fundamental particle definitions 1.matter – anything that takes up space and has mass 2.atom –...
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Fundamental Particle Definitions
1. Matter – anything that takes up space and has mass
2. Atom – smallest whole particle known to man3. Element – any substance that can not be
broken down into other substances by chemical reactions
4. Compound – two or more elements that have combined in a fixed ratio
5. Trace element – elements in minute quantities
6. Neutrons – a subatomic particle with a neutral charge
7. Protons – a subatomic particle which has a positive charge
8. Electrons – a subatomic particle that has a negative charge
9. Dalton – a unit of measurement for neutrons and protons (1.7 x 10-24)
10. Atomic number – the number of protons in the nucleus
11. Atomic weight – the total atomic mass of an element
12. Isotope – an atom that varies its form by changing the number of neutrons in the element
13. Energy – the ability to do work
14. Potential energy – stored energy due to position or location
15. Electron shells – the different states of potential energy for electrons in an atom
16. Orbital – the 3d space in which an electron is found 90% of the time, probable location.
17. Valence electrons – the outer most shell of electrons
18. Covalent bonds – atoms that combine
by sharing valance electrons
19. Electronegativity – the attraction of an atom for the electrons of a covalent bond
20. Ionic bond – a type of bonding in which one atom strips away an electron from another atom
21. Ion – a charged atom22. Hydrogen bond – occurs when a hydrogen atom
covalently bonded to 1 electronegative atom is also attracted to another electronegative atom
23. Chemical reaction – the making and breaking of chemical bonds
24. Reactants – the starting materials in a chemical reaction
25. Products – the result of a chemical reaction
MatterMatter consists of chemical elements-anything
which occupies space and has mass.Matter is found in two ways; pure-form or
compoundsThe Greeks first proposed four elements that made
matter; earth, air, fire, and water.Scientists later discovered 92 naturally occurring
elementsThey can be man-made or naturally occurringTwo or more elements may combine to form
compoundsThey can be found naturally in three ways called
phases; solid, liquid, and gas
ElementsThere are 92 known elements (naturally occurring)These elements are found on the periodic table of
the elementsSome different elements combine together to form
compoundsTable salt is a compound made up of sodium and
chlorineIt is written using the abbreviation NaClNa = Sodium and Cl = chlorine
The 92 elements are found on the periodic table of the elements
Symbols for Elements
• Symbols are letters that represent the elements on the periodic table
1. If only a single letter, it is Capitalized.
2. If two letters, the 1st is Capitalized and
the 2nd is lower case.
Example: Ca not CA
Periodic Table of the Elements
• Check out the initials for Aluminum in this example off of the Periodic Table:
Periodic Table of the Elements
• The number of protons in an atom is listed above each abbreviation. It is called the Atomic Number.
Periodic Table of the Elements
• The number listed underneath the abbreviation is the Atomic Weight.
C Hopkins café mighty-good food never closed zundays.
• C-Carbon Ca-Calcium• H-Hydrogen Fe-Iron• O-Oxygen Mg-Magnesium• P-Phosphorus F-Fluorine• K-Potassium Na-Sodium• I-Iodine Cl-Chlorine• N-Nitrogen Zn-Zinc• S-Sulfur
The atom is the smallest unit to have properties of an element
About one million fit onto a period at the end of a sentence They are comprised of neutrons, protons, and electrons Neutrons and protons are neatly packed in the nucleus Neutrons and Protons have almost exactly the same mass
Each one has the mass of ~1.7 x 10-24 gramsElectrons are 1/2000 the size of + and N
The number of protons unique to an element is the atomic number
The atomic mass is the total of protons and neutrons in the nucleus
Proton = 1.007 Daltons Neutron = 1.009 Daltons
Structure of an Atom
ProtonElectron (electron cloud)
Neutron
Mass Number =
Protons + Neutrons
Atomic Number =
Number of protons
Isotopes
• When the number of protons in an atom changes it becomes a different element
• Atom is electrically neutral when there are more neutrons than protons
• Atoms of the same element that have a different number of neutrons are called isotopes
• Ex. C12 = 6p +6n C14 = 6p + 8n
Ions
• Electrically charged atoms are called Ions• The number of protons is not equal to the
number of electrons• Ions are attracted to each other when they have
opposite charges
• Ex. Na+ + Cl- = NaCl = salt• Ex. Na+ + F- = Sodium Fluoride for
toothpaste
• Atoms combine by sharing their outermost electrons in their electron clouds
• When two atoms are combined a molecule is formed
Bonds
• Ionic Bond – Positive and Negative ions combine and electrons are transferred– Ex. NaCl
• Covalent Bond – Electrons are shared– Ex. H2O