Getting the Female Glance: Getting the Female Glance: Patterns and Consequences Patterns and Consequences of Male Non-Verbal Behavior of Male Non-Verbal Behavior

in Courtshipin Courtship

Amber Beach, Brittany Amber Beach, Brittany Couture, Evelyn Garcia Couture, Evelyn Garcia and Marielly Mitchell and Marielly Mitchell

Video ClipsVideo Clips http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iMdKrTdkbpwhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iMdKrTdkbpw http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-WyiJCGBggwhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-WyiJCGBggw

““Getting that Female Glance”Getting that Female Glance”

The study, “Getting that female The study, “Getting that female glance: Patterns and consequences of glance: Patterns and consequences of male nonverbal behavior in courtship male nonverbal behavior in courtship contexts” seeks to find reasons or contexts” seeks to find reasons or patterns that are displayed in men patterns that are displayed in men who are more desirable to women who are more desirable to women and are more successful with women and are more successful with women when initiating conversation in a when initiating conversation in a social nightclub scene. social nightclub scene.

““Getting that Female Getting that Female Glance”Glance”

This study keeps in mind that women This study keeps in mind that women respond to non verbal respond to non verbal communication such as a stare or a communication such as a stare or a light touch.light touch.

And that women are the choosier sex And that women are the choosier sex when it comes to mate selection when it comes to mate selection because they invest more in the because they invest more in the offspring and want their offspring offspring and want their offspring while the men do not need to invest while the men do not need to invest as much as women. as much as women.

The Different Sections of the StudyThe Different Sections of the Study

The study divided the nonverbal The study divided the nonverbal communication in men in different communication in men in different categories such as male nonverbal categories such as male nonverbal signals: intra-sexual touch, space-signals: intra-sexual touch, space-maximization movements, closed-maximization movements, closed-versus open-body positioning, versus open-body positioning, glancing behavior, gesticulation glancing behavior, gesticulation patterns, and auto-manipulations.patterns, and auto-manipulations.

Glancing behavior is when a man would Glancing behavior is when a man would stare or glance at a woman that he was stare or glance at a woman that he was interested in and more importantly a man interested in and more importantly a man that exhibited more glancing behavior was that exhibited more glancing behavior was more likely to successful in social situations. more likely to successful in social situations.

Gesticulation patterns are the hand Gesticulation patterns are the hand movements that go along with a person’s movements that go along with a person’s conversation, these movements show a conversation, these movements show a person’s openness and agreeableness person’s openness and agreeableness which makes them more attractive and which makes them more attractive and wanted. wanted.

Continued…Continued…

Auto-manipulations are behaviors Auto-manipulations are behaviors such as rubbing of the face or of the such as rubbing of the face or of the chin and these are viewed as signs of chin and these are viewed as signs of nervousness, so if a male exhibits nervousness, so if a male exhibits more of this behavior it is a sign that more of this behavior it is a sign that the social situation he is in, he is the social situation he is in, he is either not in the dominant position or either not in the dominant position or the social situation is not going well the social situation is not going well with a member of the opposite sex. with a member of the opposite sex.

Continued…Continued…

Method of the StudyMethod of the Study

The method of the study was that The method of the study was that forty males were unobtrusively forty males were unobtrusively observed (with the mean age of observed (with the mean age of twenty-four) on fourteen evenings twenty-four) on fourteen evenings from 9:30-11:00pm on alternating from 9:30-11:00pm on alternating Friday and Saturday nights in three Friday and Saturday nights in three bars located near college bars located near college campuses in Pennsylvania. campuses in Pennsylvania.

Methods of the Study…Methods of the Study… . The categories of the men were (1) men . The categories of the men were (1) men

who were seated at a booth (2) men who who were seated at a booth (2) men who were surrounded by ten or more people were surrounded by ten or more people and (3) men who were not accompanied by and (3) men who were not accompanied by a female. a female.

One focal female was randomly selected for One focal female was randomly selected for each observation session, and they were each observation session, and they were observed for thirty minutes. A narrative observed for thirty minutes. A narrative account was kept for each subject. account was kept for each subject.

There was also a focal male for each There was also a focal male for each session. session.

Methods Continued…Methods Continued…

After the observation period ended, a After the observation period ended, a male researcher administered a male researcher administered a survey to all individuals within the survey to all individuals within the vicinity of the focal male, as well as vicinity of the focal male, as well as to the focal male. The survey asked to the focal male. The survey asked them about nightlife, bar them about nightlife, bar environments, and the bar environments, and the bar experience. experience.

Methods Continued…Methods Continued…

Later, the actions of the focal male Later, the actions of the focal male were calculated and if he was able to were calculated and if he was able to maintain a conversation for longer maintain a conversation for longer than a minute with a female he was than a minute with a female he was considered contact successful. Those considered contact successful. Those were not able to initiate conversation were not able to initiate conversation were considered non-contact. All were considered non-contact. All males were debriefed before leaving males were debriefed before leaving the bar and were asked to sign a the bar and were asked to sign a consent form. consent form.

Intra-sexual touch is touch that is seen as Intra-sexual touch is touch that is seen as affectionate. Those doing the touching are affectionate. Those doing the touching are perceived as having more status and more perceived as having more status and more social power. Males who touched other social power. Males who touched other males were more dominant and those males were more dominant and those males who touched women were more males who touched women were more successful in initiating conversation. successful in initiating conversation.

Closed versus open body positioning is Closed versus open body positioning is when a person stands and would position when a person stands and would position their body open to the other person.their body open to the other person.

In study 1, researchers found out that In study 1, researchers found out that male nonverbal behavior in courtship is male nonverbal behavior in courtship is relevant to mate selection relevant to mate selection

Another study further investigated the Another study further investigated the nonverbal behaviors with or without nonverbal behaviors with or without women presentwomen present

-Earlier in the evening of the -Earlier in the evening of the research site, there are only a few research site, there are only a few women present creating the absence of women present creating the absence of females scene females scene

- Later on in the evening, more - Later on in the evening, more females arrive thus observing the females arrive thus observing the “females-present” condition “females-present” condition

In study 2, when females were present there In study 2, when females were present there was an increase in the movements of, space-was an increase in the movements of, space-maximization movement, amount of auto maximization movement, amount of auto manipulation and total amount of glancing manipulation and total amount of glancing behavior behavior

Men experienced twice as much auto Men experienced twice as much auto manipulation (jaw/beard growth area) and manipulation (jaw/beard growth area) and glancing with females present. glancing with females present.

It may be said that increasing attention to the It may be said that increasing attention to the jaw/beard growth area draws attention jaw/beard growth area draws attention towards male secondary sex characteristics, towards male secondary sex characteristics, thus leading unconsciously towards thus leading unconsciously towards masculinity. Research on male faces has masculinity. Research on male faces has found that females are more attracted to found that females are more attracted to mature male features such as the broad chin mature male features such as the broad chin and large lower jaw bone. and large lower jaw bone.

Research previously focused on females, but current Research previously focused on females, but current research suggests that non-verbal behavior of males research suggests that non-verbal behavior of males may be relevant to mate-selection may be relevant to mate-selection

Males use nonverbal cues to present aspects of Males use nonverbal cues to present aspects of themselves or signal claims to females they have not themselves or signal claims to females they have not met yet met yet

In courtship settings the female must make the In courtship settings the female must make the selection based on limited information, making selection based on limited information, making inferences. inferences.

The males task is to display health, status, The males task is to display health, status, intelligence, strength so that a desired mate may intelligence, strength so that a desired mate may perceive them perceive them

There still needs to be more research in naturalistic There still needs to be more research in naturalistic observation in courtship settings. It is expected that observation in courtship settings. It is expected that males nonverbal cues will be used by females to males nonverbal cues will be used by females to assess intentions (interest v. non interest, friendly v. assess intentions (interest v. non interest, friendly v. hostile) and his evolutionary affordances (health, hostile) and his evolutionary affordances (health, status etc.). status etc.).

Males who show positive intentions will Males who show positive intentions will receive preferential attention over males receive preferential attention over males who do not show such valued who do not show such valued affordances and intentions. affordances and intentions.

The researchers hypothesize that The researchers hypothesize that nonverbal signals work unconsciously as nonverbal signals work unconsciously as a stimuli for female affective behavior. a stimuli for female affective behavior. “Such quick-onset responses motivating “Such quick-onset responses motivating approach-avoidance behaviors would approach-avoidance behaviors would have great adaptive value, for example, have great adaptive value, for example, in picking a habitat, detecting dangerous in picking a habitat, detecting dangerous stimuli, and in a current study, giving stimuli, and in a current study, giving preferential attention to more preferential attention to more appropriate males. appropriate males.

Since mate-value signals are effective, why is it Since mate-value signals are effective, why is it that they must be honest have costs. There are that they must be honest have costs. There are several hypothesis as to what might limit male several hypothesis as to what might limit male cheating:cheating:

1)Males have not yet learned how to exploit the 1)Males have not yet learned how to exploit the system system

2) The research may have only found one type of 2) The research may have only found one type of courtship behavior, while females attract different courtship behavior, while females attract different males based on long or short term relations males based on long or short term relations

3)Males cooperate in courtship settings 3)Males cooperate in courtship settings 4) Cheating is limited through detection of 4) Cheating is limited through detection of

cheating cheating 5) It is the honesty of males that is linked to the 5) It is the honesty of males that is linked to the

signals. Lastly mate selection is communicated signals. Lastly mate selection is communicated not only through quantity of movement but not only through quantity of movement but quality of movement as well. interaction. quality of movement as well. interaction.

Testosterone levels in males and estrogen in Testosterone levels in males and estrogen in females are visible in male and female movement. females are visible in male and female movement.

Males encode their risk-taking potential in body Males encode their risk-taking potential in body motion. “Such qualitative changes based on motion. “Such qualitative changes based on hormone production would provide a real hormone production would provide a real handicap for the production of nonverbal behavior, handicap for the production of nonverbal behavior, based on the association of the immune system based on the association of the immune system competency and sex hormone production.” competency and sex hormone production.”

Researching nonverbal cues may be an important Researching nonverbal cues may be an important additional area for understanding of mate choice additional area for understanding of mate choice and evolved social cognition heuristics. and evolved social cognition heuristics.

Females may be the selectors in mating but males Females may be the selectors in mating but males have the ability through nonverbal cues to have the ability through nonverbal cues to encourageencourage

In this research there were two types of In this research there were two types of glancing behavior. glancing behavior.

-Type 1 was room directed: sweeping -Type 1 was room directed: sweeping continuous and indirect. This type of continuous and indirect. This type of glance is overtly “room encompassing”. It glance is overtly “room encompassing”. It is not focused on anything identifiable. is not focused on anything identifiable. Subject would return head to position Subject would return head to position before. before.

-Type 2 glancing is other-directed: -Type 2 glancing is other-directed: targeted, direct. Has an observable targeted, direct. Has an observable horizontal movement of the head and must horizontal movement of the head and must land momentarily on a target. Excludes land momentarily on a target. Excludes glances towards a conversational partner.glances towards a conversational partner.

In physical space changes there were In physical space changes there were three types used. The location change is three types used. The location change is when a subject may or may not have when a subject may or may not have returned to their original space. The space returned to their original space. The space maximization is when the subject enacts maximization is when the subject enacts that he” takes up space”. It is an that he” takes up space”. It is an exaggerated expansion of the body exaggerated expansion of the body usually through arms or legs. It must be a usually through arms or legs. It must be a held position while gesture patterns are held position while gesture patterns are excluded. The closed-body movement is excluded. The closed-body movement is when the medial area of the upper when the medial area of the upper body/sternum remains shielded from view. body/sternum remains shielded from view. This includes hand gripping on opposite This includes hand gripping on opposite shoulder, arms crossed or touching of an shoulder, arms crossed or touching of an object that the limb obstructs view of object that the limb obstructs view of torso. torso.

In touching behavior there were five mainly In touching behavior there were five mainly observed. These were the nonreciprocal touch by observed. These were the nonreciprocal touch by focal male to another male such as elbow on focal male to another male such as elbow on shoulder, brief tough of back or upper arm, a tap shoulder, brief tough of back or upper arm, a tap on shoulder to get attention etc. on shoulder to get attention etc.

The second is reciprocated touch which is more of The second is reciprocated touch which is more of a mutual body contact; may include a hand shake a mutual body contact; may include a hand shake or shoving and punching. or shoving and punching.

In the received touch it is the males receipt of In the received touch it is the males receipt of touch from another males. touch from another males.

The noisy touch is the intentional touch to create The noisy touch is the intentional touch to create noise such as slapping the bar with hand, noise such as slapping the bar with hand, slamming a glass on table thus drawing attention.slamming a glass on table thus drawing attention.

In automanipulation it is self/bodily directed. In automanipulation it is self/bodily directed. Possibly being a scratch or caressing of ones own Possibly being a scratch or caressing of ones own face, neck, hair or clothing. face, neck, hair or clothing.

This category is broken into three areas: This category is broken into three areas: 1)automanipulation targeting 1)automanipulation targeting

beard growth area, includes touching of beard growth area, includes touching of jaw and lip jaw and lip

2) auto-manipulation targeting 2) auto-manipulation targeting the head including hair, neck, nose and the head including hair, neck, nose and forehead; all areas above collarbone forehead; all areas above collarbone excluding the beard growth area excluding the beard growth area

3)automanipulation targeting 3)automanipulation targeting the body.the body.

In gestures there was only one kind In gestures there was only one kind referred to as gesticulation which is referred to as gesticulation which is the movement of one hand or both to the movement of one hand or both to accompany verbal messages. “Palm accompany verbal messages. “Palm upward refers to the ventral side of upward refers to the ventral side of the hand turned overtly toward the the hand turned overtly toward the ceiling. Palm neutral refers to the ceiling. Palm neutral refers to the ventral side of the hand held ventral side of the hand held perpendicular to the ceiling, or facing perpendicular to the ceiling, or facing downward.downward.

Nonverbal communication cuesNonverbal communication cues Glancing behaviorGlancing behavior

Type 1: indirectType 1: indirectType 2: directedType 2: directed

Physical Space ChangesPhysical Space ChangesLocation changeLocation changeSpace maximizationSpace maximizationClosed-body movementClosed-body movement

Touching BehaviorTouching BehaviorNon reciprocated touchNon reciprocated touchReciprocated touchReciprocated touchReceived touchReceived touchNoisy touchNoisy touchAuto-manipulationAuto-manipulation

GesturesGesturesgesticulationgesticulation

CritiqueCritique

Limitations of study 1: -The study was only conducted in three bars located in near college

campuses in Pennsylvania -The subjects were college students for the most part (age 21-34,

mean age 24) -The subjects were observed on 14 evenings from 9:30-11:00pm on

alternating Friday and Saturday nights

Limitations of study 2: -The subjects were 9 men (ages ranged from 25 to 50 years) -Covertly observed at a bar that routinely hosted all-male meetings

with subsequent informal socializing

QuestionsQuestions True or FalseTrue or False

1. ___ Males exhibit more auto-manipulation 1. ___ Males exhibit more auto-manipulation and glancing behaviors when females are and glancing behaviors when females are present.present.2. ___ Males who do not show positive 2. ___ Males who do not show positive intentions will receive preferential attention intentions will receive preferential attention over males who show valued affordances and over males who show valued affordances and intentions.intentions.

Fill in the BlankFill in the Blank3. In courtship settings, the ______ must make 3. In courtship settings, the ______ must make the selection based on limited information and the selection based on limited information and is forced to make inferences. (female/male)is forced to make inferences. (female/male)

Questions ContinuedQuestions Continued Multiple ChoiceMultiple Choice

4. What is one of the hypotheses that might limit 4. What is one of the hypotheses that might limit male cheating?male cheating?

A) Males know that their female counterpart A) Males know that their female counterpart will catch them will catch themB) Males have not yet learned how to exploit B) Males have not yet learned how to exploit the system the system C) Male cheating is NOT limited; males get C) Male cheating is NOT limited; males get away with cheating all the time away with cheating all the time

5. What levels are visible in male and female 5. What levels are visible in male and female movement?movement?

A) AnxietyA) AnxietyB) SexB) SexC) Testosterone and estrogen levelsC) Testosterone and estrogen levels