© k.fedra 2007 1 dss for integrated water resources management (iwrm) criteria, frameworks ddr....
TRANSCRIPT
© K.Fedra 20071
DSS for Integrated DSS for Integrated Water Resources Water Resources Management (IWRM) Management (IWRM)
DSS for Integrated DSS for Integrated Water Resources Water Resources Management (IWRM) Management (IWRM)
Criteria, frameworksCriteria, frameworksCriteria, frameworksCriteria, frameworks
DDr. Kurt Fedra ESS GmbH, [email protected] http://www.ess.co.atEnvironmental Software & Services A-2352 Gumpoldskirchen
DDr. Kurt Fedra ESS GmbH, [email protected] http://www.ess.co.atEnvironmental Software & Services A-2352 Gumpoldskirchen
© K.Fedra 20072
DM: concepts and languageDM: concepts and language
CRITERIA CRITERIA describe alternatives, describe alternatives, their their
performance,performance, concepts we concepts we valuevalue (minimum (minimum
flow, total supply, cost of water, net benefit)flow, total supply, cost of water, net benefit)
– Directly measurableDirectly measurable
– Relevant for the decisionRelevant for the decision
– Model generated for evaluation, rankingModel generated for evaluation, ranking
CRITERIA CRITERIA describe alternatives, describe alternatives, their their
performance,performance, concepts we concepts we valuevalue (minimum (minimum
flow, total supply, cost of water, net benefit)flow, total supply, cost of water, net benefit)
– Directly measurableDirectly measurable
– Relevant for the decisionRelevant for the decision
– Model generated for evaluation, rankingModel generated for evaluation, ranking
© K.Fedra 20073
Problem structure (static)Problem structure (static)Problem structure (static)Problem structure (static)• ExpectationsExpectations (observation or (observation or
forecasts) of a systems stateforecasts) of a systems state• Valued components (Valued components (criteriacriteria))• Problem: Problem: mismatchmismatch, deviation, deviation• CauseCause of the problem (change ?) of the problem (change ?)• Mechanisms for “Mechanisms for “repairrepair” ”
(instruments, decision variable)(instruments, decision variable)• Success: improved criteriaSuccess: improved criteria
• ExpectationsExpectations (observation or (observation or forecasts) of a systems stateforecasts) of a systems state
• Valued components (Valued components (criteriacriteria))• Problem: Problem: mismatchmismatch, deviation, deviation• CauseCause of the problem (change ?) of the problem (change ?)• Mechanisms for “Mechanisms for “repairrepair” ”
(instruments, decision variable)(instruments, decision variable)• Success: improved criteriaSuccess: improved criteria
© K.Fedra 20074
Water resource MC optimizationWater resource MC optimizationWater resource MC optimizationWater resource MC optimization
Design or select policies to
• Maximize the benefits
• Minimize the costs
Using multiple criteria in parallel:
1.physical/hydrological
2.monetary (socio-economic)
3.environmental
Design or select policies to
• Maximize the benefits
• Minimize the costs
Using multiple criteria in parallel:
1.physical/hydrological
2.monetary (socio-economic)
3.environmental
© K.Fedra 20075
DSS objective:DSS objective:Design and select possibilities for considerable
INCREASES OF NET BENEFITS (improvements in several criteria)
• Globally (entire basin)• Sectorally (e.g., irrigated agriculture)• Geographically (administrative units or
hydrographically by sub-basin)
Mechanisms to distribute benefits equitably lead to win-win solutions
Design and select possibilities for considerable
INCREASES OF NET BENEFITS (improvements in several criteria)
• Globally (entire basin)• Sectorally (e.g., irrigated agriculture)• Geographically (administrative units or
hydrographically by sub-basin)
Mechanisms to distribute benefits equitably lead to win-win solutions
© K.Fedra 20076
DPSIR (UNDP, EEA, …)DPSIR (UNDP, EEA, …)
1. Driving forces: demography, economic development
2. Pressure: emissions, overexploitation
3. State: pollution, scarcity
4. Impacts: limited benefits, conflict
5. Response: legislation, projects, …
1. Driving forces: demography, economic development
2. Pressure: emissions, overexploitation
3. State: pollution, scarcity
4. Impacts: limited benefits, conflict
5. Response: legislation, projects, …
© K.Fedra 20077
© K.Fedra 20078
DPSIR and DSSDPSIR and DSS
1. Driving forces, Pressures:Inputs and decision variables
2. State, Impacts: Criteria, model generated valuation
and assessment (costs, benefits)
3. Response:Instruments, measures that control
the inputs (1).
1. Driving forces, Pressures:Inputs and decision variables
2. State, Impacts: Criteria, model generated valuation
and assessment (costs, benefits)
3. Response:Instruments, measures that control
the inputs (1).
© K.Fedra 20079
Criteria organisationCriteria organisationInputs:• Driving conditions (uncontrollable)• Decision variables (controlled)
Outputs (measures of performance):• Objectives (minimize or maximize,
continuous, distance)• Constraints (minimal or maximal
levels, binary: feasible or not)
Inputs:• Driving conditions (uncontrollable)• Decision variables (controlled)
Outputs (measures of performance):• Objectives (minimize or maximize,
continuous, distance)• Constraints (minimal or maximal
levels, binary: feasible or not)
© K.Fedra 200710
Integrated Water Resources ManagementIntegrated Water Resources Management
Conceptual frameworks:Conceptual frameworks:• Basic generic objectivesBasic generic objectives• Global or universal policiesGlobal or universal policies• International agreementsInternational agreements• Generally accepted concepts and goals:Generally accepted concepts and goals:
– sustainabilitysustainability– efficiencyefficiency– equity equity – ??????
© K.Fedra 200711
Integrated Water Resources ManagementIntegrated Water Resources Management
• Water as a Water as a basic human rightbasic human right• Water as an Water as an economic goodeconomic good• Water as an essential Water as an essential
component of a “good” andcomponent of a “good” and sustainable environmentsustainable environment– good ?good ?
Define, quantify !Define, quantify !
© K.Fedra 200712
Integrated Water Resources ManagementIntegrated Water Resources Management
Numerous international agreements:Numerous international agreements:• The Helsinki Rules (1966) • Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties (1969)• Ramsar Convention (1971)• African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights (1981)• World Charter for Nature (1982)• Montreal Rules on Pollution (1982)• UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (1982)
• Seoul Rules, 1986 (int. Groundwater)Seoul Rules, 1986 (int. Groundwater)• Dublin statement (1992) on sustainable developmentDublin statement (1992) on sustainable development• Biological Diversity Convention (1992)• Helsinki Convention (1992)
© K.Fedra 200713
IWRM international agreementsIWRM international agreements• AG21, chapter 18 (1992)AG21, chapter 18 (1992)• Convention to Combat Desertification (1994) • Lake Victoria Fisheries Convention (1994) • UN Convention on the Law of the Non-Navigational
Uses of International Watercourses (1997)• Aarhus Convention (1998)• New Delhi Declaration on Sustainable Development
(2002) • Johannesburg Declaration on Sustainable Development,
World Summit Plan Annex (2002)• African Convention on the Conservation of Nature and
Natural Resources (2003)• Berlin Rules, 2004 (water law)Berlin Rules, 2004 (water law)
© K.Fedra 200714
Helsinki Revision: States shall …Helsinki Revision: States shall …
• assure the technical capacity
• assure that persons ….are able to participate in the processes whereby decisions are made concerning the management of waters.
• manage … waters, in a unified and comprehensive manner.
• take all appropriate measures to manage waters sustainably.
© K.Fedra 200715
Helsinki Revision: States shall …Helsinki Revision: States shall …• minimize environmental harm. • participate in an equitable,
reasonable, and sustainable manner.
• cooperate in good faith for the mutual benefit of the participating States.
• manage the waters … equitable and reasonable manner
• not to cause significant harm to other basin States.
© K.Fedra 200716
Helsinki Revision: States shall …Helsinki Revision: States shall …• shall develop and use the waters to attain the optimal
and sustainable use thereof and benefits therefrom,
• In determining an equitable and reasonable use, … first allocate waters to satisfy vital human needs.
and so on to a total of 189 pages …..
© K.Fedra 200717
Dublin Statement (1992)Dublin Statement (1992)Guiding principles:Guiding principles:1.1. Fresh water is a finite and vulnerable resource, Fresh water is a finite and vulnerable resource,
essential to sustain life, development and the essential to sustain life, development and the environment;environment;
2. Water development and management should be based on a participatory approach, involving users, planners and policy-makers at all levels;
3. Women play a central part in the provision, management and safeguarding of water (not quoted in the GWP documents …)
4. Water has an economic value in all its competing uses and should be recognized as an economic good.
© K.Fedra 200718
Dublin Statement: guiding principlesDublin Statement: guiding principles
Water has an economic value in all its competing uses and should be recognized
as an economic good.
But also:…it is vital to recognize first the basic right of
all human beings to have access to clean water and sanitation at an affordable price (EVERYWHERE ?) .
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Dublin Statement: guiding principlesDublin Statement: guiding principles
Past failure to recognize the economic value of water has led to wasteful and environmentally damaging uses of the resource.
Managing water as an economic good is an important way of achieving efficient and equitable use, and of encouraging conservation and protection of water resources.
© K.Fedra 200720
Dublin Statement: guiding principlesDublin Statement: guiding principles
Managing water as an economic good is an important way of achieving efficient and equitable use, and of encouraging conservation and protection of water resources.
ASSUMES: price elasticity of demandsElasticity: demand is a function of price.
Water pricing as an instrument to increase efficiency of allocation/use.
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Agenda 21, Chapter 18Agenda 21, Chapter 18• Fresh water is a finite and vulnerable resource, essential
to sustain life, development and the environment;• Management of water resources at the lowest
appropriate level;• The role of government as an enabler in a participatory,
demand driven approach to development;• Recognition of water as a social and economic good
with a value reflecting its most valuable potential use;• Integration of water and land use management;• Recognition of the central role played by women in the
provision, management and safe-guarding of water;• The important role of the private sector in water
management.
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WFD WFD DIRECTIVE 2000/60/ECDIRECTIVE 2000/60/EC ::prevents further deterioration … of the status of
aquatic ecosystems and, … water needs …. terrestrial ecosystems and wetlands
(a)promotes sustainable water use …(b) aims at enhanced protection … of the aquatic
environment, … reduction of discharges, emissions and losses of priority substances
(c) ensures the progressive reduction of pollution of groundwater
(d) contributes to mitigating the effects of floods and droughts
© K.Fedra 200723
WFD Water EconomicsWFD Water Economics
As part of the analysis of the River Basin characteristics, an economic analysis of water uses must be conducted.
• Perform economic analysis to:
– Make the relevant calculations
necessary for cost recovery
– The polluter should pay
© K.Fedra 200724
WFD Water EconomicsWFD Water Economics
• Make judgments about the most cost effective combination of measures in respect of water uses to be included in the program of measures … based on estimates of the potential costs of such measures including pricing
• No SINGLE method, policy, instrument but a (cost-effective) combination;
• Fine-tuning: with MC optimization
© K.Fedra 200725
IWRM policy frameworksIWRM policy frameworksIWRM policy frameworksIWRM policy frameworks
Frameworks provide a logical structure and checklists for:
• Criteria and indicators• Objectives• Constraints• Instruments
(decision variables)
Frameworks provide a logical structure and checklists for:
• Criteria and indicators• Objectives• Constraints• Instruments
(decision variables)