal body cavity - Coelom
• Organs suspended inside body cavity
• Example– Annelida
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Vertebrates – animals with a backbone
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Evolution
• Process of organic development and change– Continual process– Driven by the environment– Organisms have built in potential for change
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Perpetual Change
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Common Descent
• Phylogeny– Common descent through branching lineages
• Evidence– Homologies – similarity between organism that
occur because of common ancestry• Structural
• Genetic
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Skeletal Homologies
Similarities because of common descent
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Skeletal Homologies
Similarities because of common function
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Evolutionary Relationships Revealed During Embryonic Development
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Multiplication of Species
• Reproductively distinct populations of organisms– Usually but not always differ in form– No interbreeding between species in the wild
• Species split and develop into new species
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Gradualism and Punctuated Equilibrium• Gradualism
– Small changes accumulate over time
– Steady rate of change
• Punctuated equilibrium– Bursts of rapid change
followed by little change
– Rate of change varies
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Natural Selection
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Responses to Selection
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Sexual Selection
• Results in some sexual dimorphism
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Modern View
• Microevolution– Small-scale changes– Change within a species
• Macroevolution– Large-scale changes– Formation of new species