© 2020 ijrar june 2020, volume 7, issue 2 design and

© 2020 IJRAR June 2020, Volume 7, Issue 2 www.ijrar.org (E-ISSN 2348-1269, P- ISSN 2349-5138)

IJRAR19L1644 International Journal of Research and Analytical Reviews (IJRAR) www.ijrar.org 23

Design and Modeling of Small Scale Animal Drawn

In Line Seeder Machine Ashenafi Kiros Negash

Department of Mechanical Engineering ,

Adigrat University, Adigrat-Ethiopia ,

Abstract Ethiopia is a country typified by a predominantly subsistence agrarian economy. The agriculture believed to have

started 7000 or more years ago. It mainly depends on animal drawn tillage and broadcast method of seeding to

cultivate crops. Tillage performed with the help of pair of oxen as sources of traction force and broadcasting method is

the most common method of planting crops in Tigray region and as country in the whole regions. This method takes

place by providing parallel furrows ranging between 1 to 1.5 m gap on the field prior to broadcasting of crops as a

guide. In this study an assessment of traditional plough materials was done through primary data’s on two selected

sites to measure over all weight, length and materials to use as a bench mark on designing of the new designed in line

seeder. The main parts of the machine are handle ,hopper, hopper supporting rode, metric disk, shaft, main and

supporting wheels, furrow opener, furrow opener supporting guide, bearings , bolt and nuts and all detail drawings

and assemblies are modeled using catia software, The traditional tillage mechanism is made from combination

different materials (wood, leather and metal) with a weight ranging from 27.6 to 32.145 kg kg. whereas the weight of

the inline seeder machine is approximately 25 kg . The seeder machine is having a capacity of seeding four rows at a

time for the case of teff and wheat and up to 3 rows for the case of corn.

Key words tillage, in line seeder, broadcasting, modeling, analysis

Introduction Ethiopia is a country typified by a predominantly subsistence agrarian economy. Agriculture in Ethiopia is believed to

have started 7000 or more years ago [1]. It is not certain when, during this period, the use of animal-drawn tillage

implements has begun. The tillage material is known as ‘maresha’ in Amharic language. Regardless of who introduced

the ‘maresha ‘or its prototype into Ethiopia, the acceptance and utilization of an implement which was powered by

animals has contributed towards developing crop-livestock integration currently existing in the country. Oxen are the

main work animals and, in pairs, they are primarily used for seedbed preparation and threshing. Broad casting method

of seeding is also the main mechanism of seeding even though , it is having a number of limitations. Eg, some of the

crops left over uncovered, over depth seeding, non-uniform seeding as a result subject to floods or other animals like

birds and ants. For example the recommended plant depth of wheat and teff is recommended to be 3-3.5 cm and 2-3

cm) . Now days in these areas having small-scale farms, farmers are using hand based in line seeding practice through

dropping seeds by hand on a furrow provided. In this method of seeding at least, three people are required in addition

to the pair of oxen. So, this causes non uniform distribution of seeds, over waste of cereals, inter-row and intra-row

distribution of seeds are likely to be uneven, Poor control over depth of seed placement, consume more time and labor

and farmers who are on practice of extensive agricultural practice are facing problems of covering their fields on time

as of the time of summer is too short.

METHEDODES AND MATERIALS Data Collection Method A. Primary data sources

Interviewed farmers

Direct observations of agricultural practices

Collection of data /by measurement traditional materials

B. Secondary data sources

Design text books, reference books, previous researches, and papers

Relevant documents from Agricultural Transformation Agency of Ethiopia

Different you tube video’s

Data analysis methodology Interpreting the recorded data’s which can be essential for the design analysis

Technical interpretation of farmer’s design needs

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Force analysis using the mechanics, dynamics and kinematics

Geometrical calculations and cross checking for safeties of elements

2D and 3D drawings by CATIA

In order to design a mass of inline seeder machine with in the suitable range of an assessment were taken over 50

farmers traditional ploughing The above table shows mass of the overall material ranges between 27.6 to 32.145 kg .

Design Analysis

Figure 1: Catia Modeling of In Line Seeder Machine.

Working Mechanism The working mechanism of this machine is described as follows. The first successive hoppers are filled with Crop and

fertilizer is filled in to the 1st two hoppers. Similarly, all the rest hoppers are filled. The hoppers are provided with

bottom end opening and this opening is closed with metering the metric disk. The metric disk is a circular plate having

grooves at the circular ends along the circumstance. These grooves lined along with the circumference are used to hold

the crops when they pass the hoppers and take crops then drops when they pass the bottom end plate of the hoppers.

Then the crops are collected and pass through crop outlet. The crop outlet is connected to host tube and this host is

also connected to furrow openers. The dropping mechanism continues only if there is a rotation of the wheel.

Design of Hoper The hoper is designed to hold both the fertilizer and the cereal grain successively. This line seeder machine is designed

to saw four rows and it have total eight hoppers with four fertilizer hoppers and four for grain hoppers.

Material: the material for hopper is better to be galvanized steel sheet metal since the hopper is most of the time

subjected to moist conditions.

Volume of the hopper:

The volume of hopper is calculated as:

V= Surface area of base *thickness/height /

Where V= volume

The hopper is designed to have four portions. The three portions of the hopper are responsible for holding the grain

and or fertilizer and the fourth portion is responsible only to prepare the grain or fertilizer for distribution out latest.

So, volume of the hopper depends only on the upper three portions.




V1= 160*110*90= mm3

= 1,584,000 mm3

V2=[V1-( 30∗30

2∗ 100 +

30∗30

2∗ 90) ∗ 2]mm3

V2=1,584,000 mm3-171,000 mm3

V2=1,413,000 mm3

V3=100*30*30 =30,000 mm3

Vsh = V1+ V2+ V3=1,584,000+1413, 000+30,000 mm3

= 3,027,000 mm3

Total volume for crop is similar that is 4*3,027,000 mm3

Therefore the total volume is calculated as

8*3, 027, 000 mm3

=24216000 mm3

=0.0242 m3

Different data for specific weight of crops are important to determine the mass of crops per each hopper.

For this case teff and fertilizer are used as a case:

teff is selected due to the reason that teff is heavier than other crops per a given volume as compared to other.

Figure 2: 3D modeling of hopers using catiaV5.

Design of shaft The shaft is tightly fixed with rotating wheels and hopper (i.e. both grain and fertilizer hoppers), handle, bearings and

plowing tool are all carried by the shaft. For this case the shaft is subjected to combined effects of bending and

twisting moments.

Material selection

Since shaft materials are subjected to combine loadings (i.e. twisting, bending and fatigues) carbon steel materials.

The material used for ordinary shafts is carbon steel of grades 40 C 8, 45 C 8, 50 C 4 and 50 C 12. When a shaft of

high strength is required, then alloy steel such as nickel, nickel-chromium or Chrome vanadium steel is used. For

many study shaft material 50 c 4 is selected [11].

Figure 3: Free Body Diagram and 3D Modeling of Shaft

Where W1 = Weight of crop and stirring element

W2 = Weight of fertilizer and stirring element




DAP particle size = 3 – 3.2mm [12]

Particle density: the particle within unit volume =1600 kg/m3 [36]

Mass of teff per each hopper = 2kg

W1 = (mass of teff +mass of hopper)g

= (2 kg+0.5 kg k)*gravitational force

= 24.525 N

a = distance between wheel and hopper = 180 mm

b = distance between hoppers = 90 mm

l = length of the shaft between the two wheels=2a+7b = 2*180+7*90= 990 mm

L = total length of the shaft material= 990+2*55 = 1,100 mm

For this study, the shaft material is selected to be 50 C 4. Table 1: Mechanical Properties of the Selected Material [3]

Material type Yield strength Ultimate strength

50 C 4 370 Mpa 700 Mpa

Assumed Datas

W1 = (2.5 kg*9.81) = 24.525 N

Average velocity of oxen = 0.49 m/sec

Pair of ox draft force (F) =870N[6]

Operator force (F ) =100-250N[6]

Radius of wheel(R)=40 cm=0.4 m

Teff is selected as design input for the shaft. This is due to reason that teff is heavier than other crops per a

given volume.

Design of shaft for pure twisting moment The seeding rate is depending on velocity of the drawing animals. The angular velocity of the wheels is also calculated

from:

V = 𝜔*R Where v = velocity of drawing animals, 𝜔= angular velocity of wheel

To determine the torque on the shaft and power due to pair animal

T = 60𝑃

2𝛱𝑁 , 𝑇 =F*R , Where F = Traction force and P = power due to pair of animal and R = radius of wheel

Determination of Reaction forces at the two supports (wheels)

Figure 4: Load distribution of hoppers on shaft

RA=RB=4*W1=4*24.525 N=98.1 N

Considering factor of safety as four (4) MPa5.92

sec/225.14.0

49.0rad

R

V

wattTP

mNNNRFT

3.426225.1*384

3844.0*870*

3**16

dT

cmormmsaymd

Td

5.335027.0

10*142.2110*56*

16*38416* 6

6

3




Design of shaft for pure bending moment Including the weight of the shaft bending moment is occur at the midpoint (W1 and W2) of the shaft at a distance a+3.5

b of the bearing.

Design of shaft for combined effects of bending and twisting

Taking the max of the diameters diameter of the shaft is 21.88 mm let’s take diameter of the shaft to be 50 mm.

Design Number of Passes and Time per hectare

Determine the width of sowing of seed drill (W)

W = M x S, meter,

Where M= spacing S=number of rows, W = 20x 4 = 80 cm =0.8 m (taking raw spacing for teff)

Total hours required to cover for one hectare is calculated as: V= 0.49 m/s =1,764 m/hr. (taking pair of oxen)

Let’s take one hectare of land with square dimensions (100m*100m)

Figure 5 : A Hectare Farmland Showing Number of Passes

Number of passes for this 100 m wide agricultural field is calculated as:

N =width of field /width of sowing seed drill, 𝑁 =100𝑚

0.8 𝑚 = 125 pass

Therefore the time required to complete one pass is calculated as:

shour7tes425.17minuistimetotalthepasses125for

minutes3.4204sec0.49

100m

time

distancetime

time

distancevforethere

?t

passoneofdistanceSm/sec.,0.49v

100 m

100 m

0.8 m

01452.0,**32

3 ddMb

momentbendingMstress,bendingσwhereb

mN

mNbaRM

mba

A

*839.16

495.0*8.91)5.3(*

495.0)09.0(5.3180.05.3

max

mdd

TmNT

momenttwistngequivalentTwhereTMT

ee

ee

02188.0,60

,36.384384839.163

22

22




1. Determining Seed Drop Rate and metric disk

Figure 6 Drawing of Metric Disk Showing the Relationship between Angular and Linear Displacement

spacingangularGroovesθ

distanceradialGroovesR

groovesbetweendistanceangularswhere

Rθs

Table 1: Relationship between Grooves angular spacing and linear distance of drop for metric disk of 88 mm

SN A

ngle

Angular

Spacing(mm)

Linear

Spacing(mm)

1 2 0.035 3.07

2 4 0.070 6.14

3 6 0.105 9.22

4 8 0.140 12.29

5 10 0.175 15.36

6 12 0.209 18.43

7 14 0.244 21.50

8 16 0.279 24.57

9 18 0.314 27.65

10 20 0.349 30.72

11 22 0.384 33.79

12 24 0.419 36.86

13 26 0.454 39.93

14 28 0.489 43.00

15 30 0.524 46.08

16 32 0.559 49.15

17 34 0.593 52.22

.. .. Rs x= /R

From table 1 we can select metering disk groove spacing simply by seen linear spacing of crops along the same line

,but the spacing between two parallel line is depend on the spacing between furrow openers

Design considerations Physical properties of teff

equivalent-sphere= 0.71 to 0.87mm.

Mass of the thousands of teff seeds have between = 0.257g to 0.421g

density = 840 to 696 Kg/m3

Recommended kg per hectare = 5-12 kg

Spacing = 20 cm

Dap = 1000 kg

Physical properties of fertilizer[21]

DAP particle size is = 3 – 3.2mm

Particle density: the particle within unit volume = 1600kg/m3

Physical properties of wheat

1. Density Range = 1280 to 1395 kg m-3

2. The average length, width and thickness were 7.46, 3.37 and 2.66 mm at a moisture content of 9%

respectively.

Recommended kg per hectare = 125-175 kg

Spacing = 20 cm

Dap = 1000 kg




From the previous equations one pass/turn is covering 100 m distance and 80 m2 area of land . So according to the

recommended kilograms of teff per hectare of land as 12 kg .

Grams of teff per pass = 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑒𝑓𝑓 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑝𝑒𝑟 ℎ𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑟 𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑠

𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑝𝑒𝑟 ℎ𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑟

= 12,000 𝑔

125 = 96 grams per pass

Since each pass is having four lines ;every line in one pass is expected to seed 24 grams in 100 m.

Grams required per each meter = 24 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑠

100 𝑚 = 0.24 grams per meter = 0.0024 gram/cm

Now determine the angular spacing of grooves to seed 0.0024 grams over one centimeter,

= 24 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑠

100𝑚 =

24 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑠

100∗100𝑐𝑚 = 0.0024 gram/cm

Volume of groove required to hold 0.0024 grams of teff

Volume = 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑡𝑒𝑓𝑓 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑝𝑎𝑠𝑠

𝐷𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑒𝑓𝑓 =

0.0024 𝑔

840,000 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚/𝑚3 = =2.85 *10-9 m3 = 2.85 mm3

Let make it 3 mm3

Selecting the angular spacing from table 4:3 it is approximately about 7 0

The Radius of small groves at a regular spacing of 70 is calculated as

𝑉 = 𝜋𝑟2 ∗ ℎ

Let h = 1 mm

𝑉 = 𝜋𝑟2 ∗ ℎ

𝑟2 = 𝑉

𝜋∗ℎ =

3 𝑚𝑚3

𝜋∗1𝑚𝑚 = 0.954

𝑟 = 0.977 𝑚𝑚 say 1.2 mm

Grove diameter and angular spacing for fertilizer

Grams of fertilizer per pass = 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑧𝑒𝑟 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑝𝑒𝑟 ℎ𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑟 𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑠

𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑝𝑒𝑟 ℎ𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑟

= 1,000,000 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑧𝑒𝑟

125 𝑝𝑎𝑠𝑠 = 8,000 grams/pass = 8 kg.

Each four rows are expected to seed is 2 kg per pass

= 2,000 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑧𝑒𝑟

100𝑚 =

2,000 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑧𝑒𝑟

100∗100 𝑐𝑚 = 0.2 gram/cm

Volume of groove required to hold 0.2 grams of fertilizer

Volume = 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑡𝑒𝑓𝑓 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑝𝑎𝑠𝑠

𝐷𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑒𝑓𝑓 =

0.2 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑠

1,600,000 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑠/𝑚3 = 125 *10-9 m3 = 125 mm3

Let make it 125 mm3

𝑉 = 𝜋𝑟2 ∗ ℎ

Let h = 5 mm

𝑉 = 𝜋𝑟2 ∗ ℎ

𝑟2 = 𝑉

𝜋∗ℎ =

125 𝑚𝑚3

𝜋∗5𝑚𝑚 = 7.957

𝑟 = 2.8 say 4 mm

Furrow openers

Furrow openers are used to open the soil for planting the crop at different depth as per the standard depth for different

crops. This furrow opener is designed with different holes, which is suitable to different crops depth.

Figure 7 Model of Furrow Opener




Furrow openers are designed for soil resistances

The implement working resistance can be expressed as follows:

R= a.b.n.k (N)………..(a)

A low-draft implement such as a light seeder might impose a draft resistance force of about 200N [15]

Where R = Working resistance =200N

a = depth of cut

b = width of furrow opener

n = number of furrow opener

k= soil resistance force

B = cutting width

Total cutting width of the furrow opener is calculated as :

B = b.n (m)

So equation (a) can be written as:

R = a.B.k…………………..(b)

Taking the maximum of soil resistance

Let b = 30*1/3 because 1/3 of the opener is in contact with soil due to sharp end

n = 4, a = 50 mm

k= load/area in contact

=100N/(30*50*1/3*4)=0.05MPa this is soil resistance

Working capacity of pair of animal

Taking weight of single animal= 250 kg

Pair of animal = 780 kg

Since an animal is expected to pull a constant load of 1/10 of its weight the whole day ,the safe weight is 78 kg.

RESULT AND DISSCUSSIONS In this study ,animal drawn is basically made from combination of materials wood, metal and leather and the

overall weight is ranging from 27.6 to 32.145 kg. These traditional materials are not having a uniform dimensions

from farmer to farmer since they are manufactured manually with traditional methods. In this study the main

component shaft which carries all components of the machine and is subjected to a combined load of twisting and

bending moments. The main loadings are designed from a load of hoppers contains fertilizer. fertilizer is having more

densities than other crops and it waits more , if the shaft is safe for fertilizer it is safe for others. The main parts of the

machine are shaft, hopper, metric disk, bearings, handle, furrow opener, furrow opener holder, bolts and nuts. The

total mass of the machine is 30 kg . using an average oxen to oxen pair speed the total time taken to saw seeds in line

per hectare is calculated to be 7 hours. For the case of fertilizer or wheat plot of 100mx100m it needs 125 turns/passes

and the time required to complete one pass is 3.4 munities .

CONCLUSION

In conclusion animal drawn in line seeder is a machine which is used to minimize un necessary waste of both time and

crop as well as it will enhance crop yield per a given hectare. In most areas of Tigray region sowing of crops are done

via broadcast method , as a result of this method lots of crops are either under or over planted with un recommended

depth of plantation. To minimize these traditional practices and to increase crop production within a given hectare,

design and manufacture of line seeding machine will play a great role . In order to design and manufacture in line

seeder machine it was important to assess the currently available traditional animal drawn materials to take in to

consideration animal drawing capacity . The over The overall weight of the traditional weight was found to be in the

range of 27.6 to 32.145 kg . and the designed animal drawn in line seeder mass is 25 kg having adjustable metric disc

with a maximum of four rows.




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[13] https://con.2merkato.com/

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on the Performance of Maize. Austin Food Sci. 2016; 1(2): 1008.

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28, 2016


https://con.2merkato.com/



APPENDEX 1: PART DRAWINGS

Metric disc Bearing Hopper

Front wheel support

Front wheel Bolt Main wheel




Furrow opener

holder

Main shaft

Handle




APPENDEX 2 : ASSEMBLY DRAWING


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