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vnf; ig;pnf azmif;aumfukd 7Edkifonf? ig;acgif;ESifhpm;raumif;aom tom;rsm;ukdrl tajcmufvSef;jyD;aomftcsKd\wkdif;jynfrsm;wGif uJGs/ EGm;pmtjzpfvnf;aumif;/ajr-oZmtjzpfvnf;aumif; tokH;jyK-uonf?

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yGm;a7; tajctae ckdifcHhvmcJhavonf? xkdtcg i,fpOfu ynmaumif;pGmroifcJh7onfukd owd7I tvGwfoif,lavhusifhcJhjyD;aomf EkdifiHtESH\tjym;okd\ vSnfhvnfIpD;yGm;a7;ESifh b@ma7;pepfrsm;ukd avhvmcJhonf?

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1841 ckESpfwGif pawmhykd\rJqNe,ftwGuf atmufvFwfawmftrwftjzpf a&G;aumufwifajr|muf jcif;cH7onf? xkdtcgwGifaumufoD;ESHOya'rsm;ukd zsufodrf;7eftcsufusvSaomtqkdrsm; wifoGif;cJhonf? 0ef-uD;csKyf qma7mAwfyD;. b@ma7;pDrHudef;rsm;ukdvnf;uef\uGuf cJhonf? 1845ckESpfwGif aumhA'ifonf aumufoD;ESHOya'wkdufzsufa7;SESifh oufqkdifaomar;cGef;rsm;ukdqma7mAwfyD;xH wifoGif;7m qma7mAwfyD;yif rajzEkdifatmif &SdcJhonf? xkdESpfwGifyif qma7mAwfyD; 7mxl;rS EkwfxGufI *sGef7yfqJwufvmaomtcg aumhA'iftm; tpkd;7tzJG\wGif 7mxl;ay;cJhaomfvnf; ol.vkyfief;rSm vFwfawmftjyifzufwGifom &Sdygonf[kqkdI 7mxl;ukd vufrcHbJaecJhonf? xkdaemuf wpfESpfcef\t-umqma7mAwfyD;tpkd;7tzJG\ jyefwufvmaomtcg aumhA'ifwkd\. vkyfief;rSm atmifjrifjyD;ajrmufoGm;avonf?

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aumhA'ifonf 1865 ck{jyDv 27ufae\wGif vef'efjrdK\YuG,fvGefonf? ol.&kyftavmif;ukd ol.Zmwdt7yf rpf'[wfjrdK\teD; vufAifweft7yfwGif jr|KyfESHcJhavonf?

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aumhAuf 'AsL (c7pf 1^63„1835) ? ?0DvsHaumhAufonf t*‡vdyf vlrsKd;pma7;q7m/ owif;pmq7mESifhEkdifiHa7;orm;jzpf.? pdwfaemufukd,fygjyKwwfI awmifolv,form;om;yDyD awm&Gmaus;vufukd cifrifwG,fwmonf? pma7;q7mtjzpfjzifh rESpfoufp7mawG\v~if raxmufrn|mbJyGifhyGifhvif;vif; &=wfcsa0zefa7;om;avh&Sdonf? aumhAufonf qm7De,fzm;erf;jrdK\Y 1^63ckrwfv97ufae\wGif arG;zGm;onf?rdbrsKd;&kd; tquftEG,frsm;rSm awmifolv,form;rsm;jzpfaomfvnf;rdz&kd;7mtvkyfukdpGef\I vef'efjrdK\wGif a&S\aepma7;tjzpfvkyfukdifcJhonf? xkd tvkyfwGif jiD;aiG\vmjyefaomtcg ppfxJokd\0ifa7muftr=xrf;cJh7m uae'gEkdifiHe,l;A7efZGpfe,fwGif wm0efuscJh.?

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aiGaygif 1000 ay;aqmif7ef &kH;awmfrS trdef\csrSwfvkdufavonf?

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(tay:„0J) ajrmufukd7D;,m;wyfrsm;ukd OD;pGmwm;qD;ckcH

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1882 ckESpfrS 1892 ckESpftxd tD*spfppfwyfrsm;ukd

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ud_awmif;jrdK\

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ppfyJG-uD;rsm; pwifonfESifhwpfjydKifeuf EdkifiHtcsif;csif;roifhwifhr=vlrsKd;tcsif;csif;rkef;wD;r=rsm; yGm;rsm;vmvsuf wpfzufukdwpfzuf tEkdifwkdufckduf-uawmhonf?ppfonf pD;yGm;a7;/ ynma7;/ vlr=qufqHa7;/ vl\,Ofaus;r= jyef\yGm;a7;wkd\ukd [ef\wm;7yfwef\ap&kHr~ru/ vlwkd\. ukd,fusifhw7m;rsm;ukdvnf; ysufjym;edrfhusaponf? vl\avmu-uD;.wkd;wuf-uD;yGm;a7;wGif rD;&Œ;wefaqmifrsm;jzpfaom od_H/ 0d%mynm7yfwkd\rSm ppfEkdifa7;wpfckwnf;twGuf tvkyftau';jyK-u7awmhojzifh 'tjyK’vkyfief;rsm;xuf 'tzsuf’ vkyfief;rsm;tjzpf tokH;jyK-uonf? wkd;wufvmaom od_Hynm7yfa-umifhay:ayguf vmonfh vufeufopf/ vufeufqef;rsm;onf jrdK\&Gm/ tkd;tdrf/ taqmufttkH-uD;rsm;ukdc+ twGif; avmifusGrf; jymusapcJh&kHomru/ tjypfuif;rJhaom uav;oli,fESifh 7yfol&Gmom;trsm;.touf pnf;pdrfwkd\ukdvnf; qkH;&=H;apcJhavonf?

xkda-umifh ppfyJG-uD;rsm;ukd vlwkdif;&GH&Smrkef;wD;-uonf? ppfyJG-uD;rsm;ukd [ef\wm;Ekdifonfh enf;trsKd;rsKd;wkd\ukd &SmazG-uHq-uukefonf? EkdifiH-uD;tcsif;csif; tkyfpkzJG\um tm+mrJwif;ay;onfhpepfjzifhaomf›if;/ tjynfjynfqkdif7m Oya'jyKvFwfawmfrsm;zJG\pnf;Iaomf›if;/EkdifiHtcsif;csif; rsufESmpkHnDawG\qkHaqG;aEG;-ujcif;jzifhaomf›if;/ ppfyGJ-uD;rsm;ukd[ef\wm;Ekdifvdrhfrnfpk,Hk-unf-uonf? xkd\a-umihfvnf; tqkdygenf;vrf;rsm;jzihf ppfyGJ

-uD;rsm;ukd [ef\wm;7ef -udK;pm;aqmif&Gufvsuf&Sd-u.? &k&Sm;tpkd;7. wkdufwGef;csuft7 1899 ckESpfwGiftjynfjynfqkdif7m nDvmcHwpfckukd [dwfjrdK\wGif usif;ycJhonf? tqkdygnDvmcHokd\ EkdifiHaygif; 26 EkdifiHrS ukd,fpm;vS,frsm;wufa7muf-ujyD;v~if vufeufav~mhaygha7;ESifh tjynfjynfqkdif7m w7m;ckHawmfxm;&Sda7;wkd\ukd qkH;jzwftwnfjyKcJhonf? 1900 jynfhESpfrSpI tjynfjynfqkdif7m tEknmw7m;pD7ifa7;&kH;awmfukd [dwfjrdK\wGiftjrJwrf;zGifhvSpfxm;cJh.? 190^ckESpfwGif 'kwd,t-udrfajrmuf tjynfjynfqkdif7mnDvmcH-uD;ukd [dwfjrdK\Y usif;yjyefonf? Tt-udrfY EkdifiHaygif; 44 EkdifiHrS udk,fpm;vS,frsm; wufa7mufcJhonf? nDvmcHwGif wpfEkdifiHESifhwpfEkdifiH tcsif;jzpfyGm;cJhv~if -um;EkdifiHu jzefajzaphpyf7efvnf;aumif;/ tr=tcif;rsm;ukd pkHprf;a7tzJG\rsm;zJG\IpkHprf;7efvnf;aumif; zJG\pnf;jyD;jzpfaom ckHawmftm;tm+mtcsKd\tyfESif;7efvnf;aumif; qkH;jzwfcHavonf? xkdtcsdefwGif ckHawmfrS tr=aygif; 15 r=r~ pD7ifqkH;jzwfjyD; jzpfavonf?

1890 jynfhESpfwGif pwifzJG\pnf;cJhaom tar7duefEkdifiHrsm;orConf tar7duefwkduf 2 wkduf&Sd EkdifiHrsm;tcsif;csif; cspf-unfa7;ukd aqmif&Gufvsuf&Sdonf? 1914ckESpfwGif tjynfjynfqdkif7mtzGJ\tpnf;rsm;/ oabmwlpmcsKyfrsm; ykdrkd rsm;jym;vmojzifh yxruBmppf-uD;ukdyifwm;qD;Ekdifvdrfhrnf[k awG;xifcJh-uonf? 1914 ckESpfwGif EkdifiHtcsif;csif; csKyfqkdcJhaom pmcsKyfaygif;rSm 122r~&SdcJh.? tar7duefjynfaxmifpkuvnf; EkdifiHtoD;oD;ESifh pmcsKyftrsKd;aygif; 30 r~ csKyfqkdcJhonf? xkdESpfwGif xl;jcm;csufwpf7yfrSm tjynfjynfqkdif7m tjrJwrf;pkHprf;a7;tzJG\rsm; ay:aygufvmjcif;yifjzpfavonf?

okd\aomfjim;vnf; yxruBmppf-uD;rSm rvFJra&SmifombJ ay:aygufvmcJhavonf? yxruBmppf-uD;tjyD;wGif 1920jynfhESpfYcsKyfqkdaom Amaq;pmcsKyft7EkdifiHaygif;csKyftoif;-uD;wpfck ay:aygufvmcJhonf?

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toif;-uD;wGif EkdifiHaygif; 60 wkd\yg0ifI jynfaxmiftcsif;csif; tjiif;jzpfyGm;cJhaomf/ a&S;OD;pGm aphpyfjzefajza7;rsm;rjyKvkyfbJ ppfrzufpwrf; vufrSwfa7;xkd;-uavonf? toif;-uD;.wnf7mXmeESifh tjynfjynfqkdif7m tvkyform;tpnf;t&kH;-uD;ukd *sDeD;Am;jrdK\wGifxm;&SI tjynfjynfqkdif7m w7m;ckHawmfukd [dwfjrdK\wGifxm;&Sdavonf?

EkdifiHaygif;csKyftoif;-uD;onf uBmay:wGif aemufxyf ppfrufrsm; rjzpfyGm;ap7ef t”du7nf&G,fcsufjzifhaqmif&GufcJhonf? EkdifiHwkdif;vufeufukd tenf;EkdifqkH;txd av~mhaygh-uatmifaqmif&Gufa7;rSm toif;-uD;. pDrHudef;wpf7yfjzpfavonf? (EkdifiHaygif;csKyftoif;˜„7=? ) 1925ckESpfwGifcsKyfqkdaomvkdum; Ekd;pmcsKyfwGifvnf;aumif;1928„29 ckESpfrsm;Y csKyfqkdaomuJavmhpmcsKyf[k xif&Sm;aom yg7pfjrdK\jidrf;csrf;a7;pmcsKyfwGifvnf;aumif;/EkdifiHcsif;csif;oabmuJGvGJcsufrsm;ukd at;csrf;aomenf;rsm;jzifhom ajz&Sif;-u7efo abmwlnD-uonf? 1922 ckESpfESifh 1930 jynfhESpfrsm;wGif0g&SifwefjrdK\ESifhvef'efjrdK\rsm;Y a7wyftiftm; av~mhaygha7; pmcsKyfrsm;ukdvufrSwfa7;xkd;cJh-uonf? xkdpmcsKyfrsm;t7 t*‡vef/ tar7duef/ tDwvD/ jyifopf/*syefEkdifiHrsm;wGif ppfoab‡mta7twGufESifh trsKd;tpm;rsm;ukd uef\ owfxm;7ef jzpfavonf? EkdifiHaygif;csKyftoif;-uD;onf uBmhjidrf;csrf;a7;ukd ay;pGrf;Ekdifvdrfhrnf[k uBmh vlxk-uD;wpf7yfvkH;u ajr|mfvifhtm;ukd;cJh-u.? okd\aomf EkdifiHaygif;csKyftoif;-uD;.aqmif&Gufcsufwkd\rSm ar~mfrSef;oavmuf c7D;raygufajrmufcJhacs?1925ckESpfwGif *smreDtm; toif;-uD;okd\ 0ifcGifhjyKcJhaomfvnf;[pfwvmtm+m&SifjzpfvmjyD;aemuf1933 ckESpfwGif EkwfxGufoGm;avonf?

1932ckESpfESifh 1933ckESpfrsm;wGif vufeuf av~mhaygha7; nDvmcH-uD;ukd *sDeD;Am;jrdK\Y usif;yEkdifcJhaomfvnf; 7nfrSef;onfhtwkdif; ratmifjrifbJ EkdifiHaygif;csKyftoif;-uD;rS wpfEkdifiHjyD;wpfEkdifiHtv~Kdv~Kd EkwfxGuf

oGm;-uavawmhonf? 1933 ckESpfwGif *smreD/ 1934ckESpfwGif *syef/ 1935 ckESpfwGif tDwvDEkdifiHwkd\ toD;oD;EkwfxGuf oGm;-ujyD;aemuf/ 1939 ckESpfwGif qkdAD,uf&k&Sm;tm;EkdifiHaygif;csKyftoif;-uD;rS xkwfy,fcJh.?Tokd\tm;jzifh EkdifiHaygif;csKyftoif;-uD;u wm;qD;rEkdifaom 'kwd,uBmppf-uD; jzpfay:vmcJh7jyefonf?

uBmhjidrf;csrf;a7;aqmif&Gufonfh tzJG\tpnf;rsm;wGif t*‡vefjynfrS jidrf;csrf;a7;orConf wpfck

tygt0ifjzpfcJhonf? Ttoif;ukd 1934ckESpfwGifc7pf,efbkef;awm-fuD;&Sufywfu pwifxlaxmifIatmv'wf[wfpav;/Amx7ef7yfqJpaom ykCdKvfrsm; yg0ifonf? 'kwd,uBmppf-uD;tjyD;wGif ukvorCt zJG\-uD;rSmuBmhjidrf;csrf; a7;r@dKif-uD;jzpfvmayawmhonf?(ukvorC „7=? ) 1945ck ZGefv 267ufae\wGif xkwfjyefcJhaom ukvorC tajccH7nf&G,fcsufESifh vkyfief;pOf ausnmpmwrf;-uD;

wGif uBmhjidrf;csrf;a7;ukd7&Sdap7ef uBmay:wGifaemufxyf ppfrjzpfyGm;apjcif;iSg TtzJG\csKyf-uD;ukdzJG\pnf;a-umif; twdtvif; az:jyxm;avonf?

ukvorCtzJG\-uD;onf uBmhjidrf;csrf;a7;ukd aqmif&Guf7mY aoe*‡AsL[m 3 rsKd;jzifh aqmif&Gufvsuf&Sdonf? yxrenf;rSm jiif;ckHjzpfyGm; 7if-um;raphjzpfaeaom EkdifiHrsm;ta7;wGif aqmvsifpGm jzefajzaphpyfay;aom enf;jzifhjzpfI/ ygvufpwkdif;ta7;/ tif'kdeD;&Sm;ta7;ESifhuÆD7jynfe,fta7;wkd\wGif aqmif&GufcJhonfhvrf;pOfrsm;twkdif; jzpfonf? 'kwd,enf;rSm jidrf;csrf;a7;ukdxdckdufap7ef ta-umif;ay:aprnfha'orsm;ukd ukvorCEkdifiHi,frsm; xdef;odrf;a7;tzJG\u xdef;odrf;tkyfcsKyfapjcif;jzpfonf? yrmtm;jzifh tmz7duwkduf taemufawmifbufa'o/ wkd*kdvef/ e,l;*if;eD/ qkdrm;vDveftp&Sdaoma'owkd\ukd xdef;odrf;tkyfcsKyfxm;onfhenf;wlyif jzpfonf? wwd,enf;vrf;rSm rzHG\jzdK;ao;aoma'orsm;okd\ txl;tzJG\rsm;apvFwfIvnf;aumif;/ pD;yGm;a7;tultnDrsm;ay;Ivnf;

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aumif;/ uBmoluBmom;wkd\tm; pD;yGm;a7;uyfysufrsm;rqkduf7avatmif -udKwifumuG,fr=rsm;ukd jyKvkyfxm;avonf? ukvorCtzJG\atmufwGif&Sdaom uBmhusef;rma7;tzJG\/ EkdifiHaygif;pkHynm/ od_HESifh,Ofaus;r=tzJG\ponfwkd\rSm ppfruftcif;rsm; rjzpfyGm;ap7ef jy©emt7yf7yfrsm;ukd ajz&Sif;aqmif&Gufay;EkdifcJhavonf?

1950jynfhESpf ZGefv 257ufae\wGif ajrmufykdif;ukd7D;,m;ESifh awmifykdif;ukd7D;,m;wkd\ vufeufpJGukdif ppfzufjydKif-uav7m ukvorCtzJG\-uD;onf tcsdefrSD[ef\wm;Ekdifrnfhenf;vrf;rsm;ukd &SmazGcJhavonf? jzpfay:vmaom tajctaersm;ESifhavsmfnDpGm ukvorCtzJG\-uD;onf ta7;-uD;aom qkH;jzwfcsufrsm;ukd csrSwf7jyefonf? ( ukd7D;,m;ppfyJG„7=? )

1950 jynfhESpf Ekd0ifbmv 3 7ufae\wGif tzJG\0ifEkdifiHaygif; 52 EkdifiH. axmufcHcsufjzifh 'jidrf;csrf;a7;twGufpnf;vkH;r=’ tqkdukd qkH;jzwfcsufcsrSwfcJh-uonf? Ttqkd. twkdcsKyfrSm uBmhjidrf;csrf;a7;ukd csKd;zJhzsufqD;vmaomtcg/ okd\r[kwf usL;ausmfapmfum;r=rsm; ay:aygufvmaomtcg vkHjcKHa7;aumifpDu wm0ef,laqmif&Guf7rnf? vkHjcKHa7;aumifpDwGif EkdifiH-uD;rsm;tcsif;csif; oabmuJGvGJaecJhv~if taxGaxGnDvmcH-uD;uwm0ef,lI qkH;jzwfaqmif&Guf7efjzpfonf? taxGaxGvFwfawmf. qkH;jzwfcsufrsm;wGif yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufa7; udPrsm;tjyif/ vufeufukdifwyfrsm;jzifh yg0ifwkdufckdufoifhuvnf; wkdufckduf7ef axmufcHcsufrsm;ukd qkH;jzwfEkdifavonf? tu,fI taxGaxGvFwfawmfnDvmcHusif;ycsdefESifh rwkdufqkdifcJhv~if vkHjcKHa7; aumifpD0if^ EkdifiHujzpfap/ tzJG\0ifEkdifiHtrsm;u jzpfap ta7;ay:nDvmcH-uD;ukd zdwfac:7rnf? xkdrSwpfyg; tzJG\0ifEkdifiHaygif; 14 EkdifiHyg0ifaom jidrf;csrf;a7; avhvmr=tzJG\wpfckukdvnf; zJG\pnf;xm;7efqkdaomtcsufvnf; yg0ifavonf?

tqkdygqkH;jzwfcsufrsm;t7 ukvorCtzJG\-uD;onfukd7D;,m;awmifykdif;tm; pD;yGm;a7;ESifh ppfa7;ppf7m tultnDrsm; ay;cJhavonf? uBmhjidrf;csrf;a7; aqmif&Gufcsufrsm;ukdyg az:jyrSomv~if jynfhpkHrnfjzpfojzifh qkdAD,uftkyfpkrsm;. uBmhjidrf;csrf;a7; aqmif&Gufr=rsm;ukdvnf; az:jyoifhayonf?

1936 ckESpfwGif uBmhjidrf;csrf;a7; uGef*7uf-uD;ukdA7yfqJjrdK\Yusif;ycJh7m uBmt7yf7yfrS ukd,fpm;vS,faygif; 5000 r~ wufa7mufcJhonf? 'kwd,uBmppf-uD;jyD;qkH;jyD;aemuf uBmhjidrf;csrf;a7;aumifpDwGif vuf

0J*kd+f;om;rsm;om -uD;pkd;vFrf;rkd;vsuf&Sdavonf?1949 ckESpftwGif; yg7pfjrdK\ESifh y7m[jrdK\rsm;wGif yxrt-udrfajrmuf jidrf;csrf;a7; nDvmcH-uD;ukd usif;ycJh.?

1950 jynfhESpf rwfvwGif uBmhjidrf;csrf;a7;aumifpDonf jidrf;csrf;a7;vrf;pOfrsm;ukd pawmh[krf;jrdK\Y a7;qJGcJh7m/ 'pawmh[krf; jidrf;csrf;a7;pDrHudef;’ rsm;[k ac:wGifavonf? TpDrHudef;wGif -uD;ig;-uD;oabmwlvufrSwfa7;xkd;a7;/ EkdifiH-uD;rsm;. vufeuftiftm;ukd 3 ykH 1 ykH av~mhaygha7;rsm; yg0ifonf? xkdESpfEkd0ifbmv 167ufae\wGif 'kwd,t-udrfajrmuf uBmhjidrf;csrf;a7; nDvmcH-uD;ukd 0gaqmjrdK\wGifpwifusif;ycJhIEkdifiHaygif; 48 EkdifiHrSukd,fpm;vS,frsm; wufa7mufcJh-uonf? 1952 ck atmufwkdbmvwGif tm&SESifhypdzdwfEkdifiHrsm; jidrf;csrf;a7;nDvmcHukd w&kwfjynfol\oRwEkdifiH yDuif;jrdK\awmfY usif;ycJh7m/ jrefrmEkdifiHtygt0ifjzpfaom EkdifiHaygif; 3^ EkdifiHrS ukd,fpm;vS,frsm; wufa7mufcJhavonf?

1952 ckESpf 'DZifbmv 12 7ufae\rS 19 7ufae\wkdifatmif wwd,t-udrfajrmuf uBmhjidrf;csrf;a7;uGef*7ufukd AD,if;em;jrdK\awmfYusif;ycJh.? EkdifiHaygif; 85EkdifiHwkd\rS ukd,fpm;vS,frsm;/ avhvmolrsm; wufa7mufcJh-uonf? TnDvmcH-uD;wGif EkdifiHaygif; 64 EkdifiHrSoef;aygif; 560 ausmfr~aomvlrsm;uvufrSwfa7;xkd;ay;ykd\aom 'jidrf;csrf;a7;arWm7yfcHvFm’ rsm;ukdwifjycJhonf? tqkdyg uBmhjidrf;csrf;a7; nDvmcH-uD;rsm;.qkH;jzwfcsuf twkdcsKyfrSm w&kwfjynfol\oRwEkdifiH tygt0if-uD;ig;-uD; awG\qkHaqG;aEG;a7;/ *smreDEkdifiHukdjyefvnfpkpnf;a7;/ *syefEkdifiHukd 'Drkdua7pDEkdifiHwpfckjzpfajrmufa7;/ ukd7D;,m;ppfyJG 7yfpJa7;ESifh 1925 ckESpfusif;yqkH;jzwfcJhaom *sDeD;Am;y&kd;wkdukd;pmcsKyft7 a7m*gykd;vufeufukd tokH;rjyKa7;wkd\ukd aqG;aEG;qkH;jzwfcJh-uonf? qkdAD,uftkyfpk EkdifiHrsm;u yDumqkdxGifcJhaomoHvGifcufcsDxm;aom *sKd;jzLiSuf&kyfukd jidrf;csrf;a7;txdrf;trSwfjzifh xm;-uonf?

xkdaemuf ukvorCtwGif;&Sd -uD; 4 -uD;EkdifiHrsm;awG\qkHaqG;aEG;7efukd twefwef pum;urf;vSrf;cJh-uonf? -uD;av;-uD; awG\qkHaqG;aEG;a7;ukdom oabmwlnD-ujyD;aemuf rlvtajccHtm;jzifh jyifopf/ tar7duefESihf t*‡vef 3 EkdifiHwkd\onf 1953 ck 'DZifbmv4 7ufae\wGif AmrsL;'g;u`ef;Y awG\qkHaqG;aEG;-uonf? AmrsL;'g;usGef;rS tpysKd;cJhaom tpDtpOfrsm;t71954 ck Zefe0g7Dv 25 7ufae\wGif *smreDjynfbmvif

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ra7mufvSao;acs?*smreDonf t*‡vefukdava-umif;rS wkdufckduf7mY

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418

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rspa

ce.c

om.m

m

431

jAdwdo~wpfrsKd;om;vkH;pdwf"gwfrSm ,cifxufwkd;I v=yf&Sm; wuf-uGvmavonf? jAdwdo~ 0ef-uD;csKyf rPwmcsmcsDuvnf; wkdif;oljynfom;rsm;tm; pdwf"gwfrysufjym;ap7ef -o0g'pum; ajym-um;onf? okd\7mwGif jyifopftpkd;7. pdwf"gwfum; ysufjym;vsuf&SdavjyD? *smrefwkd\rvma7mufrDuyif tnHhcHt&=H;ay;vkdaompdwfrSm jyifopfwkd\.ukd,fwGif udef;atmif;vsuf&SdcJhonf? *smrefbufawmfom;jzpfaom jyifopftpkd;7ykdif;rS acgif;aqmifrsm;uvnf; t&=H;ay;vkd-uonf? jynfolvlxk-uD;rSm wpf&=H;wnf;&=H;aeojzifh pdwfysuftm;i,fum rnfolukdtm;ukd;7rSef;rod&Sm-uawmhacs? pdwf"gwfysufjym;aejyDjzpfaom jyifopfwyfom;rsm;ukd jyefvnfpnf;&kH;rdatmif AkdvfcsKyfrufZif;a0;*ef;u -udK;pm;ao;onf? okd\aomfvnf;*smref,M,m;wyfrsm;.'+fukd rwGef;vSefEkdifacs? *smrefwkd\onf pdef;jrpfurf;xda7mufvm-uonf? xkduJhokd\ ta7;-uD;onfh tcsdefwGiftDwvDonf ppfxJokd\ 0ifa7mufvmjyD;v~ifjyifopf.aemufausmukd”m;ESifh xkd;avonf?1940 jynfhESpf ZGefv 10 7ufae\wGifrlqdkvDeDu jyifopftm; ppfausnmIwkdufckdufonf? ZGefv 14 7ufae\wGifjyifopfwkd\onf yg7pfjrdK\awmfrS qkwfoGm;ojzif h *smrefwk d \vnf;ryifryef;bJyg7pfjrdK\ukd odrf;ykdufEkdif-uonf? jyifopftpkd;7onf aAm'kd;okd\ ajymif;a7F\oGm;7onf?0ef-uD;csKyfa7;Ekd; EkwfxGufIrm&S,faywef;wufvmonf? aywef;onf t*‡vef„jyifopf pmcsKyfukd azgufzsufum *smrefESifhppfajyjidrf;7ef aphpyfonf? aywef;onf *smrefwkd\. awmif;qkdcsufrsm;ukdvkdufavsmum1940 jynfhESpf ZGefv 25 7ufae\wGif *smreDESifhppfajyjidrf;vkdufonf? Tokd\jzifh Oa7mywkdufwGif vufeufEkdifiH-uD;wpfckjzpfaom jyifopfonf 7ufoWywf tenf;i,ftwGif; emZDwkd\.vufwGif;okd\ vkH;0oufqif;oGm;7avonf?

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cHwyf-uD;wpfckukdom tm;ukd;vsuf xkd;ppfqif7ef pdwfrul;bJ emZDwkd\.twkdufukdom ckcH7efapmifhqkdif;ae-uonf? ppfy7d,m,fwGifvnf;aumif;/ vufeufwGifvnf;aumif;/ ,M7m;ppftwGuf jyifqifjcif;rjyKvkyfvkd-uacs? 'kwd,ta7;-uD;aomtcsufrSm jyifopfwkd\wGiftrsKd;om;pnf;vkH;r= r&Sdjcif;yifjzpfonf? vlxku tpkd;7tm;t,kHt-unfr&SdouJhokd\yif tpkd;7uvnf; vlxktay:wGif ,kH-unfxm;jcif;r&Sdacs? EkdifiHa7; ygwDrsm;uvnf; 7efolukdwkdufrnfhtpm; tcsif;csif;omv~if wkdufckdufae-uonf? vlxk.pdwf"gwfrSmvnf; ysufjym;vsuf&Sdavonf? emZDwkd\ wpfEkdifiHjyD;wpfEkdifiH atmifEkdifonfukd awG\7aomjyifopfrsm;rSm tvkdtavsmuf a-umufpdwf0if umckcHvkdaom qNvkH;0 r&Sd-uawmhacs?wwd,tcsufrSmum; jyifopftpkd;7ykdif;ESifh owif;pm

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ce.c

om.m

m

432

avmuwGif vmbfpm;r=/ oPmazgufr=/ npfywfr=rsm;&Sdaejcif;yif jzpfavonf? tcsKd\aom acgif;aqmifrsm;onf jyifopfoRwEkdifiH-uD;tm; zufqpfEkdifiHtjzpfokd\ajymif;vJvdk-uonf?

jyifopfukd odrf;ykdufEkdifjcif;rSm *smrefwkd\tzkd\ -uD;pGmaom tusKd;aus;Zl;ukd jzpfaponf? jyifopfukd odrf;ykdufxm;7onfhtwGuf odrf;ykdufa-u;ukd jyifopfwkd\u ay;7onf? jyifopfEkdifiHwpf0ufeD;yg;ukd *smrefu odrf;ykdufxm;7onf? *smrefwyfrsm;ukd jyifopfwkd\u axmufyHhxm;7onf? Oa7mywkduf taemufurf;ajcukd *smref

wkd\utkyfcsKyfxm;avonf? jyifopf/ AJv*sD,rfESifh a[mfvefEkdifiHrsm;ukd wpfckjyD;wpfck odrf;ykdufEkdifojzifh *smrefppf wyfrsm;tm; rnfonfh EkdifiHur~ EkdifatmifwkdufEkdifvdrfhrnf r[kwf[kxif-uonf? ayweftpkd;7onf AD&SdjrdK\okd\a7F\ajymif;I &kH;pkdufavonf? okd\7mwGif [pfwvm. oabmwlnDcsuft7om ayweftpkd;7 wnfjrJaejcif;jzpfonf? jyifopfppfacgif; aqmifwpfOD;jzpfaom AkdvfcsKyf'Da*grSm *smrefvufatmufokd\r0ifbJ t*‡vefwGif ckdv=Hae,if; tiftm;pkaqmif;vsuf &Sdavonf?

jAdwdefwkdufyGJ

*smrefvufatmufokd\ jyifopfEkdifiH-uD;usoGm;7jcif;onf -um;aeEkdifiH-uD; ESpfEkdifiHjzpfaom tar7duefjynfaxmifpkESifh qkdAD,uf&k&Sm;ukd rsm;pGmxdckdufaponf? ppfjzpfpwGif tar7duefjynfaxmifpkonf -um;aea7;0g'ukd usyfwnf;pGmvkdufemcJhonf? okd\7mwGif jyifopfEkdifiH-uD; usqkH;oGm;aomtcg-um;aea7;0g'udk vdkufraeawmhbJ rdrd.ppftiftm;ukdwkd;csJ\I r[mrdwfEkdifiHrsm;tm;tpGrf;ukef ulnD7awmhonf? 1940 jynfhESpfpufwifbmv 2 7ufae\wGif jAdwddefESifhtar7duef ESpfjynfaxmif oabmwlpmcsKyfjyKvkyf-uonf? xkdpmcsKyft7 tar7duefppfoab‡ma[mif; 50ausmfukd jAdwdefu7&SdIjAdwdo~ykdif u'ef;rsm;ay:wGif tar7duefppfpcef;rsm; aqmufvkyfcGifhjyK7onf? jAdwdefava-umif;wkdufyGJ? ?[pfwvmonfjyifopfukd odrf;jyD;aemuf ESpfvcef\tcsdef,lIaeavonf? xkdtawmtwGif; jAdwdo~wkd\onfppftwGufjyifqifr=rsm;ukdtjyif;txefvkH;yef;avonf? 1940 jynfhESpf -o*kwfv127uf ae\wGif *smrefavwyfonf t*‡vef&SdtcsuftjcmjrdK\-uD;rsm;ukdpwifI tjyif;txef AkH;-uJavonf? jAdwdefwkdufyGJ-uD;um;pavjyD? *smrefwkd\onf 7maygif;rsm;pGmaomav,mOfysHjzifhwpfokwfjyD;wpfokwf jAdwdo~

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ce.c

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433

av,mOfysHuGif;rsm;/ puf&kHrsm;/ cHwyfrsm;/ jrdK\-uD;rsm;ukdAkH;-uJ wkdufckduf-uonf? okd\7mwGif jAdwdo~wkd\ukd tvG,fwulESifhratmifjrifEkdifacs? jAdwdo~avwyfuvnf;rdrdxuf ta7twGufrsm;aom *smrefav,mOfysHrsm;ukdatmifjrifpGmckcHzsufqD;avonf? okd\7mwGif *smrefavwyfu tqufrjywfAkH;-uJvsufyif&Sdonf? pufwifbmv 2 7ufae\wGif jAdwdefEkdifiHukd vma7muf wkdufckdufaom *smref av,mOfysHaygif; 650 cef\ &Sdavonf?jAdwdo~ avwyfuvnf; *smrefav,mOfysH 10 pif;v~if wpfpif;ukdypfcsEkdifcJhonf? xkdaemufwGifum; *smrefrsm;onf ae\a7mnyg AkH;-uJwkdufckdufavonf? ppfa7;ppf7mESifhqkdifaom ae7mrsm;ukdomru ppfESifh wkduf&dkufroufqkdifaom ae7mtrsm;ukdvnf; AkH;-uJ zsufqD;avonf? 1940 jynfhESpf pufwifbmv wkdufyGJrSmtjyif;txefqkH; jzpfonf? okd\7mwGif rsm;pGmaom *smrefav,mOfysHwkd\rSm jAdwdo~ava-umif;umuG,fa7; xk

xnf-uD;ukd rxkd;azmufEkdif-uacs? aemufqkH;wGif *smrefwkd\onf jAdwdeftm; ava-umif;rS tjywftowfwkdufckduf7ef t-uHukd vufav~mhvkduf-u7onf?

jAdwdefwkdufyGJukd jAdwdo~wkd\atmifjrifvkdufjcif;rSmtvG,fwuljzifh atmifjrifvkdufonf[lIum; rxifrSwfoifhay? TwkdufyGJwGif vef'efjrdK\awmfESifhwuG tjcm;jrdK\-uD;rsm;rSm *smrefAkH;'+fa-umifh r&=rvSysufpD;cJh7onf? axmifaygif; rsm;pGmaom t7yfol t7yfom;rsm;rSmvnf; aoa-uysufpD;-u7onf? raoqkH;olrsm;rSmvnf; ukd,fvuft*‡g csGwf,Gif;-u7onf? jAdwdo~om;aumif;7wemjzpfaom ava-umif;ol7Jrsm;rSmvnf; usqkH;-u7avonf?0if&kd;wef;EkdifiHrsm;? ?jAdwdo~wkd\tm; ava-umif;rSwkdufckduf7eft-uHukd vufav~mh7jyD;aemuf [pfwvmonf aemufxyft-uD;tus,fxkd;ppfqif7ef r-udK;pm;awmhacs? wpfzufwGif wpfae\wpfjcm; tiftm;-uD;rm;

*smrefavwyf.'+fukd r&=rvScHvkduf7um rsm;pGmysufpD;qHk;yg;cJh7aom vef'efjrdK\.&=cif;wpfck

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ce.c

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m

434

vmaom qkdAD,uf&k&Sm;7efukd [pfwvmonf txl;owdxm;ae7onf? qkdAD,uf&k&Sm;rSm xkdtcsdeftxd[pfwvm. r[mrdwfjzpfaevnf; rlvuwnf;uemZDwkd\tm; rkef;wD;aom pdwfukd -um&SnfpGm v~Kd\0Sufrxm;Ekdif-uacs? xkdtcsufukd aumif;pGmodaom [pfwvmonf a&S;OD;pGm qkdAD,uf&k&Sm;ukdESdrfeif;jyD;v~ifOa7mywkdufwpfwkdufvkH;ukd pkd;rkd;7ef -uH&G,favonf?

1940 jynfhESpf pufwifbmvwGif emZDrsm;. tm;ay;ulnDr=jzifh &lar;eD;,m;wGif awmfvSefa7;jzpfyGm;jyD;v~if uJa7mbk7ifonf xD;eef;pGef\vFwfvkduf7onf?aemufwpfvcef\-umaomtcg &lar;eD;,m;wpfEkdifiHvkH;ukd *smrefwkd\u odrf;ykdufvdkufavonf? [efa*7DrSmum;*smreD. -oZmcHjzpfaeonf? [pfwvmonf -um;aeEkdifiH ESpfEkdifiHjzpfaom tar7duefjynfaxmifpkESifhqkdAD,uf&k&Sm;wkd\. tiftm;pkukdjzdKcGJ7eftwGuf tDwvD/*syefwkd\ESifh yl;aygif;avonf? 1940 jynfhESpf pufwifbmv 2^ 7ufae\wGif 0if&kd;wef;EkdifiHrsm;[lI ay:ayguf avonf? xkdae\wGif csKyfqkdaompmcsKyft7Oa7mywkdufwGif *smreDESifh tDwvDwkd\.acgif;aqmifr=ukd *syefutodtrSwfjyKI tm&SwGif *syef. acgif;aqmifr=ukd *smreDESifhtDwvDu todtrSwf jyK-u7onf?wpfEkdifiHtm; jyify7efolrsm;ukdwkdufckdufcJhaomf wpfOD;ukdwpfOD;ulnD7ef oabmwlnD-uonf? [pfwvmonfol. acwfopfxlaxmifr=vkyfief;pOfxJokd\ qkdAD,uf&k&Sm;tm; qGJoGif;7ef-udK;pm;ao;onf? Tokd\-udK;pm;IratmifjrifonfhtqkH;wGif qkdAD,uf&k&Sm;tm; usL;ausmf wkdufckduf7ef pDpOfavawmhonf? qkdAD,uf&k&Sm;uvnf; jyefvnf ckcH7ef jyifqifaeavonf?

1939 ckESpfu tDwvDonf t,fvaA;eD;,m;jynfe,fuav;ukd odrf;cJhonf? wzef 1940 jynfhESpfwGif*7dukd wkdufckdufonf? okd\7mwGif &kwfw7uf ratmifjrifbJ&Sdojzifh *smrefwkd\. tultnDukd awmif;,l7onf?tDwvDwyfrsm;onf jAdwdo~wkd\. vufwGif ESpf-udrfwkdifwkdif t-uD;tus,fqkH;&=H;onf? txl;ojzifhvpfAsefoJuMm7wkdufyGJrSm tDwvDtzkd\ tepfemqkH;wkdufyGJ jzpf.?jAdwdeftm; tar7dueful7jyD? ? *7dESifh vpfAD;,m;wGiftDwvDwyfrsm; ta7;&=H;edrfhaepOf tar7duefjynfaxmifpkonf ppfxJ0if7ef ajcvSrf;vsuf &Sdonf? jAdwdo~wkd\onf ppfyPnf;rsm;ukd tar7duef jynfaxmifpkrS0,f,lvsuf&Sd7m 1940 jynfhESpf ukefavmufwGif a':vmaiGrsm; ukefcef; oGm;ojzifh tcuftcJESifh awG\7avonf?

*smref,lbkwfac: a7ikyfoab‡mrsm;uvnf; r[mrdwf ukef;oab‡mrsm;ukd tpm;rxkd; EkdifavmufatmifESpfjr|Kyfvsuf&Sdonf? ,if;tcuftJrsm;ukd ausmfeif;Ekdif7eftar7duefoRw &l;ZAJhu enf;vrf;wpfckukd wDxGifvkduf.? xkdenf;vrf;rSm tar7duefjynfaxmifpkrS ppfyPnf;rsm;ukd jAdwdefEkdifiHokd\ acWiSg;xm;jyD;v~if ppfjyD;aomtcgrS tar7duef jynfaxmifpkokd\ jyefay;7efyifjzpfonf? xkdtpDtpOfrSm tvGefaumif;aoma-umifh 1941 ckESpfwGif tar7duefvFwfawmfu tiSg;csta-uG;ay; Oya'-urf;ukd twnfjyKvkdufonf? ppfyPnf;rsm;ukd o,f,l ykd\aqmif7mY *smrefa7ikyfoab‡mrsm;.7efukdumuG,f7ef oab‡mrsm;ukd tar7duefa7wyfu Oa7mywkdufESifh tkdufpvefu'ef;txd tapmifhta&SmufESifh vkduffykd\ay;onf?

tmz7duESifh ta&S\teD;ykdif;EkdifiHrsm;ppfjzpfpESpfrsm;twGif;Y tjyif;xefqkH;wkdufyGJrsm;rSmOa7mywkdufwGif jzpfyGm;avonf? *smrefwkd\u atmifyGJ wpfyGJjyD; wpfyGJ7vsuf&Sd7m *smref ppfrsufESmrSmvnf;us,fjyef\onfxuf us,fjyef\vmavonf? 1940„41ckESpf aqmif;7moDwGif wkdufyGJrsm; t-uD;tus,frjzpfyGm;bJ jidrfoufaeonf? xkdtwGif; EkdifiHa7;y7d,m,frsm;ukdjyifqif,if; vmrnfh wkdufyGJ-uD;rsm;twGuf tm;,lae-uonf? 1941ckESpf aEGOD;aygufwGif jidrfoufaeaomppfrsufESmrSm &kwfw7ufv=yf&Sm;vmonf? *smrefwkd\onf aAmvuefa'o/ tmz7duESifh ta&S\teD;ykdif;EkdifiHrsm;wGif xkd;ppfqifavonf?

1941ck rwfv 17ufae\wGif blva*;7D;,m;EkdifiHonf 0if&kd;wef;EkdifiHrsm;ESifh yl;aygif;I *smrefppfwyfrsm;ukd 0ifcGifhjyKavonf? ,l*kdqvm;AD;,m;EkdifiHonfvnf;0if&kd;wef;r[mrdwf tzGJ\0ifEkdifiH jzpfoGm;onf? *7dEkdifiHonfvnf; *smrefwkd\. wkdufcdkufjcif;ukdcH7onf? ,cifu tDwvDwyfrsm;tm; atmifjrifpGmckcHEkdifcJhaom *7dwyfrsm;onf tiftm;-uD;rm;aom *smrefwyf-uD;rsm;ukdrlt&=H;ay;7awmhonf? ,cktcgwGif *smreDonf aAmfvuef wpfav~mufvkH;ukd odrf;ykdufrdjyD;jzpf7m Oa7mywpfwkdufvkH;tm; rdrdajcz0g;atmufwGifxm;&Sdum qkdAD,uf&k&Sm;wpfOD;wnf;ukdom wkdufckduf7efusefawmhonf? *smrefwyfrsm;u atmifyGJwpfckjyD;wpfck cH,lae-uonfhtcsdefwGif jAdwdo~wyfrsm;rSm aemufokd\ wqkwfwnf;qkwfae-u7ojzifh jAdwdo~wkd\*k+fowif;rSm rsm;pGm,kwfavsmhaeonf? tmz7duwkdufyGJrsm;wGif *smref

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ce.c

om.m

m

435

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uBmppf/ 'kwd,

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1942 ck arvwGifqifEFJaom jAdwdo~avwyf-uD;. xkd;ppfonfum; tjyif;txefqkH; jzpfayonf? av,mOfysH 1000 ausmfonf AkH;wefcsdef 3000 ausmfukdukdvkef;jrdK\ay:okd\ -uJcscJhonf? u&Gyfvufeuftvkyf&kHrsm;&Sd7m tufqifjrdK\ukdvnf; av,mOfysH 1000ausmfjzifh AkH;-uJcJhonf? xkdaemuf tar7duefavwyf yg0ifa7mufvmaomtcg r[mrdwfwkd\. avwyftiftm;rSm*smrefwkd\xuf tqrsm;pGm omoGm;avawmhonf?

1942 ckESpfwGif r[mrdwfwkd\onf t*‡vefwGifpcef;csI Oa7my&Sd7efolppfpcef;rsm;/ puf&kHrsm;/ vuf

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oef;I emZD ppftcsuftjcm ae7mrsm;ukd r=ef\r=ef\nufnuf acsr=ef;avonf? ppfjzpfpwGif tiftm;-uD;rm;ItvGefta7;ygcJhaom *smref avwyfrSm r[mrdwfavwyf'+fukd tEkdifEkdif ckcHae7avawmhonf?

t*‡vdyf/ tar7duefavwyf.AkH;'+fukd tjyif;txefqkH;cH7aomae7mrSm emZDpufr=vufr=XmecsKyf jzpfaom&l;0g;jrpf0Srf;jzpfonf? tufqift7yf&Sd u&Gyfvufeuf&kHrsm;/ ukdvkef;jrdK\/ [rf;AwfjrdK\ESifh tjcm;aom ppfESifhqkdifaom ta7;ygonfh jrdK\rsm;rSmvnf; AkH;'+fukd rcsdrqHhcH7avonf? ppfjzpfpwGif vef'efjrdK\awmfonf *smrefAkH;'+fukd trsm;qkH; cH7ouJhokd\ ,cktcsdefwGif *smreDEkdifiH.jrdK\awmfjzpfaom bmvifjrdK\onf r[mrdwf avwyf.zdaxmif;jcif;ukd cHae7onf? tar7duef avwyfrS rkd;ysHcHwyf-uD;rsm;rSm AkH;-uJ7mY rsm;pGmyif c7D;a7mufavonf? *smrefwkd\vnf; r[mrdwfava-umif;7efudk wwfEkdifoavmufumuG,f7ef -udK;pm;-u.? av,mOfysHrsm;ukd a&S;uxufykdrkdvkyfukdif-u.? 1944„1945 ckESpfrsm;wGifum; *smreDokd\ vma7muf AkH;-uJaom rkd;ysHcHwyfrsm;rSm wpf-udrfv~if 1300 xuf renf;ay? *smrefwkd\uvnf;vufeufqef;rsm;ukdxGifI jyefvSefwkduf

ckduf-uonf? vef'efjrdK\awmftm; ADG0rf;/ ADGwl; paom'kef;ysH vufeufqef;rsm;jzifh ta0;rSypfcGif;-uonf?okd\7mwGif vlrsm;ukdom xdrSefI ppfEkdifa7;twGuf t7mra7mufvSacs? rnfokd\yifqef;jym;aom vufeufrsKd;ukdwDxGiftokH;jyKaomfvnf; *smrefavwyftiftm;onfr[mrdwfavwyftiftm;ukdrvkdufEkdifawmhacs? Tokd\jzifhava-umif;ppfwGif *smrefwkd\ ta7;edrfh7avonf?

ajrxJyifv,f ppfrsufESm (1942„45)1942ckESpfrSpI ppf-uD;jyD;qkH;onftxd ajrxJyifv,f

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rm7Donf rdrd. wyfr-uD;ukd jyefvnfzGJ\pnf;I *smrefwkd\tm; wefjyefxkd;ppfqifav7m *smrefwkd\ aemufqkwfay;7onf? xkd\aemuf tar7duef ppfAkdvfcsKyftkdifqifa[mif;0g;tkyfcsKyfaomr[mrdwfwyfaygif;pkrsm;onfrkd&kdukdESifh t,fv*sD;7D;,m;urf;ajcokd\wufI wsLepfZD;,m;okd\tjyif;csDwufoGm;onf? *smrefwkd\vnf; ESpfzufn|yfrdI vufeufcs7onf?

tmz7duwkdufukd atmifjrifjyD;aemuf 1942 ck Zlvkdifv 107ufae\wGif tDwvDykdif pPvDu'ef;ay:wGif r[mrdwfwyfrsm;wufa7muf-uonf? tDwvDwyfrsm;jydKuGJI rlqkdvDeDvnf; 7mxl;rSusavonf? 1945 ck arv2 7ufae\wGifum; tDwvD ajrmufykdif;&Sd *smrefESifhtDwvDwyfrsm; vufeufcs7avonf?

'kwd,ppfrsufESm1942„1943 ckESpfrsm;wGif [pfwvmonf qkdAD,uf

&k&Sm;ukdomzdI wkdufaeojzifh qkdAD,uftpkd;7u t*‡vdyfESifh tar7duefwkd\tm; Oa7mytaemufykdif;Y 'kwd,ppfrsufESmwpfckzGifh7ef wkdufwGef;vsuf &Sdonf? t*‡vdyfESifh tar7duefwkd\rSmqkdAD,uf tpkd;7. awmif;cHcsuftwkdif; 'kwd,ppfrsufESmukd zGifhvdkaomfvnf; vkyf7rnfhvkyfief; rSm-uD;us,fcufcJvSojzifh &kwfw7ufxkd;ppfrqifEkdifao;bJ Oa7mywkdufukd jyefvnf odrf;ykdufEkdifa7;twGuf tpDtpOfrsm;ukdtylwjyif; vkyfukdifae-u7onf? 1944ck ZGefv 67ufae\wGifum; AkdvfcsKyftkdifqifa[mif;0g; tkyfcsKyfaom r[mrdwfwyfaygif;pkonfjyifopfEkdifiH aemfref'Durf;ajcrS Oa7mywkdufay:okd\wufa7muf-uonf? xkdae\onf uBm\ordkif;wGif'D„a';[k xif&Sm;avonf? TwGifrSom qkdAD,ufwkd\awmifhwvsuf&Sdaom 'kwd,ppfrsufESm ay:aygufvmawmhonf? pdefvkd;jrdK\usqkH;jyD;onfhaemuf *smrefwyfrsm;rSmaemufokd\ wpfqkwfwnf; qkwfae-u7onf? aemufokH;ywfr~ -umaomtcg tar7duefESifh jyifopfwyfrsm;onf ajrxJyifv,f urf;ajcrSaeI jyifopfEkdifiHay:okd\ wufa7muf-ujyD;v~if -o*kwfv 25 7ufae\wGifjyifopfjrdK\awmf yg7DjrdK\ukd odrf;ykdufrd-uonf?

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1945ckESpf aEGOD;wGif r[mrdwfwyfaygif;pkonf *smreDwGif tjyif;xkd;ppfqifum &kdif;jrpfukdjzwful;I *smref jrdK\-uD;rsm;ukd odrf;,lavonf? {jyDv 21 7ufae\wGif ta&S\zufrSatmifyGJqifvsuf&Sdonfh qkdAD,ufwyfeDawmfonf bmvif jrdK\awmfxJokd\ 0ifa7mufcJhonf? okd\7mwGif [pfwvmum; vufrav~mhao;? -uGif;usefaeaom tiftm;pkESifhyif ckcHvsuf &Sdao;onf? ta&S\zufokd\ csDwufvsuf&Sdaomtar7duefwyfrsm;ESifhtaemufokd\csDwufvsuf&Sdaom qkdAD,ufwyfrsm; awG\qkHrdaomtcg *smreDonf ESpfjcrf; uGJoGm;avonf?*smrefppfwyfrsm;vnf; wzGJzGJ vufeufcsvsuf&Sdonf?ppf-uD;um; jyD;vkeD;avjyD?

{jyDv 28 7ufae\wGif tDwvDzufqpfqef\usifa7;orm;rsm;u tm+m&SifrlqkdvDeDtm; okwfoifvkduf-uonf? arv 1 7ufae\wGifrl [pfwvm aoqkH;jyDqkdaom owif;ukd *smrefa7'D,kdu ausnmonf? aemufwpfae\wGif &k&Sm;wyfeDawmfu bmvifjrdK\awmfukdodrf;ykdufvkdufonf? xkdaemuf ig;7ufr~t-um arv ^7ufae\wGif*smreDu c'if;csufr&Sdvufeufcsavonf?okd\jzifh Oa7myppfyGJ-uD;um; jyD;qkH;oGm;avjyD?

ta&S\zsm; ppfrsufESm tqkH;owf Oa7myppfrsufESmwGif *smrefESifhtjcm;zufqpf tif

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a-umif;AkdvfcsKyfeDrpfutkyfcsKyfIypdzdwf taemufawmifykdif;wGif AkdvfcsKyftmomu tkyfcsKyfjyD;v~iftm&Sta&S\awmifyk dif;wGifrl jAdwdo~a7a-umif;AkdvfcsKyf armifhAufwefu wm0ef,l7onf? w&kwfppfwyfrsm;ukd csefau&Sdwfu OD;pD;vsuf&Sdonf?

r[mrdwfwyfaygif;pkrsm;. vltiftm; vufeuftiftm; ppfyPnf;tiftm;rSm *syefwkd\xuf rsm;pGmomvGefaomfvnf; *syefuGef;ay:okd\ wufa7mufodrf;ykduf7ef vkyfief;rSm rvG,fulvSacs? txlavhusifhxm;aom*syefppfom;rsm;rSmvnf; toufESifhvJI ckcHvsuf&Sdonf? okd\jzpfav7m yx0D0if taetxm;ESifh *syefppfom;rsm;. t&=H;ray;vkdaompdwf"gwfa-umifh tar7duefwyfrsm;onf uèf;wpfuèf;ukd odrf;,lEkdif7eftwGuf toufaygif;rsm;pGmpGef\vFwfum jyif;xefaomwkdufyGJrsm;ukd qifEFJ7avonf? ypdzdwftv,fykdif;wGifa7a-umif;AkdvfcsKyfeDrpfonf *syefuèf;r-uD;rsm;ukdwkdufckduf7eftwGuf ppfpcef;rsm;7&Sd7ef *D;vAwfu'ef;/ rm&S,fu'ef;/ qkdifyefu'ef;/ r,f7D,³m;u'ef;rsm;ESifhygavmifuèf;rsm;ukd wkdufckduf odrf;,lav7m *syefppfom;rsm;uvnf; pGef\pGef\ pm;pm; jyefvSefI ckcHwkdufckduf-uojzifh ESpfOD;ESpfzuf tustqkH;rSm a-umufcref;

vdvdjzpfawmhonf? tv,fykdif;ppfrsufESmwGif eDrpf.wyfrsm;u uèf;uav;rsm;ukd Tokd\ wkdufckdufaepOfruftmom.wyfrsm;onf e,l;*if;eDuèf;ajrmufzufurf;ajcokd\ csDwufvsuf&Sdonf? 1944 ck atmufwkdbmvwGif ruftmom.wyfrsm;onf zdvpfykdifuèf;pk&Sdav;wD;uèf;ay:okd\ wufa7muf-uonf? 1945 ck Z³0g7DvwGif vlZkefuèf;xufokd\ wuf-uonf? azazmf0g7Dv 4 7ufae\wGif reDvmjrdK\awmfukd odrf;,l7&Sdonf?Zlvkdifv avmufwGif zdvpfykdifuèf;tm;vkH;ukd odrf;ykdufrdavonf? ta&S\zsm;ppfrsufESmwGif ta7;-uD;aom ppfrsufESmwpfckrSm jrefrmjynfajrmufykdif; tdNd,e,fpyfwGifjzpfonf? *syefwkd\onf tmoHukd 0ifa7mufwdkufcdkuf7efjyifqifae-uonf? tmoHudk odrf;,l7ef okH;-udrfwkdifwkdif-udK;pm;aomfvnf; ratmifjrifacs? 1944 ckESpfwGift*‡vdyf tar7duefwkd\uvnf; jrefrmjynfukd jyefvnfodrf;,l7ef -udK;pm;-uonf? AkdvfcsKyf0if;*dwf.avxD;wyfom;rsm;ukd txufjrefrmjynfokd\ csay;umajymufusm;ppfqifEFJapcJhonf?

1945 ck rwfvwGif t*‡vdyfwkd\ rMav;ukdjyefvnfodrf;,lonf? xkdrwfvtwGif;Yyif ArmhumuG,fa7;

uBmppf/ 'kwd,

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tay:yHkwGif ppftwgufta7;ygvSaom jrefrmEkdifiHajrmufzufawmifwef;ESihf &=dajrmifrsm;ukdjzwfausmfazmufvkyfxm;onhf vD'kdvrf;

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pD;7yHkjzpfonf? 1945 ck -o*kwfv 6 7ufae\wGif -uJaomxkdtEkjrLAHk;'+fa-umihf vlOD;a7oHk;odef;ausmf7Sdaom [D&kd7SD;rm;jrdK\. oHk;

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ce.c

om.m

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om.m

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wyfrawmfESifh zufqpfqef\usifa7; ajymufusm;wkd\onf*syefukd awmfvSef wkdufckduf-uonf? xkd\a-umifhvnf;r[mrdwfwkd\u jrefrmjynfukd vsifjrefpGmjyefvnfodrf;ykdufEkdifjcif;jzpfonf? AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; -uD;rSL;aomArmhwyfrawmfom;rsm;onf jrefrmwpfrsKd;om;vkH;tm;zufqpf*syefukdawmfvSef7mY acgif;aqmmifcJhonf? jrefrmwpfrsKd;om;vkH;uvnf; AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef; a&S\aqmif7mokd\ raoGrzDbJvkdufcJhI *syefrsm;ukd jrefrmjynfrStcsdeftenf;i,f twGif;wGif armif;xkwfEkdifcJhayonf?

r[mrdwfwyfrsm;onf *syefuèf;-uD;rsm;ESifh rvSrf;rurf;&Sdaom uèf;rsm;ukd wkdufckduf-u7m 1945 ckrwfvwGif tD0kd*sD;rm;uèf;udkvnf;aumif;/ {jyDvwGif tkduDem0g;uèf;udkvnff;/ tustqkH;rsm;pGmESifh odrf;,l7&Sdonf?tar7duef wyfrsm;vnf; *syefuèf;r-uD;ay:okd\wufa7mufEkdif7ef t-uD;tus,f jyifqifvsuf&Sdonf?

xkdokd\ *syefwkd\.tcsuftjcm uèf;r-uD;ukd wdkufckduf7efpDpOfaeckduf rajr|mfvifhaom tjzpftysufrsm; ay:aygufvmojzifh rlvppftajctaerSm vkH;0ajymif;vJoGm;avawmhonf? 19445 ck -o*kwfv 67ufae\wGiftar7duefavwyfu *syefEkdifiH[D&kd&Sd;rm;jrdK\ay:okd\ yxr

qkH;t-udrf tEkjrLAkH;wpfvkH;ukd -uJcsvkdufonf? -o*kwfv8 7ufae\wGif qkdAD,uf&k&Sm;u *syeftm;ppfausnmjyD;v~if refcsL;7D;,m;ukd 0ifa7mufwkdufcdkufonf? -o*kwfv 9 7ufae\wGif aemufxyftEkjrLAkH;wpfvkH;ukd *syefEkdifiHe*pmuDjrdK\ay:okd\ -uJcsvkdufjyefonf?

tEkjrLAkH;um; omrefAkH;rsm;xuftqaygif;rsm;pGmtiftm;-uD;rm;I txda7mufqkH;aom vufeufjzpfonf? vlOD;a7 okH;odef;ausmfpD&Sdaom xkdjrdK\-uD; ESpfjrdK\rSmokH;ykHESpfykHcef\ jymykHtwdjzpfoGm;onf? axmifaygif;rsm;pGmaom vl/ wd7>mef/ taqmufttkHrsm; aoa-uysufpD;I axmifaygif;rsm;pGm '+f7m7&Sd-uonf? *syefwkd\ wm&SnfrcHEkdif awmhbJ 1945 ck -o*kwfv 147ufae\wGif vufeufcsumt&=H;ay;avonf? vufeuffcsaompmcsKyfukd pufwifbmv 2 7ufae\wGif *syeftpkd;7u vufrSwfa7;xkd;avonf? TwGif a-umufrufzG,faumif;vSaom 'kwd,uBmppf-uD;rSm jyD;qkH;jcif;okd\a7mufavawmhonf?

ppfjyD;aemuf uÈkfyfwkd\ rSDwif;aexkdifvsuf&Sdaom uBm-uD;onf

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ce.c

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ce.c

om.m

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453

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jyKpkwwfonf?

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ce.c

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uBmat;apwD

oD7dr*‡vmuBmat;apwDtwGif; pHy,fawmfrlaom qif;wkawmf-uD;

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uBmat;apwD

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rsufESmrl7mwGif rkcfig;rkcfxm;7Sdavonf?

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ce.c

om.m

m

456

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xkdifvsuf7Sdayonf?

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ce.c

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uHa7maZm-uD; uH7mZmi,f

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ce.c

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urf;ajcapmihfa7Smufa7;

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