© boardworks ltd 2006 1 of 52 a5 functions and graphs ks3 mathematics
TRANSCRIPT
© Boardworks Ltd 2006 1 of 52
A5 Functions and graphs
KS3 Mathematics
© Boardworks Ltd 2006 2 of 52
Contents
A5 Functions and graphs
A
A
A
A
AA5.1 Function machines
A5.5 Graphs of functions
A5.3 Finding functions
A5.4 Inverse functions
A5.2 Tables and mapping diagrams
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Finding outputs given inputs
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Introducing functions
A function is a rule which maps one number, sometimes called the input or x, onto another number, sometimes called the output or y.
A function can be illustrated using a function diagram to show the operations performed on the input.
A function can be written as an equation. For example, y = 3x + 2.
A function can can also be be written with a mapping arrow. For example, x 3x + 2.
x y× 3 + 2
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Writing functions using algebra
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Ordering machines
Is there any difference between
x y× 2 + 1
and
The first function can be written as y = 2x + 1.
The second function can be written as y = 2(x + 1) or 2x + 2.
x y+ 1 × 2 ?
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Equivalent functions
Explain why
x y+ 1 × 2
is equivalent to
x y× 2 + 2
When an addition is followed by a multiplication; the number that is added is also multiplied.
This is also true when a subtraction is followed by a multiplication.
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Ordering machines
Is there any difference between
x y÷ 2 + 4
and
x y+ 4 ÷ 2 ?
The first function can be written as y = + 4.x
2
The second function can be written as y = or y = + 2.x
2
x + 4
2
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Equivalent functions
Explain why
x y+ 4 ÷ 2
is equivalent to
When an addition is followed by a division then the number that is added is also divided.
x y÷ 2 + 2
This is also true when a subtraction is followed by a division.
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Equivalent function match
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Contents
A5 Functions and graphs
A
A
A
A
A
A5.2 Tables and mapping diagrams
A5.5 Graphs of functions
A5.1 Function machines
A5.3 Finding functions
A5.4 Inverse functions
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Using a table
We can use a table to record the inputs and outputs of a function.
We can show the function y = 2x + 5 as
x y× 2 + 5
and the corresponding table as:
x
y
3
33
11
11
3, 1
11
1
11, 7
1
7
3, 1, 6
7
6
11, 7, 17
6
17
3, 1, 6, 4
17
4
11, 7, 17, 13
4
13
3, 1, 6, 4, 1.5
13
1.5
11, 7, 17, 13, 8
1.5
8
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Using a table with ordered values
It is often useful to enter inputs into a table in numerical order.
We can show the function y = 3(x + 1) as
x y+ 1 × 3
and the corresponding table as:
x
y
1
11
6
6
1, 2
6
2
6, 9
2
9
1, 2, 3
9
3
6, 9, 12
3
12
1, 2, 3, 4
12
4
6, 9, 12, 15
4
15
1, 2, 3, 4, 5
15
5
6, 9, 12, 15, 18
5
18
When the inputs are orderedthe outputs form a sequence.
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Recording inputs and outputs in a table
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Mapping diagrams
We can show functions using mapping diagrams.
Inputs along the top
For example, we can draw a mapping diagram of x 2x + 1.
can be mapped to outputs along the bottom.
0 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 101
0 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 101
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Mapping diagrams of x x + c
What happens when we draw the mapping diagram for a function of the form x x + c, such as x x + 1, x x + 2 or x x + 3?
x x + 2
The lines are parallel.
0 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 101
0 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 101
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Mapping diagrams of x mx
What happens when we draw the mapping diagram for a function of the form x mx, such as x 2x, x 3x or x 4x, and we project the mapping arrows backwards?
For example:
x 2x
0 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 101
0 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 101
The lines meet at a point on the zero line.
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The identity function
The function x x is called the identity function.
The identity function maps any given number onto itself.
x x
Every number is mapped onto itself.
We can show this in a mapping diagram.
0 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 101
0 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 101
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Contents
A5 Functions and graphs
A
A
A
A
A
A5.3 Finding functions
A5.5 Graphs of functions
A5.1 Function machines
A5.4 Inverse functions
A5.2 Tables and mapping diagrams
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Finding functions given inputs and outputs
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Contents
A5 Functions and graphs
A
A
A
A
A
A5.4 Inverse functions
A5.5 Graphs of functions
A5.1 Function machines
A5.3 Finding functions
A5.2 Tables and mapping diagrams
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Think of a number
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Finding inputs given outputs
x 1+ 3 ÷ 8
Suppose
How can we find the value of x?
To find the value of x we start with the output
1
and we perform the inverse operations in reverse order.
5
x = 5
× 8– 3
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Finding inputs given outputs
x – 1× 3 – 7
Find the value of x for the following:
– 12
x = 2
+ 7÷ 3
4–8
x = –8
× 5+ 2
x 4– 2 ÷ 5 + 6
– 6
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Finding inputs given outputs
x 24× 5 – 11
Find the value of x for the following:
247
x = 7
+ 11÷ 5
44.75
x = 4.75
÷ 4+ 6
x 4– 6 × 4 + 9
– 9
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Finding the inverse function
x 3x + 5× 3 + 5
We can write x 3x + 5 as
To find the inverse of x 3x + 5 we start with x and we perform the inverse operations in reverse order.
xx – 53
x – 53The inverse of x 3x + 5 is x
– 5÷ 3
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Finding the inverse function
We can write x x/4 + 1 as
To find the inverse of x x/4 + 1 we start with x and we perform the inverse operations in reverse order.
x4(x – 1)
x + 1÷ 4 + 1 x4
The inverse of x is x 4(x – 1)+ 1x4
× 4 – 1
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Finding the inverse function
x –2x + 3× –2 + 3
We can write x 3 – 2x as
To find the inverse of x 3 – 2x we start with x and we perform the inverse operations in reverse order.
xx – 3–2
3 – x2The inverse of x 3 – 2x is x
÷ –2 – 3
(= 3 – 2x)
3 – x2 =
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Functions and inverses
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Contents
A5 Functions and graphs
A
A
A
A
A
A5.5 Graphs of functions
A5.1 Function machines
A5.3 Finding functions
A5.4 Inverse functions
A5.2 Tables and mapping diagrams
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Coordinate pairs
When we write a coordinate, for example,
Together, the x-coordinate and the y-coordinate are called a coordinate pair.
the first number is called the x-coordinate and the second number is called the y-coordinate.
(3, 5)
x-coordinate
(3, 5)
y-coordinate
(6, 2)
the first number is called the x-coordinate and the second number is called the y-coordinate.
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Graphs parallel to the y-axis
What do these coordinate pairs have in common?
(2, 3), (2, 1), (2, –2), (2, 4), (2, 0) and (2, –3)?
The x-coordinate in each pair is equal to 2.
Look what happens when these points are plotted on a graph.
x
y All of the points lie on a straight line parallel to the y-axis.
Name five other points that will lie on this line.
This line is called x = 2.x = 2
O
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Graphs parallel to the y-axis
All graphs of the form x = c,
where c is any number, will be parallel to the y-axis and will cut the x-axis at the point (c, 0).
x
y
x = –3x = –10 x = 4 x = 9
O
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Graphs parallel to the x-axis
What do these coordinate pairs have in common?
(0, 1), (3, 1), (–2, 1), (2, 1), (1, 1) and (–3, 1)?
The y-coordinate in each pair is equal to 1.
Look what happens when these points are plotted on a graph.
All of the points lie on a straight line parallel to the x-axis.
Name five other points that will lie on this line.
This line is called y = 1.
x
y
y = 1
O
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Graphs parallel to the x-axis
All graphs of the form y = c,
where c is any number, will be parallel to the x-axis and will cut the y-axis at the point (0, c).
x
y
y = –2
y = 5
y = –5
y = 3
O
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Drawing graphs of functions
The x-coordinate and the y-coordinate in a coordinate pair can be linked by a function.
What do these coordinate pairs have in common?
(1, 3), (4, 6), (–2, 0), (0, 2), (–1, 1) and (3.5, 5.5)?
In each pair, the y-coordinate is 2 more than the x-coordinate.
These coordinates are linked by the function:
y = x + 2
We can draw a graph of the function y = x + 2 by plotting points that obey this function.
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Drawing graphs of functions
Given a function, we can find coordinate points that obey the function by constructing a table of values.
Suppose we want to plot points that obey the function
y = x + 3
We can use a table as follows:
x
y = x + 3
–3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3
0
(–3, 0)
1 2 3 4 5 6
(–2, 1) (–1, 2) (0, 3) (1, 4) (2, 5) (3, 6)
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Drawing graphs of functions
To draw a graph of y = x – 2:
1) Complete a table of values:
2) Plot the points on a coordinate grid.
3) Draw a line through the points.
4) Label the line.
5) Check that other points on the line fit the rule.
xy = x – 2
–3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3
y
x
y = x – 2
–5 –4 –3 –2 –1 0 1O
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Drawing graphs of functions
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The equation of a straight line
The general equation of a straight line can be written as:
y = mx + c
The value of m tells us the gradient of the line.
The value of c tells us where the line crosses the y-axis.
This is called the y-intercept and it has the coordinate (0, c).
For example, the line y = 3x + 4 has a gradient of 3 and crosses the y-axis at the point (0, 4).
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Linear graphs with positive gradients
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Investigating straight-line graphs
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The gradient and the y-intercept
Complete this table:
equation gradient y-intercept
y = 3x + 4
y = – 5
y = 2 – 3x
1
–2
3 (0, 4)
(0, –5)
–3 (0, 2)
y = x
y = –2x – 7
x2
12
(0, 0)
(0, –7)
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Rearranging equations into the form y = mx + c
Sometimes the equation of a straight line graph is not given in the form y = mx + c.
The equation of a straight line is 2y + x = 4.Find the gradient and the y-intercept of the line.
We can rearrange the equation by transforming both sides in the same way:
2y + x = 4
2y = –x + 4
y =–x + 4
2
y = – x + 212
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Rearranging equations into the form y = mx + c
Sometimes the equation of a straight line graph is not given in the form y = mx + c.
The equation of a straight line is 2y + x = 4.Find the gradient and the y-intercept of the line.
Once the equation is in the form y = mx + c we can determine the value of the gradient and the y-intercept.
So the gradient of the line is 12
– and the y-intercept is 2.
y = – x + 212
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What is the equation?
Look at this diagram:
C
A
B
E
G H
F
D
0 5
5
10-5
10
What is the equation of the line passing through the points
a) A and E?
b) A and F?
c) B and E?
d) C and D?
e) E and G?
f) A and C?
x = 2
y = 10 – x
y = x – 2
y = 2
y = 2 – x
y = x + 6
x
y
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Substituting values into equations
What is the value of m?
To solve this problem we can substitute x = 3 and y = 11 into the equation y = mx + 5.
This gives us: 11 = 3m + 5
6 = 3mSubtracting 5:
2 = mDividing by 3:
m = 2
The equation of the line is therefore y = 2x + 5.
A line with the equation y = mx + 5 passes through the point (3, 11).
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Pairs
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Matching statements
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Exploring gradients
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Gradients of straight-line graphs
The gradient of a line is a measure of how steep the line is.
y
x
a horizontal line
Zero gradient
y
x
a downwards slope
Negative gradient
y
x
an upwards slope
Positive gradient
The gradient of a line can be positive, negative or zero if, moving from left to right, we have:
If a line is vertical its gradient cannot be specified.
O O O
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Finding the gradient from two given points
If we are given any two points (x1, y1) and (x2, y2) on a line we can calculate the gradient of the line as follows:
the gradient =change in ychange in x
the gradient =y2 – y1
x2 – x1
x
y
x2 – x1
(x1, y1)
(x2, y2)
y2 – y1
Draw a right-angled triangle between the two points on the line as follows:
O