مصاحبه

Interview

محمد مهدی کریم پور88معارف اسالمی و مدیریت

What is the Interview? Their main function is to provide a framework in

which respondents can express their own thoughts in their own words

Interviews are not just conversations. They are conversations with a purpose to collect information about a certain topic or research question

The A-Z of Social Research

Establishing trust and familiarity demonstrating genuine interest in what the respondent says appearing non judgmental effective balance between talking and listening remembering what the respondent has said knowing when and when not to interrupt

The A-Z of Social Research

Required skills for interviewer:

Interviews are used both in quantitative and qualitative research

Quantitative interviews use of a structured survey same questions in the same order responses are amenable to statistical analysis

Qualitative interviews more flexible and open-ended used to develop ideas and research hypotheses rather than

to gather facts and statistics

The A-Z of Social Research

Use of Interview:

Difference between quantitative and qualitative:

Depth of information

Number of respondent

qualitative

quantitative

Often combine with other methods. used to ensure that the questions that will appear in a

widely circulated questionnaire are valid and Understandable

used as follow-up to a questionnaire explore in more depth interesting issues from the

standard questionnaire development of new ideas and hypotheses and throw

up new dimensions to be studied. complement questionnaire data

The A-Z of Social Research

Position of the Interview

Flexibility High response rate Check on questions Probes Clarification Confirmation Prompts Connecting Non-verbal communication Timing of interview

The A-Z of Social Research

Advantages of interviews

Disadvantages of Interviews

Reliability Lack of comparability Time consuming Costly Interruptions Lack of anonymity

The A-Z of Social Research

Interviewer effects

First appearances are very important as they may influence how people respond to one another

Preconceived notions may also exist among interviewees. The interviewee may have certain conceptions of the interviewer based on appearance and demeanour

The A-Z of Social Research

Structured semi-structured Unstructured

The A-Z of Social Research

semi-structuredStructured Structured

Types of the Interview

similar to questionnaires: standard format pre-determined questions in a fixed order

equal opportunities for all persons draw constructs embedded in one’s thinking and rationale for

decision making structured interviews begin with some type of tentative

hunch, targeting interview questions in that direction.

The Sage Encyclopedia of Qualitative Research Methods

Structured Interview

four occasions in qualitative research comparison among groups conducting interview waves

can be followed up by open or semi-structured interviews later.

the primary design of the project is quantitative research, but the researcher wishes to supplement the findings with an open-ended component.

interviewing low-functioning individuals

The Sage Encyclopedia of Qualitative Research Methods

Structured Interview

a qualitative data collection strategy in which the researcher asks informants a series of predetermined but open-ended questions.

The researcher has more control over the topics of the interview than in unstructured interviews, but in contrast to structured interviews or questionnaire that use closed questions, there is no fixed range of responses to each question.

The Sage Encyclopedia of Qualitative Research Methods

Semi-structured interview

Is useful where the concepts and relationships among them are relatively well understood, such as in typological analysis;

in contrast, unstructured interviews are more useful when the identification of important concepts is one of the research aims, such as in phenomenology.

the interviewer must avoid leading questions

The Sage Encyclopedia of Qualitative Research Methods

Semi-structured interview

Involve asking relatively open-ended questions of research participants in order to discover their percepts on the topic of interest.

Begins with vague, general questions. The research participant has few clues as to the

researcher’s own opinion of where the researcher would like the conversation to go.

the interviewee determines the direction

The Sage Encyclopedia of Qualitative Research Methods

Unstructured interview

five occasions to be used: studying relatively new domains.

when qualitative researchers utilize research waves.

depth, rather than breadth, is the primary goal of the research project.

for ethnographic research.

useful with articulate individuals.

The Sage Encyclopedia of Qualitative Research Methods

Unstructured interview

summarize the content that researchers cover during interviews.

provide very minimal directions, leading to “less structured” interviews

ensure that the researcher’s topics of interest are thoroughly covered.

Two types: Question based guides

More common topic-based guides

The Sage Encyclopedia of Qualitative Research Methods

Interview guides