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:

1) Eric Hobsbawm, The Age of Extreme, A History of the World, 1914-1991, Pantheon Books, New York, p.109-110 and 111.

2) See, Larry Diamond, Juan J. Linz and Seymour Martin Lipset, (eds.) Democracy in Developing Countries, Vol. 2 Africa, Vol. 3 Asia and Vol. 4, Latin America, Lynn Rienner Publishers, Boulder Colorado, 1989.

3) For example, Samuel Huntington, The Third Wave, Democratization in the Late Twentieth Century, Oklahoma University Press, 1991.

Francis Fukuyama celebrated this turn in his: The End of History and the Last Man, Penguin, 1991.

4) This is one of the opening remarks the historian Eric Hobsbawm advances in his Age of Extremes.

5) Adam Smith, The Wealth of Nations, Penguin;) first published 1776 (1986. on the French school of liberal economists, known as the Physiocrats, See, Karl Marx, Theories of Surplus Value, Moscow, Progress Publishers, volume 1., )1963( 1975, p.44 and passim.

6) John Micklethwait and Adrian Wooldridge, A Future Perfect, The Essentials of Globalization, Crown Business, NY, 2000, p.17, 164-171.

7) On the nationalistic aspects of totalitarian Nazism and Fascism relative to nationalism, see, Hans Kohen, Nationalism Its Meaning and History, Van Nostrad, Princeton, New Jersey, ) 1955( 1965, p.70-1, 73-80.

8) According to E. Gellner, Nations and Nationalism, Blackwell, Oxford, )1983( 1992 p.44.

9) Guillermo O'Donnell, Philipe C. Schmitter and Lawrence Whitehead )eds.(, Transitions from Authoritarian Rule: Prospects for Democracy, 4 volumes John Hopkins University Press, Baltimore and London, 1986. Also: John H. Herz, From Dictatorship to Democracy, Coping with the Legacies of Authoritarianism and Totalitarianism, Greenwood Press, Wesport, Connecticut, 1982; Juan J. Linz and Alfred Stepan, Problems of Democratic Transition and Consolidation, Southern Europe, South America and Post-Communist Europe, The John Hopkins University Press, Baltimore and London, 1996.

10) David Held, Models of Democracy, Polity Press, Cambridge, )1996( 2nd. edition, 1999. For the schema of these models see pages: 33, 55, 61, 99, 116, 152, 197, 217, 261, 271, 324 and 358.

11) See, Ronald J. Terchek and Thomas C. Conte (eds.) Theories of Democracy, Rowman & Litlefield Publishers, Lanham, Boulder, New York and Oxford,, 2001.

Fareed Zakaria, The Rise of Illiberal Democracy, Foreign Affairs, November, 1997 p.22-43.

Gerardo L. Munck and Jay Verkuilen, Conceptualizing And Measuring Democracy, Evaluating Alternative Indices, Comparative Political Studies, volume 35, No.1, February 2002, p.5-34.

Michael Coppedge, Democracy and Dimensions, Comments on Munck and Verkuilen, Comparative Political Studies, Vol.3, No.1, February 2002, pp.35-39.

12) Emitai Etzioni, From Empire to Community, A New Approach to International Relations, Palgrave, Macmillan, 2004.

See also, Paul Hirst and Grahame Thompson, Globalization in Question, Polity, Cambridge, (1996) 1999.

Mike Featherstone )ed.(, Global Culture, Nationalism, Globalization and Modernity, Sage Publishers, London, 1990.

13) In, Our Global Neighbourhood, The Report of the Commission on Global Governance, Oxford University Press, 1995, we find detailed accounts on how respect for life, liberty, justice and equity, caring, integrity, self-determination, security of people, rights and responsibilities have become so wide spread that they create a global ethical and moral environment of our world.

Among the manifestation of modern life is the growth and spread of a global civil society. See, Helmut Anheier, Marlis Glasius, Mary Kaldor )eds.(, Global Civil Society, 2001 and 2002, Oxford University, Press, 2001 and 2002.

14) Philipe C. Schmitter and Terry Lynn Karl, What Democracy Is... And Is Not, Journal of Democracy, Vol.2, No.3, Summer 1991. 75-88.

15) Perhaps Thomas Hobbs was, after Grutius, the major theoretician of {social contract}, although Hobbs used the word {covenant} rather than {contract}. The term covenant has an ecclesiastical connotation, derived as it were from the Old Testament. But Hobbs covenant is worldly and mundane. His worldly {sovereign}, the Leviathan, has even the right to control and manipulate religion in the service of the realm. See, Thomas, Hobbs, The Leviathan, edited with an introduction by C.B. Macpherson, Penguin, )1951( 1985, p.567-575 and passim.

16) Montesquieu, op.cit., p.156 and passim.

Alexander Hamilton, James Madison and John Jay, The Federalist Papers. 1788 McLean edition, NY, New American library, 1961.

17) A. Tocqueville Democracy in America; translated by Henry Reeve, London, Oxford University Press, 1959. see also, John Ehrenberg, Civil Society, The Critical History of an Idea, New York University Press, New York, London, 1999.

18) Zbigniew Brzezinski, Between Two Ages, America's Role in the Technetronic Era, Penguin Books, 1970.

19) Barrington Moore Jr., Social Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy, Lord and Peasant in the Making of the Modern World, Beacon Press, Boston, 1966, p.p.418, 420.

20) I cannot think of a better example than Theda Skocpol's, State and Social Revolution; and, Social Revolutions in the Modern World.

21) Weber considered rational capitalism and liberal political systems as peculiar to the West. See, The Protestant Ethics and the Spirit of Capitalism, translated by Talcott Parsons, introduction by Anthony Giddens, Harper Collins, London, )1930( 1991. In modern times, the names of the historian Bernard Lewis, Samuel Huntington or Elie Kedourie, are among many culturalist voices.

Elie Kedourie, Democracy and Arab Political Culture, A Washington Institute Monograph, 1992.

22) Aristotle, The Politics, Penguin Books, translated by T A Sinclair, revised and represented by Trevor J Saunders, 1981, p189-90.

23) See further below.

24) Ehrenberg, op. cit. p.199 and passim.

25) Diamond, Linz and Lipset, op. cit., V.2, pp.25.

26) Schmitter and Karl, op. cit. p.76.

27) Ibid., p.76-80.

28) Ibid. p.81.

29) Diamond, Linz and Lipset, op. cit., p., V.2 p.5 and passim.

30) On the cultural approach on democracy in the Middle East, see, Elie Kedourie, Democracy And the Arab Political Culture, A Washington Institute Monograph, 1992.

See also: Yehuda Mirsky and Matt Ahrens )eds.( Democracy in the Middle East, Defining the Challenge, A Washington Institute Monograph, 1993.

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1) :

Sabri Zire Al-Saadi, "Oil and Iraq's Economic Strategy", MEES 48 No.51 19 Dec. 2005.

2) (19672003) . .

3) :

Sabri Zire Al-Saadi, "Oil Wealth and Poverty in Iraq: Statistical Adjustment of Government GDP Estimates (1980-2002), MEES 48: 16 17 April 2005.

4) :

Penrose, Edith, & H.F. "IRAQ: International Relations and National Development", ibid.

5) 1950 :

Sassoon, Joseph. "Economic Policy in Iraq 1932-1950", Frank Cass & Co. Ltd, London, England 1987.

1950 .

6) :

Sabri Zire Al-Saadi, "Economic Liberalization and Oil Policy: Vision and Priorities", MEES 46 21 July 2003.

7) (19802003) :

Sabri Zire Al-Saadi," Economic Project For Change: Economic Policies and a Program of Action for the New Democratic Regime", presented to the economy and infrastructure group, Future of Iraq Project, US Department of State, 23 October 2002.

8) :

Penrose, Edith & H. F, "IRAQ: International Relations and National Development, ibid.

9) 2002. :

Sabri Zire Al-Saadi, "The Iraqi Development and Reconstruction Council" paper presented to the economy and infrastructure group' meeting, 2-3 Dec.2002, Future of Iraq Project, US Department of State.

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:

1) H. W. F. Saggs, The Greatness That Was Babylon, London, Sidgwick and Jacson, 1966, p. 169f.

2) W. G. Lambert, Babylonian Wisdom Literature, Oxford, 1960, p. 277, (Abbreviated BWL).

3) Saggs, op. cit., p.191ff.; For the most recent and reliable source on the Sumerian Periods, see J. N. Postgate, Early Mesopotamia, Society and Economy at the Dawn of History, Routledge, London, USA and Canada, 1994.

4( 1956 56 .

5) BWL., p. 248.

6( 1971 81. :

Andrew R. George, The Babylonian Gilgamesh Epic, Oxford University Press, Volumes one and two, 2003.

7) 1973.

8) 1960 189.

9) P. Buringh, "Living Conditions in the Lower Mesopotamian Plain in Ancient Times", Sumer, 13, 1957, pp. 30-57.

10) BWL., p. 232.

11) Op. cit., p. 249.

12) Op. cit., p. 247.

13) Op. cit., p. 238.

14) Op. cit., p. 271; see also B. Alster, Studies in Sumerian Proverbs, Mesopotamia, Copenhagen Studies in Assyriology, Akademisk Forlag, Copenhagen, 1975.

15) G. R. Driver and Sir J. C. Miles, The Babylonian Laws, Voliums one and two, Oxford, 1968, Paragraphs, 53-56; see also, ibid., commentary, pp. 150ff.

16( 110 112.

17( 119.

18) BWL., p. 250.

19( 195.

20) W. F. Leemans, Foreign Trade in the Old Babylonian Period, Leiden, 1960.

21) W. G. Lambert, "The Seed of Kingship" in P. Garelli, Le Palais et la Royaut Archologie et Civilisation 19e Rencontre Assyriologique International, Librairie Orintaliste, Paul Geuthner S. A., Paris, 1974. pp. 427-431 and the following pages.

22) Driver et al., op. cit., The introduction to the laws.

23( 143.

24) S. N. Kramer, "Kingship in Sumer and Akkad: The Ideal King", in Garelli, op. cit., pp. 163-176.

25) Lambert, op. ciy., p. 429.

26) ibid., p. 428.

27) ibid., p. 429.

28) Kramer, op. cit., pp. 167-168.

29) BWL., p. 113.

30) BWL., p. 111.

31) BWL., p. 247.

32( 31.

33( 211.

34( 228.

35) Driver et al, Vol. 2, Paragraph, 53-56.

36( 1957 137.

37( 196.

38) Driver et al., Vol. 2, Paragraphs, L-V, pp. 100-112.

39( 154.

40( 1970.

41( 107.

42( 105.

43( 88.

44( 125.

45( 266.

46( 239.

47) BWL., p. 250.

48) 240.

49) Driver et al., Vol. 2, Paragraph, 128f.

50) G. R. Driver and Sir J. Miles, The Assyrian Laws, Oxford, 1935, Paragraphs, 40, 49 and 52.

51) Th. Jacobsen, The Treasures of Darkness: A History of Mesopotamian Religion, Yale University Press, New Haven and London, Third Printing, 1979, pp. 29-30.

52) W. G. Lambert, "The Historical Development of the Mesopotamian Pantheon: A Study in Sophisticated Polytheism" in Unity and Diversity, Ed. H. Goedicke and J. J. M. Roberts, 1975, pp. 191-200.

53) Grant Frame, "My Neighbour's God: Assur in Babylon and Marduk in Assyria", Bulletin of the Canadian Society for Mesopotamian Studies, (BCSMS), 34, Quebec, Canada, 1999, pp. 5-22.

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