· 11/11/2018 · r.rz;kfre;juk; kjfiy mrphpah ghujpahh tpj;ahyak; nky;epiyg;gs;sp> j}j;jf;fb...

R.rz;KfRe;juk; KJfiy MrphpaH ghujpahH tpj;ahyak; Nky;epiyg;gs;sp> J}j;Jf;Fb ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

gjpndhuhk; tFg;G ,uz;lhk; njhFjp

R. rz;KfRe;juk; KJfiy MrphpaH ghujpahH tpj;ahyak; Nky;epiyg;gs;sp> J}j;Jf;Fb

xU kjpg;ngz; tpdh tpilfs;

1. `hp`uH kw;Wk; Gf;fH tp[aefug; Nguuir Vw;gLj;Jk; Kd;ghf n`ha;rhsh; ,lk; gzp nra;jdH.

2. ,gd;gJ}jh nkhuhf;Nfh ehl;Lg; gazp. 3. fPo;fz;ltw;iw fhythpirg;gLj;Jf. 4. rq;fk tk;rk;>rhSt tk;rk;>JSt tk;rk;>MutPL tk;rk;. 5. tp[aefu murpd; mur Kj;jpiu gd;wp 6. kJuhtp[ak; vd;w E}iy fq;fhNjtp vOjpdhH. 7. ,uz;lhk; NjtuhaH rq;fk tk;rj;jpd; rpwe;j Ml;rpahsuhff;

fUjg;gl;lhH. 8. fpU\;zNjtuhaH jd; ntw;wpapd; epizthf ntw;wpj;J}iz vOg;gpa

,lk; rpk;khr;ryk;. 9. ve;j ,U gFjpfspilNa ,ilg;gL ehlhfg; GJf;Nfhl;il

,Ue;jJ.Nrho kw;Wk; ghz;ba muRfs; 10. \h ehkh;it vOjpatH gpHnjsrp 11. Kfk;kJ fthd; xU kjurhit epWtp mjpy; 3000 ifnaOj;J

E}y;fis itj;jpUe;j ,lk; gPlhH. 12. ,uh[h fpU\;zNjt; Nfhy;nfhz;lh Nfhl;ilia fl;bdhH. 13. mj;itjk; vd;Dk; jj;Jtj;ij ,e;J kjj;jpw;F toq;fpatH

Mjprq;fuH. 14. itjPf Ntjg;gphpTfSf;Fk;> gpwkjg;gphpTfSf;Fk; ,ilNa Vw;gl;l

Nkhjy;fisg; gw;wpf; Fwpg;gpLtJ jpUj;njhz;lHfspd; Gfo; ghLk; njhFg;Gfs;;

15. $d; ghz;bad; vd;W miof;fg;gl;ltH khwtHkd; mhpNfrhp 16. rkz kjj;jpypUe;j NghJ mg;gH ,t;thW mwpag;gl;lhH jHkNrdH. 17. gf;fPH vdf; Fwpg;gplg;gLgtH ,];yhkpa Qhdp 18. khjhtr;rhhpahh; Jitjk; jj;Jtg; gs;spiar; rhHe;jth; 19. ,uhkhde;jhpd; rPlH fgPH. 20. Kjd; Kjyhf ,e;jp nkhopapy; jdJ kjj; jj;Jtg; gpur;rhuj;ij

Nkw;nfhz;lth; ,uhkhde;jh; 21. mf;ghpd; muritapy; Mf;uhtpd; ghHitj; jpwdw;w ghlfh; vd;w

mwpag;gl;ltH RHjhrH 22. 1526 Mk; Mz;L eilngw;w Kjyhk; ghdpgl; Nghhpy; ghgH gPuq;fpg;

gilia jpwk;gl gad;gLj;jpajd; %yk; ntw;wp ngw;whH 23. kuhj;jpa kd;dh; rpth[papd; rkfhyj;jtH Jf;fhuhk; MthH. 1526 Mk;

Mz;L eilngw;w Kjyhk; ghdpgl; Nghhpy; ghgH gPuq;fpg; gilia jpwk;gl gad;gLj;jpajd; %yk; ntw;wp ngw;whH

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24. filrpg; Nghuhd fhf;uh Nghhpy; ghgH Mg;fhdpaHfSf;F vjpuhfg;

NghHpl;lhH. 25. n\Hfhd; jdJ cahpa murpay; kw;Wk; ,uhZt jpwikapdhy; nrsrh

Nghhpy; ntw;wp ngw;whH. 26. [hfPHjhhp epy clik chpik Kiwapy; epyj;jpw;fhd thpia

tR+ypf;Fk; nghWg;Gk;> me;epyj;ij epHtfpf;Fk; nghWg;Gk; muR mjpfhhpfsplk; xg;gilf;fg;gl;bUe;jJ.

27. mf;guJ epjp epHthfk; n\H\h epHthf Kiwia gpd;gw;wp mikf;fg;gl;lJ.

28. ,sturH F];UTld; ,ize;J fyfj;ij J}z;btpl;ljw;fhf [`hq;fPuhy; kuz jz;lid tpjpf;fg;gl;ltH FUmH[{d;Njt; MthH.

29. \h[fhd;> gpuhd;]; ehl;ilr; NrHe;j gjpdhd;fhk; Yhap MfpNahH rkfhyj;jtH.

30. Xsuq;frPg; jdJ Ml;rpapd; NghJ []pah thpia kPz;Lk; tpjpj;jhH. 31. fg;gypd xl;lfk; vdr; nrhy;yg;gLk; njhopy;El;gj;ij cyfj;jpNyNa

fz;lwpe;j Kjy; murH mf;gH MthH. 32. [`hq;fPH kw;Wk; \h[fhd; mikj;j \hypkhH Njhl;lq;fs>; ,e;jpa

Njhl;lf; fiyapy; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fitahFk;. 33. Fthypaiur; NrHe;j jhd;Nrid mf;gH Mjhpj;jhH. 34. ghJ\h ehkh vd;gJ \h[fhd; tho;if tuyhwhFk;;. 35. j[pfepyfe;;jp xU N[hjpl Ma;T E}yhFk;. 36. kPdhl;rpak;;;ik gps;isj; jkpio ,aw;wpatH FkuFUguH. 37. fpNo cs;s Ml;rpahsHfSs; ahH mf;ghpd; rkfhyj;jtH ,y;iy?

,q;fpyhe;jpd; tpf;Nlhhpah kfhuhzp. 38. typik kpf;f nfhhpy;yh NghH Kiwia gpdgw;wpNahH kuhj;jpaH 39. rpth[papd; FU jhjh[p nfhz;lNjt; MthH 40. Gue;jH cld;gbf;if> rpth[pf;Fk; n[a;rpq; f;Fk; ,ilNa

ifnaOj;jhdJ. 41. rpth[papd; MNyhrid rig m\;lgpujhdk; vd;W miof;fg;gl;lJ. 42. kuhj;jpaH ifg;gw;wpa khtl;llj;jpd; tUthapy; 1/4 nrsj; vd

tRypf;fg;gl;lJ 43. rpth[papd; ,uhZt mikg;gpy; kpfr;rpwpa gil myfpd; jiytuhf

ehaf; ,Ue;jhH. 44. kuhj;jpa rhk;uh[;aj;jpd; mjpfhuj;ij Nkk;gLj;jpa Ng\;th Kjyhk;

gh[puht; MthH. 45. ehjpH\h NfhfpD}H ituj;ij vLj;Jr; nrd;whH. 46. rhy;ig cld;gbf;if Kjyhk; Mq;fpNyh kuhj;jpag; Nghiu KbTf;Ff;

nfhz;L te;jJ 47. ,uz;lhtJ Mq;fpNya kuhj;jpag; Nghhpd;NghJ Mq;fpNya ftHdH-

n[duyhf ,Ue;jtH nty;ny];yp gpuG.

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48. fpuhk mstpy; tUtha; tR+iy kj;jpa muRf;F mDg;Gk; nghWg;ig gl;Nly; Vw;wpUe;jdH.

49. nfhq;fzk; fz;Nlhp> tp[aJHf; Mfpa ,lq;fspy; flw;gilj; jsq;fis fl;batH ghyh[p tp];tehj;

50. MthH. 51. eaq;fhuh mikg;ig Nkk;gLj;jpatH fpU\;zNjtuhaH 52. kdpjHfSf;fhfTk; kw;wk; tpyq;FfSf;fhfTk; %ypif kUe;Jfisj;

jahhpf;f jd;te;jhp k`hy; ,uz;lhk; ruNgh[pahy; epWtg;gl;lJ.

53. fPo;f;fz;ltw;Ws; ,uz;lhk; ruNgh[p vOjhj Gj;jfk; vd;d? Fkhu rk;gtk;

54. ,e;jpahtpy; Nghh;j;JfPrpahpd; murpay; jiyikaplk; Nfhth MFk; 55. Nkw;F Mrpahtpw;Fk; INuhg;ghtpw;Fk; Eiothapyhf ,Ue;j JiwKfk;

R+uj; MFk;. 56. Mq;fpNyaH 1639 Mk; Mz;L cs;SH Ml;rpahshplkpUe;J ngw;w

epyj;jpy; Gdpj [hh;[; Nfhl;ilia fl;bdH 57. tz;zk; G+rg;gl;l fyk;fhhp vdg;gLk; JzptiffSf;Fg; ngaH ngw;w

gFjp Nrho kz;lyk; MFk; 58. ePyePHf;nfhs;ifAld; njhlHGilatH gpuhd;]p];Nfh b my;nka;lh 59. n`d;hpf;]; jkpo; mr;Rg;gjpg;gpd; je;ij vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwhH. 60. kapyhg;G+H NghHj;Jfp\pahpd; fUg;gH efukhFk; 61. mk;gha;dh gLnfhiyf;F fhuzkhdtHfs; lr;R fpof;fpe;jpa fk;ngdp 62. lr;R fpof;fpe;jpaf; fk;;ngdpapd; Nrhokz;lyg; gFjpapd; jiyikaplk;

goNtw;fhL MFk; 63. gpuhd;rp];khh;l;bd; vd;gtH GJr;NrhpI gpnuQ;Rf;FbNaw;wq;fspd;

Nfe;jpuikakhf Mf;fpdhH. 64. ,uz;lhk; rhHy]; tujl;rizahfg; ngw;w gk;;gha; jPT Mq;fpNya

fpof;fpe;jpaf; fk;ngdpf;F khw;wk; nra;ag;gl;lJ. 65. Kjyhk; fHehlfg; Nghhpd; NghJ Ja;g;Ns GJr;Nrhpapd; MSeuhf

,Ue;jhH. 66. uhgHl; fpist; gf;rhH NghH,y; ntw;wp ngw;W tq;fhsj;jpy; Mq;fpNyaH

Ml;rpia typik ngwr; nra;jhH. 67. te;jthrpg; NghH maH$l; kw;Wk; yhypf;fpilNa eilngw;wJ. 68. Vohz;Lg; NghH ghhp]; cld;gbf;ifAld; KbTf;F te;jJ. 69. gf;rhH NghH ,e;jpahtpy; Mq;fpNyaH Mjpf;fk; cz;ikapy; epWtg;glf;

fhuzkhd NghuhF 70. myfhghj; cld;gbf;ifapdhy; ,uz;lhk; \h Myk; tq;fhsk; gPfhH

xhprhtpd; jpthdp chpikia Mq;fpNyaUf;F toq;f Nehpl;lJ. 71. uhgHl; fpist; tq;fhsj;jpy; ,ul;il Ml;rpia mwpKfg;gLj;jpdhH. 72. XOq;F Kiwr; rl;lk; ,e;jpahtpy; Mq;fpNya tzpff; FO Ml;rpia

Kiwg;gLj;jpaJ. 73. ,e;jpahtpy; Kjy; Mq;fpNya MSeuhf ,q;fpyhe;J ehl;Skd;wj;jhy;

mwptpf;fg;gl;ltH fhdpq;

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74. tq;fhsk; [kPd;jhHfNshL fhud;thyp]; epiyahd epythpj; jpl;lj;ij Nkw;nfhz;lhH.

75. ,uaj;Jthhp Kiwia mwpKfg;gLj;jpatH jhk]; kd;Nwh 76. jf;fHfis mlf;fpa Mq;fpNya mjpfhhp. tpy;ypak; ];yPNkd; 77. thhpR chpik ,og;Gf; nfhs;ifapd; gb Mq;fpNya muRld;

,izf;fg;gl;l Kjy; khfhzk; rjhuh 78. epHge;jg;gLj;jp tYf;fl;lhakhf thp tR+ypg;gij rpj;jputijr; rl;lk;

epahag;gLj;jpaJ. 79. tpy;ypak; ngz;bq; ,e;jpahtpy; Mq;fpy nkhopia mYty;

nkhopahfTk;> gapw;W nkhopahfTk; mwpKfg;gLj;jpdhH. 80. nrd;idg; gy;fiyf;fofk; epWtg;gl;l Mz;L 1857 81. uh[h uhk; Nkhfd;; uha; vd;gthpd; Kaw;rpahy; ,e;jpahtpy; rjp vd;Dk;

cld;fl;il Vwk; tof;fk; xopf;fg;gl;lJ 82. njd; ,e;jpahtpy; Kjy; ,Ug;gg;ghij Nghf;ftuj;J 1856y;

nrd;idapypUe;J muf;Nfhzk; tiu ,af;fg;gl;lJ. 83. 1869 y; R+a]; fhy;tha; jpwf;fg;gl;ljd; tpisthf ,e;jpah

INuhg;ghtpw;fpilNaahd gazJ}uk; 4000 iky;fshf Fiwf;fg;gl;lJ. 84. cilahH murHfSf;F vjpuhf kuhj;jpaHfis ntw;wpfukhf

ifahz;lgpd; i`jH myp cz;ikahd murH MdhH. 85. jpg;G Ry;jhd; nfhLq;fs+H gFjpiaf; ifg;gw;wpajhy; %d;whk;

Mq;fpNya ikR+H NghH njhlq;fpaJ.

86. ghisaf;fhuH Kiw Kjd; Kjypy; fhfj;jpa Nguurhy; eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.

87. new;fl;Lk;nrty;> thRNjtey;Y}H> gidA+H Mfpa GypNjthpd; %d;W Kf;fpakhd Nfhl;ilfis A+Rg;fhd; jd;Dila fl;Lg;ghl;by; nfhz;l te;jhH.

88. NtY ehr;rpahH ,uhkehjGuk; murUila kfs;. 89. tPughz;ba fl;lg;nghk;kd; njhlHghd gpur;rpidfis jtwhff;

ifahz;ljhy; gzp ePf;fk; nra;ag;gl;l Mq;fpNya Ml;rpaH W.C. [hf;rd; MthH.

90. NtY}H Gul;rpf;F cldbf; fhuzkhf mike;j epfo;T Gjpa jiyg;ghif MFk;.

91. Nfhy; vOr;rpf;Ff; (Jz;LNfhyha;) fhuzkhdtH gpe;j;uha; kd;fp MthH. Nfhy; fpsHr;rpapd; jiytH Gj;jgfj;.

92. 1857 Mk; Mz;L Gul;rpapd; NghJ ,e;jpahtpd; ftHdH-n[duyhf ,Ue;jtH fhdpq; MthH.

93. 1857 k; Mz;L Gul;rpapd; NghJ ehdh rhNfg;gpd; gilfisj; Njhw;fbj;jtH Nk[H n[duy; N`ht;yhf;

94. ,e;jpahtpy; rPHjpUj;jq;fs; gw;wpa gy fUj;Jf;fs; Njhd;wpa Kjy; khfhzk; tq;fhsk; MFk;

95. ,e;jpa kWkyHr;rpapd; je;ij ,uh[huhk; Nkhfd;uha; MthH. 96. Njrpa r%f khehL uhdNl Kaw;rpahy; xUq;fpizf;fg;gl;lJ.

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97. Ntjq;fis Nehf;fp jpUk;Gf vd;W Kof;fkpl;ltH jahde;j ru];tjp MthH.

98. fijfs; kw;Wk; tpaf;fjf;f ctikfspd; %yk; ,uhkfpU\;z guk`k;rH jdJ fUj;Jf;fis tpsf;fpdhH.

99. xU igrh jkpod; vd;w thug; gj;jp;hpf;ifia elj;jpatH mNahj;jp jhr gz;bjH MthH.

100. gpuk;k Qhd rig mnkhpf;f If;fpa ehLfs; y; epWtg;gl;lJ. 101. jkpo; ehl;by; gpuk;k rhkh[j;jpd; Mjuthsuhf jpfo;e;jtH fhrp

tpRtehj KjypahH MthH. 102. Nkw;fj;jpa mwptpaiy mwpKfg;gLj;j iraJ mfkJfhd; epWtpa

mikg;G mwptpay; fofk; MFk;.

103. ,];yhkpa r%fj;jpdhpd; rka kPSUthf;fj;ij Nehf;fkhf nfhz;bUe;j ,af;fk; jpNahge;j; ,af;fk; MFk;.;

104. rpth[papd; Ml;rpf;F gpd; te;jtHfis fhy thpir gb vOjTk;. rk;gh[p> uh[huhk;> rh`{> ,uz;lhk; rhk;gh[p

iv. nghUj;Jf. (nghUj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.)

1. Mg;Jy; urhf; ghurPfk;

2. epfpbd; u\;ah

3. Nlhkpq;Nfh ga]; kw;Wk; E}dp]; -- NghHj;Jfy;

4. nry;yg;gh rhSt ehaf;f

5. fgPH nerthsH

6. R+Hjh]; rhfpj;jpa yhfphp

7. R+gpap]k; N\f; jhjp

8. $d; ghz;bad; rk;ge;jH

9. mGy; ghry; mf;gH

10. [{k;kh kR+jp \h[fhd;

11. ghJ\h`p kR+jp xsuq;frPg;

12. Guhz fpyh n\Hrh

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13. mkj;ah murpd; midj;J nghJ fzf;Ffs;

14. Rke;j; NghH kw;Wk; mikjp

15. gz;bl;uht; nghJ xOf;f eilKiwfs;

16. thf;fpa ehtp]; murhpd; eltbf;iffa; gw;wpa Mtzq;fs;

18. rhKj;hp fs;spf; Nfhl;il murH

19. n`d;wpf;]; mr;Rg; gjpg;G

20. K[hgH [q; i`juhghj; ep[hk;

21. Mw;fhL ethg; re;jh rhfpg;

22. MHjH fhl;ld; nfhs;splk;; ;

23. tpy;ypak; ]ypNkd; jf;fHfis xLf;Fjy

24. tpy;ypak; ngz;bq; rjp xopg;gr; rl;lk;

25. fhud;thyp]; rk];fpUj fy;Y}hp

26. [py;ny];gp NtY}H fyfk;

27. kQ;rp rhe;jy;fs;

28. [hf;Nfhgpad; fofk; =uq;fg;gl;lzk;

29. kq;fs; ghz;Nl ghuf;G+H

30. Mq;fpNya rka gug;gf;FO -------- tpy;ypak; fhNu kw;Wk; [hd; jhk];

31. ghHrp nra;jpjhs; uh];l; Nfhg;jhH

32. jpNahge;j; ,af;fk; KfkJ fhrpk; eNjhjtp

33. tpNtfhde;jH tpbnts;sp

IV. ) fPo;f; fz;ltw;Ws; vJ rhpahfg; nghUj;jg;gltpy;iy

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34. rpth[p kiyvyp rhp

35. Kjyhk; gh[puht; cj;fpH NghH. jtW (jtwhfg; nghUj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ)

36. ijKH \h yh$hpd; it];uha; rhp

37. nrQ;rp rhp

IV m. fPo;fz;l tw;Ws; vJ jtwhfg; nghUj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.

38. gh];fuhr;rhHah ePjp newp tpsf;fk; jtW (jtwhfg; nghUj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ)

39. mKf;j khy;ajh fpU\;zNjtuhaH rhp

40. [dd;dhj gz;bjH urfq;fhjuh rhp

41. my;yrhdp ngj;jd;dh kDrhpj;uh rhp

42. juq;fk;ghb NldpaH rhp

43. rH jhk]; Nuh gpuQ;Rf;fhuH jtW (jtwhfg; nghUj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ)

44. md;thUjPd; Mw;fhL ethg; rhp

45. my;GgHf; NghHj;JfP\paH rhp

46. fq;fhjuuht; [hd;rp rhp

47. uF[p Nghd;];Ny ehf;G+H rhp

48. \h[p rjhuh rhp

49 rpe;jpah Nfhyhg;G+H jtW (jtwhfg; nghUj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ)

II. rhpahd $w;wpid NjHe;njL : (rhpahdit kl;Lk; nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ)

1. mg;Jy; urhf; xU ghurPfj; J}Jtuhff; nfhr;rpapypUe;j rhKj;jphpapd; mitf;F te;jhH.

2. R/gp ,af;fj;jtH flTis mofpd; cr;rkhf fUjpdH.

3. Nkhjp kR+jp KOtJk; gspq;Ff; fy;yhy; fl;lg;gl;lJ. 4. n\Hrhtpd; ehza Kiw> Mq;fpNyahpd; ehza Kiwf;F mbj;jskpl;lJ.

5. rpth[papd; tUtha; eph;thfk; kdpjhgpkhdk; rhHe;J> cw;gj;jp nra;gtHfSf;F rhjfkhf mike;jpUe;jJ

6. Mq;fpNyaH kuhj;jpaUld; el;GwT nfhz;L jf;fhzj;jpy; jilapy;yh tzpfk; nra;Ak; chpik ngw;wdH.

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7. Kfyhag; Nguurpd; typik Fwpj;Jk;> nghUshjhu tsk; gw;wpAk; INuhg;gpaH ed;F mwpe;jpUe;jdH.

8. eWkzj;jPTfspy; lr;Rf;fhuH ntw;wpngw;wdH.

9. Nfhy;ngH gpnuQ;Rf; fpof;fpe;jpaf; fk;ngdp epWtg;gl;ljw;f fhuzkhf ,Ue;jhH.

10. GJr;Nrhpapy; ,d;wsTk; gpnuQ;Rj; jhf;fj;ijf; fhzKbfpwJ.

11. fpof;fpe;jpaf; fk;ngdpapd; MSeH mjd; ,af;FeH FOthy; NjHe;njLf;fg;gl;lhH.

12. jpg;Gtpd; Ml;rpia mfw;wpaJk; ikR+hpy; kPz;Lk; cilahH tk;r Ml;rp epWtpaJk; njd;dpe;jpahtpy; Mq;fpNya fpof;fpe;jpa fk;ngdp ml;rpapd; Muk;gj;;ijf; Fwpf;fpwJ.

13. mfkjpaHfs; nghJthd kR+jpapy; jq;fs; topghl;bid Nkw;nfhz;ldH.

III.

1. (i) .

(ii) fthd; NghHj;Jf;fprpa nfhz;L , t .

) (i) (ii) ) (i) (ii) ) (i) (ii) ) (i) (ii)

tpil M) ) (i) (ii)

2. (i) uh .

(ii) NghUf;Fg;gpd; .

) (i) ) (ii) ) (i) (ii) ) (i) (ii)

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tpil ,. (i) rhp (ii) jtW

3. (i) n\H\h NrhdHfhd; .

(II) .

) (i) ) (ii) ) (i) (ii) ) (i) (ii)

tpil nfhz;l .

(ii) Ngh .

. (i) . (ii) . .

tpil = m (i) rhp

7. (i) Nghhj;JfPrpag; .

(ii) .

. (i) . (ii) . )

tpil = ,

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II. rhpahd $w;wpidj; NjHe;njL

1. (): ghkd; \h njhLj;J , nfhz;l tPL NjhWk; .

(): NghH . ) ,

) ,

)

) ,

( tpil fhuzk; $w;wpd; rhpahd tpsf;fk; MFk;.

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4. (): (): .

. ;

. ;

. ;

. ; .

tpil m. $w;W rhp> fhuzk; $w;wpd; rhpahd tpsf;fk; my;y

5. (): Ngh .

(): nfhLj;jJ.

. ; .

. ;

.

. ;

tpil .

6. (): .

(): .

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tpil .

7. : INuhg;gpaH .

: Nehf;fk; INuhg;gpar; nghUl;fisf; nfhs;Kjy; .

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tpil . :

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8. : nghUs;

: nghUshjhu .

.

. ;

. ;

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tpil . ;

9. ():

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(): 19 njhlHr;rpahff; .

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tpil .

10. (): Nfh .

(): muz;fNshL .

. ; .

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tpil . ;

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11. (): Mq;fpNyh- .

(): .

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tpil . ; .

100 rjtPjk; kjpg;ngz; ngw jpdKk; xU kjpg;ngz; tpdhit thrpj;jhy; kl;Lk; NghJk;. kdjpy; jq;fp tpLk;. kjpg;ngz; jhdhfNt te;J tpLk.; thrpf;f 20 epkplq;fs; NghJk;.

KO kjpg;ngz; ngw tho;j;Jk;

R.rz;KfRe;juk;

KJfiy MrphpaH (tuyhW)

ghujpahah tpj;ahyak; Nky;epiyg;gs;sp>

J}j;Jf;Fb

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R.rz;KfRe;juk; KJfiy MrphpaH ghujpahH tpj;ahyak; Nky;epiyg;gs;sp> J}j;Jf;Fb --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------



,uz;L kjpg;ngz; tpdh tpil

RUf;fkhd tpilasp (,uz;L kjpg;ngz; tpdh)

1. tp[a efiug; gw;wp mwpa cjTk; njhy;ypay; rhd;Wfs; gw;wp tpthp

Nfhtpy;fs;> muz;kidfs;> Nfhl;ilfs;> kR+jpfs; kw;Wk; ehzar; rhd;Wfs;.

2. tp[a efu muR ahuy; vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ? vjdhy; mg;ngaH te;jJ.?

1336 y; `hp`uH kw;wk; Gf;fuhy;. Jq;fgj;jpuh ejpf;fiuapy; mike;Js;s tp[aefiu(`k;gp) jiyefuhf nfhz;L Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ. mjdhy; mg;ngaH te;jJ.

3. ghkpdp tp[aefu muRfSf;fpilNa gifik vw;gl;ljw;fhd %d;w Kf;fpakhd fhuzq;fs; ahit?

1.,lq;fis ifg;gw;Wjy;. 2. fg;gk; tR+ypj;jy;. 3. Fjpiu tzpfj;jpd; Nkyhd fl;Lg;ghL

4. juhg; gw;wp vOJf.

myhTjpd; mrd; ghkd;\h epHthf trjpf;fhf jd; Ml;rpg;gFjpia ehd;F gphpTfshf (khfhzq;fshf) gphpj;jhH. mg;gFjpfs; juhg;]; vdg;gl;ld.

5. Kjyhk; Kfk;kJ gw;wp ePq;fs; mwpe;jJ vd;d?

1. ghkd; \htpw;F gpd; Ml;rpf;F te;j ghkpdp murH.

2. rpwe;j muR Kiw epHthfj;ij elj;jpdhH. kuhl;baHfSf;F Kd;Djhuzkhf jpfo;e;jhH. vl;L mikr;rHfs; nfhz;l FOit vw;gLj;jpdhH.

6. gf;jp ,af;fj;jpw;F ,uhkhD[H Mw;wpa Nritfs; ahit?

1. rka rkj;Jtj;jpw;F ngUk; Mjuthsuhf jpfo;e;jhH. 2. jj;Jt rpj;jhe;jj;ij ,af;fkhf kWtbtk; ngwr; nra;jhH.

7. gf;jp ,af;fj;jpy; utpjh]pd; gq;fpid gw;wp ePtpH mwptd ahit?

1. ftpQH> Jwtp> Njhy;gjdpLk; FLk;gj;jpypUe;J te;jtH 2. tl ,e;jpahtpy; (gQ;rhg;> uh[];jhd;> kfhuh\;buk;> kj;jpagpuNjrk;) kf;fs; FUthf

kjpj;jdH. 3. rPf;fpa kjghly;fspy; ,thpd; ghly;fs; ,lk; ngw;Ws;sJ. 4. rhjp> r%f gphpTfs; ghypd NtWghl;il vjpHj;jhH. rkj;Jtj;jpw;F Mjutspj;jhH.

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8. ,uhkhde;jhpd; Nghjidfs; ahit? 1. ,uhkhD[hpd; nfhs;ifia Vw;W flTspd; Kd; midtUk; rkk; vd Nghjpj;jhH. 2. rhjp Kiwia epuhfhpj;jhH 3. itztj;jpy; Kw;Nghf;fhd khw;wq;fis vw;gLj;jpdhH.

9. gz;ghl;L ghuk;ghpaj;jpd; rpwg;gpw;F fhuzkhd kPuhghapd; ghly;fSk; ftpijfSk; mike;;jd tpsf;Ff.

1. md;Ng flTs; vd;w g[id ghly;fis ghbdhH. 2. midtUf;Fk; (rhjp> ghypdk;> me;j];J tpj;jpahrk; ,d;wp) flTs; fpU\;zhpd; mUs; cz;L vd;whH.

3. ,tuJ ,irghly;fs; tskhd gz;ghl;L kughFk;. 4. xt;nthU ,y;yj;jpYk; ,tuJ ghly; xypj;jJ.

10. ,e;J Jwtpfs; ,];yhkpd; kPJ nfhz;bUe;j ,uz;L ntt;NtW mDFKiwfs; ahit?

1. gd;Kf jd;ik> Gjparthy;fis vjpHnfhs;sf;$bajhf ,Ue;jJ. 2. ,e;J kjj;jpy; rPHjpUj;jk; nra;J xUikg;ghl;il tsHf;Fk; ,af;fkhf;fp mjd; jiytHfshfTk; khwpdH

11. ghgH ,e;jpahtpd; kPJ gilnaLf;f J}z;baJ vJ? (VNjDk; ,uz;L Fwpg;Gfs; NghJk;)

1 kj;jpa Mrpahtpy; vw;gl;l Nkyhjpf;f Nghl;b tha;g;G Njb ,e;jpah nry;y itj;jJ. 2 gl;L ghij topahf ,e;jpahTld; kj;jpa Mrpah nra;j tHj;jfk 3 ij%H nra;jij kPz;Lk; nra;a Ntz;Lk; vd;w fdT 4 njsyj;fhd; Nyhb> uhzhrq;fh miog;G

12. mf;gH iguhk;fhid vt;thW ifahz;lhH?

1 mf;gH jdJ Kjy; ehd;fhz;L Ml;rpapy; iguhk; fhd; cjtpAld; Nguuir tphpT gLj;j iguhk;fhid gad;gLj;jpf; nfhz;lhH.

2 fUj;J NtWghL kw;Wk; R+o;epiy fhuzkhf iguhk;fhid gzpePf;fk; nra;jhH. 3 nkf;fh nry;y Mizapl;lhH. nry;Yk; topapy; Mg;fhdpad; xUtdhy; nfhy;yg;gl;lhH.

13. rpW Fwpg;G tiuf. m) tpy;ypak; `hf;fpd;]; M) rH jhk]; Nuh

1 [`hq;fPH Ml;rpfhyj;jpy; tpy;ypak; `hf;fpd;]; kw;Wk; rH jhk]; Nuh vd;w ,U Mq;fpNyaHfs; tUif je;jdH.

2 ,e;jpahtpy; Mq;fpNya tzpf FbNaw;wk; xd;iw epWTtjw;F Nguurpd; mDkjpia tpy;yak; `hf;fpd;]hy; ngw Kba tpy;iy.

3 ,q;fpyhe;J murH Kjyhk; N[k;];]pd; J}Jtuhd rh;jhk]; Nuh Ruj; efhpy; xU tzpf FbNaw;wk; mikf;f mDkjpia ngw;whH.

14. [`hq;fPhpd; mhpaizf;Fg; gpd;dhy; mjpfhu ikakhff; nray;gl;ltH E}H[`hd;

tpsf;Ff. 1 [`hq;fPH mur tpraq;fspy; mjpf ehl;lk; fhl;lhjjhy; E}H[`hd; mhpaidapd; gpd;Nd cz;ikahd mjpfhuk; nfhz;ltuha; jpfo;e;jhH.

2 ,sturH FHuk; kw;Wk; jsgjp kfgj;fhid xuk; fl;bdhH. 3 [`hq;fPH ,we;j cld; jdJ kUkfd; \hhpahiu mhpaid Vw;w Kad;whH.

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15. Kfyhaf; fl;llf; fiyapd; kWtbtkhff; fUjg;gLtJ vJ? mjd; tbtikg;ig tpthpf;fTk;.

1. jh[;k`hy;. 2. ,t;tshfk; jiythapy;> Njhl;lk;> kR+jp> fy;yiwkhlk; kw;Wk; ehd;F NfhGuk; (kpdhH) cilaJ.

16. Xsuq;frPg;gpw;F vjpuhf tlgFjpapy; %z;l %d;W vOr;rpfs; ahit?

1 1649y; kJuhtpy; eilngw;w [hl;Lfspd; fpsHr;rp 2 `hpahdhtpd; rj;dhkpaH fpsHr;rp 3 rPf;fpaH fyfk;

17. rpW Fwpg;G tiuf- i) rpf;fpa kjk; ii) R+gpap]k;

rpf;fpa kjk;: 1 xU flTs; Nfhl;ghl;il Kd;NdLj;j ,af;fk;. 2 Gdpj E}y; FU fpue;j rhfpg; 3 flTs; xUtNu vd FUehdf; ek;gpdhH.

R+gpaprk;: 1 ,];yhkpd; cs;SzHT rhHe;j ,iwepiy ,izg;gpid Kd;itf;Fk; xU kjf; Nfhl;ghL.

2 epjpnewp tpsf;fk; Mfpa ,yf;fpaq;fis ,aw;wpdhH

2. jhAkhdtH rkur rd;khHf;fk; vd;w gf;jp ghliy ,aw;wpdhH.

20. KfyhaH Xtpaj;Jiwapy; cyfyhtpa mq;fPfhuk; ngw;wpUe;jdH tpthpf;f

1 ,tHfsJ E}z; Xtpaq;fs; cyfj;jpd; gy mUq;fhl;rpaq;fspy; Kf;fpa ,lk; tfpf;fpd;wJ. 2 ghurPf nkhopapy; vOjg;gl;l kfhghujj;jpYk; ma;dp mf;ghpapYk; gy Xtpaq;fs; ,lk; ngw;Ws;sd. 3 Kfyha E}z; Xtpaq;fs; lr;R XtpaH nuk;gpuhz;il ftHe;jJ.

21. rpth[pf;Fk; mg;ry;fhDf;Fk; ,ilNa eilngw;w G+riyg; gw;wp vOJf

1 gp[g;G+H Ry;jhd; kuhj;jpaH Mgj;J ePq;fpajhy; rpth[pia mlf;f mg;ry;fhid mDg;gpdhH.

2 Mg;ry;fhdhy; rpth[pia kiyg;gFjpfspy; tPo;j;j Kbatpy;iy 3 R+o;r;rp nra;J rpth[pia tPo;j;j epidj;J mjpy; mg;ry;fhd; Njhy;tp mile;jhH.

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22. Gue;jH cld;gbf;ifapd; \uj;Jf;fs; ahit? 1. rpth[p jhd; ifg;gw;wpa Nfhl;ilfis itj;Jf; nfhs;s mDkjp 2. gp[g;G+iu ifgw;w KfyhaHfSf;F rpth[p khd;rg;jhuhf cjtp nra;a xg;Gjy;

23 jhuhgha; gw;wp rpW Fwpg;G tiuf

1 rpth[papd; kfd; uh[huhkpd; kidtp 2 Nfhy;`hGiu jiyefuhf nfhz;L khw;W murhq;fk; elj;jpdhH.

24 rpW Fwpg;g tiuf. m) nrsj; M) rHNj\;Kfp 1. nrsj;> rHNj\;Kfp vd;w thpfs; kuhl;baH my;yhj mjhtJ Kfyha kw;Wk; jf;fhz

Ry;jhd; gFjpfspy; kuhl;baHfshy; tR+ypf;fg;gl;l thpfs; MFk;. 2. rTj; vd;gJ kuhl;ba gilnaLg;gpypUe;J jq;fis ghJfhj;Jf; nfhs;s mk;kf;fs;

nrYj;jpa thp (epythpapy; ehd;fpy; xU gq;F) MFk;. 3. rHNj\; Kf; (gpujk jsgjp) vd;w jFjpapd; fhuzkhf ngwg;gl;lJ.

25. Ngrpd; cld;gbf;ifapd; \uj;Jf;fs; ahit?

1 1802 y; ifnaOj;jhd Jizg;gil jpl;l Xg;ge;jk; MFk;. 2 mjpf tUkhdk; Mtzq;fs; ,uz;lhk; ruNgh[pahy; tsk; NrHf;fg;gl;lJ.

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29. ,uz;lhk; ruNgh[p rka gug;GFO kw;Wk; fhydp Mjpf;f muRf;F vt;thW Kd;Ndhbahf jpfo;e;jhH?

1 jQ;rhT+hpy; fpwp];jtH my;yhj cs;SH Foe;ijfSf;fhf etPd nghJg; gs;spfis

Kjd; Kjyhf njhlq;fpdhH. 2 Mjutw;wtHfs; kw;wk; Vio khztHfSf;fhf jQ;ir kw;wk; ,ju ,lq;fspy; ,ytr

njhlf;f kw;Wk; caH fy;tp epiyaq;fis epWtp epHtfpj;jhH. 3 etPd fy;tp Kiwf;fhf et tpj;ah vd;w Kiwia Nkw;gb gs;spfspy; mwpKfk;

nra;jhH.

30. fNdh[p Mq;fpNu gw;wp eP mwpe;jtw;iwg; gw;wp vOJf. 1 ,e;jpahtpd; Nkw;F flw;fiug; gFjpapy; mjpf mjpfhuk; gilj;j flw;gil jsgjpahf ,Ue;jtH.

2 cs; ehl;L Nghhpy; jhuhgha;f;F MjuT epiyghl;il vLj;jpUe;jhH. 3 mthplk; Ng\;th ghyh[p tp];tehj; INuhg;gpa Mgj;J gw;wp vLj;Jiuj;J kd;dH rh`{tplk; jkf;Fs;s tpRthrj;ij cWjpnra;jhH

31. ehaf;f muRfs; ahit? mit epWtg;glfhuzk; vd;d? 1. tp[aefu NguuR Ml;rpapy; jkpofg; gFjpapy; kJiu> jQ;rhT+H> nrQ;rp Mfpa ,lq;fspy; epWtg;gl;l muRfs; ehaf;f muRfs; vd;wiof;fg;gl;lJ.

2. ehaf;f muRfs; epWtg;gl;ljd; Nehf;fNk muRf;Fj; Njitg;gLk; epjp Mjhuq;fisAk; ngUf;FtJk;;> kdpj Mw;wiy (,uhZt tPuHfis) jpul;LtJNkahFk;.

32. Mq;fpNyah; kjuh]py; jq;fsJ FbNaw;wj;ij vt;thW epWtpdH? 1. jkHyh Ntq;flhj;jphp ehaf;fH vd;gthplkpUe;J ngw;w epyj;jpy; 1639y; Gdpj [hh;[; Nfhl;ilia fl;bdH.

2. re;jpu fphpapd; murh; Nfhl;il fl;bf; nfhs;s mDkjp toq;fpdhH. 3. 1684 y; xU khfhzkhf cUthdJ. 1693 ,y; nrd;idia Rw;wpAs;s %d;w fpuhkq;fis thq;fpdH.

4. 1702 y; NkYk; Ie;J fpuhkq;fis thq;fpdH. .

33. iftpidg; nghUs;fs; cw;gj;jp gw;wp xU Fwpg;G tiuf.. 1. iftpidg; nghUSw;gj;jp efHGwk; kw;Wk; fpuhkg;Guk; Mfpa ,uz;bYk; eilngw;wJ.

2. cNyhf Ntiyfs; efuj;jpYk;> nerTj; njhopy;; fpuhkq;fspy; Nkw;;;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ

3. Ntjpapay; nghUl;fis gad;gLj;jp epue;ju tz;zq;fisj;; cUthf;Ftjpy; epGzj;Jtj;Jtk;; ngw;wpUe;jdH.

4. Nrho kz;lyk; fyk;fhhp vdg;gLk; tz;zk; G+rg;gl;l Jzptiff;Fg; ngaH ngw;wJ.

5. ,t;tif Jzpfspy; myq;fhuk; kw;Wk; tbtq;fs; Kjypy; tiuag;gl;L gpd;dH rhak; Vw;wg;gl;lJ.

6. njd; fpof;fhrpahtpy; Fwpg;ghf ,e;Njhdprpaj; jPTkf;fshy; ,j;Jzpfs; tpUk;gp thq;fg;gl;lJ.

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34. ruhg; kw;Wk; cz;bay; gw;wp eP mwptd ahit? ruhg;:

1. ruhg; vdg;gl;NlhH ehzaq;fspd; J}a;ik epiyia ghpNrhjpj;jdH. mtw;wpd; kjpg;ig md;iwa mstpy; kjpg;gplldH. gzkhfTk; khw;wpj;je;jdH.

2. ,tHfs; cs;SH tq;fpahsHfshf nray;gl;ldH.

cz;bay;:

1. tzpfHfs; gzj;ij xhplk; tpl;L kw;nwhU ,lj;jpw;Fg; gzj;ij nuhf;fkhf mDg;Gtjw;Fg; gjpyhf gzkhw;w Kwpfis (Bills of Exchange) toq;fpdH.

2. ruhg; fshy; ,t;tif cz;bfs; (Bills of Exchange) gy;NtW ,lq;fspy;; Fwpg;gpl; js;SgbNahL gzkhf khw;wpf; nfhLf;fg;gl;lJ.

35. ,e;jpahtpd; Kjy; NghHj;JfPrpa MSeH ahh? mtH mwpKfg;gLj;jpa nfhs;ifia tpsf;Ff 1. ,e;jpahtpd; Kjy; NghHj;JfPrpa MSeH gpuhd;]p];Nfh b my;nka;lh MthH 2. FbapUg;Gfspd; vz;zpf;ifia mjpfhpf;fhky; fg;gy;fspd; vz;zpf;ifia mjpfg;gLj;jp flw;gilia tYgLj;Jk; epy ePHf; nfhs;ifia mtH mwpKfg;gLj;jpdhH.

36. fhHl]; (Cartaz) Kiw vd;why; vd;d? 1. flw;nfhs;isapy; ,Ue;J tzpfHfis ghJfhg;gjhf NghHj;JfPrpaH $wpf; nfhz;ldH. 2. ,jw;fhf tzpfHfsplk; fhHl]; (cartaz) vd;w ngahpy; gzk; gwpj;jdH. 3. fhHl;]; vd;w ngahpy; NghHj;Jf;fprpaH toq;Fk; ghJfhg;ig kw;wtHfs; Vw;Wf; nfhs;s fl;lhag;gLj;jpdH. ,y;iynadpy; td;Kiw %yk; tzpfj;jpw;W ,ilA+W nra;ag; Nghtjhf gaKWj;jpdH.

4. flw;nfhs;is ,ilA+Wspy; gytw;iw nra;jtHfs;; NghHj;JrPrpa flw;nfhs;isaNu.

37. ,e;jpahtpy; lr;Rf;fhuhpd; fhydpahjp;f;ff; Nfhl;ilfisAk; FbNaw;wq;fspd; ngaHfisAk; Fwpg;gpLf.

1. lr;Rf;fhuHfspd; FbNaw;wq;fs;; : kR+ypg;gl;;;bzk;> goNtw;fhL

2. lr;Rf;fuhHfspd; fhydpahjpf;f Nfhl;ilfs;: ehfg;gl;bzk;> ehfHNfhtpy;> Gd;idf;fhay;> guq;fpg;Ngl;il flY}H> Njtdhk;gl;bzk;

38. tzpf epWtdk; (factory) vd;why; vd;d? 16k; E}w;whz;by; epWtg;gl;l INuhg;gpa tzpf epWtdq;fs; ahit?

1. epWtdk; (factory) vd;gJ may; ehLfspYs;s jq;fs; KjyhspfSf;fhf tzpf KftHfs; jq;fpapUe;J tzpf eltbf;iffis Nkw; nfhs;Sk; ,lkhFk;.

2. 16 k; E}w;whz;by; epWtg;gl;l INuhgpga epWtdq;fs;;: 1. gpnuQ;Rf; fpof;fpe;jpaf; fk;ngdp 2 lr;R fpof;fpe;jpaf; fk;ngdp

3. Nldpaf; fpof;fpe;jpaf; fk;ngdp 4. Mq;fpNyaf; fpof;fpe;jpaf; fk;ngdp

39. Kjyhk; fHehlfg; NghUf;fhd fuhzq;fs; ahit? 1. INuhg;ghtpy; eil ngw;W M];jphpa thhpRhpikg; NghH.

2. ,e;jpahtpy; gpuhd;R kw;wk; Mq;fpNyahpilNa Vw;gl;l tzpfg; Nghl;b

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40. 1765 ,y; ifnaOj;jhd cld;gbf;ifapd; ngaH vd;d? mjd; $Wfs; ahit? 1. 1765y; ifnaOj;jhd cld;gbf;if myfhghj; cld;gbf;if MFk;. 2. ,t; cld;gbf;if Mq;fpNyaUf;Fk; ,uz;lhk; \h My%f;Fk; ,ilapy; vw;gl;lJ. 3. tzpff; FO tq;fhsk;> gPfhH> xhprh Mfpa gFjpfspd; epythp tR+ypf;Fk; chpik ngw;wJ.

4. gHj;jthd;> kpl;dhG+H> rpl;lfhq; khtl;lq;fNshL fy;fj;jhtpd; kPjhd ,iwahz;ikiaAk; ngw;wdH.

5. Mq;fpNyaH tq;fhsj;jpd; Ml;rpahsuhf khwpdH.

41. 1773 mk; Mz;L xOq;FKiwr; rl;lj;ij tpthp. 1. tq;fhsj;jpd; MSeuhf ,Ue;j thud; N`];bq;]; ftHdH n[duyhdhH. (jiyik MSeuhdhH).

2. ftHdH n[duy; ,af;FeH FO %yk; NjHe;njLf;fg;gLthH. 3. tzpf FOtpd; tuT nryT fzf;F gphpl;b\; fUT+yj;jpw;F njhpag;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;. 4. MSeH> jiyikjsgjp kw;Wk; ,U MNyhrfHfisf; nfhz;l FO tUtha; thhpakhf nray;gl;lJ.

42 MSeH jhk]; kd;Nwh gw;wpr; rpW Fwpg;G tiuf. 1. 1820 Mk; Mz;L nrd;id khfhzj;jpw;F MSeuhf nghWg;Ngw;whH. 2. 1822 k; Mz;L nrd;idapy; ,uaj;Jthhp Kiwia mwpKfg;gLj;jpdhH. 3. MSeuhf ,Ue;j NghJ fy;tpf;F Kf;fpaj;Jtk; nfhLj;jhH

43. khfhzk; kw;Wk; khepyk; NtWgLj;Jf: 1. fpof;fpe;jpa fk;ngdpahhpd; jiyik epHthf mjpfhhpapd; mYtYfk; mikag; ngw;w ,lk; khfhzk; MFk;.

2. mt;tifapy; nrd;id> gk;gha;> fy;fj;jh Mfpait khfhzq;fs; MFk;

3. gpd;dH ,k; khfhzq;fis epHtfpg;gjpy; rpukq;fs; Vw;gl;ljhy; kj;jpa khepyk;> xUq;fpize;j khepyk;> Nghd;w gpuhe;jpaq;fs; cUthf;fg;gl;ld.

44. ,e;jpaf; Fbikg; gzpf;F fhud;thyprpd; gq;fspg;gpizg; gw;wpf; $Wf. 1. fhud; thyp]pd; jiyaha gq;fspg;G Fbikg; gzpfspd; rPHjpUj;jNk MFk;. 2. mtH jpwik tha;e;jtHfisAk;> NeHikahdtHfisAk; gzpakHj;j top tif nra;jhH. 3. fk;ngdp mjpfhhpfSf;F Fiwe;j rk;gsk; toq;fptpl;L mtHfis jdpahf tpahghuk; nra;a mDkjpj;j gioa eilKiwf;F Kw;Wg;Gs;sp itj;jhH.

4. fy;fj;;jhtpy; 1800 y; xU fy;Y}hp tzpfFOtpd; Fbikg; gzpahsHfSf;fhf Jtq;fg;gl;lJ.

45. Mq;fpNya Ml;rpapd; fPo; ePHghrd Kiwapd; tsHr;rp Fwpj;J vOJf. 1. ghrd trjp Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhLg;gij gphpl;b\; muR Gwf;fzpj;jJ. 2. MHjH fhl;ld; vd;w nghwpapay; mYtyH xUthpd; jdpgl;l MHtj;jhy; rpw;rpy ghrd Ntiyfs; ele;Njwpd.

3. nfhs;splj;jpd; FWf;Nf 1836 ,y; miziaf; fl;bdhH. 4. gphpl;b\; murpd; Neubf; fl;Lghl;Lf;Fs; ,e;jpah nry;tjw;F Kd;ghf ghrd trjp Nkk;ghl;by;eilngw;w gzpfs;

1. tl ,e;jpahtpy; 1830 y; aKdh fhy;tha;. 2. 1857 y; fq;iff; fhy;thia 450 iky;fs; tiu ePl;bj;j gzp. 3. 1856 ,y; gQ;rhg; gFjpapy; mike;j ghhp ,ilj;Jiwf; fhy;tha; Njhz;Lk; gzp.

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46.lhf;fhtpd; k];ypd; Jzp gw;wp xH rpW Fwpg;G tiuf. 1. tq;fhsj;jpy; Kd;G tpise;j xU tif gl;L Nghd;w gUj;jpapypUe;J Jzp nea;thHfs;. 2. ,e;j nky;ypa Jzp lhf;fh k];ypd; vd;wiof;fg;gl;lJ. 3. Mq;fpNyaH Ml;rpapy; ,e;jpa nerTf;F Mjutspf;fhjjhy; mij ghHg;gNj mhpjhfptpl;lJ.

4. ,e;jpahtpd; khd;nr];lh; vd;wiof;fg;gl;l efuk; tUik R+o;e;J nerthsHfs; grpahy; nrj;J kbe;jhHfs;.

47. nry;ttsq;fs; ehl;il tpl;L ntspNawpaJ ,e;jpahit Vo;iikahf;fpaJ vt;thW ? 1. ,e;jpahtpypUe;J ngUe;njhif cs;ehl;bd; nryTf; fl;lzk; vd;w tifapy; ,q;fpyhe;J Ngha;; NrHe;jJ.

2. fk;ngdpapd; gq;FjhuHfSf;F toq;fg;gl;l ,yhgk;> INuhg;gpa mjpfhhpfs;> INuhg;gpa tpahghhpfs;> Njhl;l Kjyhspfs; ,uhZtk;> Fbikg;gzp mYtyHfs; Nghd;Nwhhpd; rk;gsk; kw;Wk; Xa;T+jpa njhif

3. ,e;jpahtpy; epfo;e;j NghHfSf;fhd nryTfs;> NghH elj;Jtjw;f;fhf tq;fpapy; ngw;w flDf;fhd tl;b kw;Wk; ,Ug;Gg;ghij mikf;f Vw;gl;l nryTfs;;

4. tpf;Nlhhpah kfhuhzp Ml;rpfhyj;jpd; filrp gj;J Mz;Lfspy; (1891 1901) nkhj;j tUthapy; 24 rjtpjk; 159 kpy;ypad; gTz;l;fs; ,q;fpyhe;jpw;F mDg;gg;gl;lJ.

48. jpg;G Ry;jhd; kPJ Rkj;jg;gl;l =uq;fg;gl;lz cld;gbf;ifapd; (1792) mtkhdfukhd tpjpKiwfis gw;wp xU rpW Fwpg;G tiuf. 1. jpg;G mtUila Ml;rpg;gFjpfspy; ghjp ,lq;fis Mq;fpNyaUf;Ff; nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;. 2. NghH ,og;gPlhf %d;W Nfhb &gha; mspf;f Ntz;Lk;. mJtiu mtUila kfd;fspy; ,Utiug; gpizf; ifjpfshf mDg;gp itf;f Ntz;Lk;.

3. jpg;G FlFg; gFjpia ,oe;jhH. 4. jpg;Gtpd; mjpfhuk; ngUksTf;F Fiwf;fg;gl;lJ.

49. tuhfd; (gf;Nfhlh) vd;why; vd;d? 1. tp[aefuj;jpy; mwpKfkhd jq;f ehzak; gNfhlh vdg;gl;lJ. 2. INuhg;gpa tzpfHfs; ,e;jpahTf;F te;j fhyfl;lj;jpy; ,g;gzk; nry;thf;F ngw;W

tpsq;fpaJ. 3. jpg;G Ry;jhd; Ml;rpapy; ikR+hpy; xU gNfhlh %d;wiu &gha;f;Fr; rkkhff; nfhs;sg;gl;lJ.

50. nfhq;Fg; gFjpapy; jPud; rpd;dkiyapd; fpsHr;rpfs; gw;wp ePtpH mwptJ ahJ? 1. rpd;dkiy Nfhak;Gj;J}hpy; ,Ue;j Mq;fpNyahpd; Nfhl;il kPJ jhf;Fjy; elj;jpdhH. 2. 1801 y; fhtphpf; fiuapy; ele;j NghH. 3. 1802 Mk; Mz;L Xlepiyapy; ele;j NghH. 4. 1804 Mk; Mz;L ele;j mur;rY}h; NghH. 5. ,Wjpg; NghH 1805 y; eilngw;wJ. ,g;Nghhpy; rpd;dkiy mtUila rikay;fhuhpd;

JNuhfj;jhy; rptfhp Nfhl;ilapy; J}f;fpylg;gl;lhH.

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51. rhapy; ufg; gw;wp tpsf;F. 1. rhapy; ufg; vd;Dkplj;jpy; Kz;lh rKfj;ij rhHe;j ngz;fs; fz;%bj;jdkhf gLnfhiy

nra;ag;gl;ldH. 2. Kz;lhf;fs; vd;gtHfs; gPfhH goq;Fb kf;fs; MtH. 3. ,tHfsJ epyj;ij Mq;fpNyahpd; ml;rpapy; nghJ epy chpik %yk; [hfPHjhHfs;> ngUk;

tptrhapfs; tl;bf;filf;fhuHfs; gwpj;Jf; nfhz;ldH. 4. vdNt Kz;lhf;fs; gpHrh Kz;lh vd;gtuJ jiyikapy; jq;fs; epyq;ifs kPl;f

Mq;fpNyaUf;F vjpuhf (1899-1900 mz;Lfspy;;) fpsHr;rp nra;jdH. 5. rhapy; ufg; gLnfhiyf;Fg; gpwFk; Kz;lh ngz;fs; Mq;fpNyaUf;F vjpuhf gpHrh Kz;lh

jiyikapy; NghuhbdH. 6. uhQ;rp rpiwapy; milf;fg;gl; gpHrh Kz;lh 1900 Mz;by; jpahfpahdhH.

52. fhd;G+H gLnfhiy 1. ehdhrhfpg; fhd;G+H fpsHr;rpf;F jiyik jhq;fpdhH. 2. 125 Mq;fpNyaHfs; (ngz;fs; Foe;ijfs; cl;gl) nfhy;yg;gl;ldH. 3. mtHfsJ cly;fs; xU fpzw;Wf;Fs; tPrg;gl;lJ. 4. ,e;epfo;r;rp fhd;G+H gLnfhiy vd miof;fg;gl;lJ. 5. gLnfhiyf;F kWehs; gilnaLj;J te;j n`d;wp N`t;yf; ehdhrhfpg;ig Njhw;fbj;jhH. 6. gLnfhiyf;F fhuzkhdtHfs; vd fUjg;gl;l midtUk; nfhy;yg;gl;ldH.

53. r%f rPHjpUj;jj;jpw;F ,uh[h uhk; Nkhfd; uhapd; gq;fspg;G vd;d?

1. gy nja;t topghL> cUt topghL Nghd;wtw;iw vjpHj;jhH. 2. rhjp Kiw> %l ek;gpf;if> Foe;ij jpUkzk;> gHjh Kiw> cld;fl;il VWjy; Mfpatw;iw rhbdhH.

3. ifk;ngz; kWkzj;ij Mjhpj;jhH. 54. r%f ePjpf;F N[hjpghG+Nyapd; gq;F vd;d?

1. rj;a N[hjf; rkh[k; vd;w mikg;ig vw;gLj;jpdhH. 2. Nky; [hjpapdhpd; mlf;FKiwf;F vjpuhf gpuhkzH my;yhj kf;fspd; czh;Tfis jl;b vog;gp mtHfSf;fhf NghuhbdhH.

3. fy;tp fw;gjd; mtrpaj;ij vLj;Jiuj;jhH.

55. Rj;jp (Rj;jpfhpg;G) ,af;fk; Vd; xU kPl;nlLg;G ,af;fkhf fUjg;gLfpwJ?

1. ,e;Jf;fs; my;yhjhiuAk; ,e;Jf;fshf khw;wpdH. 2. Mq;fpNyh Ntjg;gs;spfs;> fy;Y}hpfs; epWtg;gl;lJ. 3. Ntjq;fis Nehf;fpr; jpUk;Gf vd Rthkp jahde;jH miog;G tpLj;jJ. 56. = ehuhazFUtpd; jHk ghpghyd ,af;fj;jpd; gq;fspg;ig vOJf.

1. muR gzpfspy; Nru> nghJ rhiyia gad;gLj;j> Nfhtpy;fSf;Fs;

Eioa> murpaypy; gpujpepjpj;Jtk; ngw ,t;tpaf;fk; ghLgl;lJ. 3. Nfus r%fj;ij [dehaf gLj;;j jiytHfis ,t;tpaf;fk; je;jJ.

57. ,uhkypq;f mbfshH gw;wp ePtPH mwptd ahit?

1. rpjk;guj;jpy; gpwe;j ,uhkypq;f mbfs; rj;a jh;k rhiyia tlY}hpy; epWtpdhH. 2. rhjp rka NtWghbd;wp midtUf;Fk; rkge;jp tpUe;jspj;jhH.

3. kf;fis ftHe;j> neQ;ir cUf;Fk; ,tuJ ghly;fs; jpUtUl;gh vd;w ngahpy; ,tuJ rPlHfshy; ntspaplg;gl;Ls;sJ.

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R.rz;KfRe;juk; KJfiy MrphpaH ghujpahH tpj;ahyak; Nky;epiyg;gs;sp> J}j;Jf;Fb ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------



FUfpa tpilasp (%d;W kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;) (VNjDk; %d;W Fwpg;Gfs; NghJk;)

( MrphpaH kw;Wk; khzth; Ghpe;J nfhs;Nt mjpf Fwpg;Gfs; nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ )

1. ghkpdp muR vt;thW epWtg;gl;lJ? ahuhy; epWtg;gl;lJ? 1. nly;ypia KfkJ gpd; Jf;sf; Mz;lNghJ 1345 y; njd; gFjp khfhz MSeH

[hgHfhd; MthH. 2. tlf;F fh;ehlfhtpy; jd;id Rje;ju murhf mwptpj;jhH. 3. jdf;F ghd;\h vd;w gl;lj;ij R+l;b ghkpdp muir Njhw;wtpj;jhH.

2. ehaf;f Kiw (VNjDk; %d;W Fwpg;Gfs; NghJk;) 1. ehaf; vd;why; ,uhZtj;jiytH my;yJ ,uhZt tPuH vd;w nghUs;gLk;. 2. ,uhZtr; Nritf;F gjpyhf tUtha; fyhl;giltPuHfis guhkhpf;f Ntz;Lk;. 4. Njitg;gLk; Neuj;jpy; ,uhZtr; Nrit nra;aNtz;Lk;. 5. ,uhketkp jpUtpoh Neuj;jpy; Fwpg;gpl;l tUthia toq;fNtz;Lk;. 6. ehaf; jhdk; vdg;gl;l jq;fspd; gFjpfspy; cw;gj;jpia fl;Lg;gLj;jpdH. 7. tptrhapfs; iftpidQHfSf;F rYiffs; toq;fpdH. murhpd; gpujpepjpahf

nrayhw;wpdH.

3. uhf;r\p jq;fb NghH(1565) (VNjDk; %d;W Fwpg;Gfs; NghJk;) 1. tp[a efu muRf;Fk; ghkpdp jf;fhz Ry;jhd;fs; $l;lzpg;gilf;Fk; ,ilNa vw;gl;l

NghH MFk;. 2. tp[a efu gilf;F uhkuh[h jiyik tfpj;jhH. 3. 1565y; jiyf; Nfhl;ilapy; ,g;NghH ele;jJ. 4. Nghhpd; ,Wjpapy; tp[aefug; gilfs; Njhy;tpmile;jJ. 5. ,g; NghH tp[aefug; Nguurpd; KbTf;F fhuzkha; mike;jJ.

4. fpU\;zNjtuhaH tp[aefug; murpd; rpwe;j Ml;rpahsuhfg; Nghw;wg;glf; fhuzq;fs; ahit? (VNjDk; %d;W Fwpg;Gfs; NghJk;)

1. fpU\;z NjtuhaH ngw;w ntw;wpfs; (ghkpdp Ry;jhd;fs; kw;wk; xhprhtpd; f[gjpia ntw;wp nfhs;sy;).

2. NghHr;Rf;fp\paHfSld; tzpf cwT (Fjpiu ngwy;) 3. iryk;> jpUg;gjp> fhsf];jp Nghd;w Gdpj jyq;fSf;F ed;nfhil> NfhGuq;fs; fl;baJ. 4. Ml;rpapy; nry;tr; nrspg;G> muritapya; my;yrhdp ngj;jd;dh> njdhypuhkd;

myq;fhpj;jJ. 5. jiy rpwe;j rhjidahsH. mKf;j khy;ajk; vd;w E}iy ,aw;wpatH. rpwe;j ftpQH. 6. rpwe;j epHthfp ehaf; Kiwia kWrPuikg;G nfhLj;jhH.

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4. ,uz;lhk; mnyf;rhz;lH vd;W miof;fg;gl;ltH ahH Vd;? 1. ,uz;lhk; mnyf;rhz;lH vd;W miof;fg;gl;ltH ghkd;\h MthH. 2. thuq;fy; kw;Wk; nul;b muRfis ntw;wp nfhz;L mtHfis fg;gk; fl;l itj;jhH. 3. jdJ ehzq;fspy; ,uz;lhk; mnyf;rhz;lH vd;W nghwpj;Jf; nfhz;lhH.

5. Nfhy;nfhz;lh Nfhl;il vq;Nf fl;lg;gl;lJ? mjd; mikg;ig tpthp? (VNjDk; %d;W Fwpg;Gfs; NghJk;) 1. thuq;fy;iy jiyefuhf nfhz;l fhf;fj;jpa tk;r murH uh[h fpU\;zNjt; fl;ba

Nfhl;il. 2. i`juhgj;jpy; ,Ue;J 11 fp.kP njhiytpy; cs;s kiyapy; 120 kPl;lH cauj;jpy;

cs;sJ. 3. Xyp mk;r mbg;gilapy; rpwe;j fl;blf;fiyapd; mk;rkhFk; 4. murit> epyj;jb ufrpa Ruq;fghij> khspif mikag;ngw;wJ. 5. NfhfpD}H ituj;ij cyfpw;F toq;fpaJ. 6. FJg;\htpd; fy;yiw cs;sJ. ,jpy; ,U jdp topfs; cs;sd. 7. EioTg;gFjp gNjHthrh (ntw;wp EioT thry;) vdTk;. Nfhl;ilapd; caHe;j gFjp

ghyh `prhH vdTk; miof;fg;gLfpwJ.

7. kj kUkyHr;rpapd; ciwtplkhf njd;dpe;jpah tpsq;fpaij tpsf;Ff

1. gf;jp ,af;fk; vd;Dk; tbtpy; Gjpa rka kuG Njhd;wpaJ. 2. Mjprq;fuH mj;itj fUj;ij vLj;J $wp gpw kj Nfhl;ghl;il vjpH nfhs;Sk;

Mw;wiy toq;fpdhH. 3. ,uhkhD[H> rkj;Jtj;jpw;F Mjutspj;J mjid ,af;fkhf khw;wpdhH.

4. irt ehad;khHfs;> itzt Mo;thHfs;> gf;jp ,af;fj;jpy; ;ghly;fs; ghb kf;fNshL kf;fshf fye;jdH.

8. RHjh];> Jf;fhuhk; MfpNahhpd; Nghjidfis Ma;f.

RHjhrH:

1. mf;gH mitapy; ,lk; ngw;wtH R+HjhrH. 2. md;NgDk; kjj;ijAk;> flTsplk; gf;jp nfhs;tijAk; Nghjpj;jhH. 3. fpU\;zgf;jp ghly;fis ghb mtH kPJ fhjiy ntspg;gLj;jpdhH.

Jf;fhuhk;;:

1. rpth[papd; rkfhyj;jtu; Jf;fhuhk;. 2. flTshd ge;jG+H tpl;lyhtpd; Gfio ghbdhH. 3. rkj;Jtk; rNfhjuj;Jtj;ij gug;gpdhH.

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9. fgphpd; Nghjidfis tpthp?

1. flTs; vq;Fk; epiwe;jpUf;fpwhh; vd;whH. 2. cUt topghL> gy flTs; topghL> rhjp Kiwia vjpHj;jhH. 3. ,];yhkpa rkaj;jpypUe;j rk;gpujhaq;fis vjpHj;jhH. 4. ,e;J - %];ypk; xw;Wikf;F toptFj;jhH.

10. fgPhplkpUe;J irjd;aH vt;thW NtWgLfpwhH? 1. fgPiu Nghyy;yhky; irjd;aH vida flTs;fis fhl;bYk; fpU\;zH caHthdtH vd

$wpdhH. 2. fgPhpd; ,af;fk; xUikg;ghl;il typAUj;jpaJ. irjd;aH ,af;fk; xU kPl;NlLg;G

,af;fkhFk; 3. fpU\;z topghl;Lf;F irjd;aH Kf;fpaj;Jtk; je;jhH.

11. gf;jp ,af;fj;jpd; tpisTfs;

1. Kf;jp vd;gJ midtUf;Fk; chpaJ vd;w fUj;;ij Kd;itj;jJ. 2. gpuhe;jpa nkhopfspy; ,af;fq;fSk;> jiytHfSk; Njhd;wpdH 3. Mj;itjk;> Jitj Nfhl;ghLfs; Njhd;wpd. 4. midtUk; xd;W NrHe;J ghLtJ> gz;biffs; tpohf;fs; elj;JtJ> Gdpj gazq;fs;

Nkw;nfhs;tJ ,d;W tiu eilKiwapy; cs;sd.

12. tho;if KOtJk; jtwp tpOe;j `{khAd; tho;f;ifia tpl;Nl jtwp tpOe;J ,we;jhH tpthpf;fTk;

1 RdhH Nfhl;il Kw;Wifapd; NghJ n\H\htpd; thh;j;ijia ek;gp Kw;Wifia iftpl;lJ. 2. gQ;rhg; kPjhd fk;uhdpd; Ml;rpajpfhuj;ij jl;bf; Nfl;f kWj;jJ. 3. vjphpfs; jq;fis typikg;gLj;jpa Neuj;jpy; mjpy; ftdj;ij nrYj;jhky; jpy;ypapy; nghOij fopj;jJ. 4. E}yfjpd; gbfl;by; ,Ue;J tpOk;NghJ kl;Lk; my;y vg;nghOnjy;yhk; tha;g;G fpilj;jNjh mg;nghOnjy;yhk; (murpy;) fpNo tpoj; jtwtpy;iy.

13. jPd; ,yh`p gw;wp ePtpH mwptJ ahJ?

1 midtUf;Fk; mikjp vd;w jj;Jtj;ij epiy ehl;l mf;gH tpUk;gpdhH. 2 jPd; ,yh`p vd;w nja;tPf xU flTs; Nfhl;ghl;il mf;gh; njhlq;fpdhH. 3 mf;gUf;F gpd; jPd; ,yh`p ,y;yhkw; Nghapw;W.

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14. mf;guJ rpj;J}H Kw;Wif

1 mf;gH NkthH uhzh cja;rpq;fpd; rpj;J}H Nfhl;il Kw;Wif MWkhjk; ePbj;jJ. 2 uhzh cjq;rpq; Fd;WfSf;Fs; gpd;thq;fpdhYk; mthpd; jsgjpfs; n[a;khy; gl;lh MfpNahh; Nghiu njhlHe;J elj;jpdH.

3 n[a;khy;> gl;lh cs;gl 30>000 uh[Gj;jpu tPuHfspd; jpahfj;jpw;F gpd;dNu Nfhl;il ifg;gw;w gl;lJ.

4 mf;gH mtHfsJ Jzpr;riyf; fz;L tpag;gile;J mtHfs; epidthf n[akhy; gl;lh ,UtuJ rpiyfis epWtpdhH.

15. mf;guJ kd;rg;jhH Kiw

1 xU KiwgLj;jg;gl;l ikag;gLj;jg;gl;l epHthf Kiwahd kd;rg;jhhp Kiwia mwpKfk; nra;jhH.

2 jiyik gjtp ngw;w gpuGf;fs; xt;nthUtUf;Fk; kd;rg;jhH vd;w gl;lk; toq;fg;gl;lJ. 3 [hl; vd;gJ kd;rg;jhH ngw;w tPuHfspd; vz;zpf;if 4 rthH vd;gJ kd;rg;jhHfspd; fPo; ,Uf;Fk; Fjpiufspd; vz;zpf;if 5 [hl; rthH vz;zpf;ifiag; nghUj;Nj xUtuJ me;j];J epHzapf;fg;gl;lJ.

16. KfyhaH Ml;rpapy; epWtg;gl;l INuhg;gpa FbNaw;wq;fs;

NghHr;RfprpaH -- Nfhth> lhkd;> rhy;nrl;> lr;Rf; fhuH -- kRypg;gl;ldk;> Gypfhl; NldpaH -- juq;fk;ghb gpnuQ;Rf;fhuH -- R+uj;> GJr;Nrhp Mq;fpNyaH -- R+uj;> nrd;id> gk;gha;> fy;fj;jh

17. jhuh\{Nfh

1 \h[fhdpd; Kj;j kfd; 2 Rgp jj;Jtj;jpy; MHtk; nfhz;bUe;jhH. 3 \h[fhdhy; gl;lj;J ,sturdhf mwptpf;fg;gl;ltH. 4 cgepljq;fis khngUk; ufrpak; vd;Dk; ngahpy; ghurPf nkhopapy; nkhop ngaHj;jhH

18. fHfhdh

1 njhopw;$lk;. 2 ,q;F tpiyAah;e;j iftpidg; nghUl;fs; cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gl;ld 3 murFLg;gj;jpd; Njitfis G+Hj;jp nra;j murhq;f fHfhdhf;fSk; ,Ue;jd. 4 ,q;F cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gl;l nghUl;fs; tHj;jfHfshy; cs;SH kw;Wk; njhiy

gFjpfSf;F mDg;gp itf;fg;gl;ld.

19. fgPH

1 flTs; vq;Fk; epiwe;jpUf;fpwhh; vd;whH. 2 cUt topghL> gy flTs; topghL> rhjp Kiwia vjpHj;jhH. 3 ,];yhkpa rkaj;jpypUe;j rk;gpujhaq;fis vjpHj;jhH. 4 ,e;J - %];ypk; xw;Wikf;F toptFj;jhH.

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20. mGy;ghry; 1 mf;gH ehkh vd;w E}ypd; MrphpaH mGy; ghry; MthH. 2 ,jpy; mf;gH tho;if tuyhw;iw vOjpAs;shH 3 mapdp mf;ghp vd;w E}ypy; Kfyha epHthfj;ijg; gw;wp; tpthpj;Js;shH.

21. R+gp ,af;fk;

1 ,];yhkpd; cs;SzHT rhHe;j ,iwepiy ,izg;gpid Kd;itf;Fk; xU kjf; Nfhl;ghL.

2 tPuk;> xOf;fk;> je;jpuk;> vjphpfisj; jhf;Fk; Mw;wy; 2. Gtpapay; $Wfshd nrq;Fj;jhd kiyfs;> gs;sj;jhf;Ffs;> Nfhl;ilfs; ,uhZtg; ghJfhg;Gf;F vw;wtifahf ,Ue;jJ.

3. nfhhpy;yh jhf;Fjy;> ,uT Neu kpd;dy; jhf;Fjy;. 4. NghHr;Roy; fUj;jpy; nfhz;L Nkyjpfhhpapd; cj;jutpd;wp topKiwfisg; khw;wpr; nray;gLjy;.

5 gf;jp ,af;fk; kuhj;jpaiu xd;wgLj;jpaJ.

23. rpth[papd; fPo; ,Ue;j ,uhZt mikg;G (VNjDk; %d;W Fwpg;Gfs; NghJk;)

1. epiyahd ,uhZtk; ,Ue;jJ 2. giltPuHfSf;f tPL toq;fg;gl;lJ. 3. fhyhl;gil> Fjpiug;gil> ahidg;gil> MAjg;gil vd ehd;F gphptfs; ,Ue;jd. 4 nu[pnkz;;l;> gphpNfLfs; vd fyhl;gil gphpf;fg;gl;bUe;jJ.

24. %d;whtJ ghdpgl; Nghhpd; tpisTfs; (VNjDk; %d;W Fwpg;Gfs; NghJk;)

1 kuhj;jpa ,uhZtk; Kw;wpYkhf mope;jJ. 2 mfkJ \h mg;jhyp by;ypapd; kd;duhdhH. 3 kuhj;jpahpd; NguuR fdT rpije;jJ. 4 ,e;jpahtpy; Mq;fpNya muR fhY}d;w toptFj;jJ. 25. 1775-1782 ,y; eilngw;w NghH( KjyhtJ Mq;fpNyh kuhj;jpag; NghH)

1 uFehjuht;tpd; chpik fhuzkhf eilngw;w ,g;NghH rhy;gha; cld;gbf;if gb KbTf;F te;jJ.

2 rhy;nrl;> jhNd Mfpa gFjpfs; Mq;fpNyaUf;F fpilj;jJ. 3 uFehjuhTf;F fl;lha Xa;T nfhLf;fg;gl;lJ.

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26. %d;whtJ kuhj;jpag; Nghhpd; tpisTfs; (VNjDk; %d;W Fwpg;Gfs; NghJk;)

1 kuhj;jpa $l;likg;gpd; jiyikg; gFjpapy; ,Ue;J Ng\;th tpyfy; 2 Ng\;thtpd; midj;Jg; gFjpfisAk; Mq;fpNyaH ,izj;Jf; nfhz;ldH. 3 rpth[papd; topj; Njhd;wy; gpujhg;rpq;fpw;F rjuhtpy; rpwpa muR toq;fg;gl;lJ. 4 ,uz;lhk; gh[puht; filrp tiu rpiwf;ifjpahf xa;T+jPaj;Jld; tho;e;jhH.

27. eaq;fhuh Kiw

1 fpU\;zNjtuhaH eaq;fhuh Kiwia cUthf;fpdhH. 2 ,jd;gb jkpofk; kJiu nrQ;rp jQ;rhT+H vd %d;W eaq;fuhf;fshf cUthdJ. 3.1676 y; kuhj;jpa jsgjp ntq;Nfh[p jd;id jQ;irapy; muruhf mwptpj;jhH.

28. uh[h Njrpq;fpd; tPujPur; nray;fs; (VNjDk; %d;W Fwpg;Gfs; NghJk;) 1 1714 ,y; nrQ;rpapd; MSeuhdhH. 2 Kfyha kd;dUf;F fg;gk; fl;l kWj;jhH. 3 ethg;Gf;F vjpuhd rz;ilapy; 22 taJ Md uh[h Njrpq; tPu kuzkile;jhH. 4 uh[h Njrpq; ethGf;F vjpuhf ntspg;gLj;jpa tPuk; kf;fspilNa fij ghly;fshf cUtnkLj;jJ.

29. et tpj;ah Kiwia mwpKfk; nra;jJ xU Kf;fpa Kd; Kaw;rpahFk; - vt;thW?

1 jQ;rhT+hpy; fpwp];jtH my;yhj cs;SH Foe;ijfSf;fhf etPd nghJg; gs;spfis

Kjd; Kjyhf njhlq;fpdhH. 2 Mjutw;wtHfs; kw;wk; Vio khztHfSf;fhf jQ;ir kw;wk; ,ju ,lq;fspy; ,ytr

njhlf;f kw;Wk; caH fy;tp epiyaq;fis epWtp epHtfpj;jhH. 3 etPd fy;tp Kiwf;fhf et tpj;ah vd;w Kiwia Nkw;gb gs;spfspy; mwpKfk;

nra;jhH.

30. 1565 Mk; Mz;Lf;Fg; gpwF njd;dpe;jpahtpy; epytpa murpay; R+o;epiyfisf; $W? (VNjDk; %d;W Fwpg;Gfs; NghJk;)

1. 1565 y; eilngw;w jiyf; Nfhl;ilg; NghUf;Fg; gpd; tp[a efug; NguuR typik Fd;wpajhy; mjd; fPo; ,Ue;j ehaf;f muRfs; eil Kiwapy; Rahl;rp ngw;witfshf tpsq;fpd.

2. ehaf;fH jtpu gy;ntW gFjpfs; cs;SH Ml;rpahsHfs; trk; ,Ue;jJ. mtHfspy; ,uhkehjGuk; murpd; NrJgjp Kf;fpakhdtuhthH. mtUk; jd;id Rje;jpu muruhf epiy epWj;jpf; nfhs;s tpUk;gpdhh;.

3. ,r; R+o;epiyapy; jq;fSf;Fs; Nkyhjpf;fj;ij epWt ,t; tuRfs; 1590 Kjy; 1649 f;FkpilNa jq;fSf;Fs; Nkhjpf; nfhz;ld. tp[a efug; NguuRf;F vjpuhf fpsHr;rpfSk; vw;gl;ld.

4. ,r; R+o;epiyapy; 1646 y; Nfhy;nfhz;lh gilfs; Nrho kz;lyj;jpw;Fl;gl;l goNtw;fhl;bw;Fk; rhe;NjhKf;Fk; ,ilgl;l gFjpfis ifgw;wpf; nfhz;ld.

5. ,f;fhy fl;lj;;jpy; lr;Rf;fhuHfs; kw;Wk; Mq;fpNyaH fpof;F flw;fiug; gFjpfspy; rpy ,lq;fis jq;fSf;F nrhe;jkhf ngw;W mtw;wpd; Nky; jq;fs; chpikia epWtpdH.

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31. tzpfHfs; xNu tifahd FO my;y vd;gij tpsf;Ff.. (VNjDk; %d;W Fwpg;Gfs; NghJk;)

1. gy;NtW FOitr; NrHe;jtHfshf tzpfHfs; ,Ue;jdH. 2. fPo; epiyapy; rpwpa re;ijfspy; tpahghhpfSk; rpy;yiu tHj;jfHfSk; ,Ue;jdh;. 3. ,ilepiyapy; jufHfs; ,Ue;jdH. ehl;bd; cl;gFjpfspy; cw;gj;jpahFk; nghUl;fis

nfhs;Kjy; nra;jdH. 4. Nky; epiyapy; tzpfj;ij fl;Lg;gLj;jpa ngUk; tHj;jfHfs; ,Ue;jdH. ,tHfs; tzpf

,sturHfs; my;yJ Kjyhspfshf ,Ue;jdH. R+uj;jpy; gdpah>ghHrp tzpfHfs;> mfkjhghj;jpd; efHNrj;Jfs;> tq;fhs n[fj; Nrj;Jfs;> Nrho kz;lyj;J efuj;jhH MfpNahiu vLj;Jf; fhl;lha; $wyhk;.

32. fpof;Ff; flw;fiuapy; INuhg;gpaH jq;fsJ FbNaw;wq;fis epWtf; fhuzk; vd;d? (VNjDk; %d;W Fwpg;Gfs; NghJk;)

1. eWkzg; nghUl;fis cw;gj;jp nra;Ak; ,e;Njhdprpaj; jPTfSldhd tzpfj;jpw;Fj; Njitg; gLk; rpy;yiug; nghUl;fis nfhs;Kjy; nra;aj; jq;fSf;F Nrho kz;lyf;flw;fiuapy; tzpfj;jsk; Njit vd; INuhg;gpaH czHe;jdH.

2. ,e;jpaj; Jzpfs; nryhtzp Clhfkhapw;W. 3. Nrho kz;lyj;ijr; NrHe;j tz;zk; G+rg;gl;l JzpfSf;fhd Njit INuhg;gpaiu fpof;F flw;fiuapy; jq;fs; tzpf epWtdq;fis mikj;Jf; nfhs;sr; nra;jJ.

4. Jzpfis nfhs;Kjy; nra;J mtw;;iw ,yhgfukhd eWkzg; nghUl;fshfg; gz;lkhw;W nra;J nfhz;ldh;.

33. ,e;jpaj; JzpfSf;fhd Njit INuhg;ghtpy; mjpfhpj;jNjhL mJ ,e;jpag; nghUshjhuj;jpd;

kPJ vt;thW jhf;fj;ij vw;;gLj;jpaJ? (VNjDk; %d;W Fwpg;Gfs; NghJk;)

1. INuhg;ghtpy; ,e;jpa JzpfSf;;fhd Njit mjpfhpj;jjjhy; mJ ,e;jpa nghUshjhuj;jpd; kPJk; jhf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;jpaJ.

2. njhlf;fj;jpy; ,j; Njit mjpfhpg;G cs;SH nghUshjhuj;jpw;Fg; gadspg;gjhf mike;jJ.

3. cw;gj;jpf; fhuzpfs; (njhopyhsH> fr;rhg; nghUs;> %yjdk;) NeHkiwahf tpidahw;wpd. 4. INuhg;ghtpd; Njit njhlHe;J mjpfhpj;jNghJ cw;gj;jpf;fhf nfhLf;fg;gl;l neUf;fb kpf tpiuthf cw;gj;jp Mjhuq;fisg; ghjpj;jJ.

5. njw;Nf mbf;fb Vw;gl;l gQ;rq;fSk;> fr;rhg; nghUl;fSf;Fk; czT jhdpaq;fSf;F vw;gl;l gw;whf;FiwiaAk; nerthsHfs; $Ljyhf Vw;f Ntz;ba Rikfshapd.

6. mjpfkhd tzpf tha;g;Gfs; FWfpa fhyj;jpw;Fg; gadspj;jhYk; ePz;lfhytpisntd;gJ mt;thW ,Uf;ftpy;iy.

7. ,e;j 150 tUl fhyj;jpy; tzpfuhf ,e;jpah te;j Mq;fpNyaH tzpfg; Nguuir epWtpatHfshf khwp ,Wjpapy; ehl;bd; ngUk; gFjp Ml;rpahsuhf khwp ,e;jpa ifj;njhopiy mopj;J jw;rhHG tptrhaj;;ij ghjpf;f nra;J ehl;bd; nry;t tsj;ij Ruz;Lk; Ml;rpahsuhf khwpdH.

34. (VNjDk; %d;W Fwpg;Gfs; NghJk;)

1. goNtw;fhL nrd;idapy; ,Ue;J 60 fp.kP. njhiytpy; mike;Js;sJ 2.; goNtw;fhl;il NghHj;JfPrpahplkpUe;J lr;Rf;fhuHfs; ifg;gw;wpdH. 3 lr;Rf; fhuHfs; mq;F n[y;bhpah vd;Dk; ghJfhg;G Nfhl;ilia fl;bdH. 4. ,f;Nfhl;il 400 Mz;Lfs; fle;Jk; mjd; vr;rq;fs; ,d;Wk; cs;sJ. 5 ,q;fpUe;J ituk;> [hjpf;fha;> [hjpgj;hp> fpuhk;G INuhg;ghtpw;F Vw;wkjp nra;ag;gl;lJ. 6. 17k; E}w;whz;by; lr;Rf;fhuH fpof;Fg; gFjpfis fl;Lg;gLj;Jtjw;fhf ntb kUe;J

njhopw;$lk; xd;iw epWtpdH.

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35. juq;fk;ghb (VNjDk; %d;W Fwpg;Gfs; NghJk;)

1. 1620 y; tzpf ,af;FeH uhgh;l; fpuhg;gp jQ;rhT+H muNrhL xH xg;ge;jj;ij nra;J nfhz;lhH.

2. xg;ge;jg;;gb juq;fk;;gbapy; NldpaHfs; Nfhl;il fl;bf; nfhs;s chpikia ngw;wdH 3. gy Gjpa tzpf Kfhk;fs; mikf;fg;gl;ld. 4. juq;fk;ghbapy; NldpaH fl;ba Nfhl;il ,d;Wk; rPH nflhky; cs;sJ. 5. Yj;jud; kjg;gug;ghsHfshd ghh;j;jNyhkpa]; rPfd; ghy;F> n`d;hpr; GYl;rh Mfpa ,UtUk; ,q;F te;J ,e;Jf;fis fpwp];jtHfshf khw;wpdH. mr;Rf;$lk; cUthf;fp iggpis nkhopngaHj;jdH.

36. Mk;G+H NghH (1749) (VNjDk; %d;W Fwpg;Gfs; NghJk;)

1. i`juhghj; ep[hkpw;F vw;gl;l thhpRhpikg; Nghl;b Mk;G+H NghUf;F toptFj;jJ. 2. i`juhghj; chpik Nfhhpa K[hgH [q;> fHehlfj;jpw;F chpik Nfhhpa re;jhrhfpg; Mfpa ,UtUk; gpnuQ;R gil cjtpAld; md;tUjPid Njhw;fbj;jdH. Nghhpy; md;tUjPd; ,we;jhH.

3. re;jhfhfpg; mw;fhL ethg; MdhH. 4. md;tUjPd; kfd; jpUr;rpf;F jg;gpNahbdhH.

37. Mde;juq;fH ehl;Fwpg;G (VNjDk; %d;W Fwpg;Gfs; NghJk;)

1. mde;juq;fd; gps;is GJr;Nrhpapd; jiyrpwe;j tzpfH.

2. mde;juq;fd; gps;isia Ja;g;Ns jiyik Jgh\pahfTk; (,U nkhopfs; mwpe;jtH) tzpfKftuhfTk; epakpj;jhH.

3. Mde;juq;f gps;isapd; (1709-1761) ehl;Fwpg;G jkpopy; vOjg;gl;l Vuhskhd nra;jpfis cs;slf;fp cs;sJ.

4. mthpd; ehl;Fwpg;G 1736 Kjy; 1760 tiuapyhd fhyj;jpw;F (Ja;g;Ns MSeuhf ,Ue;j fhyk;) Kf;fpakhd tuyhw;W rhd;whf cs;sJ.

5. ,e;ehl;Fwpg;G rkfhy epfo;Tfs; Fwpj;j mtUila ghHit kw;Wk; mtuJ fUj;Jf;fspd;; gjpthFk;.

38. ,ul;il Ml;rp Kiw

1. gpshrpg; NghUf;F gpd; tzpff;FO KO mjpfhuj;ij jd;trk; itj;Jf; nfhz;L epHthfr; Rikia kl;Lk; ethgplk; tpl;L itj;jJ ,j;jifa epHthf KiwNa ,ul;il Ml;rp Kiw vdg;gl;lJ.

2. ,k;Kiwapd; fPo; Nkystpy; xH mjpfhukw;w muriu itj;Jf; nfhz;L mtuJ gpd;Gyj;jpy; tzpfFO mjpfhhpfs; nrayhw;wpdH.

39. [kPd;jhHfs; murhq;fj;jhy; toq;fg;gl;l epyq;fSf;Fg; guk;giu chpikfis vt;thW ngw;wdH?

1. 1793 y; tq;fhsk; gPfhH xhprh Mfpa gFjpfspy; epiyahd epythpj;jpl;lk; m%y; nra;ag;gl;lJ.

2. rhRtjk; vd;w ngahpy; epyj;ij mstpl;L mjd; mbg;gilapy; xt;nthU [kPd;jhUk; muRf;F toq;f Ntz;ba tUthia epHzak; nra;jJ.

3. ,k; Kiwapd; %ykhf thp tR+upg;Nghuhf ,Ue;NjhH thhpRhpik nfhz;l [kPd;jhHfshf khwp muR toq;fpa epyj;jpd; gad;fis mDgtpf;fyhdhHfs;.

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40. thhpR chpik ,og;Gf; nfhs;if

1. ,e;J rk;gpujhaq;fspd;gb thhpR ,y;yhj ,e;J murH xH Mz; kfit jj;njLf;f KbAk;.

2. mt;thW jj;njLf;fg;gl;l kfDf;F nrhj;jpy; KO chpik cz;L. 3. ly;n`srpapd; tuTf;F Kd;G tiu fk;ngdp murpd; mDkjpia vspjhf ngw;W te;jdH.

4. ly;n`srp Mq;fpy murpd; ghJfhg;gpy; cs;s muR> thhpR epakdk; ngw muR mDkjp mtrpak; vd $wpdhh;. jj;njLf;f Mq;fpy muR kWj;jhy; mt;tuR (thhpR ,y;yhj muR) Mq;fpy muRld; ,izf;fg;gLk; vd;whH. ,J thhpR ,og;Gf; nfhs;if vdg;gLk;.

5. thhpR chpik ,og;Gf; nfhs;ifapd; fPo; Kjypy; tPo;e;j muR rjhuh MFk;.

41. (VNjDk; %d;W Fwpg;Gfs; NghJk;)

1. rH tpy;ypak; N[hd;]; MNyhridapd; gb ePjpj;Jiwia fhud;thyp]; rPuikj;jhH. 2. Ml;rpahsHis (Collectors) ePjpj;Jiw nghWg;gpypUe;J tpLtpj;jhH. 3. Fw;wtpay;> chpikapay; ePjpkd;wq;fis KOikahf rPuikj;jhH 4. ePjpj;Jiwapd; cr;rq;fshf rjH jpthdp mjhyj;Jk;> rjH eprhkj; mjhyj;Jk; jpfo;e;jd. 5 ehd;F gpuhe;jpa KiwaPl;L ePjpkd;wq;fs; fy;fj;jh> jf;fhzk;> %H\pjhghj;> ghl;dh Mfpa ,lq;fspy; mikf;fg;gl;ld.

42. rhHy]; cl; mwpf;if (VNjDk; %d;W Fwpg;Gfs; NghJk;)

1. 1854 Mk; Mz;L rhHy]; Tl; fy;tp mwpf;if ntspaply; 2. Muk;gfy;tp Kjy; caHepiyg;gs;spiaAk;> fy;Y}hpg; gbg;igAk; cs;slq;fpa xU tphpthd tiuthFk;.

3. nghJf; fy;tpj;Jiw Jtq;fg;gl;L %d;W khfhzj; jiyefuq;fspYk; xU gy;fiyf; fofk; epWtg;gl;lJ.

4. ,jd; njhlHr;rpahf 1857 y; nrd;id gy;fiyf;fofKk; gk;gha;> fy;fj;jh gy;fiyf;fofq;fSk; Njhw;wtpf;fg;gl;ld.

43. gpz;lhhpfs; kw;Wk; jf;fHfs; (VNjDk; %d;W Fwpg;Gfs; NghJk;)

gpz;lhhpfs;:

1. gpz;lhhpfs; nfhs;isf; $l;lj;jpy; ,];yhkpaH> ,e;Jf;fs; vd;w ,U rkaj;jtHfSk; ,Ue;jdH.

2. Jizg;gilj; jpl;lj;jpy; Ntiyapoe;j giltPuHfs; ,jpy; ngUkstpy; NrHe;jdH. 3. gphpl;b\hH gpz;lhhpfs; kPJ NghH gpufldk; nra;J mtHfis xopj;jdH.

jf;fHfs;:

1. 14 k; E}w;whz;by; jpy;ypf;Fk; Mf;uhTf;Fk; ,ilg;gl;l gFjpfspy; nfhs;isabj;Jf; nfhz;bUe;j $l;lj;jpdH.

2. jf;fHfis xLf;f ngz;bq; xU jpl;lk; tFj;J mtHfis mopf;f tpy;ypak; ];ypNkid epakpj;jhH.

3. 1860 k; Mz;L thf;fpy; jf;fHfs; gpur;rpid KbTf;F te;jJ.

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44. ,e;jpa ifj;jwp nerthfsHfs; kPJ njhopw;Jiw Gul;rpapd; jhf;fk;.

1. cyfpd; Jzp Vw;Wkjpapy; Kjd;ik ngw;W tpsq;fpa ,e;jpah> yq;fh\;ahpd; (,q;fpyhe;J) gUj;jp Mil Njitf;Fr; re;ijahf khw;wg;gl;lJ.

2. Fiwe;j tpiyapy; ,ae;jpuq;fs; %yk; jahhpf;fg;gl;l gphpl;b\; nghUl;fs; ,e;jpa re;ijfspy; Ftpayhapd.

3. ePz;l fhy gad;ghl;Lf;F cfe;jikahf ,Ue;jjpdhYk;> nrhw;g tpiyf;F tpw;fg;gl;ljhYk; ,e;jpa ifj;jwp nghUl;fs; cw;gj;jp eype;jJ.

45. xg;ge;jf; $yp Kiw (VNjDk; %d;W Fwpg;Gfs; NghJk;)

1. ,k;Kiwapy; njhopyhsHfs; Ie;jhz;L gzpakHj;jg;gl;ldH. 2. gazr; nryT toq;fg;gl;lJ. 3. ,k;Kiwapd;gb $yp (xg;ge;j njhopyhsHfis miof;Fk; ngaH) rpiwr; rhiy Nghd;w R+o;epiyapy; gzpahw;w Ntz;bte;jJ.

4. gzpapy; myl;rpak; fhl;bdNyh> my;yJ gzpnra;a kWj;jhNyh kpLf;fhf jphpe;jhNyh> cj;juTf;F fPo;gba kWj;jhNyh> xg;ge;j fhyk; KbAk; Kd; gzpia tpl;L tpyfpdhNyh> $ypia kWf;fNth my;yJ rpiwj;jz;lid toq;fNth KbAk;.

46. Mq;fpNyaUf;Fk; i`jH mypf;Fk; ,ilNa ifnaOj;jhd kjuh]; cld;gbf;iff;fhd R+o;epiyfis tpsf;Ff.

1. i`jH Kjyhk; ikR+H Nghhpy; Mq;fpy gilaplkpUe;j jkJ kq;fs+iu kPl;NlLj;;jhH> ngq;fSiu jf;f itj;jhH.

2. Nfg;ld; epf;rid Njhw;fbj;jhH. f&iuAk; jpUney;Ntypapy; ve;j tpj vjpHg;Gk; ,d;wp gil elj;jp nrd;whH.

3. jQ;rhT+Uf;Fk; flY}Uf;Fk; Kd;Ndwpr; nrd;whH. Kjyhk; ikR+H NghH i`jUf;Nf rhjfkhd R+o;epiy njd;gl;lJ.

4. Mq;fpNyaUld; cld;gbf;iff;F i`jH tpUk;ghtpl;lhYk; kuhj;jpaH gilnaLj;J tuf;$Lk; vd;w mr;RUj;jy; mtiu Mq;fpNyaUld; kjuh]; cld;gbf;if nra;J nfhs;Sk; epiyf;F js;spaJ.

47. 1801 k; Mz;L fpsHr;rp gw;wp vOJf. (VNjDk; %d;W Fwpg;Gfs; NghJk;)

1. jpg;GitAk; fl;lnghk;kidAk; ntd;w gpd; mq;fpNyahpd; ftdk; 1801 Nk khjk; ,uhkehjGuk;> rptfq;if Nehf;fp jpUk;gpd.

2. kUJ ghz;bad;> Nkyg;gd; MfpNahh; ,jw;F jiyik tfpj;jdH. 3. kUJ rNfhjuHfSld; Cikj;Jiu nrtj;;ijahTk; ,ize;jdH. 4. rptfq;iff;F Mq;fpNyaH xa;ahj;NjtH vd;gtiu Nghl;bahsuhf epakpj;jdH. 5. jsgjp mf;dp jiyikapyhd gil ngUk; Nrjj;Jld; ntw;wp ngw;wJ. 6. kUJit rpq;fGzhpapYk;> nrtj;ijahit tj;jyFz;LtpYk;> nts;is kUJtpd; kfd; Jiurhkpia kJiuapYk; ifJ nra;jdH.

7. kUJ rNfhjuHfs; jpUgj;J}hpYk;> Cikj;Jiu> nrtj;ijah ghQrhyq;Fwpr;rpapYk; nfhy;yg;gl;ldH.

8. 73 fpsHrpahsHfs; gpdhq;Ff;F ehL flj;jg;gl;ldH.

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48. 1806 k; Mz;L NtY}H Gul;rp gw;wp vOJf. (VNjDk; %d;W Fwpg;Gfs; NghJk;)

1. mhpaidia ,oe;j murHfs;> FUepy kd;dHfspd;; re;jjpapdH> jpg;G kfd;fspd; gpujpepjpfs;> tpRthrpfs; 1806 y; NtY}hpy; Mq;fpNyaUf;F vjpuhf fpsHr;rp nra;jNj NtY}H fyfk; MFk;.

2. jiyg;ghifAld; $ba rPUil mwpKfk;> fhjzpfis mzptJk; rkar; rpd;dq;fis ,l;Lf; nfhs;tJk; jil nra;ag;gl;lJ. Gul;rpapy; tPuHfs; gq;F ngw fhuzkhapw;W.

3. [{iy 10k; ehs; tpbaw;fhiy Kjy; kw;Wk; 23k; gilg;gphpitr; NrHe;j ,e;jpa rpg;gha;fs; fyfj;ij Njhw;wtpj;jdH. fHdy; ghd;NfhHl; kw;Wk; fHdy; kp Nfu]; MfpNahh; nfhy;yg;gl;ldH.

4. uhzpg; Ngl;ilapy; ,Ue;J te;j fpy;Ny];gp Gul;rpia mlf;fpdhH. 5. rpyH J}f;fpyplg;gl;ldH. rpyH Rl;Lf;nfhy;yg;gl;ldH. ,f;fyfk; uj;jf;fshpapy; Kbtile;jJ

6. jpg;Gtpd; kfd; fy;fj;jhtpw;F mDg;gpitf;fg;gl;lhH. gilj;jsgjpAk;> nrd;id MSeUk; jpUg;gpaiof;fg;gl;ldH.

49. Nfhy; goq;Fbapdhpd; VOr;rpiag; gw;wp tpsf;Ff. (VNjDk; %d;W Fwpg;Gfs; NghJk;)

1. Nfhy;fs; gPfhH> xhprh> Nrhl;lh ehf;G+H> rpq;G+k; Mfpa gFjpfspy; tho;e;j goq;FbapdH MtH.

2. Nrhl;lh ehf;G+H uh[h gy fpuhkq;fisg; goq;Fbfs; my;yhjhUf;F Fj;jiff;F tpl;lNj Nfhy;fspd; fpsHr;rpf;F fhuzk;.

3. nfhs;isabg;gJk;> nrhj;;Jf;fSf;F jPitg;gJk; mtHfsJ Kf;fpa topKiwfshapUe;jd. capH Nrjk; vw;gLj;jJtij Nehf;fkhf nfhz;bUf;ftpy;iy.

4. Nfhy; fpsHr;rpf;F Jz;LNfhyha; ,Ue;jtH gpe;j;uha; kd;fp MthH. Nfhy; fpsHr;rpapd; jiytH Gj;jgfj; MthH.

5. Gj;jgfj; nfhy;yg;gl;lJk;> gpe;j;uha; kd;fp ruzile;jJk; Nfhy;fspd; Nghul;lk; KbTf;F te;jJ.

50. 1857 Mz;L Gul;rpapd; tpisTfs; ahit? (VNjDk; %d;W Fwpg;Gfs; NghJk;)

1. fpof;fpe;jpaf; fk;ngdpapd; Ml;rp KbTf;F te;jJ. 2. ,e;jpahtpd; Ml;rp murpapd; Neubf; fl;Lg;ghl;by; nfhz;L tug;gl;lJ. 3. Gjpa gFjpfs; ,izf;fg;gl khl;lhJ. ,e;jpa muRfSld; nra;J nfhs;sg;gl;l xg;ge;jq;fs; Vw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gLk; vd mwptpj;jdh;.

4. 1861 y; mikf;fg;gLk; rl;lkd;wj;jpy; ,e;jpa gpujpepjpfs; epakpf;fg;gLthHfs; vdf; $wpaJ.

5. ,e;jpa jiyik MSeH murg; gpujpepjp (it];uha;) vd miof;fg;gl;lhH. (fhdpq;gpuG Kjy; it];uha;).

51. vk;.[p uhdNl

1. gpuhHj;jid rkh[j;ij tYT+l;bdhH. Njrpa r%f khehL vd;w mikg;ig Njhw;wtpj;jhH.

2. tpjitfs; kWkzr; rq;fk; kw;Wk; jf;fhzf; fy;tpf; fofk; Nghd;w mikg;GfisAk; Njhw;wtpj;jhH.

3. ,tuJ topfhl;Ljypy; gpuhHj;jid rkh[k; Nkw;F ,e;jpag; gFjpfspy; r%f rPHjpUj;jq;fis nrayhf;fk; nra;jJ.

4. jd;dykw;w Nrit nra;tjw;fhd fy;tpia typAWj;jpdhH.

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52. Rthkp tpNtfhde;jH

1. etPd ,e;jpahtpd; tpbnts;sp 2. mnkhpf;fhtpd; rpfhNfh khehl;by; ,e;J rkaj;jpd; Gfio cyfk; mwpar; nra;jhh;. 3. ,tuJ Mjutpy; cUthd ,af;fq;fs; gs;spfs;> fy;Y}hpfs;> kUj;Jtkidfs;>

Mjutw;NwhHf;fhd ,y;yq;fs; Mfpatw;iw cUthf;fpaNjhL ,aw;if NguopT Vw;gLk; NghJ kf;fSf;F MjuTf; fuk; ,d;Wk; ePl;LfpwJ.

53. mfkjpah ,af;fk;

1. kpHrh Fyhk; mfkJ vd;gtuhy; ,t;tpaf;fk; cUthdJ. 2. ,tH jd;id jPHf;fjhprp vd $wpdhH. 3. ,];yhkpaHfis Fuhdpy; nrhy;yg;gl;l cz;ikahd nfhs;iffSf;F jpUk;g Ntz;Lk;

vd miog;G tpLj;jhH. 4. gpw kjg; gug;ghsHfs; itj;j thjq;fis ,tH vjpHnfhz;lhH.

54. rpq; rgh ,af;fk;

1. etPd Nkw;fj;jpa fy;tpia rPf;fpaUf;F fpilf;f Nehf;fkhf nfhz;lJ. 2. fpwp];jt kjg;gug;ghsHfs; kw;Wk; ,e;J rka kPl;NlLg;ghsHfspd; eltbf;ifis vjpH nfhz;lJ.

3. mfhyp ,af;fk; ,jd; fpis ,af;fkhFk;.

55. itFz;lrhkpfs;

1. rhkpNjhgpy; gpwe;j itFz;l rhkpfis gpd;gw;WNthH ma;ah top te;jtHfs; vd miof;fg;gLfpd;wdH.

2. ,tUila epoy; jhq;fy; topghl;Lf; $lq;fs; rhjp fl;LghLfis cilj;jJ. 3. ,tuJ rPlHfs; jiyghif mzpe;jdH. 4. 1851 y; ,tuJ ,wg;gpw;f;F gpd;dUk; njd; jpUthq;$H gFjpapy; fpwp];jt rkak;

guthky; ,Uf;f Iah top ngUk; gq;fhw;wptUfpwJ.

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