פורנזי שעור 7 71213
TRANSCRIPT
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Firearms Identification
Often confused with the term ballistics
Ballistics is the study of a projectile inmotion. Inside the firearm After it leaves the firearm When it impacts the target
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Firearms Identification
Identification of Firearms is based uponthis basic idea:
A harder object marks a softer one &imparts/transfers its microscopicirregularities to that object.
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Forensic Firearms Expert
Did a suspect use this gun to kill that person? Did these bullets come from that gun?
Was it really self-defense? Is this a case of suicide, or is foul play
involved?
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Forensic Firearms Expert
Bullet Comparison Weapons Function
Is it safe? Has it been modified?
Serial Number Restoration Gunpowder Residue Detection
on clothes, hands, & wounds Muzzle-to-Target Distances
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Pulling the Trigger
Pulling the trigger releases the firing pin The firing pin strikes the primer
The primer ignites the gun powder The powder generates gas that propels the
bullet forward through the barrel & ejects the
spent cartridge case.
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Caliber : the diameter of the gun barrel. Caliber is recorded in
hundredths of an inch (.22 & .38) millimeters (9mm)
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Anatomy of a Bullet
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Bullet Comparisons
Gun manufacturers also add spiral grooves tothe barrel. This is known as rifling .
Lands : the space between the grooves.
As a spinning bullet passes through the barrel,it is marked by these grooves.
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Class Characteristics
Class Characteristics :Once a manufacturerchooses a riflingprocess, for aparticular class ofweapon, they keep itconsistent.
Lands & Grooves arethe same for a model. .32 caliber Smith &
Wesson has 5 lands &grooves twisting tothe right.
.32 caliber Colt has 6
lands & groovestwisting to the left.
Class characteristicscan eliminate certainmakes but are not enough to ID a
particular gun.
http://www.google.co.il/url?sa=i&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=nhT1buw8-TB_dM&tbnid=qkVK0VFYUoriRM:&ved=0CAgQjRw&url=http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=how-can-a-bullet-be-trace&ei=OU-kUoLCI6bOygPvg4L4Bg&psig=AFQjCNH8FXMz_h36fSYpeicRbYekSOmevQ&ust=1386586297610492http://www.google.co.il/url?sa=i&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=0NrhdKv5OPmjrM&tbnid=-nK72vrMXRHndM:&ved=0CAgQjRw&url=http://10mm-firearms.com/gunsmithing/polygonal-and-non-polygonal-barrel-pics/&ei=v06kUr2_BIjgygP4_YHgBA&psig=AFQjCNHRfD1OZUGaCEa0srYC2GKhTv-QFA&ust=1386586175107134 -
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Cartridge Markings
All moving components contact thecartridge rather than the bullet canleave useful impressions on shellcartridges Breechface marks Firing pin impressions
Chamber marks Extractor & Ejector markings
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Actual Breech Marks
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Firing Pin Marks
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Chamber Marks
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Other Factors
Perfect matches sometimes difficult b/c: Presence of grit & rust in a barrel Recovered bullets too mutilated or distorted on
impact
A spent bullets weight can sometimesdetermine the gun make.
Microgrooves : 8-24 grooves; its not as
common General Rifling Characteristics File
FBI database of known land/groove width for allweapons.
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Gunshot Residue (GSR)
GSR Sources: victim, clothing or target shooters hands
Gunpowder Chemistry Major detectable elements are: lead (Pb),
barium (Ba) & antimony (Sb) Virtually all cartridge cases are made of
brass ( copper & zinc ); also detectable.
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Trace Evidence
Trace evidence is physicalevidence found in small amountsat a crime scene
Common examples are hair,fibers, paint chips, body fluids,stains, powders, explosiveresidue, glass particles, metals,and soil
Trace evidence is any small
material that can be transferredfrom person to person or aperson and crime scene
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Who was the driver
Trace evidenceFingerprint
FibersBiological sample
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Trace Evidence
Criminals are clever or theythink they are
Trace evidence creates linksbetween suspects, places,and objects
Trace evidence is often theonly evidence that connectsa person to a crime scene
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Trace Evidence (TE)
Equipment used to analyze TE1. Comparison Microscope provides a side by side
comparison2. Mircospectrophotometry the exact color of an
object can be measured3. Polarized light microscope helps objects appear
more sharp and the colors are clearer4. Scanning Electron Microscope magnifies an
objects up to 100,000 times the original size5. Stereomicroscope helps provide a 3-D model of
an object
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Hair
Investigators often findhair at crime scenes
Hair is considered classevidence and is usefulin backing upcircumstantial evidence
(ex. Places someone ata scene)
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Forensic Fiber Analysis
Flax (linen) fibers Wool fiberspolarized light
Cotton fibers
Fiber polymer, colorants, agents (permanent press, adhesives)
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Polarized light microscopy
of polyethylene terephthalate(PET) fibers pair
Brightfield microscopy
of polyethylene terephthalate(PET) fibers pair
Representative microscopy figures for the pair A1:B1
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A
B
Fibers pair A5 and B5 overlapping, analyzed by native fiber direct surface scanning, overlapping% 99.3%analyzed by fibers films scanning overlapping% --- 84.5%
Smart internal reflection (iTR)
Fiber Analysis A1 B1 A2 B2 A3 B3 A4
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y
Color Colorless Colorless Colorless Colorless Colorless Colorless Colorless
Cross section Round Round Round Round Round Round Round
Delustrant ++ ++ + + + + ++
UV-Fluorescence Blue Blue Blue Blue Blue Blue Blue
BL-Fluorescence Green Green Green Green Green Green Green
GN-Fluorescence None Red None None Red** None NoneDiameter (m) 11.5-14.0 11.5-14.0 12.0 - 13.5 12.0 - 13.5 21.5 -23.5 21.5 -23.5 11.5 - 13.0
n para 1.700 1.698 1.715 1.715 1.715 1.720 1.696
n ortho 1.544 1.548 1.544 1.544 1.538 1.546 1.546
n 0.156 0.15 0.171 0.171 0.177 0.174 0.15
Melting point 257-259C 255-258C 259-268C 259-261C 258-262C 256-258C 261-262C
Fiber Analysis B4 A5 B5 A6 B6 A7 B7
Color Colorless Colorless Colorless Colorless Colorless Blue-green Blue-green
Cross section Round Round Round Round Round Round Round
Delustrant ++ + + ++ ++ + +
UV-Fluorescence Blue Blue Blue Blue Blue Blue Blue
BL-Fluorescence Green Green Green Green Green Green Green
GN-Fluorescence Red ** Red Red None None Red Red
Diameter (m) 11.5 - 13.0 12.0 - 13.5 12.0 - 13.5 17.5 - 18.5 16.0 - 16.5 15.5 - 23.5 15.5 - 23.5
n para 1.692 1.705 1.700 1.710 1.710 N.F.* N.F.*n ortho 1.546 1.542 1.544 1.546 1.542 N.F.* N.F.*
n 0.146 0.163 0.156 0.164 0.168 ------ ------
Melting point 256-261C 251-254C 257-259C 254-256C 254-255C 262-264C 262-264C
Comments** Very
weak
* Highly textured.
Interference
microscopy not
feasible
Forensic analysis:
Fiber characterization usingmicroscopy analysis based onBrightfield, polarized light,and fluorescence microscopy,interference microscopy andmelting point determinationusing hotstage microscopy
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Abraham Lincoln's Most Notorious Forgers
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Ink chemistry
http://www.google.co.il/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=ink%20chemical%20structure&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=687NyYC9n0k48M&tbnid=b1SSPeHf1SfIkM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0300944007002457&ei=4OaMUYrAM8_LsgbstYHwBA&psig=AFQjCNGEBkI6Ytzaf6OiQPtrCqs9ntUhmw&ust=1368274968122466 -
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Ink Chromatography is a method of physically separating the
components of inks.
Types
HPLC high-performance liquid chromatographyTLC thin-layer chromatography
Paper chromatography
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Paper Differences
Raw materialWeight
DensityThicknessColorWatermarks
AgeFluorescence
Additives, bleaching
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QD Lab., DIFS
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QD Lab., DIFS
Authentic Passport
Forged Passport
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QD Lab., DIFS
Borders ofNew Photo
Borders ofOriginal Photo
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QD Lab., DIFS
original thread with two strands counterfeit thread with one strand
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2012
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Evaluation of
Currency Appearance Look and feel of
the paper Red and blue fibers Color shifting ink Watermark
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The security strip of a U.S. $20 bill glowsunder black light as a safeguard againstcounterfeiting
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_twenty-dollar_billhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_lighthttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_5//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/57/Dollarsecurity.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_lighthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_twenty-dollar_billhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_twenty-dollar_billhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_twenty-dollar_billhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:US_$20_under_blacklight.jpg -
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f unctional Magnetic Resonance I maging (fMRI)
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Thermal Imaging (FLIR)
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Eye Movements in Reading
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Eye Movements in Reading
C i k
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Crime scene work
Search for evidence
Investigations
Decontamination
Medical emergency support
Decontamination:police/perpetrators